Irregular past participles in Italian. Participle. Education Passato Prossimo

Communion (participio)

Participio is an impersonal form of a verb that combines the characteristics of a verb with those of an adjective. There are two forms of the participle in Italian: Participio presente and Participio passato.

Education

Participio presente

Participio presente is formed from the stem of the verb plus the following endings:

Participio presente
1 conjugation (-ante) volante (volare)	2 conjugation (-ente) piacente (piacere)	3 conjugation (-ente) partente (partire)
Participio passato
(-ato) volato (volare)	(-uto) piaciuto (piacere)	(-ito) partito (partire)

Some verbs do not form Participio passato according to the general pattern:

dare-dato;
dire - detto;
essere-stato;
fare - fatto;
leggere-letto;
morire - morto;
nascere-nato;
piangere - pianto;
prendere - preso;
rider-riso;
rimanere-rimasto;
rispondere-risposto;
scrivère - scritto;

Use of Participio

Participio presente and passato differ significantly in their properties and usage as impersonal form verb.

Participio presente(with the exception of rare cases) has practically lost its verbal properties, moving into the category of nouns and adjectives. Examples of adjectives formed from Participio presente: urgente, scottante (un problema scottante); ridente (un paesaggio ridente). Substantivized present participles: lo studente, il cantante, l'insegnante.

as verb form Participio presente is used quite rarely and is mainly found in the language of administrative-bureaucratic, scientific style. For example:

I beni appartenenti ai singoli individui…- property owned by individuals ...;

Le statue raffiguranti marinai, soldati, partigiani vanno eseguiti in bronzo.- Sculptures depicting sailors, soldiers, partisans must be made in bronze.

Participio presente conveys the meaning of simultaneity. Russian imperfect participles in the verb function into Italian are mainly transmitted by relative clauses:

passing car - la macchina che passa;

waiting customers - i clienti che aspettano;

crying baby—il bambino che piange;

Participio passato, unlike Participio presente, is widely used as a verb form, conveying not only temporary meanings (simultaneity and precedence), but also a number of other signs (activity, passivity):

Participio passato, formed from intransitive verbs, has an active meaning:

il treno arrivato- arrived train;

in these cases, Participio passato, the meaning of activity is combined with the meaning of the completion of the action;

la nave partita- sailing ship

Participio passato, formed only by a transitive verb, has a passive meaning:

un problema risotto recentemente- recently solved problem;

un libro letto- read (read) book;

un problema esaminato oggi is the problem under investigation today.

Passive Participio passato, depending on the context, can have both the meaning of simultaneity and precedence (completion of the action):

? un libro letto da tutti noi.- This is a book read (read) by all of us.

Since the Participio presente does not have a passive meaning, its function takes on the Participio passato, both in conveying the meaning of the simultaneity (incompleteness) of the action, and the antecedence (completion) of the action.

It is necessary to distinguish Participio, used as a verb form, that is, preserving subject-object relations (the presence of verbal intensifiers, the expressiveness of an object, a semantic subject) from Participio in the function of an adjective, expressing only a sign of a noun. Compare:
1. ? un negozio di libri usati.- This is a second-hand bookstore (literally: a used book store);
  
  cit? i libri usati quell'anno. He named the books used that year;

Participio passato is used in the formation of complex forms of the verb tense (Passato prossimo, Futuro anteriore, Trapassato, etc.), passive, complex forms of Infinito and Gerundio;

Participio passato is easily substantivized, turning into full-fledged nouns:

il malato (sick); l'addetto (attache); il detto (said, proverb);

Participle turnovers (implicite participale)

Participio passato forms a number of participial phrases that are syntactic equivalents of subordinate clauses:

defining:

Il treno, arrivato in ritardo, mi fece cambiare i piani. - The train, which arrived late, changed my plans;

circumstantial:

Il fratello, vestitosi in fretta, usc? di casa. — The brother, hastily dressed, went out of the house;

Tornato a casa, accese subito la TV. When he got home, he turned on the TV;

Letta la lettera, lei la mise nella borsa. After reading the letter, she put it in her bag;

Rimasti soli, poterono parlare tranquillamente. Left alone, they were able to talk calmly;

Preso il coraggio a due mani, potrebbe vincere.“By mustering up his courage, he might have won.

The temporal meaning of precedence, expressed by Participio passato, is especially pronounced in participial phrases, i.e. in implicit constructions. The absolute participial turnover has its own subject, different from the subject of the main clause. For example:

Tramontato il sole, l'aria divenne pungente;

Partiti noi, non cambi? nulla;

Entrato lui, si fece silenzio.

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Verb

Impersonal forms of the verb

Communion (participio)

Education

Participio presente

Participio presente is formed from the stem of the verb plus the following endings:

Participio presente
1 conjugation (-ante) volante (volare)	2 conjugation (-ente) piacente (piacere)	3 conjugation (-ente) partente (partire)
Participio passato
(-ato) volato (volare)	(-uto) piaciuto (piacere)	(-ito) partito (partire)

Some verbs do not form Participio passato according to the general pattern:

dare - date;
dire - detto;
essere-stato;
fare - fatto;
leggere-letto;
morire - morto;
nascere - nato;
piangere - pianto;
prendere - preso;
rider-riso;
rimanere - rimasto;
rispondere - risposto;
scrivere - scritto;

Use of Participio

Participio presente and passato differ significantly in their properties and usage as an impersonal form of a verb.

Participio presente(with the exception of rare cases) has practically lost its verbal properties, moving into the category of nouns and adjectives. Examples of adjectives formed from Participio presente: urgente, scottante (un problema scottante); ridente (un paesaggio ridente). Substantive present participles: lo studente, il cantante, l "insegnante.

As a verb form, Participio presente is used quite rarely and is mainly found in the language of the administrative-bureaucratic, scientific style. For example:

I beni appartenenti ai singoli individui...- property belonging to individuals...;
Le statue raffiguranti marinai, soldati, partigiani vanno eseguiti in bronzo.- Sculptures depicting sailors, soldiers, partisans must be made in bronze.

Participio presente conveys the meaning of simultaneity. Russian imperfect participles in the verb function into Italian are mainly transmitted by relative clauses:

passing car - la macchina che passa;
waiting customers - i clienti che aspettano;
crying child - il bambino che piange;

Participio passato, formed from intransitive verbs, has an active meaning:

il treno arrivato- arrived train;

in these cases, Participio passato, the meaning of activity is combined with the meaning of the completion of the action;

la nave partita- sailing ship;
Participio passato, formed only by a transitive verb, has a passive meaning:

un problema risolto recentemente- recently solved problem;
un libro letto- read (read) book;
un problema esaminato oggi- the problem studied today.

Passive Participio passato, depending on the context, can have both the meaning of simultaneity and precedence (completion of the action):

É un libro letto da tutti noi.- This is a book read (read) by all of us.

Since the Participio presente does not have a passive meaning, its function takes on the Participio passato, both in conveying the meaning of the simultaneity (incompleteness) of the action, and the antecedence (completion) of the action.
It is necessary to distinguish Participio, used as a verb form, that is, preserving subject-object relations (the presence of verbal intensifiers, the expressiveness of an object, a semantic subject) from Participio in the function of an adjective, expressing only a sign of a noun. Compare:
1. I un negozio di libri usati.- This is a second-hand bookstore (literally: a used book store);
  Citò i libri usati quell "anno.- He named the books used that year;

Participio passato is used in the formation of complex forms of the verb tense (Passato prossimo, Futuro anteriore, Trapassato, etc.), passive, complex forms of Infinito and Gerundio;

Participio passato is easily substantivized, turning into full-fledged nouns:

il malato (sick); l "addetto (attache); il detto (said, saying);

Participle turnovers (implicite participale)

Participio passato forms a number of participial phrases that are syntactic equivalents of subordinate clauses:

defining:

Il treno, arrivato in ritardo, mi fece cambiare i piani. - The train, which arrived late, changed my plans;

circumstantial:

Il fratello, vestitosi in fretta, uscì di casa. - Brother, hastily dressed, left the house;

Tornato a casa, accese subito la TV.- Arriving home, he turned on the TV;
Letta la lettera, lei la mise nella borsa.- After reading the letter, she put it in her bag;

Rimasti soli, poterono parlare tranquillamente.- Left alone, they were able to talk calmly;

Preso il coraggio a due mani, potrebbe vincere.“If he mustered his courage, he might have won.

Tramontato il sole, l "aria divenne pungente;
Partiti noi, non cambiò nulla;
Entrato lui, si fece silenzio.

Participle in Italian- this is an independent part of speech, which combines some features of the verb and adjective. The participle in Italian exists in 2 forms: the present participle ( Participio Presente) and the past participle ( Participio Passato).

Italian present participle (Participio Presente)

The present participle in Italian is formed from the infinitives of the corresponding verbs:

For group I verbs, the ending -are is replaced by the ending -ante:

parlare - parlante (to speak - speaking), lavorare - lavorante (to work - working)

For group II verbs, the ending -ere is replaced by the ending -ente:

potere - potente (power - mighty), credere - credente (believe - believer)

Verbs Group III the ending -ire changes to the ending -ente :

cucire - cucente (sewing - sewing), partire - partente (leaving - leaving)

This form of communion is almost never found in spoken Italian and turned into noun and adjective forms:

ridente - laughing (adjective), abitante - inhabitant (noun)

In a written style (mainly legal and scientific subjects), the present participle has a verbal function:

Le statue raffiguranti marinai, soldati, partigiani vanno eseguiti in bronzo- sculptures depicting sailors, soldiers, partisans must be made in bronze

If it is necessary to express the simultaneity of what is happening, then in Italian the language uses subordinate clauses:

playing child - il bambino che gioca (child who plays)

singing woman - la donna che canta (a woman who sings)

Past participle in Italian(Participio Passato)

The past participle is formed in Italian as follows:

1 - in group I verbs, the ending -are is replaced by the ending -ato:

parlare - parlato (speak - spoke), lavorare - lavorato (work - worked)

2 - for group II verbs, the ending -ere is replaced by the ending -uto:

cadere - caduto (fall - fallen)

3 - for group III verbs, the ending -ire is replaced by the ending -ito:

finire - finito (finish - finished)

The past participle in Italian is much more common than the present participle. Participio Passato performs the following functions:

- participates in the formation of active and passive voice;

If the past participle in Italian is formed from intransitive verbs, then it performs an active function (active voice): l’autobus partito - the bus that left

In the event that the participle is formed from a transitive verb, a passive voice is formed: una lettera scritta - a letter written (by someone)

- takes part in the formation of participial revolutions;

Participle phrase in Italian is a subordinate clause and allows you to make speech more compact and accurate:

La bomba scoppita nel parco non ha ferito nessuno- the bomb that exploded in the park didn't hurt anyone

L "autobus arrivato alla stazione di Kiev è stato grande- the bus that arrived at the Kyiv bus station was large

There are two main types of participial phrases in Italian: defining And circumstantial.

definitive The participial phrase is placed in a sentence after the noun to which it refers:

Ho ricevuta la lettera mandata da Maria– I received a letter sent by Maria

circumstantial participial phrases can act subordinate clauses various kinds: reasons, time, concessions, conditional. The participle in such participial phrases is placed before the noun to which it refers:

Arrivato il padre, tutti si misero a tavolo- when the father came, everyone sat down at the table

This example clearly demonstrates another feature of participial phrases in Italian - the emergence of the so-called absolute participial phrase, which has its own subject that does not coincide with the subject of the main clause.

- serves to form compound tenses of the verb (Passato prossimo, Trapassato, Futuro anteriore)

This concludes the topic of the participle in Italian, and in the next article we will consider another special form of the verb -