Interferon for adults. Antiviral drug "Interferon": reviews, instructions for use and features. Interferon tablets: instructions for use

Interferon has an immunomodulatory, antiviral, antitumor and antiproliferative effect. It can be used from birth. Interferon is prescribed for the treatment and prevention of SARS. It is produced by several Russian companies, for example, Biomed Krasnogorsk, Microgen NPO.

Dosage form

Interferon is produced in the form of a lyophilizate for the manufacture of a solution for inhalation and intranasal administration in ampoules of 5 or 10 pieces per pack. Before use, the contents of the ampoules should be diluted in water. Also on sale is a ready-made solution of Interferon, which is available in a plastic bottle with a dropper.

Description and composition

If the drug is available in ampoules, then it is a white or light yellow to pink porous amorphous mass or powder, which is hygroscopic.

The ready-made solution of Interferon in a vial manufactured by Biomed Krasnogorsk is a white transparent liquid.

As an active ingredient, they contain interferon alfa at least 1000 IU. The drug is a group of proteins (alpha interferons) that are formed by leukocytes of healthy volunteers under the influence of an interferon inducer virus and are purified by micro and ultrafiltration methods. The drug does not contain preservatives and antibiotics, antibodies to HIV 1 and 2, hepatitis C virus, surface antigens of hepatitis B viruses.

Pharmacological group

The active substance stimulates the cytotoxic activity of T-killers and NK cells, the phagocytic activity of macrophages. It indicates resistance to viral infections in tissues and modulates the immune response, resulting in the neutralization of viruses and the destruction of cells infected by them. It is rapidly absorbed through the mucous membranes and excreted naturally from the body.

Indications for use

for adults

Interferon is used to treat and prevent respiratory viral diseases, including influenza.

for children

According to the testimony of children, the drug can be prescribed from birth.

During the period of gestation and lactation, Interferon can be used according to indications, when the benefit to the mother outweighs the risk to the child.

Contraindications

The drug can not be used in case of individual intolerance to its composition.

Applications and doses

for adults

The drug ampoule is opened right before use. Distilled water is added to its contents up to the mark. If it is not available, then you can use ordinary chilled boiled water. The finished solution is a clear or slightly opalescent liquid, the color of which can vary from pale yellow to pink. It is allowed to store it at a temperature of a maximum of 10 degrees for no more than a day.

It can be used intranasally or by inhalation.

For prevention, the drug is instilled 5 drops into each nostril 2 times a day, with an interval of at least 6 hours throughout the entire period, while there is a threat of infection.

For the purpose of treatment, the medication should be started at the first symptoms of the disease, 5 drops in each nostril every 1-2 hours at least 5 times a day.

For inhalation, you can use any type of inhaler. To do this, the contents of 3 ampoules should be dissolved in 10 ml of water heated to 37 degrees. Inhalation is carried out through the mouth and nose in the morning and evening for 2-3 days.

If the drug is used in a vial in the form of drops, then they do not need to be diluted. It is used in the same dosages.

for children

From birth, the drug can be administered intranasally to children, and from the age of 3, inhalations can be done. Interferon dosages in children are the same as in adults.

for pregnant women and during lactation

During pregnancy and lactation, Interferon is used as usual.

Side effects

Interferon can cause the following negative reactions:

• lethargy;
• dry mouth, lack of appetite, nausea, increased peristalsis, heartburn;
• fever and chills;
• myalgia and arthralgia;
• headaches, nervousness, drowsiness, vertigo, depression, sleep disturbance, vision, consciousness;
• skin allergic reactions such as itching and rashes;
• sweating;
• ischemic retinopathy;
• hepatitis, abdominal pain, bloating, taste perversion, weight loss, loose stools, constipation, liver dysfunction.

Interaction with other drugs

Interferon blocks oxidative metabolism in the liver, which can provoke a violation of the biotransformation of drugs that are metabolized in this way.

With the parallel appointment of Interferon:

• with ACE inhibitors, synergism may be observed in relation to the hematotoxic effect;
• with zidovudine, synergism is possible in relation to the myelotoxic effect;
• c there may be an increase in the activity of liver enzymes;
• with theophylline it is possible to reduce its clearance.

special instructions

The drug solution is prepared right before use. If there are signs of the flu, you should drink. During therapy, it is necessary to periodically monitor the picture of the blood and liver.

Overdose

There are no cases of overdose with interferon.

Storage conditions

Store Interferon should be at a temperature of 2-8 degrees. Its shelf life is 2 years, after which the drug must be disposed of. Although Interferon can be purchased at a pharmacy without a prescription, it should not be taken without consulting your doctor.

Analogues

In addition to it, there are a number of complete and partial analogues of the drug on sale:

1. . It is a complete analogue of Interferon. The drug is available as a dosed spray for intranasal administration. It is prescribed for the prevention and treatment of acute respiratory viral infections, including influenza. It can be used from birth, and the drug is also approved for the treatment of pregnant and lactating patients. should not be prescribed to patients with hypersensitivity to the composition of the drug or suffering from severe allergies.
2. Light. It is produced in the form of a metered spray, which, in addition to interferon, contains. The drug can be used in children over 14 years of age. It is contraindicated in case of individual intolerance to the composition of the drug, it should be used with caution for nasal bleeding.

It is permissible to use an analog instead of Interferon only with the permission of a doctor, since each medication has its own characteristics.

Price

The cost of Interferon averages 872 rubles. Prices range from 78 to 5000 rubles.

Much has been written and said about interferons in recent years. Sometimes they are attributed to the properties of a panacea for various diseases, and sometimes they are considered unconfirmed fantasies of scientists. Let's try to figure out what these drugs are, whether it is possible and necessary to be treated with their help.

Interferons are substances of a protein nature with general protective properties. They are produced by the cells of the body in response to the introduction of pathogenic viruses. It is these proteins that are a natural barrier that stops the penetration of the virus into the human body.

1957 is recognized as the year of discovery of interferon. British virologist A. Isaac and his colleague from Switzerland, Dr. D. Lindeman, conducted experiments on mice infected with viral diseases. During the experiments, a strange pattern was noticed - mice already sick with one type of virus did not succumb to infection with other viruses. The phenomenon is called - interference (that is, natural protection). From this word came the original name of interferons.

Over time, interferons produced by human cells were divided into groups. The classification is based on the types of cells that secrete interferons.

This is how they appeared:

• interferon (ITF) alpha(leukocytic, produced by leukocytes);
• interferon (ITF) beta(fibroblast, produced by connective tissue cells - fibroblasts);
• interferon (ITF) gamma(immune - produced by lymphocytes, macrophages and natural killers).

Alpha group interferons have found their main application in medicine. They are involved in the treatment of most viral pathologies. ITP-beta have been tested in the treatment of clinical manifestations of multiple sclerosis.

What is the effect of interferons

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When they enter the body, pathogenic viruses penetrate the cells and begin an active process of reproduction. The cellular structure affected by the pathogen begins to produce interferons that act inside and go beyond its limits to transmit information to the "neighbor" cells. Interferon is not able to destroy viruses, its action is based on curbing the active reproduction of viral particles and their ability to move.

The mechanism of action of interferon:

• actively reduces the processes of virus synthesis;
• causes the activation of cellular enzymes protein kinase R, and ribonuclease-L, which cause a delay in the production of protein molecules of the virus, and also cleave RNA in cells (including viruses);
• initiates the synthesis of the p53 protein, which has the ability to cause the death of the affected cell.

As you can see, interferons are capable of destroying not only foreign viruses, but also the structures of human cells.

In addition to the detrimental effect on the reproduction of viral bodies, interferons stimulate immune responses. Stimulation of cellular enzymes leads to antiviral activation of protective blood cells (T-helpers, macrophages, killers).

The activity and aggressiveness of interferons is very high. Sometimes one particle of interferon can completely ensure the resistance of a cell to the adverse effects of viruses, as well as reduce their reproduction by 50%.

Note:it takes about 4 hours from the start of the action of interferon preparations to the level of full protection.

Of the accompanying effects, the ability of ITP to suppress malignant tumor cells should be noted.

An immunologist-allergist, an employee of the Department of Immunology of the Russian National Research Medical University named after I.I. N.I. Pirogova Bella Bragvadze:

Methods for obtaining interferons, classification

To obtain interferon, methods are used:

• infection of human blood protective factors(lymphocytes, leukocytes) certain safe strains of viruses. Then the interferon secreted by the cells undergoes technological processing methods and is converted into a dosage form;
• genetic engineering(recombinant) - artificial cultivation of bacteria (most often E. coli), with the existing interferon gene in DNA. The patented name of interferon produced by this method is "Reaferon".

Note:the production of "Reaferon" is much cheaper than leukocyte interferon, and the efficiency can be greater. Recombinant interferon is used in the treatment of not only viral diseases.

Based on the information received, we single out the main types of interferon:

1. Lymphoblastoid ITF- Derived from natural materials.
2. Recombinant ITPs- synthetic analogues of human interferons.
3. PEGylated ITF- are synthesized together with polyethylene glycol, which allows interferons to act longer than usual. They have a stronger healing effect.

When is interferon needed?

The earlier treatment with interferon is started, the better the result can be achieved. It is this pattern that is used for the prophylactic administration of these drugs.

Interferon is used in a complex of therapeutic measures for viral, herpetic diseases, multiple sclerosis, malignant neoplasms, immunodeficiency states.

Note:leukocyte interferons are now practically out of use due to possible side effects and instability of the composition, as well as the high cost of producing the drug.

Forms of application of interferons

Due to the fact that interferons are protein structures, they are destroyed in the gastrointestinal tract, so the most optimal way to administer them is parenteral (injection into the muscle). In this case, the drugs are absorbed almost completely and have a maximum effect. The distribution of drugs in tissues is not the same. Low concentrations of ITP are observed in the nervous system, tissues of the organs of vision. Drugs are excreted by the liver and kidneys.

The most commonly used dosage forms:

• interferon in candles,
• interferon in the form of drops in the nose,
• interferon in ampoules for injection.

Side effects of interferon treatment

The use of interferons at the beginning of treatment can provoke:

• a slight increase in temperature;
• pain in muscles, eyeballs;
• weakness and heaviness in the body, a feeling of weakness;

Early manifestations of side effects usually go away quickly and do not require additional treatment.

At a later date, you may experience:

• decrease in the number of red blood cells, platelets . The appearance of pathological forms of blood cells can also be observed;
• sleep disturbances, low mood, convulsive twitches, and dizziness, problems of consciousness;
• transient disorders of cerebral circulation;
• vision problems (they are caused by problems in the vessels that feed the eyes, eye muscles and surrounding tissues);
• manifestation of cardiac arrhythmia, pressure decrease, in some cases the development of myocardial infarction;
• different types of cough with symptoms of shortness of breath,. A case of respiratory arrest is described;
• pathology of the thyroid gland;
• skin rashes;
• problems with appetite, accompanied by unpleasant vomiting, sometimes the occurrence of gastrointestinal bleeding;
• the appearance of activity of hepatic transaminases (enzymes showing problems in the liver tissue);
• cases of hair loss.

Interferon preparations currently used

The modern pharmaceutical industry supplies the domestic market with a wide range of lymphoblastoid, recombinant and pegylated interferons:

1. Lymphoblastoid:

• "Wellferon" - is prescribed for leukemia, viral hepatitis, kidney cancer and condylomatosis;
• Reaferon - similar in action to Wellferon. It is used for viral and tumor pathologies.

1. Recombinant:

• Laferobion.
• Roferon.
• Realdiron.
• Viferon.
• Grippferon.
• Genferon.
• Ingaron.

All recombinant drugs have found application in viral diseases, have been included in the complex treatment of oncological problems, herpetic infections, herpes zoster, multiple sclerosis.

Available in the form of sterile solutions for injection, ointments, drops for the nose and eyes. Each of the interferon preparations contains instructions for use.

What diseases are interferon preparations indicated for?

ITF treatment is used for all conditions associated with interferon deficiency.

Most often, these drugs are used for:

• infections, SARS;
• acute hepatitis C;
• chronic hepatitis (B, C, D);
• immunodeficiency states.

Are there any contraindications to the appointment of interferons

Some conditions and diseases do not allow the use of ITF preparations.

Interferons should not be prescribed for:

• severe mental illness, convulsive conditions;
• with blood disorders;
• decompensated diseases of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems;
• liver diseases occurring with a severe form of cirrhosis;
• severe forms;

During pregnancy and breastfeeding, ITF is prescribed only in case of strict need or for health reasons.

The use of interferons in pediatric practice

Interferon is not used for children under one year old. At an older age, each drug is selected individually, depending on the age, condition and disease of the child.

The pediatrician, Dr. Komarovsky, tells about the features of the use of interferon and other antiviral drugs for children in this video review:

This group of drugs is not interferons, but is able to stimulate reactions to produce its own ITP.

Inductors began to be developed in the 70s of the last century, but they did not enter clinical practice in those years due to low efficiency and high toxicity, leading to severe adverse reactions. At present, these problems have been almost completely solved, and inductors have occupied their worthy niche in modern medicine.

There are two groups of interferon inducers:

• natural origin (produced from yeast products and bacteriophages);
• synthetic (preparations of acridonacetic acid and fluorenones).

Important:outside Russia and other CIS countries, ITP inductors are not used due to the lack of evidence of their clinical action.

Currently, more than 10 drugs with low antigenic properties have been developed, which significantly expanded the possibilities of their use.

The most significant inducers of interferons are:

• Amiksin- the very first drug of this group. Available in tablet form, has a long-lasting effect. It penetrates into the tissues of the brain, intestines and liver, which contributes to its use in various diseases.
• Neovir- has the ability to activate natural killers. Produced in ampoules for injections. It is used for viral hepatitis, influenza, tumors.
• Cycloferon- enhances the secretion of all types of interferons in the body . Available in ampoules and as a soluble powder for injection.
  It is prescribed for viral forms of inflammation of the liver, cytomegalovirus, tick-borne encephalitis, herpes rashes. For this drug, dosage regimens have been developed that have been tested in clinics.
• Poludan (polyadenur) found its main application in ophthalmology. It is prescribed for herpetic eye diseases.
• Polyguacil- has good ability to penetrate parenchymal tissues, also used in rabies.
• Kagocel- affects mainly the blood, spleen, liver, kidneys and organs containing lymphoid tissue. This feature allows it to be used for local viral lesions.
• Rogasin- a modern form of interferon inducers, effective against viral hepatitis and neoplasms.

Lotin Alexander, radiologist, narcologist

Instructions for use says that the tablet drug is prescribed as a strengthening of the immune system. The drug, when used correctly, helps to significantly increase immunity in childhood and adulthood. In addition, the medicine quickly helps to suppress harmful viruses, including chlamydia.

Doctors prescribe pills for suspected cancers. When using interferon tablets in complex treatment, they will help to significantly slow down the growth of the tumor cell.

Composition and spectrum of action

The drug contains only protein compounds. Such compounds are produced by cells in direct response to the penetration of a foreign body. Therefore, the composition of the preparation of this form of release includes alpha interferon. Tablets have a wide spectrum of action:

• Antitumor.
• Antimicrobial.
• Antipolyferative.
• The drug helps to inhibit the replication of malicious viruses.
• Tablets prevent cell proliferation.
• Immunomodulatory spectrum of action.

Main indications for use

The drug in any form of release can be used for many diseases.

• It is prescribed as a treatment for hepatitis C and B, with leukemia, but only with hairy cells, as well as with mycosis, condyloma, or Kaposi's sarcoma.
• In addition to this list of indications, the tablet preparation can be used in complex treatment.
• Renal carcinoma.
• In chronic viral hepatitis, as well as during an exacerbation.
• With acute respiratory infection.
• As a prophylaxis, they can be prescribed for influenza or for diseases of the upper respiratory tract.

In childhood, other forms of interferon release can be used as treatment. It is prescribed under the strict supervision of a pediatrician.

For children, the drug is prescribed as a treatment for infectious and inflammatory diseases, directly of the respiratory system. Also in complex therapy, you can take pills for meningitis, sepsis, mumps or chicken pox.

Often prescribed for more serious illnesses, then Interferon can be used to treat chronic hepatitis of viral etiology.

Important! Do not give the drug to the child on its own. It is necessary to know the exact dosage, otherwise, serious side effects may occur that will aggravate the course of the disease and the general condition of the child.

Contraindications and side effects

Like all drugs, Interferon is not prescribed for all patients. There are certain contraindications for which tablets should not be taken, not only as a treatment, but also as a preventive measure.
If there is a history of heart disease, epilepsy, as well as disorders of the central nervous system, doctors do not prescribe this drug.

Additional contraindications include:

• Cirrhosis of the liver.
• In the presence of hepatitis, but only autoimmune.
• With diseases of the thyroid gland.
• Also, the drug is not prescribed to patients with hypersensitivity. Since the composition of the drug of this form of release includes additional components.

If the drug is taken incorrectly, side effects may occur.

1. Most often they are expressed in a severe headache, the patient develops a fever, general weakness appears, as well as myalgia.
2. On the part of the CCC, the patient may experience: high blood pressure, arrhythmia.
3. The drug affects the central nervous system, especially when the dosage is incorrect. Therefore, among the side effects, there is a violation of consciousness and drowsiness.
4. Gastrointestinal disorders. Vomiting and nausea often occur. More rare side effects are manifested in the form of diarrhea.
5. In addition, the patient may experience allergic reactions. In this case, the skin becomes dry, a rash and erythema appear.

Mode of application

The drug is prescribed only by the attending physician, the independent use of the drug as a treatment is prohibited.

If the drug is prescribed in tablet form, then it must be taken in a dose equal to 2050 IU, directly for each kilogram of the patient's weight.

If necessary, the doctor can increase the dosage of the medicine, it all depends on the type and severity of the disease.

But, the maximum dose of tablets should not exceed 1,000,000 IU.

Interaction with other tools

Tablets and other forms of release are not used in complex treatment with corticosteroid preparations. If you take two drugs at the same time, then side reactions may occur.

Also, tablets are not prescribed in conjunction with cytostamics. Otherwise, it may lead to an additive effect.

Other combinations of complex therapy are prescribed by the doctor, based on the main pharmacological spectrum of action and the composition of the drug.
additional information

Interferon should be stored in a dry place out of direct sunlight and out of the reach of children. This drug is released strictly according to the prescription, and is stored in list B. Since the tablets have a wide spectrum of action, it is not combined with all means in complex treatment, as well as a wide list of contraindications.
Please note that the storage temperature of the tableted product should be in the range of t +2 to +8 ° C.

Analogues

If this remedy does not bring a positive effect, doctors may prescribe analogues. The interferon alfa-2a drug has 2 analogues, namely Reaferon or Roferon.
As for recombinant human interferon, it can be replaced with Intron-A, Intrek or Viferon.

Broad-spectrum analogues:

• Betaseron.
• Gammaferon.
• Fron.
• Imukan.
• Berofor.
• Immunoferon

The cost of Interferon depends on the form of release. A tableted remedy costs between 70-100 rubles per pack.

Human leukocyte interferon is a unique product with pronounced immunomodulating and immunostimulating capabilities. This drug is able to reduce the growth of tumors, which is achieved due to the presence of interferon alpha in it.

The latter refers to a group of proteins produced by human blood leukocytes. They help our body fight a large number of diseases of a viral, fungal, infectious and other nature.

Indications for use

What helps to cure leukocyte interferon? With proper and timely use, it accelerates recovery in the case of such ailments:

• respiratory system infections;
• bacterial infections;
• immunodeficiency;
• viruses;
• benign and malignant neoplasms;
• kidney and liver diseases;
• fungal infections;
• pathology of the mucous membranes and eyes.

Leukocyte interferon is used to prevent these health problems and strengthen immunity in general.

The drug is included in the complex therapy of many pathologies, and its dosage is prescribed only on an individual basis.

Release form

Interferon is available in ampoules, in the form of suppositories, ointments and as a dry powder - a lyophilized substance. The latter must be diluted with saline, while the substance in ampoules is already ready for use.

pharmachologic effect

The human protein, which is interferon, is able to exert its healing effect immediately after entering the body. It inhibits the activity of pathological microorganisms and increases the protective abilities of the organism as a whole.

Due to the latter property, a person who has consumed the powder may experience an insignificant rise in temperature, which is considered an adequate response to an increase in the concentration of interferon in the blood. As you already know, the vast majority of bacteria and viruses die already at 37 degrees.

Interferon for children

• Interferon ampoules

Inhalations based on human protein are quite effective. For them, you need to dissolve the contents of three ampoules in 10 ml of boiled water and do the procedures for irrigating the oral (nasal) cavity twice a day.

• Interferon powder

Having bought the dry form of the drug, the powder in a glass pharmacy container must be diluted with two milliliters of warm boiled water. The interval between instillations is 6 hours, while the general course lasts until the threat of infection with the virus passes.

If human interferon is used for intensive healing, it must be diluted in a similar way (for powdered form), but drip after a couple of hours, again, five drops in each nostril of the child.

• Interferon ointment

Interferon in the form of an ointment is a convenient everyday remedy against viruses. She can treat not only the nostrils, but also the tonsils.

• Interferon suppositories

As for suppositories, they are often recommended for use in newborns or when the therapeutic effect needs to be achieved as quickly as possible. Once in the rectum, human interferon instantly penetrates into the bloodstream and begins its healing effect. It is customary to administer rectally every 12 hours, but not more than five days in a row.

Interferon for adults

1. Eye pathologies: the powder is diluted with one milliliter of boiled water and instilled under the lower eyelid. The procedure must be repeated 10 times a day, while the general course can take both two days and a couple of weeks;
2. Viral, bacterial and colds of the respiratory tract: the powder is diluted in 2 ml of warm boiled water and on the first day of the disease, 1-3 drops are injected into each nostril with a frequency of 2 hours. The interferon is then divided into 5 doses maximum;
3. Immunodeficiency, as well as the condition with benign and malignant neoplasms, is corrected according to the following scheme: Interferon powder is diluted with saline and injected intramuscularly. If you need to make an intravenous injection, sodium chloride is used for dilution.

Contraindications for use

Instructions for the use of protein categorically do not recommend including the drug in treatment regimens if the following deviations are present:

• Personal intolerance to the substance in its pure form;
• Increased susceptibility to chicken protein;
• Antibiotic intolerance;
• Complex organic pathologies;
• CNS dysfunction;
• Malfunctions of the liver, thyroid gland or kidneys;
• Chronic form of hepatitis;
• Cirrhosis of the liver;
• Taking sedative medications or immunosuppressants;
• Use of strong sleeping pills or opioid analgesics.

Interferon and alcohol

Dry powder is unacceptable for use in company with alcohol.

Alcohol greatly detracts from the positive properties that drugs based on it carry with them, and provokes a large number of side effects in the form of:

• vomiting and nausea;
• depression;
• headaches and dizziness;
• rapid heartbeat;
• appetite suppression;
• suicidal states;
• changes in liver function, etc.

The most interesting thing is that the effect of synthetically produced protein on the human body has not yet been fully studied, and doctors are finding new indications for its use. A logical conclusion follows from this: the consequences of taking the drug in tablets or intramuscularly, supplemented with alcohol, can be completely unpredictable, and it’s good if everything ends with an allergy or one-time vomiting.

Interferon - instructions for use describe in detail the effect of the drug in the form of drops, injections or tablets on specific virus protein receptors on the cell surface. Due to its natural origin, the medicine rarely leads to the development of allergies, non-toxic, suitable for pregnant women and young children.

Drug Interferon

The medicine is used for therapy, prevention of various diseases caused by viruses. Release forms have their own characteristics of impact both on the body as a whole and on viral vibrios. The substance alpha-interferon is produced by human cells - blood leukocytes, is part of the basic immunity. In cases where the viral load is too high or the immune system is untenable, preparations containing the active substance and drugs that stimulate leukocytes to produce it additionally are prescribed.

Compound

The medicinal product contains:

• natural human leukocyte interferon;
• sodium chloride;
• a mixture of sodium dihydrogen phosphate and dihydrogenate;
• potato or corn starch;
• ethanol;
• additional ingredients, excipients (flavors, fragrances).

Release form

The medicine is available in several forms:

• the form of drops (for intranasal use, ear, eye for instillation);
• means for inhalation in the form of a powder,;
• pills;
• solutions for intramuscular injection;
• rectal suppositories.

The forms of the drug differ from each other in doses of the active substance, auxiliary components. The choice of a suitable form for treatment depends on the severity of the patient's condition, his age, the affected organ or system. For example, in case of a respiratory viral infection, it is advisable to prescribe a drug in a course of inhalations or tablets, and injections are necessary for the treatment of acute hepatitis. Inhalations are diluted at one time, the solution cannot be stored.

A child (especially a younger one) is recommended to prescribe interferon rectal suppositories for the prevention of acute respiratory viral infections during influenza epidemics. A well-developed network of rectal vessels will ensure complete absorption of the drug. In addition, the child will not feel anxiety, act up - the candle can be inserted quickly and painlessly. To treat respiratory infections, doctors prescribe nasal drops for children. Intranasal administration of the drug is not recommended for children under two years of age.

The ability of the drug to enter the bloodstream and its maximum concentration depend on the form of release of the drug, the method of administration:

• Tablets are completely absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, the bioavailability of the active ingredient (blood content) is 60%, the ability to bind to proteins is 70%. The half-life lasts up to a day. It is excreted mainly by the kidneys, partly through the bile.
• Dry powder for inhalation enters through the respiratory tract, is absorbed into the blood in small doses (up to 30%), does not bind to blood proteins, the elimination period (with preserved kidney function) is 6-12 hours. Rectal suppositories, nasal drops have almost identical indicators: they are absorbed through the mucous membranes. Bioavailability is up to 90%. It is excreted from the body in about 12 hours.
• The solution for intravenous administration has a bioavailability of 100%, it is excreted from the body for a day or more, therefore, parenteral use of the drug has the greatest antiviral activity, and is used to relieve severe conditions of patients. It is used mainly in inpatient treatment, at home it is more convenient to be treated with other forms of medication.

Indications for use

Interferon is indicated in the following cases:

• viral lesions (eg, viral hepatitis);
• as an immunomodulatory agent;
• for the prevention of influenza, SARS;
• when detecting tumor cells of the thymus in children as an immunomodulatory agent;
• it is prescribed for oncological diseases, as it can have an antitumor effect;
• encephalitis;
• as an immunostimulating agent;
• chronic leukemia;
• hepatitis virus in remission;
• acute infections and respiratory diseases;

The widespread use of Interferon is increasingly causing virus replication (mutation), the attending physicians have to increase the dose of the drug, which can adversely affect the liver (especially if it is already affected by acute hepatitis). For the greatest efficiency, synthetic types of drugs are used: interferon alpha-2b, interferon gamma and interferon inducers. Thanks to this treatment, the effect of viruses on the membranes of body cells is significantly reduced.

Contraindications

The drug is contraindicated if the patient has:

• insufficiency of the kidneys or urinary system, acute or chronic;
• severe congenital diseases, heart defects;
• cirrhosis of the liver, insufficiency of the liver;
• neurological diseases, epilepsy;
• violation of the normal functioning of the thyroid gland, other endocrinological disorders;
• allergic reactions protein;
• interferon is contraindicated during treatment with immunosuppressants;
• melanomas on the skin.

Method of application and dosage

For the prevention of respiratory viral diseases, the medicine should be taken in courses. Adults are prescribed tablets one 2 times a day, children are given drops or rectal suppositories in the nose 2-3 times a day. In the presence of symptoms, syndromes of serious viral lesions, combined drug therapy is prescribed with injections, tablets. The appointment of several drugs at once requires round-the-clock monitoring by medical personnel, monitoring the results of analyzes in dynamics.

Preparation of a solution for inhalation does not require specialized skills. The finished solution must be poured into a special tank and the device turned on. Recombinant interferon works best in the form of inhalations for the treatment of acute respiratory viral infections, inhibiting the synthesis of viral proteins and providing a powerful antiviral effect.

special instructions

Patients with allergic reactions to drugs containing Interferon or its metabolites should be taken with caution. People with inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, ulcers should take the drug by subcutaneous or intravenous injection. Viral infection, which is at the initial stage of development, or prevention of the disease does not require high concentrations of antiviral substances, therefore, Interferon should be taken in the form of tablets or ointments with the lowest percentage of the active substance.

No toxic effects of the drug on the fetus have been identified, therapeutic doses of the drug do not affect the course of pregnancy. It is recommended to use Interferon for the prevention of viral infections (measles, rubella, influenza, chickenpox) for women in early pregnancy who have a permanent environment unfavorable for the pregnant woman. Breastfeeding while taking the medicine can not be stopped - the medicine does not adversely affect the child during the lactation period.

Interferon for children

Babies, premature babies are not prescribed Interferon due to the poor development of the excretory system. In the future, each drug is selected strictly individually, depending on the age, condition, stage of development of the child's disease, the presence of concomitant diseases or complications. Not recommended for children with genetic diseases, congenital intolerance to egg protein and lactose.

drug interaction

The drug is not marked by active interaction with other drugs, however, it tends to enhance or weaken the action of some antibiotics. Hormonal preparations intended for contraception, under the influence of certain metabolites, may weaken their effect. Before taking Interferon at the same time with other drugs, you should consult your doctor. The intervals for taking the drugs depend on the concentrations of the active substances. A one-time use with paracetamol is not recommended.

Side effects

Interferon, with the correct regimen of administration and the right dosage, does not cause side effects. However, in some special cases, undesirable effects are manifested in the following:

• heart rhythm disturbances (arrhythmia);
• acute urinary retention (more than six hours);
• an increase in the biochemical blood test of liver enzymes;
• yellowness of the skin;
• nausea, vomiting, dizziness;
• itching, skin rash.

Overdose

If a single dose or daily dose of the drug is exceeded, signs of an allergic reaction occur: rash, urticaria, redness on the skin. If the dosage of the drug is exceeded systematically, then the main signs are observed from the gastrointestinal tract: vomiting, heartburn, nausea. At the first signs of an overdose of Interferon, you should contact your doctor for the appointment of another antiviral drug. The duration of the course of treatment may increase.

Analogues

In connection with the development of pharmaceuticals, there are many analogues of the drug on the market, as well as medicines used to supplement the main therapy with Interferon:

Price for Interferon

You can buy Interferon at a pharmacy without a doctor's prescription. The price depends on several factors:

• release form;
• the percentage of the active active substance (the price depends directly on this indicator);
• nature, quality of additional ingredients;
• company manufacturer.

The table will tell you the approximate order of prices:

Interferon tablets, 10 pcs

Interferon in ampoules, 10 ampoules

Interferon ointment, 50 ml

Interferon for inhalation, 100 ml

Reviews

Assigned to the child for the prevention of influenza in the fall drops in the nose. As a result, the influenza epidemic survived without getting sick. There were no side effects, only the son sneezed for some time after the administration of the drug - the pipette irritated the mucous membrane. The drug was taken for three weeks, then a month break and another three weeks of admission.

Angelina, 30 years old

I have chronic hepatitis, liver functions are preserved only thanks to Interferon. Previously, they put me in a hospital, now I am treated regularly at home with injections. I dissolve the contents of the ampoule for parenteral administration in water and inject into the thigh. Sometimes pills are additionally prescribed if the tests are bad. The last course started to cause side effects.

Alexander, 55 years old

I regularly take medicine in tablets for immunomodulation. I suffer from chronic viral hepatitis. Without Interferon, I get sick instantly, I endure the disease hard. I am taking a course of treatment with pills, it is more convenient than injections. Flu symptoms sometimes make themselves felt (fever, runny nose), but in general they do not affect well-being.

The information presented in the article is for informational purposes only. The materials of the article do not call for self-treatment. Only a qualified doctor can make a diagnosis and give recommendations for treatment based on the individual characteristics of a particular patient.

Interferon - instructions for use, analogs, testimonials and release forms (nasal drops, solution and suppositories of alpha 2 interferon) drugs for the treatment of influenza, SARS, hepatitis in adults, children (including infants) and pregnancy

In this article, you can read the instructions for using the drug Interferon. Reviews of site visitors - consumers of this medicine, as well as opinions of doctors of specialists on the use of Interferon in their practice are presented. We kindly ask you to actively add your reviews about the drug: the medicine helped or did not help get rid of the disease, what complications and side effects were observed, perhaps not declared by the manufacturer in the annotation. Interferon analogues in the presence of existing structural analogues. Use for the treatment and prevention of influenza, SARS and hepatitis B and C in adults, children (including newborns and infants), as well as during pregnancy and lactation.

Interferon is a mixture of various subtypes of natural alpha-interferon from human blood leukocytes. It has antiviral, immunostimulating and antiproliferative effects. The antiviral effect of the drug is based mainly on increasing the resistance of body cells not yet infected with the virus to possible effects. By binding to specific receptors on the cell surface, interferon alpha changes the properties of the cell membrane, stimulates specific enzymes, acts on the RNA of the virus and prevents its replication. The immunomodulatory effect of interferon alpha is associated with stimulation of the activity of macrophages and NK (Natural killer) cells, which, in turn, are involved in the body's immune response to tumor cells.

For parenteral use:

• hepatitis B and C
• genital warts
• hairy cell leukemia
• multiple myeloma
• non-Hodgkin's lymphomas
• mycosis fungoides
• Kaposi's sarcoma in AIDS patients without a history of acute infections
• renal carcinoma
• malignant melanoma.

For rectal use:

• treatment of acute and chronic viral hepatitis.

For intranasal use:

Candles for rectal applicationME.

Lyophilisate for solution for intranasal administration 1000 IU (nasal drops).

Liquid solution for local use and inhalation 1000 IU/ml.

Instructions for use and dosing regimen

Intramuscularly, subcutaneously, intranasally. The dose is selected individually for each patient.

Hairy cell leukemia: initial dose - 3 million IU per day for weeks, maintenance treatment - 3 million IU 3 times a week.

Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: 1-3 days - 3 million IU per day, 4-6 days - 9 million IU per day, 7-84 days - 18 million IU per day; maintenance treatment - the maximum tolerated dose (no more than 18 million IU) 3 times a week.

Kaposi's sarcoma on the background of AIDS: initial dose of 3 million IU per day for the first 3 days, days 4-6 - 9 million IU per day, days 7-9 - 18 million IU per day, if tolerated, the dose is increased to 36 million IU during the day ; maintenance treatment - the maximum tolerated dose (but not more than 36 million IU) 3 times a week.

Renal cell carcinoma: 36 million IU per day as monotherapy or 18 million IU 3 times a week in combination with vinblastine. The dose is increased gradually, according to the scheme, starting with 3 million IU for 84 days. Melanoma - 18 million IU 3 times a week for 8-12 weeks.

Chronic myeloid leukemia and thrombocytosis in chronic myeloid leukemia: 1-3 days - 3 million IU per day, 4-6 days - 6 million IU per day, 7-84 days - 9 million IU per day, weekly.

Thrombocytosis in myeloproliferative diseases, except for chronic myeloid leukemia: 1-3 days - 3 million IU per day, 4-30 days - 6 million IU per day.

Chronic active hepatitis B - 4.5 million IU 3 times a week for 6 months.

Chronic hepatitis C: initial dose - 6 million IU 3 times a week for 3 months; maintenance dose - 3 million IU 3 times a week for another 3 months.

In primary and secondary thrombocytosis, 2 million IU per day, 5 days a week for 4-5 weeks, are prescribed at the beginning of treatment. If the number of platelets does not decrease after 2 weeks, the dose is increased to 3 million IU per day, if there is no effect by the end of the third week, the dose is increased to 6 million IU per day. With initial thrombocytopenia (less than 15 G / l), the initial dose is 0.5 million IU. In the transitional phase of chronic granulocytic leukemia and myelofibrosis, 1-3 million IU per day is prescribed according to the scheme, with multiple myeloma - 1 million IU every other day in combination with cytostatics and corticosteroids for at least 2 months.

Intranasally - for the treatment of influenza and SARS.

• fever;
• headache;
• myalgia;
• weakness;
• loss of appetite;
• nausea, vomiting;
• diarrhea;
• arterial hypotension;
• arrhythmia;
• drowsiness;
• disturbance of consciousness;
• dry skin;
• erythema;
• skin rash;
• general weakness;
• granulocytopenia.

With parenteral use, side effects are observed much more often than with other routes of administration.

• severe organic heart disease;
• severe violations of the liver or kidneys;
• epilepsy and / or dysfunction of the central nervous system;
• chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis of the liver with symptoms of liver failure;
• chronic hepatitis in patients receiving or recently treated with immunosuppressants (with the exception of treatment with corticosteroids);
• autoimmune hepatitis;
• thyroid diseases resistant to traditional therapy;
• confirmed hypersensitivity to interferon alfa.

Use during pregnancy and lactation

The use of interferon alfa preparations during pregnancy is possible only in cases where the intended benefit to the mother outweighs the potential risk to the fetus. If necessary, use in a nursing mother during lactation should decide on the termination of breastfeeding.

Patients of reproductive age during therapy should use reliable methods of contraception.

Use with caution in patients with a history of recent myocardial infarction, as well as in cases of changes in blood clotting and myelodepression.

In thrombocytopenia with a platelet count less than / µl, s / c should be used.

With the development of side effects from the CNS in elderly patients receiving high doses of interferon alfa, a thorough examination should be carried out and, if necessary, treatment should be interrupted.

Patients should undergo hydration therapy, especially in the initial period of treatment.

Patients with hepatitis C receiving systemic interferon alfa therapy may experience thyroid dysfunction, manifested as hypo- or hyperthyroidism. Therefore, before starting a course of treatment, it is necessary to determine the level of TSH in the blood serum and start treatment only if the level of TSH in the blood is normal.

Use interferon alfa with caution simultaneously with hypnotics, sedatives, opioid analgesics.

Since interferons inhibit oxidative metabolism in the liver, there may be a violation of the biotransformation of drugs metabolized in this way.

With simultaneous use with ACE inhibitors, synergism is possible in relation to the hematotoxic effect; with zidovudine - synergism in relation to myelotoxic action; with paracetamol - it is possible to increase the activity of liver enzymes; with theophylline - a decrease in the clearance of theophylline.

Analogues of the drug Interferon

Structural analogues for the active substance:

• Alfaferon;
• Wellferon;
• Interferon alpha-2b human recombinant;
• Human leukocyte interferon;
• Interferon leukocyte human liquid;
• Interferon leukocyte human dry;
• Interferon human leukocyte;
• Human leukocyte interferon in suppositories;
• Interferon alfa-2 recombinant hydrogel-based ointment;
• Inferon;
• Lokferon.

News edited by: admin016, 16:28

Interferon tablets: instructions for use

Instructions for use says that the tablet drug is prescribed as a strengthening of the immune system. The drug, when used correctly, helps to significantly increase immunity in childhood and adulthood. In addition, the medicine quickly helps to suppress harmful viruses, including chlamydia.

Doctors prescribe pills for suspected cancers. When using interferon tablets in complex treatment, they will help to significantly slow down the growth of the tumor cell.

Composition and spectrum of action

The drug contains only protein compounds. Such compounds are produced by cells in direct response to the penetration of a foreign body. Therefore, the composition of the preparation of this form of release includes alpha interferon. Tablets have a wide spectrum of action:

• Antitumor.
• Antimicrobial.
• Antipolyferative.
• The drug helps to inhibit the replication of malicious viruses.
• Tablets prevent cell proliferation.
• Immunomodulatory spectrum of action.

Main indications for use

The drug in any form of release can be used for many diseases.

• It is prescribed as a treatment for hepatitis C and B, with leukemia, but only with hairy cells, as well as with mycosis, condyloma, or Kaposi's sarcoma.
• In addition to this list of indications, the tablet preparation can be used in complex treatment.
• Renal carcinoma.
• In chronic viral hepatitis, as well as during an exacerbation.
• With acute respiratory infection.
• As a prophylaxis, they can be prescribed for influenza or for diseases of the upper respiratory tract.

In childhood, other forms of interferon release can be used as treatment. It is prescribed under the strict supervision of a pediatrician.

For children, the drug is prescribed as a treatment for infectious and inflammatory diseases, directly of the respiratory system. Also in complex therapy, you can take pills for meningitis, sepsis, mumps or chicken pox.

Often prescribed for more serious illnesses, then Interferon can be used to treat chronic hepatitis of viral etiology.

Important! Do not give the drug to the child on its own. It is necessary to know the exact dosage, otherwise, serious side effects may occur that will aggravate the course of the disease and the general condition of the child.

Contraindications and side effects

Like all drugs, Interferon is not prescribed for all patients. There are certain contraindications for which tablets should not be taken, not only as a treatment, but also as a preventive measure.

If there is a history of heart disease, epilepsy, as well as disorders of the central nervous system, doctors do not prescribe this drug.

Additional contraindications include:

• Cirrhosis of the liver.
• In the presence of hepatitis, but only autoimmune.
• With diseases of the thyroid gland.
• Also, the drug is not prescribed to patients with hypersensitivity. Since the composition of the drug of this form of release includes additional components.

If the drug is taken incorrectly, side effects may occur.

1. Most often they are expressed in a severe headache, the patient develops a fever, general weakness appears, as well as myalgia.
2. On the part of the CCC, the patient may experience: high blood pressure, arrhythmia.
3. The drug affects the central nervous system, especially when the dosage is incorrect. Therefore, among the side effects, there is a violation of consciousness and drowsiness.
4. Gastrointestinal disorders. Vomiting and nausea often occur. More rare side effects are manifested in the form of diarrhea.
5. In addition, the patient may experience allergic reactions. In this case, the skin becomes dry, a rash and erythema appear.

Mode of application

The drug is prescribed only by the attending physician, the independent use of the drug as a treatment is prohibited.

If the drug is prescribed in tablet form, then it must be taken in a dose equal to 2050 IU, directly for each kilogram of the patient's weight.

If necessary, the doctor can increase the dosage of the medicine, it all depends on the type and severity of the disease.

But, the maximum dose of tablets should not exceed IU.

Interaction with other tools

Tablets and other forms of release are not used in complex treatment with corticosteroid preparations. If you take two drugs at the same time, then side reactions may occur.

Also, tablets are not prescribed in conjunction with cytostamics. Otherwise, it may lead to an additive effect.

Other combinations of complex therapy are prescribed by the doctor, based on the main pharmacological spectrum of action and the composition of the drug.

Interferon should be stored in a dry place out of direct sunlight and out of the reach of children. This drug is released strictly according to the prescription, and is stored in list B. Since the tablets have a wide spectrum of action, it is not combined with all means in complex treatment, as well as a wide list of contraindications.

Please note that the storage temperature of the tableted product should be in the range of t +2 to +8 ° C.

Analogues

If this remedy does not bring a positive effect, doctors may prescribe analogues. The interferon alfa-2a drug has 2 analogues, namely Reaferon or Roferon.

As for recombinant human interferon, it can be replaced with Intron-A, Intrek or Viferon.

Broad-spectrum analogues:

The cost of Interferon depends on the form of release. The tableted remedy costs within the limits of rubles for one package.

Also, reaferon lipint contains interferon, I drink these capsules for the flu. Indeed, such pills have a number of contraindications and side effects, but without them the flu cannot be cured, because it is a virus. Therefore, go to the doctor and follow his recommendations.

Interferon

Prices in online pharmacies:

Interferon is a drug that directly affects the body's immune system. It has a pronounced antiviral, antiproliferative, and antitumor effect.

Release form and composition

The active substance of the drug Interferon is a specific protein synthesized by human leukocytes.

The medicine is available in the following forms:

• Lyophilized powder;
• Solution for topical application;
• Injection;
• Suppositories are rectal.

Indications for use

According to the instructions attached to Interferon, indications for its use depend on the form of release of the drug.

Injection:

• Hepatitis B and C;
• Condylomas are pointed;
• Leukemia, hairy cell leukemia - tricholeukemia;
• tick-borne encephalitis;
• Condition after surgical treatment of respiratory papillomatosis of the larynx;
• Myeloma multiple;
• T-cell lymphoma - mycosis fungoides;
• non-Hodgkin's lymphomas;
• Chronic myeloid leukemia;
• reticulosarcoma;
• Kaposi's sarcoma in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome;
• malignant melanoma;
• Thrombocytosis - primary (essential) and secondary;
• Chronic granulocytic leukemia and myelofibrosis are transitional forms.

Interferon in the form of suppositories:

• Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome;
• Viral hepatitis;
• Immunodeficiency states, having a secondary character.

Lyophilized powder and solution for topical use:

• Prevention and treatment of influenza, SARS;
• Eye diseases of viral etiology.

Contraindications

The use of Interferon is contraindicated in the following diseases and conditions:

• Hypersensitivity;
• Chronic insufficiency of cardiac activity;
• Acute myocardial infarction - acute period;
• autoimmune diseases;
• Diabetes mellitus - severe forms;
• lung diseases;
• Liver or kidney failure;
• Chicken pox;
• Cirrhosis of the liver;
• Thyroid diseases;
• Severe mental disorders, epilepsy;
• lactation period.

The use of Interferon requires caution in postinfarction cardiosclerosis, arrhythmias, herpes simplex, impaired bone marrow hematopoiesis, as well as during pregnancy.

Method of application and dosage

According to the instructions, Interferon in an injection solution should be used parenterally - subcutaneously, intramuscularly or intravenously by drip. The dosage depends on the nature of the disease and the age of the patient.

Interferon in the form of a powder and a solution for topical use is used intranasally and conjunctivally. The drug is administered by inhalation using an inhaler of any system or instillation of an aqueous solution - the powder is diluted in 2 ml of distilled or chilled boiled water before use.

In order to prevent influenza and SARS, the medicine is instilled 5 drops into each nasal passage twice a day with an interval of 6 hours.

For the purpose of treatment, Interferon should be used at an early stage of the disease when the first symptoms of malaise appear, 5 drops in 1-2 hours at least 5 times a day for 2-3 days.

In ophthalmic practice, in the acute period of the disease, the drug is administered 2-3 drops in each eye from 3 to 10 times a day. When the condition improves - up to 5-6 times during the day. The course of treatment is no more than 14 days.

Interferon in the form of suppositories is used rectally for hemorrhagic fever, acute hepatitis B in children, and secondary immunodeficiency states. The dosage is determined individually, the duration of treatment is no more than 14 days.

Side effects

The use of Interferon, especially when administered parenterally, may cause the following side effects:

• Flu-like syndrome - headache, myalgia, fever, chills;
• Decreased appetite, stool disorder, nausea, vomiting, dryness of the oral mucosa, heartburn, liver failure;
• Anemia, a decrease in the number of leukocytes and platelets in the blood;
• Pressure fluctuations, chest pain, arrhythmias;
• Dizziness, decreased cognitive function and concentration, sleep disturbance, somnolepsy, numbness of the limbs or face, confusion, paresthesia, calf muscle cramps;
• Blurred vision, ischemic retinopathy;
• Dry skin, rash, itching, hair loss, hyperhidrosis;
• Violation of the thyroid gland.

special instructions

During treatment with the antiviral drug Interferon, it is necessary to monitor blood test parameters and liver function. With severe thrombocytopenia, the drug should be administered subcutaneously.

In the event of side effects from the central nervous system in patients receiving high doses of the drug, an additional examination is required, if necessary, the drug should be discontinued.

To reduce the severity of flu-like syndrome, parallel administration of paracetamol is indicated.

At the initial stage of treatment with Interferon, hydration therapy is necessary.

In patients with hepatitis C, the antiviral agent can cause thyroid dysfunction, so its use should only be started when hormone levels are normal.

During the period of use of the drug Interferon, care must be taken when driving vehicles and other moving mechanisms.

Analogues

Interferon synonyms include drugs Alfaferon, Diaferon, Interlok, Inferon, Leukinferon, Lokferon.

Similar pharmacological effects have drugs such as:

Terms and conditions of storage

According to the instructions attached to Interferon, the drug should be stored in a dry place at a temperature of 2-8 ° C.

Shelf life - 1 year.

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Interferon human leukocyte 1000ME №10 ampoules

Interferon leukocyte human N10

Interferon human leukocyte liquid 1000IU/ml 5ml №1 vial

Interferon human leukocyte liquid solution 1000 IU/ml 5 ml

Leukocyte interferon liquid 1000 IU/ml 5 ml N1 vial with dropper

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Interferon

Description current as of 11/11/2014

• Latin name: Interferon
• ATX code: L03AB
• Active ingredient: In interferon preparations, the following can be used as an active ingredient: human α, β or γ interferon (IFN)
• Manufacturer: Hoffmann-La Roche, Switzerland; Schering-Plough, USA; InterMune, USA, etc.

Compound

The composition of interferon preparations depends on their form of release.

Release form

Interferon preparations have the following release forms:

• lyophilized powder for the preparation of eye and nasal drops, injection solution;
• injection solution;
• eye drops;
• eye films;
• nasal drops and spray;
• ointment;
• dermatological gel;
• liposomes;
• aerosol;
• oral solution;
• rectal suppositories;
• vaginal suppositories;
• implants;
• microclysters;
• tablets (in tablets, interferon is produced under the brand name Entalferon).

pharmachologic effect

IFN preparations belong to the group of antiviral and immunomodulatory drugs.

All IFNs have antiviral and antitumor activity. No less important is their ability to stimulate macrophages - cells that play an important role in the initiation of cellular immunity.

IFNs help to increase the body's resistance to the penetration of viruses, and also block the reproduction of viruses when they enter the cell. The latter is due to the ability of IFN to suppress the translation of the messenger (messenger) RNA of the virus.

At the same time, the antiviral effect of IFN is not directed against certain viruses, that is, IFNs are not characterized by virus specificity. This explains their versatility and a wide range of antiviral activity.

Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics

The main biological effect of α-IFN is the inhibition of viral protein synthesis. The antiviral state of the cell develops within a few hours after the application of the drug or the induction of IFN production in the body.

At the same time, IFN does not affect the early stages of the replication cycle, that is, at the stage of adsorption, penetration of the virus into the cell (penetration) and release of the internal component of the virus during its “undressing”.

The antiviral effect of α-IFN is manifested even in the case of infection of cells with infectious RNA. IFN does not enter the cell, but only interacts with specific receptors on cell membranes (gangliosides or similar structures that contain oligosaccharides).

The mechanism of activity of IFN alpha resembles the action of individual glycopeptide hormones. It stimulates the activity of genes, some of which are involved in coding for the formation of products with a direct antiviral effect.

β interferons also have an antiviral effect, which is associated with several mechanisms of action at once. Beta interferon activates NO-synthetase, which in turn increases the concentration of nitric oxide inside the cell. The latter plays a key role in suppressing the reproduction of viruses.

β-IFN activates the secondary, effector functions of natural killers, B-type lymphocytes, blood monocytes, tissue macrophages (mononuclear phagocytes) and neutrophilic leukocytes, which are characterized by antibody-dependent and antibody-independent cytotoxicity.

In addition, β-IFN blocks the release of the internal component of the virus and disrupts the processes of viral RNA methylation.

γ-IFN is involved in the regulation of the immune response and regulates the severity of inflammatory reactions. Despite the fact that it has an independent antiviral and antitumor effect, gamma interferon is very weak. At the same time, it significantly enhances the activity of α- and β-IFN.

After parenteral administration, the maximum concentration of IFN in the blood plasma is observed after 3-12 hours. The bioavailability index is 100% (both after injection under the skin and after injection into the muscle).

The duration of the half-life T½ is from 2 to 7 hours. Trace concentrations of IFN in plasma are not detected after 16-24 hours.

Indications for use

IFN is indicated for the treatment of viral diseases that affect the respiratory tract.

In addition, interferon preparations are prescribed for patients with chronic forms of hepatitis B, C and Delta.

For the treatment of viral diseases and, in particular, hepatitis C, IFN-α is predominantly used (both of which are IFN-alpha 2b and IFN-alpha 2a). The “gold standard” for the treatment of hepatitis C is considered to be pegylated interferons alpha-2b and alpha-2a. In comparison with them, conventional interferons are less effective.

The genetic polymorphism noted in the IL28B gene, which is responsible for encoding IFN lambda-3, causes significant differences in the effect of treatment.

Patients with hepatitis C genotype 1 with common alleles of this gene are more likely to achieve longer and more pronounced treatment results compared to other patients.

Contraindications

Interferon is not prescribed to patients with hypersensitivity to it, as well as to children and adolescents suffering from severe mental disorders and disorders of the nervous system, which are accompanied by thoughts of suicide and suicide attempts, severe and prolonged depression.

In combination with the antiviral drug Ribavirin, IFN is contraindicated in patients who have been diagnosed with severe renal impairment (conditions in which CC is less than 50 ml / min).

Interferon preparations are contraindicated in epilepsy (in cases where the appropriate therapy does not give the expected clinical effect).

Side effects

Interferon belongs to the category of drugs that can cause a large number of adverse reactions from various systems and organs. In most cases, they are the result of the introduction of interferon in / in, s / c or / m, but other pharmaceutical forms of the drug can also provoke them.

The most common adverse reactions to taking IFN are:

Vomiting, increased drowsiness, a feeling of dry mouth, hair loss (alopecia), asthenia are somewhat less common; non-specific flu-like symptoms; back pain, depression, musculoskeletal pain, thoughts of suicide and suicide attempt, general malaise, impaired taste and concentration, irritability, sleep disorders (often insomnia), arterial hypotension, confusion.

Rare side effects include: pain on the right in the upper abdomen, rashes on the body (erythematous and maculopapular), increased nervousness, soreness and severe inflammation at the injection site, secondary viral infection (including infection with the herpes simplex virus), increased dryness of the skin, itching, pain in the eyes, conjunctivitis, blurred vision, dysfunction of the lacrimal glands, anxiety, mood lability; psychotic disorders, including hallucinations, increased aggression, etc.; hyperthermia, dyspeptic symptoms, respiratory disorders, weight loss, tachycardia, unformed stools, myositis, hyper- or hypothyroidism, hearing impairment (up to its complete loss), the formation of infiltrates in the lungs, increased appetite, bleeding gums, cramps in the extremities, dyspnea, impaired renal function and the development of renal failure, peripheral ischemia, hyperuricemia, neuropathy, etc.

Treatment with IFN preparations can provoke a violation of reproductive function. Studies in primates have shown that interferon disrupts the menstrual cycle in women. In addition, in women treated with IFN-α drugs, the levels of estrogen and progesterone in the blood serum decreased.

For this reason, in the case of the appointment of interferon, women of childbearing age should use barrier contraceptives. Men of reproductive age are also advised to be informed of potential side effects.

In rare cases, treatment with interferon may be accompanied by ophthalmic disorders, which are expressed in the form of retinal hemorrhages, retinopathy (including macular edema), focal retinal changes, decreased visual acuity and / or visual field limitations, swelling of the optic discs, ocular neuritis (second cranial) nerve, obstruction of the arteries or veins of the retina.

Sometimes, while taking interferon, hyperglycemia, symptoms of nephrotic syndrome, diabetes, and renal failure may develop. In patients with diabetes, the clinical picture of the disease may worsen.

The use of interferon in monotherapy or in combination with Ribavirin in isolated cases can provoke aplastic anemia (AA) or even PACCM (complete aplasia of the red bone marrow).

There have also been cases when, during treatment with interferon preparations, the patient developed various autoimmune and immune-mediated disorders (including Werlhof's disease and Moshkowitz's disease).

Interferon, instructions for use

Instructions for the use of interferons alpha, beta and gamma indicate that before prescribing a drug to a patient, it is recommended to determine how sensitive the microflora that caused the disease is to it.

The method of administration of human leukocyte interferon is determined depending on the diagnosis made to the patient. In most cases, it is prescribed in the form of subcutaneous injections, but in some cases the drug can be injected into a muscle or vein.

The dose for treatment, the maintenance dose and the duration of treatment are determined depending on the clinical situation and the response of the patient's body to the therapy prescribed to him.

“Children's” interferon is suppositories, drops and ointment.

Instructions for the use of interferon for children recommends the use of this drug as a therapeutic and prophylactic agent. The dose for infants and older children is selected by the attending physician.

For prophylactic purposes, INF is used in the form of a solution, for the preparation of which distilled or boiled water at room temperature is used. The finished solution is colored red and opalescent. It should be stored in the cold for no more than an hour. The drug is instilled into the nose of children and adults.

In viral ophthalmic diseases, the drug is prescribed in the form of eye drops.

As soon as the severity of the symptoms of the disease decreases, the volume of instillations should be reduced to one drop. The course of treatment is from 7 to 10 days.

For the treatment of lesions caused by herpes viruses, the ointment is applied in a thin layer to the affected areas of the skin and mucous membranes twice a day, maintaining 12-hour intervals. The course of treatment is from 3 to 5 days (until the integrity of the damaged skin and mucous membranes is completely restored).

For the prevention of acute respiratory infections and influenza, it is necessary to lubricate the nasal passages with ointment. The frequency of procedures during the 1st and 3rd week of the course - 2 times a day. During the 2nd week, it is recommended to take a break. For prophylactic purposes, interferon should be used during the entire period of the epidemic of respiratory diseases.

The duration of the rehabilitation course in children who often have recurrent viral and bacterial infections of the respiratory tract, ENT organs, recurrent infection caused by the herpes simplex virus is two months.

How to breed and how to use interferon in ampoules?

Instructions for the use of interferon in ampoules indicate that before use, the ampoule must be opened, poured into it with water (distilled or boiled) at room temperature up to the mark on the ampoule corresponding to 2 ml.

The contents are gently shaken until completely dissolved. The solution is injected into each nasal passage twice a day, five drops, maintaining intervals of at least six hours between injections.

For therapeutic purposes, IFN is started when the first symptoms of influenza appear. The effectiveness of the drug is higher, the sooner the patient starts taking it.

The most effective is the inhalation method (through the nose or mouth). For one inhalation, it is recommended to take the contents of three ampoules of the drug, dissolved in 10 ml of water.

Water is preheated to a temperature not exceeding +37 °C. Inhalation procedures are carried out twice a day, maintaining an interval of at least one to two hours between them.

When spraying or instillation, the contents of the ampoule are dissolved in two milliliters of water and injected 0.25 ml (or five drops) into each nasal passage three to six times a day. Duration of treatment.

For preventive purposes, nose drops for children are instilled (5 drops) twice a day, at the initial stage of the development of the disease, the frequency of instillations is increased: the drug should be administered at least five to six times a day every hour or two.

Many are interested in whether it is possible to drip a solution of interferon into the eyes. The answer to this question is in the affirmative.

Overdose

Cases of overdose with interferon are not described.

Interaction

β-IFN is compatible with corticosteroid drugs and ACTH. It should not be taken during treatment with myelosuppressive drugs, incl. cytostatics (this can provoke an additive effect).

With caution, β-IFN is prescribed with agents whose clearance largely depends on the cytochrome P450 system (antiepileptic drugs, some antidepressants, etc.).

Do not take IFN-α and Telbivudine at the same time. The simultaneous use of α-IFN provokes a mutual enhancement of action against HIV. When used together with phosphazid, the myelotoxicity of both drugs may mutually increase (it is recommended to carefully monitor changes in the number of granulocytes and hemoglobin levels).

Terms of sale

A prescription is required to dispense the drug.

Storage conditions

Interferon is stored in a cool place protected from sunlight at a temperature of +2 to +8°C. List B.

Best before date

24 months. The prepared solution of interferon at room temperature remains stable for 3 days.

special instructions

Interferons are a class of glycoproteins with similar properties that are produced by vertebrate cells in response to exposure to various types of inducers, both viral and non-viral in nature.

According to Wikipedia, in order for a biologically active substance to be qualified as an interferon, it must be of a protein nature, have a pronounced antiviral activity against various viruses, at least in homologous (similar) cells, “mediated by cellular metabolic processes, including RNA and protein synthesis ".

The classification of IFNs proposed by the WHO and the Interferon Committee is based on differences in their antigenic, physical, chemical and biological properties. In addition, it takes into account their species and cellular origin.

According to antigenicity (antigenic specificity), IFN is usually divided into acid-resistant and acid-labile. Alpha and beta interferons (also called type I IFNs) are acid-fast. Interferon gamma (γ-IFN) is acid-labile.

α-IFN is produced by peripheral blood leukocytes (B- and T-type leukocytes), so it was previously referred to as leukocyte interferon. Currently, there are at least 14 of its varieties.

β-IFN is produced by fibroblasts, which is why it is also called fibroblastic.

The former designation of γ-IFN is immune interferon, but it is produced by stimulated T-type lymphocytes, NK cells (normal (natural) killers; from the English “natural killer”) and (presumably) macrophages.

Main properties and mechanism of action of IFN

Without exception, all IFNs are characterized by polyfunctional activity against target cells. Their most common property is the ability to induce an antiviral state in them.

Interferon is used as a therapeutic and prophylactic agent for various viral infections. A feature of IFN preparations is that their effect weakens with repeated injections.

The mechanism of action of IFN is related to its ability to contain viral infections. As a result of treatment with interferon preparations in the patient's body, a kind of barrier is formed around the focus of infection from uninfected cells resistant to the virus, which prevents the further spread of the infection.

Interacting with still intact (intact) cells, it prevents the implementation of the reproductive cycle of viruses due to the activation of certain cellular enzymes (protein kinases).

The most important functions of interferons are the ability to suppress hematopoiesis; modulate the body's immune response and inflammatory response; regulate the processes of cell proliferation and differentiation; inhibit growth and prevent the reproduction of viral cells; stimulate the expression of surface antigens; suppress individual functions of B- and T-type leukocytes, stimulate the activity of NK cells, etc.

Use of IFN in biotechnology

The development of methods for the synthesis and highly efficient purification of leukocyte and recombinant interferons in quantities sufficient for the production of drugs made it possible to open the possibility of using IFN preparations for the treatment of patients diagnosed with viral hepatitis.

A distinctive feature of recombinant IFNs is that they are produced outside the human body.

For example, recombinant interferon beta-1a (IFN β-1a) is obtained from mammalian cells (in particular, from Chinese hamster ovary cells), and interferon beta-1b (IFN β-1b), similar in its properties, is produced by coli (Escherichia coli) family of Enterobacteriaceae.

Interferon inducing drugs - what is it?

IFN inducers are drugs that do not themselves contain interferon, but at the same time stimulate its production.

Analogues

Each type of interferon has analogues. Interferon alpha-2a preparations - Reaferon, Roferon. Recombinant human interferon alpha 2b is produced under the trademarks Intron-A, Intrek, Viferon.

Interferon for children

According to the instructions, interferon preparations are shown to children:

Also, IFN is used in therapy, the purpose of which is the rehabilitation of children with frequent respiratory infections.

The most optimal option for taking children is nasal drops: interferon does not penetrate the gastrointestinal tract with this use (before diluting the drug for the nose, the water should be heated to a temperature of 37 ° C).

For infants, interferon is prescribed in the form of suppositories (150 thousand IU). Candles for children should be administered one at a time, 2 times a day, maintaining 12-hour intervals between injections. The course of treatment is 5 days. To completely cure ARVI in a child, as a rule, one course is enough.

For treatment, take 0.5 g of ointment twice a day. Treatment lasts an average of 2 weeks. Over the next 2-4 weeks, the ointment is applied 3 times a week.

Numerous positive reviews about the drug indicate that in this dosage form it has also established itself as an effective treatment for stomatitis and inflamed tonsils. No less effective are inhalations with interferon for children.

The effect of using the drug increases significantly if a nebulizer is used for its administration (it is necessary to use a device that sprays particles with a diameter of more than 5 microns). Inhalations through a nebulizer have their own specifics.

First, interferon must be inhaled through the nose. Secondly, before using the device, it is necessary to turn off the heating function in it (IFN is a protein, it is destroyed at a temperature of more than 37 ° C).

For inhalation in a nebulizer, the contents of one ampoule are diluted in 2-3 ml of distilled or mineral water (you can also use saline for this purpose). The resulting volume is enough for one procedure. The frequency of procedures during the day - from 2 to 4.

It is important to remember that long-term treatment of children with interferon is not recommended, since addiction develops to it and, therefore, the expected effect does not develop.

Interferon during pregnancy

An exception may be cases where the expected benefit of therapy for the expectant mother will outweigh the risk of adverse reactions and adverse effects on fetal development.

The possibility of isolating the components of recombinant IFN with breast milk is not ruled out. Due to the fact that the possibility of exposure to the fetus through milk cannot be excluded, IFN is not prescribed for lactating women.

In extreme cases, when it is impossible to avoid the appointment of IFN, it is recommended that a woman refuse to breastfeed during therapy. To mitigate the side effect of the drug (the occurrence of symptoms similar to those of influenza), it is recommended that paracetamol be administered simultaneously with IFN.