General idea of ​​the psyche. Psychic reflection. Stages of development of the psyche Mental reflection is the most developed

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Mental reflection is a subjective representation of the world. Everything that enters the human mind with the help of the senses is subjected to specific processing based on experience.

There is an objective reality that exists independently of human consciousness. And there is a mental reflection, which depends on the characteristics of the senses, emotions, interests and level of thinking of the individual. The psyche interprets objective reality based on these filters. Thus, mental reflection is a "subjective image of the objective world."

When a person rethinks his reality, he forms a worldview based on:

• events that have already taken place;
• actual reality of the present;
• actions and events to take place.

Each person has his own subjective experience, it firmly settles in the psyche and affects the present. The present carries information about the internal state of the human psyche. While the future is aimed at the implementation of tasks, goals, intentions - all this is displayed in his fantasies, dreams and dreams. We can say that a person is in these three states at the same time, regardless of what he thinks at the moment.

Mental reflection has a number of features and characteristics:

• Mental (mental) image is formed in the process of active human activity.
• It makes it possible to correctly reflect reality.
• It has a preemptive character.
• Refracted through the individuality of a person.
• Ensures the expediency of behavior and activity.
• The psychic reflection itself deepens and improves.

This implies the main function of mental reflection: reflection of the surrounding world and regulation of human behavior and activities in order to survive.

Levels of mental reflection

Mental reflection serves to create a structured and integral image from dissected objects of reality. Soviet psychologist Boris Lomov identified three levels of mental reflection:

1. Sensory-perceptual. It is considered the basic level on which mental images are built, which arise in the process of development in the first place, but do not lose their relevance later. A person is based on the information that comes with the help of his senses and builds an appropriate strategy of behavior. That is, the stimulus causes a reaction: what happened in real time affects the behavior of a person.
2. Presentation Layer. In order for a person to have an image, it is not at all necessary that he be present here and now and that it be stimulated with the help of the senses. For this, there is figurative thinking, and imagination. A person can cause the representation of an object if it has appeared several times before in his field of vision: in this case, the main features are remembered, while the secondary ones are discarded. The main functions of this level are: control and correction of actions in the internal plan, planning, drawing up standards.
3. Verbal-logical thinking and speech-thinking level. This level is even less related to the present time, it can even be called timeless. A person can operate with logical methods and concepts that have developed in his mind and the minds of mankind during its history. He is able to abstract from the first level, that is, not to be aware of his feelings and at the same time fully concentrate, relying on the experience of mankind.

Despite the fact that often the three levels function as if by themselves, in fact they smoothly and imperceptibly flow into each other, forming a mental reflection of a person.

Forms of mental reflection

The elementary forms of reflection are: mechanical, physical and chemical. The main form of reflection is biological reflection. Its specificity is that it is characteristic only of living organisms.

In the transition from the biological form of reflection to the psychic, the following stages are distinguished:

• Perceptual. It is expressed in the ability to reflect a complex of stimuli as a whole: orientation begins with a set of signs, a reaction is also observed to biologically neutral stimuli, which are only signals of vital stimuli (sensitivity). Sensations are an elementary form of mental reflection.
• touch. Reflection of individual stimuli: the subject reacts only to biologically significant stimuli (irritability).
• intellectual. It manifests itself in the fact that in addition to the reflection of individual objects, there is a reflection of their functional relationships and connections. This is the highest form of mental reflection.

The stage of intellect is characterized by very complex activity and equally complex forms of reflection of reality.

Is our mental reflection immutable, or can we influence it? We can, but on condition that we develop, with the help of which we are able to change perception and even sensations.

Self-regulation

Self-regulation is the ability of a person, despite the circumstances, to maintain internal stability at a certain, relatively constant level.

A person who does not know how to manage his mental state consistently goes through the following stages:

1. Situation: The sequence begins with a situation (real or imagined) that is emotionally relevant.
2. Attention: Attention is directed to the emotional situation.
3. Evaluation: The emotional situation is evaluated and interpreted.
4. Answer: An emotional response is generated resulting in loosely coordinated changes in the experimental, behavioral and physiological response systems.

If a person is developed, he can change this behavior pattern. In this case, the model will look like this:

1. Choosing a situation: a person decides for himself whether this situation is necessary in his life and whether it is worth emotionally approaching it if it is inevitable. For example, he chooses whether to go to a meeting, a concert or a party.
2. Changing the Situation: If the situation is unavoidable, then the person makes a conscious effort to change its impact. For example, he uses or physically moves away from an object or person that is unpleasant to him.
3. Attentive deployment: involves directing attention towards or away from an emotional situation. For this, distraction, reflection and suppression of thoughts are used.
4. Cognitive change: modification of how one evaluates a situation in order to change its emotional meaning. A person uses strategies such as overestimation, distance, humor.
5. Response Modulation: Attempts to directly influence experimental, behavioral, and physiological response systems. Strategies: expressive suppression of emotions, exercise, sleep.

If we talk about specific practical methods, then the following are distinguished:

• Neuromuscular relaxation. The method consists in performing a set of exercises consisting in alternating maximum tension and relaxation of muscle groups. This allows you to relieve tension from individual parts of the body, or from the entire body.
• Ideomotor training. This is a consistent tension and relaxation of the muscles of the body, but the exercises are performed not really, but mentally.
• Sensory reproduction of images. This is relaxation through the representation of images of objects and holistic situations associated with relaxation.
• Autogenic training. This is learning the possibilities of autosuggestion or autosuggestion. The main exercise is saying affirmations.

As you can see, a person can decide how to relate to a particular situation. However, given that the will is an exhaustible resource, it is necessary to obtain energy through sleep, rest, exercise, proper nutrition, as well as specific techniques.

Psyche- this is the essence, where the diversity of nature is going to its unity, it is a virtual compression of nature, it is a reflection of the objective world in its connections and relationships.

Psychic reflection is not a mirror, mechanically passive copying of the world (like a mirror or a camera), it is associated with a search, a choice, in a psychic reflection the incoming information is subjected to specific processing, i.e. a psychic reflection is an active reflection of the world in connection with some necessity, with needs, it is a subjective selective reflection of the objective world, since it always belongs to the subject, does not exist outside the subject, depends on subjective characteristics. The psyche is "a subjective image of the objective world."

Objective reality exists independently of a person and can be reflected through the psyche into subjective psychic reality. This mental reflection, belonging to a particular subject, depends on his interests, emotions, characteristics of the sense organs and level of thinking (different people can perceive the same objective information from objective reality in their own way, from completely different angles, and each of them usually thinks that it is his perception that is the most correct), thus the subjective mental reflection, subjective reality may differ partially or significantly from objective reality.

But to completely identify the psyche as a reflection of the external world would be unjustified: the psyche is able to reflect not only what is, but also what can be (forecasting), and what seems possible, although this is not so in reality. The psyche, on the one hand, is a reflection of reality, but, on the other hand, it is sometimes “inventing” what is not in reality, sometimes these are illusions, mistakes, reflection of one’s desires as real, wishful thinking. Therefore, we can say that the psyche is a reflection not only of the external, but also of its internal psychological world.

Thus, the psyche is subjective image of the objective world”, is a set of subjective experiences and elements of the subject’s inner experience.

The psyche cannot be reduced simply to the nervous system. Indeed, the nervous system is an organ (at least one of the organs) of the psyche. When the activity of the nervous system is disturbed, the human psyche is disturbed.

But just as a machine cannot be understood through the study of its parts, organs, so the psyche cannot be understood through the study of only the nervous system.

Mental properties are the result of the neurophysiological activity of the brain, however, they contain the characteristics of external objects, and not internal physiological processes, with the help of which the psychic arises.

The signals that are transformed in the brain are perceived by a person as events taking place outside him, in the external space and world.

Mechanical identity theory argues that mental processes are essentially physiological processes, that is, the brain secretes the psyche, thought, just as the liver secretes bile. The disadvantage of this theory is that the psyche is identified with nervous processes, they do not see qualitative differences between them.

unity theory argues that mental and physiological processes occur simultaneously, but they are qualitatively different.

Mental phenomena do not correlate with a separate neurophysiological process, but with organized sets of such processes, i.e. the psyche is a systemic quality of the brain, realized through multi-level functional systems of the brain that are formed in a person in the process of life and mastering historically established forms of activity and experience of humanity through man's own active activity. Thus, specific human qualities (consciousness, speech, labor, etc.), the human psyche are formed in a person only during his lifetime in the process of assimilating the culture created by previous generations. Thus, the human psyche includes at least 3 components: the outside world (nature, its reflection); full activity of the brain; interaction with people, active transmission of human culture, human abilities to new generations.

Mental reflection is characterized by a number of features;

• it makes it possible to correctly reflect the surrounding reality, and the correctness of reflection is confirmed by practice;
• the mental image itself is formed in the process of active human activity;
• mental reflection deepens and improves;
• ensures the expediency of behavior and activities;
• refracted through the individuality of a person;
• is preemptive.

Functions of the psyche: reflection of the surrounding world and regulation of the behavior and activities of a living being in order to ensure its survival.

Our consciousness is a reflection of the external world. The modern personality is capable of very fully and accurately reflecting the surrounding world, unlike primitive people. With the development of human practice, it increases, which makes it possible to better reflect the surrounding reality.

Features and properties

The brain realizes the mental reflection of the objective world. The latter has the internal and external environment of his life. The first is reflected in human needs, i.e. in a general feeling, and the second - in sensual concepts and images.

• mental images arise in the process of human activity;
• mental reflection allows you to behave logically and engage in activities;
• endowed with a leading character;
• provides an opportunity to correctly reflect reality;
• develops and improves;
• refracted through individuality.

Psychic Reflection Properties:

• mental reflection is able to receive information about the surrounding world;
• it is not a reflection of the world;
• it can't be traced.

Characteristics of mental reflection

Mental processes originate in vigorous activity, but on the other hand they are controlled by mental reflection. Before we take any action, we present it. It turns out that the image of the action is ahead of the action itself.

Mental phenomena exist against the background of human interaction with the outside world, but the psychic is expressed not only as a process, but also as a result, that is, a certain fixed image. Images and concepts reflect the relationship of a person to them, as well as to his life and work. They encourage the individual to continuously interact with the real world.

You already know that mental reflection is always subjective, that is, it is the experience, motive, and knowledge of the subject. These internal conditions characterize the activity of the individual himself, and external causes act through internal conditions. This principle was formed by Rubinstein.

Stages of mental reflection

Psyche- a systemic property of highly organized matter, which consists in the active reflection of the objective world by the subject, in the construction by the subject of a picture of the world inalienable from him and self-regulation on this basis of his behavior and activity.

By, consciousness = psyche.
By, consciousness is a small part of the mind, it includes what we are aware of every moment.
. Consciousness is a reflection of objective reality in its separation from the subject's actual relations to it, i.e. reflection highlighting its objective stable properties. In consciousness, the image of reality does not merge with the experience of the subject: in consciousness, what is reflected acts as “coming” to the subject. The prerequisites for such a reflection are the division of labor (the task of realizing one's action in the structure of general activity). There is a breeding of the motive of the whole activity and the goal (conscious) of a separate action. There is a special task to understand the meaning of this action, which has no biological meaning (ex.: beater). The connection between motive and purpose is revealed in the form of the activity of the human labor collective. There is an objective-practical attitude to the subject of activity. Thus, between the object of activity and the subject is the awareness of the very activity for the production of this object.

The specifics of psychological reflection

Reflection is a change in the state of an object, which begins to carry traces of another object.

Reflection forms: physical, biological, mental.

physical reflection- direct contact. This process is finite in time. These traces are indifferent for both objects (symmetry of interaction traces). According to A.N. Leontiev, destruction occurs.

biological reflection- a special type of interaction - the maintenance of the existence of an animal organism. Transformation of traces into specific signals. Based on the signal transformation, a response occurs. (to the outside world or to yourself). Reflection selectivity. Hence the reflection is not symmetrical.

Psychic reflection- as a result, an image of the object (cognition of the world) arises.

images- sensual, rational (knowledge about the world).

Features of mental reflection: a) purely subjective education; b) the psychic is a symbol of reality; c) mental reflection is more or less correct.

Conditions for building an image of the world: a) interaction with the world; b) The presence of a reflection body; c) full contact with society (for a person).

Darina Kataeva

Even in ancient times, psychologists, scientists and philosophers noticed that life is not only an objective and material world. People experience feelings, desires, are able to think, experience, analyze. Such a life in philosophy is called mental. The psyche has a unique ability to reflect reality. The main property of the psyche lies in the close relationship between the behavior of the individual and the reflection of objective reality in consciousness.

Psychic reflection: what is it?

The concept of mental reflection is philosophical. It includes a general and fundamental phenomenon, which is expressed in the reproduction of the images, features and properties of an object that have passed through consciousness.

The initial form of the psyche is sensitivity. Thanks to this property, we are able to perceive information from the outside and process it in the brain. Sense organs, coordination - this contributes to a more vivid manifestation of mental reflection.

Consciousness and self-consciousness are a form of psychological reflection. Information comes in, influence from the outside is carried out, and in the mind the existing images are processed and appear in the form of a reflection of what happened. Moreover, consciousness is capable of both reflecting the world and creating it. Thanks to the psyche, a person can mentally operate with his activity, speech, and even emotions. Self-awareness is a personal understanding of one's place in society and in relationships with other people.

Characteristics of mental reflection

A person is able to perceive the world around him, find himself in activity, develop and grow spiritually, only thanks to mental reflection. However, not all people correctly reflect the surrounding phenomena. This happens if they have mental problems. However, in a mentally healthy person, the following characteristics of mental reflection are observed:

Dynamism.

In the process of life, people change circumstances, opinions and conditions. Therefore, the psychological reflection can change under the influence of external factors.

Activity.

Psychological reflection is an active process, it is in no way associated with passivity or specularity. Thanks to this property of the psyche, a person, without realizing it, is looking for conditions that are adequate for himself.

Objectivity.

A person is constantly improving, therefore the psyche undergoes various changes. Since we cognize the world in practical activity, the psychological reflection is objective and justified.

Subjectivity.

Although the psychological reflection is objective, it is influenced by the person's past, the people around him. Therefore, the characteristics include subjectivity. All people see the same world, the same circumstances, but we see and perceive them differently.

Speed.

Thanks to the psyche, we are capable of great speed. Reflection can be called ahead of reality.

The features of mental reflection include:

- reflects reality in practice;

- leading character;

- manifestation of individual personality;

- is formed only on the basis of active human activity;

- controls the behavior of the individual.

Levels of mental reflection

Although the mental reflection appears before us and is perceived as a whole image, in fact, it has several levels:

Sensual or sensory. At this stage, the formation and construction of mental images is carried out on the basis of what we perceive through the senses. This contributes to the further processing of information in the right direction. Through the stimulation of sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch, information about the object expands and has an even greater effect on the subject. When something similar happens in a person’s life, the pending memories emerge from the subconscious mind and influence further reflection. This ability of a person allows him, regardless of time, to create real pictures in his mind.
Performance. This level is characterized by the active work of the human subconscious. What has already been deposited in the memory pops up in the imagination. This process can be carried out without the direct participation of the sense organs. An important role is played by the significance of events, some of what happened is eliminated, only what is extremely important remains. Thanks to thinking, a person makes standards, plans, controls consciousness. This is how you build your own experience.
. Real events at this level do not play any role at all. The person already uses the knowledge that is in the mind. The universal human experience, which is known to the individual, is also important.

The levels of psychic reflection are harmoniously intertwined and flow from one another. This is due to the unified work of sensual and rational human activity.

March 17, 2014, 12:08