Bronchodilators for inhalation. Bronchodilators: purpose, mechanism of action, specific drugs. Drugs for the treatment of chronic bronchitis

Bronchodilator drugs for bronchitis are prescribed to increase the gaps in the airways. Active substances have a relaxing effect on the smooth muscles of the bronchi, as a result of which bronchospasm is relieved. Medicines are used to relieve or eliminate shortness of breath, relief of suffocation. The drugs are also called bronchodilators, bronchodilators or bronchodilators. The drug group includes various drugs that affect the tone of the bronchial muscles. This category does not include drugs that increase the lumen in the bronchial tube by suppressing the cause of the pathology - inflammation or an allergic component.

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Action and types of drugs

For a long time, drugs containing adrenaline were used to eliminate bronchospasm. But the substance can cause an increase in heart rate, which negatively affects the patient's condition. Therefore, new drugs have been developed that act just as effectively, but do not give negative consequences. Today, drugs with adrenaline are mainly used to quickly relieve suffocation.

The drugs are available in various forms: tablets are used to achieve a longer effect, inhalations are used to quickly relieve bronchospasm, injections are prescribed for acute manifestations of the disease.

The use of modern bronchodilators is aimed at:

Improvement in inhalation or exhalation (depending on the type of dyspnea)
Reducing or eliminating shortness of breath
Choking relief
Enlargement of the airway.

There are several types of drugs related to bronchodilators:

Beta-2-agonists
Anticholinergics
Methylxanthines.

Adrenomimetics

They form the largest group of drugs. One advantage is that when the recommended doses are observed, they are less likely to cause heart palpitations and high blood pressure. In addition, they quickly (within a few minutes) relieve bronchospasm, prevent the production of histamine, and facilitate sputum separation. Adrenomimetics exist with short and prolonged action.

Hexoprenaline (ipradol) is available in tablets and aerosols for inhalation, ampoules and syrup for children. The therapeutic effect lasts 4-6 hours.
Salbutamol () is an aerosol for inhalation, the effect is achieved after 5 minutes, maximum - 30, lasts up to 6 hours. It is used for the rapid removal of bronchospasm, disease prevention (inhalation and tablets).
Berotek (Fenoterol) may last longer - up to 8 hours. Available in aerosols, tablets, solutions, powders. The bronchodilatory effect is achieved within 5 minutes.

Longer acting drugs (up to 12 hours): Clenbuterol (or Spiropent), Foradil, Salmeterol. Despite the rapid development of the therapeutic effect (1-2 minutes), it is not recommended to use for the rapid removal of bronchospasm, since due to the prolonged action, an overdose may develop. Mainly used for prevention.

Anticholinergics

Inferior to adrenostimulants in terms of efficiency. In addition, they can affect the work of the bronchial glands, which leads to an increase in the viscosity of sputum, a deterioration in its separation. As a result, it increases the risk of broncho-obstructive syndrome. Therefore, anticholinergics are most often used in complex therapy.

Ipratropine bromide (also Atrovent, Itrop) - the effect after administration appears after 30 minutes, lasts up to 5-6 hours. The drug is indicated for the removal of bronchospasm (especially reflex). May cause dry mouth, bitter taste. Produced in the form of an aerosol and metered powders for inhalation solutions.
Troventol (Truvent) - identical in properties and action to Atrovent.
Tiotropium is available in capsules and is used to relieve shortness of breath and prevent exacerbations.

In addition, Metacin, Platifillin, as well as Atropine and other preparations containing belladonna are used. The use of these drugs should only take place under the supervision of a physician, as they can develop numerous side effects (tachycardia, dry mouth, increased intraocular pressure, atrial fibrillation, etc.). Medicines are used by inhalation, subcutaneously or intramuscularly.

Methylxanthines

They differ from first-line drugs in a large number of side effects, therefore they are prescribed as additional therapy.

Theophylline is available in the form of tablets and rectal suppositories, has a prolonged action. The therapeutic effect is achieved after 30 minutes, lasts for 3-4 hours. In the form of a suppository, the active substance is absorbed faster, and bronchospasm is removed more effectively, but with this form of the drug, the risk of overdose increases.
Eufillin is available in tablets, solutions for injections, rectal suppositories. The tool is used for prolonged relaxation of the muscles of the bronchi, it also improves the contraction of the diaphragm.

On the basis of theophylline, there are other drugs produced in various forms: Ventax, Retafil, Teobiolong, Unifil, Euphylong.

Combined

Medicinal products with a bronchodilatory effect combine substances from two or three main groups of drugs with components that have other properties: anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, etc. This group includes Berodual, Broncholitin, Ditek, Combivent, Solutan, Efatin, etc.

Features of appointment and contraindications

It is not recommended to use bronchodilator drugs on your own, only a doctor should prescribe. The indication for use is:

Bronchospasm
Severe swelling of the walls of the bronchi
muscle hypertrophy
Expiratory collapse of the small bronchi
wall fibrosis.

In view of the possible negative effect of active substances on the functioning of the heart, the use of such drugs for people with heart disease should be cautious.

Common contraindications for the use of bronchodilators are:

Children's age (depending on the type of drug - up to 2, 12 or 18 years)
I trimester of pregnancy
Tachycardia
angina pectoris
Diabetes
hyperthyroidism
Hypersensitivity to the components of the drug.

Bronchodilators are designed to relieve shortness of breath and suffocation if the cause is reflex contraction of the muscles of the bronchi. Other medicines are used to relieve difficulty breathing caused by inflammation or an allergen.

Bronchodilators (bronchodilators) are a pharmacological group of symptomatic drugs that not only help eliminate bronchospasm, but can also be used in the complex therapy of such pathological conditions as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and bronchial asthma.

The drugs of this group are first-line drugs that are used in the complex therapy of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Among them, preference is given to beta2-agonists and anticholinergics. The selection of a suitable remedy for you is carried out taking into account the availability of a particular drug, the individual sensitivity of patients to the active ingredients, as well as the tolerability of the medication.

Bronchodilators drugs that help eliminate shortness of breath, signs of suffocation and spasms of the airways.

Inhalers are long-acting and more convenient for patients, but they cost more than short-acting drugs.

This group of medicines does not affect, however, it affects the muscle tone of the bronchi. Therapy with the use of long-acting bronchodilators based on formoterol, salmeterol, tiotropium bromide is recommended for severe and extremely severe COPD.

What diseases are they used for?

Indications for the use of drugs from the group of short-acting bronchodilators (beta2-aderonoreceptors) is the treatment of asthma and other conditions associated with the development of airway obstruction.

Long-acting beta2-adrenergic receptors are used in the course of complex treatment of reversible bronchial obstruction, including to eliminate asthma attacks that occur at night and after physical exertion.

Such drugs are not used to eliminate acute attacks of suffocation. Their main task is a preventive effect, long-term control of the symptoms of bronchial asthma.

M-anticholinergics are prescribed for reversible bronchial obstructions, as well as partially reversible obstructions accompanying chronic bronchitis.

Indications for the use of xanthine derivatives are acute bronchospasm and prolonged severe bronchial obstruction, obstructive pulmonary disease, including bronchial asthma.

Types of drugs and their effects

The current list of bronchodilator drugs is as follows:

It is recommended to entrust the selection of a suitable drug to a qualified specialist who will take into account age, indications for the use of the drug, as well as the individual characteristics of the patient's body.

Adrenoreceptor stimulants

Selective beta2-adrenergic stimulants are drugs that promote:

Providing a short-acting effect based on salbutamol, terbutaline and fenoterol.
The provision of a prolonged effect is facilitated by drugs based on salmeterol (Serevent, Salmeter), formoterol (Foradil, Oxys Turbuhaler, Atimos).

The bronchodilator effect after the use of drugs based on formoterol occurs quickly, which makes it possible to use them in the development of bronchospasms.

Use of Salbutamol

Salbutamol is characterized by a short period of pharmacological action, therefore it is not recommended for use to prevent the development of an asthma attack. It is presented in pharmacies in the form of a powder or aerosol for inhalation, as well as tablets and syrup.

In most cases, salbutamol-based bronchodilators are used for diseases of the respiratory system, accompanied by a spastic condition of the bronchi.

In order to eliminate the onset of an asthma attack, it is recommended to inhale 1-2 doses of the drug in the form of an aerosol. In severe cases of the disease and the absence of the proper pharmacological effect, repeated inhalation of 2 doses of the drug is recommended.

Serevent

Produced in the form of a metered-dose inhalation aerosol, which can be used by patients older than 4 years of age.

The maximum dosage is 4 inhalations twice a day. If the recommended dosage is not observed, tachycardia and headache may develop.
In order to achieve the optimal therapeutic effect, the drug is recommended to be used systematically, under the supervision of a physician.
As an antidote, it is possible to use cardioselective beta-adrenergic blockers.

M-anticholinergics

This group of bronchodilators demonstrates greater efficiency in the complex therapy of bronchitis. Such medicines are the drugs of choice in the development of:

Cough asthma, bronchial obstruction due to physical exertion, sudden changes in temperature.
"Wet Asthma"
"Late asthma", the development of which is observed in patients of older age groups. In this case, they are also prescribed together with M-anticholinergics.

In addition to a relaxing effect on the muscles of the bronchi, the use of drugs in this group contributes to the development of undesirable side reactions in the form of:

Redness of the skin.
Pupil dilations.
Increase in the number of heartbeats.
Dryness of the mucous membranes in the nasopharynx and upper respiratory tract.
Inhibition of the evacuation function of the bronchi: a decrease in the secretory functions of the bronchial glands and the mobility of the cilia of the epithelium.

The list of M-anticholinergics includes drugs based on ipratropium bromide (Atrovent, Ipravent) and thiopropium bromide (Tiotropium-nativ, Spiriva).

Using Spiriva

It is produced in the form of capsules with powder for inhalation, which are used during the maintenance treatment of patients with COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), including chronic bronchitis and emphysema.

The drug is contraindicated in the 1st trimester of pregnancy, in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters - only in cases where the intended benefit to the mother outweighs the risk to the fetus.

The drug is intended for inhalation administration using a specially developed HandiHalera device. The capsule should not be swallowed.

xanthine derivatives

The methylxanthines are drugs based on theophylline. This component is a bronchodilator, which is prescribed for reversible bronchial obstructions, which helps to increase the contractility of the respiratory muscles, including the diaphragm, depleted by prolonged bronchial obstruction.

Medicines based on theophylline are useful in that under their influence, increased pressure in the area of the pulmonary circulation decreases, i.e. decrease in pulmonary hypertension.

In modern medicine, theophylline in its pure form is not prescribed to patients. This substance is part of the combined medicines: Teofedrin N, Teopek, Teotard, Retafil, Ventax.

Combined drugs

The use of bronchodilators with a combined action is advisable in bronchial asthma and in the course of complex treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases.

The active components of the drugs mutually enhance the therapeutic effect of each other, reduce the risk of unwanted side reactions.

Berodual

Available in the form of an aerosol and a solution for, which contribute to the provision of a bronchodilatory effect.

Before starting the use of a metered-dose aerosol, the medicine bottle must be shaken and double-pressed on its bottom. For patients older than 6 years, the recommended dosage is 2 inhalation doses.

Contraindications

Bronchodilators from the group of short-acting beta2-adrenergic receptors are not recommended for use in:

Heart failure.
Arrhythmias.
Hyperthyroidism.
arterial hypertension.
During pregnancy.

Medicines intended for parenteral administration are not used in diabetes mellitus.
Combined treatment requires special care when bronchodilators are combined with drugs from the group of sympathomimetics, corticosteroids, diuretics, and also with drugs based on theophylline.

Xanthine derivatives are contraindicated in patients with:

Severe arterial hypertension.
thyrotoxicosis.
Acute myocardial infarction.
Convulsive states.
Heart rhythm disorders: paroxysmal tachycardia, frequent ventricular extrasystoles.
During pregnancy.

It is recommended to refrain from the use of any bronchodilator drugs in case of individual intolerance to the active or auxiliary components.

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The site provides reference information for informational purposes only. Diagnosis and treatment of diseases should be carried out under the supervision of a specialist. All drugs have contraindications. Expert advice is required!

Bronchitis treatment

Acute treatment bronchitis should begin as early as possible, be complete and long enough, otherwise the risk of an acute process becoming chronic increases. Treatment of chronic bronchitis is long and includes a set of measures aimed at slowing down the progression of the pathological process and preventing further damage to the bronchi.

Which doctor should I contact with bronchitis?

When the first symptoms of bronchial inflammation appear, you can contact your family doctor, who will perform the necessary diagnostic measures and be able to provide the patient with first aid (if necessary), after which he will refer him for a consultation with other specialists.

Bronchitis may require consultation:

Pulmonologist. This is the main specialist who deals with the treatment of lung diseases. He prescribes treatment, monitors its effectiveness and monitors the general condition of the patient until complete recovery.
Infectionist. If you suspect that bronchitis is caused by especially dangerous microorganisms (viruses or bacteria).
Allergist. An allergist's consultation is needed in cases where bronchitis is caused by an increased sensitivity of the body to various substances (for example, plant pollen).

Treatment for bronchitis may include:

anti-inflammatory drugs;
expectorants;
bronchodilators;
antiviral drugs;
antitussive drugs;
chest massage;
mustard plasters;
breathing exercises;

Scientific studies have shown that the progression of the inflammatory process in the bronchi leads to a deeper lesion of the mucous membrane of the bronchial tree, which is accompanied by more pronounced clinical manifestations of the disease and a deterioration in the general condition of the patient. That is why the treatment of acute bronchitis (or exacerbation of chronic bronchitis) should include drugs that inhibit the activity of the inflammatory process.

Anti-inflammatory drugs for bronchitis

Drug group	Representatives	Mechanism of therapeutic action	Dosage and administration
*Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs* *(NSAIDs)*	*Indomethacin*	Drugs from this group have anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effects. The mechanism of action is similar - they block a special enzyme in the focus of inflammation ( cyclooxygenase), which disrupts the formation of inflammatory mediators ( prostaglandins) and makes it impossible for the further development of the inflammatory reaction.	Adults are prescribed orally, after meals, 25-50 mg 3 times a day with a full glass of warm boiled water or milk.
	*Ketorolac*		Adults are prescribed orally, after meals, 10 mg 4 times a day or intramuscularly, 30 mg every 6 hours.
	*Ibuprofen*		Children over 12 years of age are administered orally at 150-300 mg 2-3 times a day. Adults are prescribed 400-600 mg 3-4 times a day.
*Steroid anti-inflammatory drugs*	*Dexamethasone*	A hormonal drug with a pronounced anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effect ( effective in both infectious and allergic forms of acute bronchitis).	The dosage is calculated by the attending physician depending on the severity of the patient's condition.

When prescribing these drugs, one should not forget that inflammation is a natural protective reaction of the body that occurs in response to the introduction of foreign agents (infectious or non-infectious). That is why anti-inflammatory therapy should always be combined with the elimination of the cause of bronchitis.

Expectorant drugs help separate sputum from the walls of the bronchi and release it from the respiratory tract, which improves ventilation of the lungs and leads to a speedy recovery of the patient.

Expectorants for bronchitis

Name of the drug	Mechanism of action	Dosage and administration
*Acetylcysteine*	Stimulates the secretion of more liquid sputum, and also liquefies existing mucous plugs in the bronchi.	*Inside, after eating:* Children up to 2 years old - 100 mg 2 times a day. Children from 2 to 6 years old - 100 mg 3 times a day. Children over 6 years of age and adults - 200 mg 2-3 times a day.
*Carbocysteine*	Increases the viscosity of bronchial secretions, and also promotes regeneration ( restoration) damaged bronchial mucosa.	*Take inside:* Children from 1 month to 2.5 years - 50 mg 2 times a day. Children from 2.5 to 5 years old - 100 mg 2 times a day. Children over 5 years old - 250 mg 3 times a day. Adults - 750 mg 3 times a day. The course of treatment is 7 - 10 days.
*Bromhexine*	Reduces the viscosity of sputum, and also activates the respiratory epithelium of the bronchi, providing an expectorant effect.	*Take orally, 3 times a day:* Children up to 2 years old - 2 mg. Children from 2 to 6 years old - 4 mg. Children from 6 to 14 years old - 8 mg. Adults - 8 - 16 mg.

Bronchodilators for bronchitis

Drugs from this group are prescribed if the progression of the inflammatory process has led to a contraction (spasm) of the muscles of the bronchi and a pronounced narrowing of their lumen, which disrupts normal ventilation and leads to hypoxemia (lack of oxygen in the blood). It should be noted that with long-term progressive chronic bronchitis, the effectiveness of bronchodilator drugs decreases, since the narrowing of the bronchi that develops in this case is not due to muscle spasm, but to an organic restructuring of the bronchial wall.

With bronchitis, you can prescribe:

Orciprenaline. Expands the lumen of the bronchi by relaxing the muscle fibers of the muscle layer of the bronchial wall. Also, the drug inhibits the release of inflammatory mediators and promotes the release of sputum from the respiratory tract. It is prescribed orally at 10-20 mg 3-4 times a day or in the form of inhalation (injections into the respiratory tract) at 750-1500 micrograms 3-4 times a day (in this case, special metered-dose inhalers are used). When taking tablet forms of the drug, a positive effect develops within an hour and lasts for 4 to 6 hours. When using inhalers, the duration of the bronchodilator action is the same, but the positive effect develops much faster (within 10-15 minutes).
Salbutamol. Eliminates spasm of the muscles of the bronchi and prevents its development in the future. It is used in the form of inhalations of 0.1 - 0.2 mg (1 - 2 injections) 3 - 4 times a day.
Eufillin. Relaxes the muscles of the bronchi and stimulates the secretion of sputum. It also improves the functioning of the diaphragm and intercostal respiratory muscles and stimulates the respiratory center in the brainstem, which improves ventilation of the lungs and contributes to the enrichment of blood with oxygen. Dosage and frequency of use of the drug is calculated only by the attending physician. Self-administration of this drug is not recommended, as an overdose can lead to heart rhythm disturbance and death of the patient.

Antiviral drugs for bronchitis

Antiviral drugs have the ability to destroy various viruses, thereby eliminating the cause of bronchitis. It is worth noting that under conditions of normal functioning of the immune system (that is, in healthy people of working age), the body's immune system usually destroys respiratory (affecting the respiratory tract) viruses on its own within 1 to 3 days. That is why the appointment of antiviral drugs to such patients will have a positive effect only in the first days of viral bronchitis. At the same time, for the elderly or patients with a weakened immune system, antiviral therapy is recommended for 7 to 10 days after diagnosis (and, if necessary, longer).

With viral bronchitis can be prescribed:

Remantadin. Blocks the reproduction of influenza viruses in the cells of the human respiratory tract. It is prescribed orally at 100 mg every 12 hours for 5 to 7 days.
Oseltamivir (Tamiflu). It blocks the structural components of influenza A and B viruses, thereby disrupting the process of their reproduction in the human body. Children over 12 years of age and adults are prescribed 75 mg orally every 12 hours for 5 days. Children from 1 to 12 years old are prescribed 2 mg per kilogram of body weight 2 times a day for 5 days.
Isoprinosine. Damages the genetic apparatus of viruses, thereby blocking the process of their reproduction. It also increases the activity of immune system cells responsible for antiviral protection (lymphocytes and others). Children older than 3 years and adults are administered orally at 10-15 mg / kg 3-4 times a day.

antibiotics for bronchitis

Antibiotics can be prescribed for the treatment of bacterial bronchitis, as well as for viral bronchitis to prevent the development of bacterial complications.

Treatment of bronchitis with antibiotics

Name of the drug

Mechanism of therapeutic action

Dosage and administration

Amoxiclav

A broad-spectrum antibacterial drug that destroys the cell wall of a bacterial cell and leads to its death.

It is taken orally immediately before meals. The dosage regimen is set individually depending on the age of the patient and the severity of the disease. The course of treatment usually does not exceed 10 - 14 days.

Cefuroxime

Technique for using mustard plasters
With bronchitis, mustard plasters are usually applied to the back area. To do this, 5 - 7 mustard plasters should be lowered for 30 - 40 seconds into warm (37 degrees) water, then pressed tightly against the skin on the patient's back for 5 - 10 minutes. After removing the mustard plaster, the skin should be washed with water or wiped with a damp cloth. Within 20-30 minutes after the procedure, the patient is recommended to stay in bed under a warm blanket.

The use of mustard plasters is categorically contraindicated in case of allergy to the components of the drug (this can lead to the development of severe allergic reactions and cause the death of the patient), as well as in violation of the integrity of the skin at the site of application.

Breathing exercises for bronchitis

Respiratory gymnastics combines elements of physical exercises and inhalations and exhalations performed according to certain rules. Proper breathing exercises improve lung ventilation and promote sputum discharge. You can start performing exercises from 2 to 3 days of illness (in the absence of signs of a systemic inflammatory process).

Breathing exercises for bronchitis may include:

1 exercise. Starting position - standing, feet shoulder-width apart, hands at the seams. A sharp, as fast as possible breath is taken through the nose and the simultaneous lifting of the shoulder girdle up, followed by a slow (within 5-7 seconds) exhalation through the mouth. The exercise is repeated 5-6 times.
2 exercise. Starting position - standing, feet shoulder-width apart, arms hanging freely. Taking a sharp breath, you need to sit down, while stretching your arms in front of you. Exhalation is slow, passive, carried out during the return to the starting position. Repeat the exercise 3-5 times.
3 exercise. Starting position - standing, feet shoulder width apart, hands in front of you at chest level. During a sharp breath, it is necessary to spread your arms to the sides as much as possible and arch your back back, and during a slow exhalation, try to “hug yourself” with your hands. Repeat the exercise 5-7 times.
4 exercise. Starting position - standing, legs brought together, arms hanging freely. During a quick breath, you should lean forward, resting your hands on your knees if necessary. During exhalation, you should try to straighten your back as much as possible, resting your hands on your lower back. Repeat the exercise 5-7 times.

If during the performance of these exercises dizziness or back pain appears, you need to pause or reduce the number of repetitions. If after 1 to 2 days these symptoms persist, it is recommended to consult a doctor.

Physiotherapy for bronchitis

The essence of physiotherapeutic procedures is the impact of physical forms of energy (heat, electricity, magnetic field, and so on) on the tissues of the human body, which leads to certain positive effects.

For bronchitis, you can prescribe:

Ultrahigh frequency therapy (UHF). The essence of the method lies in exposing the body to a high-frequency electric field for 5-15 minutes. The energy released in this case is absorbed by the tissues of the body, which leads to the development of positive effects (improvement of microcirculation in the bronchopulmonary system, separation and secretion of sputum). The course of treatment includes 7-10 procedures performed daily or every other day.
Microwave therapy (SHF). The impact of ultra-high electromagnetic oscillations leads to an improvement in microcirculation, relaxation of bronchial muscles and expansion of the bronchial lumen, subsidence of inflammation and activation of recovery processes at the level of the damaged mucosa. The course of treatment includes 8-12 procedures performed daily and lasting 5-10 minutes each. If necessary, the course of treatment can be repeated no earlier than a month later.
Electrophoresis. The essence of this method lies in the fact that when in an electric field, certain medicinal substances begin to move from one electrode to another, penetrating deeply into tissues and organs. With bronchitis, with the help of electrophoresis, iodide or calcium chloride preparations (contribute to the separation of sputum), anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs can be prescribed. The procedure itself lasts an average of 15-20 minutes, and the course of treatment includes 7-10 procedures performed every other day.
ultrasound therapy. As a result of exposure to ultrasonic waves in bronchial mucus and mucous plugs, a certain frequency of oscillation occurs, which contributes to the separation of mucus from the walls of the bronchi and its release.

Diet for bronchitis

Proper nutrition is an important element of the complex treatment of bronchitis, since only with sufficient intake of all the necessary nutrients, vitamins and microelements, the patient can fully recover.

In acute bronchitis (as well as during exacerbation of chronic bronchitis), diet number 13 according to Pevzner is prescribed. Its essence lies in the use of easily digestible products, which reduces the energy costs spent on the processing and absorption of food. Also, this diet is designed to strengthen the immune system and help eliminate toxic substances from the body that can accumulate during infectious bronchitis.

The principles of the diet for bronchitis are:

Fractional nutrition (4 - 6 times a day in small portions).
The last meal no later than 2 hours before bedtime (sleeping with a full stomach overloads the digestive and neutralizing systems of the body).
Consumption of at least 2 liters of fluid per day (optimal consumption is 3-4 liters). This contributes to the dilution of the blood and increased urination, which prevents the accumulation of toxic substances (in particular, bacterial toxins in purulent bronchitis) in the blood.
A varied diet, including a daily intake of a sufficient amount of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and trace elements.

Nutrition for bronchitis

Treatment of bronchitis with folk remedies at home

Traditional medicine offers many recipes for the treatment of bronchitis. However, given the possible complications that may develop as a result of improper treatment of this disease, it is recommended to start using folk remedies after examination by a doctor.

In the treatment of bronchitis, you can use:

Infusion of coltsfoot leaves. To prepare the infusion, 1 tablespoon of crushed leaves of the coltsfoot should be poured with 200 ml of boiling water and infused for 3 to 4 hours, then strain and take 2 tablespoons orally an hour before meals 3 times a day. Liquefies phlegm and has an expectorant effect.
Alcoholic tincture of eucalyptus. It has antibacterial, antiviral and anti-inflammatory action. Eucalyptus tincture is taken orally 15-20 drops three times a day after meals.
Infusion of oregano ordinary. This plant has anti-inflammatory, expectorant and antispasmodic effects (relaxes the smooth muscles of the bronchi). To prepare the infusion, pour 2 tablespoons of crushed oregano raw materials into 500 ml of boiling water, cool to room temperature and strain thoroughly. Take orally 1 tablespoon 3-4 times a day before meals.
Nettle infusion. It has an anti-inflammatory effect, and also helps to eliminate toxic substances from the body. To prepare the infusion, 1 tablespoon of chopped nettle leaves should be poured with 1 cup (200 ml) of boiling water and infused for 2 to 3 hours, then strain and take 50 ml orally 4 times a day after meals.
Inhalation with propolis. Propolis has a pronounced antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effect, and also stimulates liquefaction and sputum production in bronchitis. For inhalation, 3 grams of propolis must be crushed, add 300-400 ml of water, heat (almost to a boil) and inhale the resulting steam for 5-10 minutes.

Treatment of bronchitis during pregnancy

Bronchitis during pregnancy can be dangerous not only for the mother, but also for the developing fetus. This is explained by the fact that severe intoxication of the body in acute bacterial bronchitis can lead to intrauterine damage to the fetus. At the same time, impaired lung ventilation in advanced chronic bronchitis can cause insufficient oxygen supply to the fetus, which will lead to its underdevelopment or intrauterine death. That is why timely and proper treatment of bronchitis in pregnant women is an important condition for the birth of a healthy child.

The main difficulty in the treatment of acute bronchitis in a pregnant woman is that almost all drugs used to treat this pathology in ordinary people are contraindicated for her. Most antibiotics, for example, easily cross the placenta and affect various organs and tissues of the fetus, leading to developmental abnormalities. That is why drug (antiviral and antibacterial) treatment of bronchitis begins only in extremely severe cases, when all other measures are ineffective.

For the treatment of acute bronchitis in pregnant women can be used:

Herbs with expectorant action. Infusions of coltsfoot, nettle, oregano are used.
Expectorant medicines (for example, mukaltin syrup). These drugs usually do not affect the development of the fetus, so they can be taken during pregnancy (however, only after consulting a doctor).
Sinupret. Herbal preparation that stimulates the secretion of glands and promotes the secretion of mucus by the cells of the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract. It is prescribed for pregnant women with a dry, painful cough.
Plentiful drink. Promotes the excretion of toxic substances from the body, which reduces the risk of complications.
Inhalations. Inhalations of anti-inflammatory, expectorant and bronchodilator drugs can be given to pregnant women for a short period of time.
Chest massage. There are practically no contraindications for a normal pregnancy.
Breathing exercises. It improves the delivery of oxygen to the mother's body, thereby improving the condition of the fetus.
Antibacterial drugs. As mentioned earlier, they are appointed only in the most extreme cases. In this case, those antibiotics are selected that have practically no effect on the fetus (for example, amoxicillin, cephalosporins). However, it should be borne in mind that some of the effects of antibacterial drugs may simply be unknown to science today, so it is highly discouraged to abuse antibiotics during pregnancy.

The danger of chronic bronchitis for pregnancy depends on the functional state of the respiratory tract and on the frequency of exacerbations of the disease. The fact is that during pregnancy, the growing fetus presses on the diaphragm, shifting it upward and thereby limiting the volume of functional lung alveoli. If this condition is combined with a pronounced narrowing of the bronchi, this can lead to the development of respiratory failure and the death of the mother and child. That is why, before planning a pregnancy, women with this pathology are recommended to be comprehensively examined and, if necessary, undergo a course of treatment, which will expand the compensatory capabilities of the body (in particular, the respiratory system) and bear a healthy, strong child.

With exacerbation of chronic bronchitis during pregnancy, treatment is carried out according to the same principles as the treatment of the acute form. During the period of remission, the main emphasis is on preventive measures, which consist in eliminating all possible risk factors that could provoke an exacerbation of the disease.

Complications and consequences of bronchitis

Complications of bronchitis are mainly associated with damage to the bronchopulmonary system and respiratory failure developing against this background. The cause of the development of complications can be both improperly administered treatment, and late seeking medical help.

Is bronchitis contagious?

If inflammation of the bronchial mucosa is caused by an infection (viral or bacterial), under certain conditions, infectious agents can be transmitted to people who have been in contact with the patient. However, the cause of contagiousness in this case is not so much the bronchitis itself, but the main infectious disease (tonsillitis, infectious diseases of the mouth and nose, and so on).

Transmission of infection from a patient with bronchitis to a healthy person can occur by airborne droplets (in this case, bacteria and viral particles enter the bodies of people around them with the help of small droplets of moisture released from the patient's respiratory tract during a conversation, coughing or sneezing). Less significant is the contact route of infection, in which a healthy person can become infected by direct contact (that is, by touch) with things or personal hygiene items of the patient, on which particles of viruses or bacteria are located.

To reduce the likelihood of infecting others, a patient with infectious bronchitis (as well as all people who come into contact with him) should strictly observe the rules of personal hygiene. When talking with the patient, wear a mask (for yourself and him), wash your hands thoroughly after staying in the room where the patient lives, do not use his things (comb, towel) during the period of illness, and so on.

Bronchitis can be aggravated by:

pneumonia (inflammation of the lungs);
emphysema;
heart failure.

Pneumonia as a complication of bronchitis

If the immune system is unable to cope with an infection that has entered the bronchi, infectious agents spread to the pulmonary alveoli, which leads to the development of pneumonia (pneumonia). Pneumonia is manifested by a deterioration in the general condition of the patient and the progression of symptoms of general intoxication. There is an increase in body temperature to 39 - 40 degrees, coughing intensifies, sputum becomes more viscous than in acute bronchitis, it can acquire a greenish tint and an unpleasant odor (due to the presence of pus in it). The inflammatory reaction leads to infiltration of the walls of the alveoli and their thickening. As a result, there is a violation of gas exchange between the inhaled air and blood, which leads to the progression of shortness of breath (a feeling of lack of air).

At the beginning of the development of pneumonia, moist rales can be heard over the affected area of the lungs. After 2-4 days, there is a pronounced infiltration of the pulmonary alveoli with neutrophils and other cells of the immune system. There is also sweating of the inflammatory fluid into the lumen of the alveoli, as a result of which their ventilation almost completely stops (auscultatively, this is manifested by the absence of any respiratory noise over the affected area of the lung).

With timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment (including bed rest and antibiotics), pneumonia resolves within 6 to 8 days. In the event of complications, respiratory failure may develop, which can lead to the death of the patient.

Emphysema in chronic bronchitis

Emphysema is a disease in which the alveoli are overstretched, the volume of the lungs increases, but the process of gas exchange with the blood is disrupted. This complication occurs in chronic, long-term progressive bronchitis. As a result of the narrowing of the lumen of the bronchi and blockage of their mucous plugs, part of the air during exhalation is retained in the alveoli. With a new breath, a new portion of the inhaled air is added to the volume already in the alveoli, which leads to an even greater increase in pressure in them. Prolonged exposure to such pressure leads to the expansion of the alveoli and the destruction of the interalveolar septa (in which blood capillaries are normally located). With prolonged progression of the disease, the alveoli merge into a single cavity, which is not able to provide an adequate exchange of gases between the blood and the inhaled air.

The lungs of patients with emphysema increase in volume and occupy more (than normal) space in the chest cavity, and therefore, on examination, a “barrel-shaped” shape of the chest is noted. Breathing becomes superficial, shortness of breath gradually progresses, which in the last stages of the disease can occur even at rest, without physical exertion. With percussion (tapping on the chest), a boxed, drum-like percussion sound is heard over the entire surface of the lungs. On the radiograph, there is an increased airiness of the lungs and a decrease in the lung pattern, which is due to the destruction of the lung tissue and the formation of extensive cavities filled with air. The dome of the diaphragm is also lowered due to the increase in the size of the lungs.

Pulmonary emphysema is an incurable disease, so the essence of therapeutic measures should be early diagnosis of the pathology, elimination of causative factors and symptomatic treatment (prescription of oxygen, special breathing exercises, adherence to the daily routine, refusal from heavy physical work, and so on). Only transplantation of a donor lung can be considered a radical method of treatment.

Bronchiectasis in bronchitis

Bronchiectasis is a deformed and dilated bronchi, the wall structure of which is irreversibly broken. The cause of the development of bronchiectasis in bronchitis is the blockage of the bronchi by mucous plugs, as well as the defeat of the bronchial wall by the inflammatory process. As a result of the interaction of these factors, there is a violation of the strength of the bronchus wall and its expansion. The dilated bronchus is poorly ventilated and supplied with blood, which creates favorable conditions for the development of a bacterial infection.

Clinically, bronchiectasis may not manifest itself in any way. Occasionally, patients may experience intermittent purulent sputum that results from the discharge of pus from infected bronchiectasis. Computed tomography allows you to confirm the diagnosis, on which multiple saccular cavities are determined, which are nothing more than dilated bronchi.

The treatment is predominantly conservative, consisting in the fight against infection (antibiotics are used) and the improvement of the drainage (excretory) function of the bronchial tree (bronchodilators and expectorants are prescribed, breathing exercises, massage, and so on). If bronchiectasis affects a large lobe of the lung, it can be removed surgically.

Heart failure

Deformation and restructuring of the walls of the bronchi in chronic bronchitis leads to squeezing of the blood vessels through which venous blood flows from the right side of the heart to the lungs. This, in turn, leads to an increase in pressure in the right ventricle. At first, the heart copes with such overloads through hypertrophy (that is, an increase in size) of the wall of the right ventricle and right atrium. However, this compensatory mechanism is effective up to a certain point.

As chronic bronchitis progresses, the load on the heart increases, which leads to an even greater increase in the size of the heart muscle. At some point, the heart expands so much that the leaflets of the heart valves (which allow blood to flow through the heart in only one direction) move away from each other. As a result, with each contraction of the right ventricle, blood through the defect between the valves of the clans seeps back into the right atrium, which further increases the load on the heart muscle. It also leads to increased pressure and stagnation of blood in the inferior and superior vena cava and further in all major veins of the body.

Clinically, this condition is manifested by swelling of the neck veins and the appearance of edema in the arms and legs. The occurrence of edema is due to an increase in pressure in the venous system, which, in turn, leads to the expansion of blood vessels and the leakage of the liquid part of the blood into the surrounding tissues. When examining the organs of the abdominal cavity, an increase in the liver is noted (as a result of its overflow with blood), and in the later stages, the spleen also increases.

The general condition of the patient is severe, which is due to the development of heart failure (that is, the inability of the heart to provide adequate blood circulation in the body). Even with full treatment, the life span of patients with a hypertrophied heart and chronic bronchitis is significantly reduced. More than half of them die within 3 years due to developing complications (disturbances in the frequency and rhythm of heart contractions, the formation of blood clots that can enter the brain and lead to the development of a stroke, and so on).

Prevention of bronchitis

Prevention of bronchitis is divided into primary and secondary. Primary prevention means preventing the onset of the disease, and secondary prevention means reducing the frequency of recurrent exacerbations and preventing the development of complications.

Primary prevention of bronchitis

Primary prevention of bronchitis is to eliminate all possible factors that could increase the risk of this disease.

Primary prevention of bronchitis includes:

Complete cessation of smoking.
Refusal to drink strong alcoholic beverages, since alcohol vapors are a strong irritant for the respiratory epithelium of the bronchi.
Avoiding activities associated with the inhalation of vapors of chemicals (ammonia, lead, paints, chlorides, and so on).
Elimination of foci of chronic infection in the body (chronic tonsillitis, sinusitis, folliculitis).
Avoidance of crowded places and potentially infectious patients during periods of epidemics.
Avoidance of hypothermia.
Maintaining an optimal level of immunity by hardening the body in the summer, rational nutrition and optimal exercise regimen.
Seasonal influenza vaccination.
Humidification of the air in residential premises, especially in winter.
Daily outdoor walks.

Secondary prevention of bronchitis

Secondary prevention is used in chronic bronchitis and is aimed at reducing the frequency of exacerbations of the disease and preventing progressive bronchial constriction.

Secondary prevention of bronchitis includes:

Eliminate all of the above risk factors.
Timely diagnosis and early treatment of acute bronchitis (or chronic exacerbations).
Hardening of the body in the summer.
Prevention of acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI)

Bronchodilators for bronchitis are designed to improve the drainage function of the bronchi. During the disease, breathing becomes difficult, sputum secretion increases, in which pathogenic microorganisms intensively develop. Purulent secretions begin to accumulate in the sputum, and the body tries to get rid of them by coughing up to clear the airways.

Purpose of bronchodilators

Bronchitis is an inflammation of the lining of the bronchi. To eliminate the disease, you should not try to choose the appropriate medicines on your own, but you need to seek help from a doctor. It will help you choose the right antibacterial drugs, antiviral (in the presence of viral etiology) and bronchodilators.

Bronchodilators are designed to relieve shortness of breath during bronchitis. They are produced in the form of tablets (Teopec, Teotard, Eufillin) and in the form of inhalers (Berotek, Berodual, Salbutamol).

Bronchodilators are divided into 2 classes:

Adrenostimulants (adrenergic agonists) that stimulate beta-2-adrenergic receptors and have a bronchodilatory effect.
Cholinolytics blocking M-cholinergic receptors. They help relieve spasm.

The time of action of each of these pharmacological agents is different, so they have to be combined.

Proper use of bronchodilators

Recently, beta-2 receptor stimulants containing fenoterol (metered-dose aerosol Berotek), albuterol (Salbutamol aerosol, Ventolin tablets), terbutaline (Terbutalin aerosol, Brikanil tablets) have proven themselves well recently. The use of drugs is prescribed in a strictly dosed form, otherwise an overdose can lead to an increase in the contractile function of the myocardium. This is especially true for preparations containing salmeterol (Severent) and formoterol (Foradil).

The effectiveness of aerosols is that they are able to relax the muscles and eliminate the attack of suffocation for a sufficiently long time. This is especially true for patients to whom they are prescribed for asthma.

The composition of first-generation bronchodilators, which can still often be found in our pharmacies, includes components such as isoproterenol (Izadrin, Novodrin) and orciprenaline (Astmopent, Alupent).

These older drugs can cause palpitations, so they are best used only as a last resort, in the absence of better remedies. Together with beta-stimulants, anticholinergics (Atrovent, Oxyvent, Ventilat) can be used.

When using aerosols, it is important to take the correct deep long breath and at the same time inject the aerosol by pressing the valve head. After that, you need to hold your breath for 10 seconds and slowly exhale through your nose.

When inhaling the aerosol, it can be sprayed no more than 1 time per dose and no more than 4 times a day.

The aerosol is not capable of causing addiction in the body, so if a lack of its effectiveness begins to be felt, then the problem is completely different. This may be an inflammatory edema of the mucous membrane, blockage of the bronchi with sputum.

Drugs used in combination with bronchodilators

There is a classification of drugs that help to cope with a cough in the presence of bronchitis.

Such drugs are classified into three types: combined, mucolytic and expectorant.

Antitussive (combined) drugs are designed to comprehensively affect the symptoms of a cold. They have a bronchodilatory effect and reduce swelling of the bronchial mucosa.

But they also have side effects: they often cause heart palpitations and increased blood pressure. Therefore, drugs in the form of inhalations based on adrenaline are safer.

Today, the following types of combined preparations have been developed and produced:

Containing several expectorant components (Bronchofit, Pectosol). They are designed so that each of the components contained in this composition is in a small dose and acts effectively in its own way. This is much more effective than using one component in large quantities.
Containing mucolytics and expectorants (Alteika, Gedelix).
With the content of antitussives and expectorants (Stoptussin, Sinekod). These medicines quickly and effectively provide assistance in the first days of ARVI, with a dry cough. But it is worth noting that if after coughing sputum begins to stand out, then the use of these drugs must be stopped, otherwise it will only harm the body, and replace them with expectorants.
With the content of antitussive drugs and mucolytics (Combigripp, Bolaren). The use of such funds must be approached with caution, because excessive thinning of sputum with a dry cough can harm the body.
Combined preparations containing antihistamine components (Vokasept). They are able to eliminate itching, swelling of the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract and allergic manifestations. They are prescribed in the case when nasal discharge is in liquid form. If the discharge is purulent, then drugs of this nature cannot be used.
The combination of a mucolytic with an antibiotic (Roxin). Suitable for the treatment of pneumonia (at home) and exacerbation of chronic bronchitis.

This video talks about what to do when it becomes difficult to breathe during bronchospasms. The symptoms and possible consequences of bronchial asthma are described.

Bronchodilators include anticholinergics, agonists, methylxanthines. They treat the cause of bronchospasm by acting on the muscles of the bronchi, reducing their tension.

Anticholinergic drugs

Bronchitis is treated with anticholinergics - compounds that block peripheral nerve endings.

These include Atrovent, Ipratropium-native, they are used for inhalation. With this method of treatment, the active substance is delivered to the bronchi, does not penetrate into the blood.

Long-acting drugs include tiotropium bromide, it remains active for a day. Based on this compound, a solution for inhalation, Spiriva powder, is produced. It can be used once a day for chronic bronchitis.

Learn about massage for bronchitis in our article Massage for Bronchitis.

Adrenomimetics

Bronchitis is treated with compounds of the group of adrenomimetics (agonists, adrenostimulants), they selectively affect the receptors of the respiratory system.

Agonists are produced in syrups, tablets, injections, but the main method of treatment is inhalation. Most of the drugs in this group are based on salbutamol, fenoterol, terbutaline, clenbuterol. Salbutamol is included in the medicines:

tablets - Aloprol, Salmo, Salgim, Saltos;
aerosols - Astalin, Ventolin, Salmo, Salbuvent;
solutions - Ventolin Nebula, Sterineb Salamol;
powders - Salben, Salbutamol base, Salgim;
solutions for injections - Salgim.

In the group of agonists, preparations of a short, long-term effect are isolated.

Short-acting agonists eliminate bronchospasm in minutes, these include Fenoterol, Salbutamol.

From the group of terbutalines for bronchitis, Ironil Sediko, Brikanil are used. The group of drugs of prolonged action includes bronchodilators Salmeterol, Formoterol. On the basis of the active substance salmeterol, Serevent and Salmeter aerosols are produced.

Long-term adrenostimulants include drugs with clenbuterol - Clenbuterol syrup, syrups, Clenbuterol Sopharma tablets.

Methylxanthines

Medicines from the methylxanthines group are used less frequently than agonists due to negative side effects, manifested by palpitations, hypotension, and insomnia.

The representative of the group is theophylline, it is used in the absence of the effect of the use of agonists. Medicines of this group are used to prevent night attacks in addition to agonists, anticholinergics.

For other drugs in the treatment of bronchitis, see the article Medicines for bronchitis - antibiotics, tablets, cough syrups.

Application

When bronchitis is treated with Ventolin, Troventol, Fenoterol, Salbutamol, they use the bronchodilator drug Berodual. With bronchitis, asthma, they use Atrovent, use Salbutamol, Fenoterol - bronchodilator drugs - aerosols.

Especially for inhalation through a nebulizer, bronchodilators are produced Ventolin Nebul, Berodual, Troventol, Atrovent, Ipratropium Steri-Neb.

These medicines begin to work 5-15 minutes after application.

Help with bronchitis drugs with ipratorium bromide. Medicines containing this active compound are produced in the form of aerosols, inhalation solutions, tablets.

In order to relieve bronchospasm, you can use Truvent, Atrovent, Ipratropium Aeronative. The action of Atrovent is manifested by positive visible effects after 15 minutes.

The effect of Ipratropium-aeronative develops after 10 minutes. Fast-acting bronchodilators also include Berotek, Berodual, Salbutamol.

For inhalation in bronchial asthma, Eufillin is used - a derivative of theophylline. The effect of its action during inhalation appears after 10 minutes. However, the use of these drugs causes side effects, which is why their use is limited.

Is it possible to cure bronchitis without antibiotics - read our article.

Combined funds

This group includes drugs, which include several active compounds with bronchodilatory, expectorant properties.

Combined drugs include Bronholitin, Ascoril.

Ascoril contains salbutamol, which exhibits bronchodilatory properties, as well as the expectorant drug Bromhexine.

The bronchodilator drug Ascoril is approved for the treatment of children from 2 years of age.

Bronchodilator folk remedies

It will not be possible to quickly eliminate bronchospasm with the help of bronchodilator folk remedies, but with prolonged treatment, decoctions of medicinal herbs have a positive effect on health.

Chamomile, valerian, St. John's wort have an antispasmodic effect. To prepare the medicine, they take chamomile, peppermint, blue cyanosis, St. John's wort, motherwort, valerian in a ratio of 2: 2: 1.5: 1.5: 1: 1: 1.

One spoonful of the mixture is poured into a glass of freshly boiled water, insisted for 40 minutes. A glass of infusion is drunk during the day in 4 divided doses.

Plants with bronchodilatory properties include calendula, oregano, dandelion, burdock, lilac, currant, pine.

Read about other folk remedies for treating bronchitis in our article Treatment of bronchitis at home with folk remedies.

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By self-medicating, you can waste time and harm your health!

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Bronchodilator drugs for asthma

Asthma is a fairly common lung disease that is accompanied by spasms, which in turn cause coughing and seizures. In order to get rid of all the sensations that cause discomfort, doctors prescribe bronchodilator drugs for asthma. Due to the structure of the spray and chemical elements, they envelop the bronchi, thereby expanding them.

Medicines used in diseases associated with the respiratory tract are divided into two types:

Cholenolytics, penetrating into the bronchi, are able to act directly on the nerve endings themselves, and relieve irritation from them.

Adrenostimulators act on the bronchi themselves, making it possible to eliminate muscle spasm and expand them.

Prescribing treatment and drugs

Usually, if your doctor is experienced, then treatment is prescribed with two such drugs at once (anticholinergic and adrenostimulant) for a better effect. In the event that they act in a complex way, you can get rid of seizures and cough as soon as possible. The result can be observed approximately 20 minutes after the application of the medicine. Adrenostimulators begin to work after a slightly longer period of time, about 40 minutes.

The list of bronchodilators for asthma may include drugs such as:

But the most rational decision would be to take these drugs exclusively in combination with Fenoterol and Terbutaline. In this case, the nerve endings will calm down at the same time, and the muscle spasm will disappear.

Taking bronchodilator drugs for asthma is necessary in cases where asthma attacks begin. They are able to drown them out, but, unfortunately, they do not affect asthma itself in any way, but are only able to expand the bronchi to facilitate breathing and transfer attacks.

The use of bronchodilators in asthma

Surely every asthma patient knows when he needs to inhale from a balloon to make breathing easier. But often the whole process goes wrong, and if you do not learn how to use inhalation properly, you can count on the fact that at one moment the medicine may not work, or it will not work very much.

It is quite easy to use bronchodilators for asthma:

It is necessary to shake the contents of the can to avoid the formation of a precipitate from the drug.
It is necessary to fold your lips into a pipe and make a deep and at the same time loud exhalation through your mouth. This is necessary in order to be able to clean your lungs as much as possible from the presence of oxygen in them.
After that, you need to look up and in this position bring the inhaler to your mouth.
It is necessary to take a very long and full breath of the contents that are released when you press the aerosol. After that, the medicine will enter your respiratory tract and begin to have a positive effect on your lungs.
After inhalation, breathing must be stopped for about 10 seconds, and after that, a calm and even exhalation should be made, but through the nose.

After all this procedure, your body receives one dose of the drug. But very often doctors prescribe the use of several doses, in this case, follow the doctor's advice.

Although the bronchodilator drugs used in asthma may not penetrate deep enough into the respiratory tract during sharp and suffocating attacks, this is not necessary, because in order for the medicine to work it needs to get into the upper ways.

What is the reason for the decrease in the effectiveness of the use of bronchodilators in asthma

Often, after a fairly long use, patients begin to observe a tendency that the medicine begins to act worse and worse. You have to take even a few breaths of the drug in order for it to begin to act correctly. In most cases, people tend to think that the asthma bronchodilators prescribed to them stop working due to addiction.

But this is fundamentally wrong, because it is impossible to develop addiction to aerosol preparations.

As a rule, the decrease in effectiveness is due to the fact that in addition to the main muscle spasm, volumetric edema begins to develop on the mucous membrane of the lungs.

The reason for the development of edema

This ailment appears in people who neglect the regularity of taking bronchodilator drugs for asthma, or even refuse them for a certain period of time. But also, you should not pamper yourself with drugs in too large volumes, because because of this, edema can also begin to form.

Due to the constant spasm and the lack of regulating drugs that act on it, edema begins to form.

In the event that you encounter such a problem, then:

It is necessary to normalize the intake of drugs exactly according to the schedule according to which you were prescribed by your doctor;
It is necessary to contact him for the appointment of a course of the rehabilitation period for your lungs.

If you carefully follow the doctor's instructions, you can quickly get rid of annoying swelling and restore the previous effect of the drugs for your body.

But, if you want to be healed of asthma forever and forget about asthma attacks, then I recommend starting to do breathing exercises.

Health, with respect Konstantin Stolyarenko.

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Bronchodilator drugs for bronchitis

Purpose of bronchodilators

Bronchodilators are designed to relieve shortness of breath during bronchitis. They are produced in the form of tablets (Teopec, Teotard, Eufillin) and in the form of inhalers (Berotek, Berodual, Salbutamol).

Bronchodilators are divided into 2 classes:

Adrenostimulants (adrenergic agonists) that stimulate beta-2-adrenergic receptors and have a bronchodilatory effect.
Cholinolytics blocking M-cholinergic receptors. They help relieve spasm.

The time of action of each of these pharmacological agents is different, so they have to be combined.

Proper use of bronchodilators

The composition of first-generation bronchodilators, which can still often be found in our pharmacies, includes components such as isoproterenol (Izadrin, Novodrin) and orciprenaline (Astmopent, Alupent).

When inhaling the aerosol, it can be sprayed no more than 1 time per dose and no more than 4 times a day.

Drugs used in combination with bronchodilators

There is a classification of drugs that help to cope with a cough in the presence of bronchitis.

Such drugs are classified into three types: combined, mucolytic and expectorant.

Antitussive (combined) drugs are designed to comprehensively affect the symptoms of a cold. They have a bronchodilatory effect and reduce swelling of the bronchial mucosa.

But they also have side effects: they often cause heart palpitations and increased blood pressure. Therefore, drugs in the form of inhalations based on adrenaline are safer.

Today, the following types of combined preparations have been developed and produced:

Containing several expectorant components (Bronchofit, Pectosol). They are designed so that each of the components contained in this composition is in a small dose and acts effectively in its own way. This is much more effective than using one component in large quantities.
Containing mucolytics and expectorants (Alteika, Gedelix).
With the content of antitussives and expectorants (Stoptussin, Sinekod). These medicines quickly and effectively provide assistance in the first days of ARVI, with a dry cough. But it is worth noting that if after coughing sputum begins to stand out, then the use of these drugs must be stopped, otherwise it will only harm the body, and replace them with expectorants.
With the content of antitussive drugs and mucolytics (Combigripp, Bolaren). The use of such funds must be approached with caution, because excessive thinning of sputum with a dry cough can harm the body.
Combined preparations containing antihistamine components (Vokasept). They are able to eliminate itching, swelling of the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract and allergic manifestations. They are prescribed in the case when nasal discharge is in liquid form. If the discharge is purulent, then drugs of this nature cannot be used.
The combination of a mucolytic with an antibiotic (Roxin). Suitable for the treatment of pneumonia (at home) and exacerbation of chronic bronchitis.

This video talks about what to do when it becomes difficult to breathe during bronchospasms. The symptoms and possible consequences of bronchial asthma are described.

You can relieve bronchospasm with bronchitis with the help of rubbing and ointments, which include menthol, camphor, essential oils of mint, nutmeg, eucalyptus (Combigripp, Adzhikold-ointment). Rubbing applied to the chest and neck area will help relieve irritation and have a distracting effect. Inhalation using essential oils will have an anti-inflammatory and antiseptic effect.

List of the best medicines for bronchial asthma

Asthma medication plays an important role in a patient's life. Bronchial asthma is a common disease that worsens the quality of life of the patient. The disease is dangerous because, without adequate treatment, there are often cases of death in both adults and young patients. Despite the advanced level of medicine, a complete cure for asthma is impossible. But you can fight suffocation with the right means for the treatment of asthma attacks. What medicines are best for asthmatics? What are the most effective asthma medications?

Form of release of drugs

Medicines for bronchial asthma are prescribed in the form of tablets, injections and inhalations. It is very important to take them daily, no matter how the patient feels. Given the severity of the condition, complex drug treatment can be applied.

The main part of drugs for the treatment of bronchial asthma is used in the form of:

Aerosols produced in inhalers are the fastest and most effective way to help a person when they start to choke. A good agent in the form of aerosols allows the active substance to penetrate into the bronchi and tracheal cavity instantly, improving the patient's condition in seconds. Since anti-asthma drugs have a local effect, the risk of side effects is reduced. Inhalations are considered an indispensable tool for blocking an attack.
Remedies for bronchial asthma in the form of tablets are used for systematic treatment.

The classification of drugs affects the appointment of new generation drugs. They are classified according to the frequency of recurrence of seizures. In addition, how often the patient takes bronchodilator drugs for asthma plays a big role.

Medications for the diagnosis of bronchial asthma cannot be prescribed to oneself on their own, given the risk of the patient's life.

The scheme of therapy can be used only on the recommendation of the attending physician. Only he can combine drugs to achieve the effectiveness of treatment.

Basic medicines

The entire list of drugs for the treatment of bronchial asthma in adults can be divided into two categories:

The first category includes drugs for bronchial asthma, which stop the attack.
The second includes medicines for asthmatics with systematic use.

In order to stop the attack, bronchodilators are used. These types of medicines are not able to eliminate the disease, but they are indispensable for an attack. Bronchodilators are able to instantly relieve suffocation, and a person begins to breathe.

Drug treatment of bronchial asthma involves taking a group of drugs not only during an attack, but also during the rest period. Such drugs will not bring an effect during an exacerbation, the patient will not get better, as they begin to act slowly. Their action is to reduce the sensitivity of the bronchi to allergens.

As a means for treatment, doctors prescribe:

Bronchodilator tablets are long-acting drugs.
Hormonal preparations.
Antileukotriene drugs.
Expectorants.
A new generation of asthma medicine.

List of drugs

The list of drugs for the treatment of asthma is very wide. When indicated, the doctor may prescribe combination medications.

The main assets include:

Bronchodilators - they can be used both as inhalations and in tablet form. With frequent use, bronchodilators cease to have their effect on the body. With repeated attacks, they may not help, this will lead to the fact that the person will die from suffocation.
Asthma can be treated with anti-inflammatory drugs. The development of the disease is always accompanied by an inflammatory process. Medicines that relieve inflammation are used to reduce the frequency of attacks.
Mast cell membrane stabilizers - mast cells are involved in the manifestation of allergic reactions. Stabilizers stop their release and prevent seizures. The most commonly used medications are inhalations. They are able to reduce the inflammatory process and the sensitivity of nerve endings.
Bronchodilators based on hormones. They have a powerful anti-inflammatory effect, reduce the formation of sputum, reduce sensitivity to allergens. But they are not suitable for stopping an attack. So that a person does not suffocate, only their intake is not enough. A feature of the use of these types of medicines is a gradual decrease in dosage. They cannot be stopped abruptly. Bronchodilators are prescribed short or long acting.
Antileukotriene drugs are a new generation of drugs used for bronchial asthma in both children from two years of age and adults. Their job is to reduce inflammation. Drugs are used in the form of tablets.
Expectorant drugs for asthma. In order to remove excess sputum from the bronchi, mucolytic expectorants are used. Thyme, licorice root, marshmallow are used as expectorants. Mucolytic include ACC, micropreparation Mucodin.
Antihistamines are rarely used in bronchial asthma. Antihistamines are used as a prophylaxis.
When diagnosed with bronchial asthma, drugs are prescribed that contain cromon substances. The micropreparation helps to reduce the diameter of the bronchi. They do not treat asthma during an exacerbation, it is used only in basic therapy. The main cromon drugs include: Nedocromil, Ketotifen, Cromolyn.
Combined drugs for the treatment of bronchial asthma are a combination of anti-inflammatory and bronchodilator drugs. They are considered the most effective for eliminating seizures. The most commonly used Tevacomb, Zenhale.

Preventive measures

Bronchial asthma is a way of life. The patient must constantly monitor his condition. Not a single micropreparation will bring the desired effect if preventive measures are not followed. Bronchodilators, antihypertensive drugs should be combined with a diet, a healthy lifestyle.

It is important for the patient to pay great attention to the factors that provoke asthma attacks!

It is imperative to comply with all doctor's prescriptions in combination with certain restrictions:

It is required to give up cigarettes and alcoholic beverages.
From food intake it is necessary to exclude all possible allergens.
It is forbidden to breed pets that eat dry food. Fish are strictly prohibited, their food contains many allergens.
During the flowering period of plants, you need to be on the street as little as possible.
Take vitamin complexes regularly.
Choose pillows and blankets only from synthetics.

Asthmatics must remember which foods and which plants can cause them attacks.

In the treatment of this disease, an important role is played not only by drugs that eliminate an attack of bronchial asthma, but also by correctly informing the patient about his condition.

Any remedy for pathology should be taken at the very beginning in order to avoid negative consequences.

Quiz: How prone to lung disease are you?

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We urgently need to change something!

Judging by nutrition, you absolutely do not care about immunity and your body. You are very susceptible to diseases of the lungs and other organs! It's time to love yourself and start getting better. It is urgent to adjust your diet, to minimize fatty, floury, sweet and alcohol. Eat more vegetables and fruits, dairy products. Feed the body with the intake of vitamins, drink more water (precisely purified, mineral). Harden the body and reduce the amount of stress in life.

You are prone to lung diseases at an average level.

So far, it’s good, but if you don’t start taking care of it more carefully, then diseases of the lungs and other organs will not keep you waiting (if there were no prerequisites yet). And frequent colds, intestinal problems and other “charms” of life accompany weak immunity. You should think about your diet, minimize fatty, starchy foods, sweets and alcohol. Eat more vegetables and fruits, dairy products. To nourish the body by taking vitamins, do not forget that you need to drink plenty of water (purified, mineral). Harden your body, reduce the amount of stress in life, think more positively and your immune system will be strong for many years to come.

Congratulations! Keep it up!

You care about your nutrition, health and immune system. Keep up the good work and problems with the lungs and health in general will not bother you for many years to come. Don't forget that this is mainly due to the fact that you eat right and lead a healthy lifestyle. Eat the right and wholesome food (fruits, vegetables, dairy products), do not forget to drink plenty of purified water, harden your body, think positively. Just love yourself and your body, take care of it and it will definitely reciprocate.

With an answer
Checked out

How often do you eat fast food?

Few times a week
Once a month
Several times a year
I don't eat at all

Do you eat healthy and wholesome food?

Is always
I aspire to it

How often do you eat foods that are high in sugar?

Daily
Few times a week
Once a month or less
I don't use at all

Do you spend fasting days or any other cleansing procedures?

1-2 times a week
Several times a month
Several times a month

How many times a day do you eat?

Less than 3 times
Breakfast lunch and dinner
More than 3 times

What type of people do you consider yourself to be?

Optimist
Realist
Pessimist

How often do you eat bakery and pasta products made from light flour?

Daily
Few times a week
Several times a month or less

Do you eat a variety of foods?

I eat a variety of, but the same dishes for many years

What foods do you eat for breakfast?

Porridge, yogurt
Coffee, sandwiches
Other

What time do you have breakfast?

Before 7.00
07.00-09.00
09.00-11.00
Later 11.00

Do you have food intolerance?

Do you take vitamins?

Yes, regularly
Every season
Very rarely
I do not accept at all

How much pure water do you drink per day?

Less than 1.5 liters
1.5-2.5 liters
2.5-3.5 liters
Over 3.5 liters

Have you had a food allergy?

Difficult to answer

What portions do you eat?

As long as it fits
I stay a little hungry
I eat, but not to the "blank"

Are you taking antibiotics?

In urgent need

How often do you eat vegetables and fruits?

Daily
Few times a week
Very rarely

What kind of water do you drink?

mineral
Cleaned with household appliances with filters
boiled
raw

How often do you consume dairy products?

Daily
Few times a week
Once a month or less

Do you always eat at the same time?

Bronchodilators

Currently existing bronchodilators include two classes of pharmacological agents: 1) adrenostimulants, or adrenomimetics (selective and non-selective) and 2) anticholinergics. The former stimulate beta-2-adrenergic receptors, providing a direct bronchodilatory effect, and the latter block M-cholinergic receptors (which interact with acetylcholine, which is released during excitation of the vagus nerve), thereby preventing the development of spasm. Therefore, adrenostimulants act quickly enough, reaching the maximum effect after 15-20 minutes, and anticholinergics - rather slowly: the peak of efficiency occurs after 30-50 minutes. Therefore, anticholinergics have no independent value and are used only in combination with adrenomimetics. The main bronchodilator substances and commercial products based on them are shown in the table.

Table. Basic bronchodilator drugs

The most acceptable and relatively safe are the long-known fenoterol, albuterol and terbutaline - selective beta-2 receptor stimulants. Many of them are produced not only in the form of metered aerosols, but also in the form of solutions for inhalation, as well as in tablet form. However, the use of tablet preparations is recommended only if inhalation is not possible, for example in young children, since due to the higher dosage in this form they cause a cardiostimulatory effect. For what purpose solutions for inhalation are produced, I personally do not quite understand, since the mechanism of action of all bronchodilators is EXTRABRONCHIAL (we will talk about this below).

The main problem that every patient faces when the first attacks of suffocation or shortness of breath appear is which bronchodilator drug is better to choose? If you have to do it yourself, you should do it unequivocally: CHOOSE ANY OF THE THREE LISTED AEROSOLS CONTAINING BETA-2-STIMULANTS, AS THEY ALL ARE PRACTICALLY EVENLY EFFECTIVE, AS WELL AS ALL ARE DANGEROUS IN SOME SITUATIONS.

They are effective because, by relaxing the bronchial muscles, they relieve an asthma attack. They are dangerous because, under certain conditions (we have already talked about them), they can lead the patient, to put it mildly, into trouble.

It is unacceptable to choose drugs containing selmeterol and formoterol for independent (and therefore uncontrolled) use: they have a longer effect and therefore they can be used only on the recommendation and under the supervision of a doctor - a specialist in the treatment of asthma.

And so far, first-generation bronchodilators containing isoproterenol and orciprenaline are often found in the pharmacy network. Unlike beta-2 stimulants, they are not selective and cause a strong heartbeat. Therefore, these drugs should be used only in the absence of modern bronchodilators, with great care, especially in the elderly and with cardiac pathology (CHD, cor pulmonale, etc.).

Thus, the number of actually used bronchodilators is quite limited: five selective beta-2 stimulants and two anticholinergics. The apparent abundance in pharmacies is due only to the presence of a large number of completely identical drugs under different commercial names.

All of the above aerosols in the usual therapeutic doses are approximately the same in terms of the effectiveness of the bronchodilator action, and therefore there is no need to use several bronchodilator drugs at the same time, as is often practiced by many patients. If any of the drugs causes side effects (usually palpitations, muscle tremors, and less often discomfort behind the sternum), it can be painlessly replaced with another one. If you notice, one of the drugs is highlighted in the table: BRONKAID MIST. To date, he and his counterparts based on adrenaline are the safest bronchodilator aerosols for relieving seizures. However, in Russia they are not registered and are not sold. I have already discussed this aerosol earlier in the chapter on asthma prognosis. Other commercial analogues of selective adrenomimetics are also produced, as well as preparations based on other substances, but the latter are of no particular practical importance.

As for anticholinergics, as I said, they are not used on their own, but are used only in combination with beta-stimulants. There are also ready-made combined preparations containing a beta-2 stimulant and an anticholinergic (for example, berodual).

Patients should always pay special attention to the correct use of metered-dose inhalers, since their careless use significantly reduces the effectiveness and duration of the drug effect, which often leads to the need for more frequent inhalations. How to use metered aerosols correctly?

Firstly, the aerosol must be inhaled while sitting or standing, and secondly, a certain sequence of actions must be observed:

shake the aerosol can vigorously several times;
having folded your lips with a “tube”, make a calm (but “noisy”) and maximally FULL EXHAUST THROUGH THE MOUTH;
raise your head up, take the mouthpiece in your mouth, CLIP IT TIGHTLY WITH YOUR LIPS;
making a QUICK and LONG INHALE, press at the beginning (in the first third) of the inhalation on the head of the nebulizer valve and, continuing to INHALE, inject the aerosol into the respiratory tract as FULLY and DEEPLY as possible.
after inhaling the aerosol, hold your breath for 10-12 seconds and then exhale calmly through the nose.

After completing these maneuvers, you will receive one inhaled dose of the drug. If you are prescribed more than 1 dose at one time, you must repeat the above procedure according to the number of doses. The last rule should be especially remembered: WHEN INHALED AEROSOL, DO NOT PRESS THE HEAD OF THE SPRAYER VALVE MORE THAN ONE TIME.

Quite often, during an asthma attack, the patient is not able to properly inhale the aerosol. Nothing wrong with that. In order for the aerosol to have a minimal bronchodilator effect, it is enough that it enters the upper respiratory tract (larynx, trachea, nasopharynx) or even just into the mouth. This is due to its EXTRABRONCHIAL mechanism of action: the drug, having got on the mucous membrane of the oral cavity or respiratory tract, is absorbed into the blood and penetrates the smooth muscles of the respiratory tract with the blood flow, causing it to relax. Proper execution of the maneuver during inhalation of an aerosol provides a faster and maximum bronchodilatory effect.

There are many recommendations for the use of bronchodilator aerosols during the day. The most acceptable is their prophylactic administration to maintain normal bronchial patency by preventing attacks of shortness of breath or suffocation 3-4 (but not more!) Times a day at regular intervals. If, despite the regular use of one to two inhaled doses of the drug every 4-6 hours, attacks still occur, then this means that asthma is getting out of control and medical intervention is required.

Many doctors and patients believe that the decrease in the effectiveness of bronchodilator metered-dose aerosols occurs due to addiction to them. This is misleading and absolutely wrong: ADDITION TO METERED AEROSOLS DOES NOT DEVELOP. The decrease in the effectiveness of these drugs is due to the fact that as a result of a change in the situation in the respiratory tract, an inflammatory edema of the mucous membrane, similar to the swelling of the nasal mucosa in ARVI, joins the spasm of the bronchial muscles (and synthetic bronchodilator aerosols cannot remove this edema). This is joined by obturation (blockage) of the bronchi with sputum. And the main reason for the occurrence of such a situation can be both the irregular use of bronchodilator aerosols or the complete rejection of them, and the excessive, uncontrolled abuse of these drugs. Constant spasm due to irregular intake of inhalers against the background of a relapse of the inflammatory process (common cold or viral infection) leads to disruption of the mucous escalator, which I talked about in the first part. And just as in the subway, with a large flow of passengers and poor operation of the escalator, a congestion occurs, so in asthma, the lumen of the bronchial tree is clogged with mucous plugs. Therefore, I repeat once again: an increase in the need for bronchodiating drugs, a decrease in their effectiveness is not a sign of addictive to them, but indicate that the disease due to the changed situation in the respiratory tract has become a control and the doctor’s intervention is necessary!

In addition to the above drugs, a number of combined complex drugs (tablets and mixtures) are produced based on non-selective adrenomimetics, such as ephedrine or similar substances. Their effectiveness is determined by the fact that in addition to the bronchodilator action, they reduce swelling of the bronchial mucosa. At the same time, however, due to their non-selectivity, they often cause palpitations and an increase in blood pressure, which limits the duration of their intake and the circle of people to whom they can be prescribed. Therefore, the use of drugs in inhalation form based on adrenaline is more preferable.

In addition to the bronchodilator action, complex mixtures and tablets have a slight expectorant effect. It should be borne in mind that some combined complex drugs also contain non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSPPs) and are therefore contraindicated in patients with aspirin-like form of bronchial asthma, as they cause suffocation.

Even 10-12 years ago, theophylline derivatives were widely used as bronchodilators in the treatment of asthma: aminophylline or eufillin, as well as its prolonged forms - teodur and others (domestic variants - teopec, durophylline). Since the beginning of the 90s. the attitude towards them has changed: it turned out that, compared with beta-2-agonists, the bronchodilatory effect of their administration is minimal, and the number of side effects is maximum.

Long-acting theophyllines are also dangerous because their concentration in the patient's blood can change unpredictably, causing unpredictable consequences. Many doctors, those who have repeatedly provided emergency care to patients with asthma, may object to me that theophylline preparations often relieve an attack of shortness of breath and suffocation even when aerosols containing beta-stimulants are ineffective. How can this be explained? As already mentioned, in the case of a pronounced violation of bronchial patency, a decrease in ventilation, or the flow of air into the lungs, leads to impaired gas exchange and oxygen deficiency. In turn, reduced ventilation and lack of oxygen in the alveolar air "trigger" the Euler-Liljestrand reflex (alveolocapillary reflex), manifested by vasoconstriction (vasoconstriction) of the pulmonary circulation. The result of vasoconstriction is a sharp increase in blood pressure in the pulmonary circulation, accompanied by severe shortness of breath. Shortness of breath and wheezing heard in the lungs are often interpreted by the doctor as a manifestation of bronchospasm, although they may be the result of other mechanisms of obstruction. In such situations, the introduction of aminophylline normalizes the pressure in the pulmonary circulation and shortness of breath disappears, which is regarded as the elimination of bronchospasm. But in such cases, the effectiveness of aminophylline is associated with its ability to act on the cardiovascular, and not on the bronchial system. That is why frequent or uncontrolled intake of aminophylline (as well as non-selective adrenomimetics) leads to adverse reactions: palpitations, dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract, etc. At the same time, a decrease in shortness of breath with complete ineffectiveness of the effect on bronchial obstruction can mask the progression of asthma for a long time.

And so that this is not perceived as my personal opinion, I quote the text of the report "Global Strategy ...". “Theophylline causes serious side effects. It is recommended to MONITOR its concentration (in the blood) and strict adherence to the dosage ... With theophylline intoxication, various symptoms occur. The most common gastrointestinal signs are nausea and vomiting. More serious complications include tachycardia, arrhythmias, increased urination, convulsions, the patient may even die ... ”(p. 642). So, therapists who uncontrollably prescribe eufillin and prolonged theophylline tablets, think about it!

In this regard, theophylline preparations should be prescribed to a limited extent, according to strict indications: asthmatics with hypertension of a large or small circle, when providing emergency care (in parenteral form) and in case of impossibility or absence of other, more effective drugs. Well, in our country, not so long ago, the beginning of industrial production of rather mediocre analogues of foreign long-acting theophylline (15-20 years ago) is demagogically declared as the latest achievement of science. But this is a topic for a separate discussion.

Individual selection of bronchodilators

The choice of bronchodilator drugs is carried out depending on the reaction of the bronchial tree to pharmacological tests. In the presence of a high positive response to beta-2-agonists, the most acceptable is 3-4 times the appointment of short-acting inhalers (berotek, salbutamol, ventolin, etc.) at regular intervals: this tactic allows the patient, without waiting for the onset of asthma attacks or shortness of breath to carry out their effective prevention. If, despite the 3-4-time intake of these drugs, difficulty breathing or suffocation still appears, it is necessary to use drugs with a longer bronchodilatory effect: combinations of beta-2-agonists with anticholinergics (salbutamol + atrovent, berodual, etc.) or for a long time acting beta-2-agonists: selmeterol or formoterol. In the acute phase of the disease, a good bronchodilatory effect is often achieved by a combination of selective sympathomimetics (berotec, salbutamol) with combined preparations containing ephedrine or its analogues (for example, broncholithin or solutan). However, in these cases, treatment should be under medical supervision and should not exceed 2-3 weeks.

With a weak positive response to selective sympathomimetics, they are prescribed only for the prevention of bronchoconstrictor reactions before inhalation of corticosteroids or intal, since even a slight obstruction of the airway impairs their penetration, reducing the effectiveness of anti-inflammatory and antiallergic effects. Additionally, during the day, bronchodilators can be prescribed situationally - to relieve asthma attacks or shortness of breath. THEREFORE, THE TOTAL NUMBER OF INHALATIONS SHOULD NOT EXCEED 4-5 DOSES PER DAY (IN CALCULATION FOR SHORT-ACTING DRUGS - BEROTEK, SALBUTAMOL). If breathing difficulties or seizures occur at night, inhalation of 1-2 doses of berodual (or appropriate combinations of a sympathomimetic with an anticholinergic) at night is most appropriate. If this attempt is ineffective, you can try to combine inhalation of a sympathomimetic and an anticholinergic with an additional intake of prolonged theophylline at night (but only as directed by a doctor!). IN PATIENTS WITH NO OR LOW RESPONSE TO BETA-2 STIMULANTS, LONG-ACTING DRUGS (SELMETEROL, FORMOTEROL) ARE UNSUITABLE TO USE, BECAUSE THEIR PURPOSE, ACCORDING TO THE EXISTING DATA, MAY MASK WORSE CONDITION.

When prescribing bronchodilator drugs, the doctor should warn the patient against two extremes: if the response to beta-2 stimulants is good, they should not be taken regularly, and if the response is bad, they should not be used excessively. Many patients and even some doctors have an opinion about both addiction to these drugs and their harmfulness when taken regularly. This myth was born during the dominance of the beta-blockade theory. Recent studies have established that in the amount of 3-4 inhalation doses per day, these drugs are absolutely harmless, and when they are used in recommended dosages, the so-called desensitization effect - a decrease in sensitivity to beta-2 stimulants (rather far-fetched than correctly proven) - does not develop. The benefit of systematic inhalations is that, by maintaining airway patency at an optimal level, they provide normal bronchial drainage, thereby preventing the progression of obstruction and worsening of the disease.

Both the doctor and the patient should remember the following: IF THEIR EFFICIENCY IS DECREASED OR THE NEED FOR INHALATIONS IS INCREASED DURING THE USE OF bronchodilator aerosols, THIS MEANS THAT INFLAMMATORY EDEMAS OR MUCOUS OBTURATION IS GROWING IN THE BRONCHIAL TREE. In such a situation, urgent measures must be taken. And this could be avoided with the regular (but not frequent) use of aerosol preparations based on adrenaline. But, unfortunately, none of these funds is registered and is not used in Russia.

Bronchodilators for inhalation. Bronchodilators: purpose, mechanism of action, specific drugs. Drugs for the treatment of chronic bronchitis

Action and types of drugs

Adrenomimetics

Anticholinergics

Methylxanthines

Combined

Features of appointment and contraindications

What diseases are they used for?

Types of drugs and their effects

Adrenoreceptor stimulants

Use of Salbutamol

Serevent

M-anticholinergics

Using Spiriva

xanthine derivatives

Combined drugs

Berodual

Contraindications

Bronchitis treatment

Which doctor should I contact with bronchitis?

Bronchodilators for bronchitis

Antiviral drugs for bronchitis

antibiotics for bronchitis

Breathing exercises for bronchitis

Physiotherapy for bronchitis

Diet for bronchitis

Treatment of bronchitis with folk remedies at home

Treatment of bronchitis during pregnancy

Complications and consequences of bronchitis

Is bronchitis contagious?

Pneumonia as a complication of bronchitis

Emphysema in chronic bronchitis

Bronchiectasis in bronchitis

Heart failure

Prevention of bronchitis

Primary prevention of bronchitis

Secondary prevention of bronchitis

Purpose of bronchodilators

Proper use of bronchodilators

Drugs used in combination with bronchodilators

Anticholinergic drugs

Adrenomimetics

Methylxanthines

Application

Combined funds

Bronchodilator folk remedies

Bronchodilator drugs for asthma

Prescribing treatment and drugs

The use of bronchodilators in asthma

What is the reason for the decrease in the effectiveness of the use of bronchodilators in asthma

The reason for the development of edema

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Practical materials

Bronchodilator drugs for bronchitis

Purpose of bronchodilators

Proper use of bronchodilators

Drugs used in combination with bronchodilators

List of the best medicines for bronchial asthma

Form of release of drugs

Basic medicines

List of drugs

Preventive measures

Quiz: How prone to lung disease are you?

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You are prone to lung diseases at an average level.

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Bronchodilators