Presentation on the topic "humoral regulation". Presentation on the topic: Humoral regulation Endocrine system humoral regulation presentation
Lecture plan:
1.Features of humoral regulation of functions
2.Characterization of hormones
3. Regulation of hormone release
4. Hypothalamic-pituitary system.
5. Pituitary hormones
Features of humoral regulation
The carrier of information is chemical
substances (hormones, hormone-like substances and metabolic products)
The way of information transfer is liquid media (through the blood
– endocrine regulation; through the interstitial fluid - paracrine)
slow regulation
Doesn't have an exact address(addressed to the whole body,
but is perceived by target cells that have receptors for this chemical)
The goal of humoral regulation is to provide general responses that do not require urgent responses.
Endocrine system
1. Endocrine glands
HYPOPHISUS (adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis)
ADRENAL (cortex and medulla) in-in)
THYROID
PAROTHYROID GLANDS
EPIPHYSIS
2. Organs with endocrine tissue
PANCREAS
GENERAL GLANDS
3. Organs with endocrine cell function
PLACENTA
THYMUS
KIDNEYS
HEART
gastrointestinal tract
glands
internal secretion and their hormones
Endocrine or endocrine glands so named because, unlike the glands of external secretion, they do not have excretory ducts and secrete the substances formed in them directly into the blood. Substances secreted by the endocrine glands are called hormones.
Properties of hormones
They have a distant effect, i.e.
entering the bloodstream, they can affect the entire body, organs and tissues located far from the gland where they are formed.
Strict specific action
High biological activity
(a very small amount of hormones has a significant physiological effect)
Types of action of hormones
Metabolic (action on metabolism);
Morphogenetic (growth and
differentiation of organs and tissues)
Kinetic (including certain activities of executive bodies);
corrective (change
the intensity of the function of organs and tissues).
Chemical nature and ways of action of hormones
Simple and complex proteins - through membrane peptides - pituitary hormones - receptors and secondary, pancreas, etc.
D/C: pp. 46-53, Orally answer the questions on p. 53. R/T - numbers not done in class.
humoral regulation. Endocrine system
The presentation was developed by: Mudritskaya Svetlana Viktorovna,
teacher of biology, MAOU secondary school No. 50, Kaliningrad,
honored teacher of the Russian Federation
How do you understand the word "regulation"?
- Regulation functions organism is the coordinated activity of various systems organism .
- Types of regulations: humoral; nervous .
- humoral regulation provided by liquids organism through blood, lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, interstitial fluid.
Hormones - biologically active substances that regulate the growth and development of the body, the functioning of organs, metabolism, maintaining homeostasis.
Properties of hormones:
- High bioactivity
- Specificity
- The ability to act through the blood and lymph
- Ability to break down in organs
Intermediate
brain
Hypothalamus
Neurohormones
Other glands
Blood
Hormones
target organs
Pituitary
glands
External
secretions
internal
secretions
Mixed
secretions
sebaceous
salivary
sweat
Gastric
pancreas
Sexual
Pituitary
epiphysis
Thyroid
adrenal glands
Hormones ,
Other
secrets ,
into the channels
The secret is not
hormone ,
stands out,
into the ducts, into the hollow
Only hormones
stand out
Functions of endocrine and mixed glands
The name of the gland
Functions in the body
Hyperfunctions (excessive influence)
Thyroid
Hypofunctions (insufficient influence)
Parathyroid
adrenal glands
pancreas
Pituitary
Controls the work of all endocrine glands, regulates the growth and development of the body.
The main hormone
growth hormone (somatotropin) .
With hypofunction –
dwarfism.
With hyperfunction –
gigantism.
Pituitary
At hyperfunctions pituitary gland adult human there is an proliferation of tissues of individual organs (liver, heart, fingers, nose, ears, lower jaw).
A disease arises acromegaly .
Thyroid
Regulates metabolism and body development.
Hormone - thyroxine .
With hypofunction –
myxedema (in adults)
cretinism (in children)
With hyperfunction –
Basedow's disease
adrenal glands
They mobilize the body in extreme situations and increase its performance and endurance.
Major Hormones –
epinephrine and norepinephrine .
The amount of secreted hormones
depends on physiological
and psychological
state of the body.
Pancreas
Islets of Langerhans
Pancreas
Regulates the synthesis and breakdown of sugar in the body.
Major Hormones – insulin , glucagon
With hypofunction –
diabetes.
With hyperfunction –
dizziness,
weakness,
loss of consciousness.
gonads Determine the formation of the body according to the female or male type, regulate the development of secondary sexual characteristics.
testicles
Hormone - testosterone
ovaries
Hormone - estrogen
Name the cause of the disease
- Acromegaly
- Myxedema
- Gigantism
- Diabetes
- Basedow's disease
- Dwarfism
- Cretinism
Set match:
Hormones
glands
- Insulin
- Adrenalin
- A growth hormone
- Norepinephrine
- thyroxine
- sex hormones
- Pituitary
- gonads
- adrenal glands
- Thyroid
- pancreas
Homework
§ pp. 46-53, Orally answer the questions on p. 53. R/T - numbers not done in class.
slide 2
HUMORAL REGULATION - (from Latin humor - liquid), one of the mechanisms for coordinating vital processes in the body, carried out through the body's liquid media (blood, lymph, tissue fluid) with the help of biologically active substances secreted by cells, tissues and organs during their functioning. An important role in G. r. hormones play. In highly developed animals and humans, G. p. it is subordinated to nervous regulation, together with a cut makes a single system of neurohumoral regulation, which ensures the normal functioning of the body in changing environmental conditions.
slide 3
1) The humoral or chemical mechanism of regulation is phylogenetically more ancient. It is carried out at the expense of chemicals that are in the fluids circulating in the body, i.e. in blood, lymph and tissue fluid.
slide 4
Factors of humoral regulation of functions can be:
I) physiologically active substances - hormones produced by the endocrine glands and some other organs and cells of the body (for example, the hormone adrenaline is produced by the endocrine gland - the adrenal medulla, as well as chromaffin cells located in the nerve nodes, the wall of blood vessels and other organs); 2) some specific metabolic products of cells, including mediators (acetylcholine, norepinephrine, etc.); 3) some nonspecific metabolic products of cells (for example, CO2 has an exciting effect on the cells of the respiratory center of the medulla oblongata); 4) some substances that come with food, when breathing, through the skin (for example, nicotine, inhaled with tobacco smoke, reduces the excitability of nerve cells and has a negative effect on the activity of many cells and tissues).
slide 5
The most important type of humoral regulation of functions is
hormonal regulation, carried out through hormones that are produced by the endocrine glands. In addition, hormone-like substances are secreted by some other organs and cells of the body that perform, in addition to endocrine, another specialized function (kidneys, placenta, cells of the mucous membrane of the digestive tract, etc.). These substances are called tissue hormones. Endocrine glands (from the Greek endon - inside, crino - allocate) do not have excretory ducts and secrete hormones into the internal environment of the body, as a result of which they received a second name - endocrine glands.
slide 6
The main features of humoral regulation:
1.Low speed of the regulatory action associated with the low speed of the currents of the corresponding body fluids. 2. Slow increase in the strength of the humoral signal and a slow decrease. This is due to a gradual increase in the concentration of PAS and their gradual destruction. 3. The absence of a specific tissue or target organ for the action of humoral factors. They act on all tissues and organs along the fluid flow, in the cells of which there are corresponding receptors.
Slide 7
Thyroid
The thyroid gland is an endocrine gland in vertebrates that stores iodine and produces iodine-containing hormones (iodothyronines) that are involved in the regulation of metabolism and the growth of individual cells, as well as the body as a whole - thyroxine (tetraiodothyronine, T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). The synthesis of these hormones occurs in epithelial follicular cells called thyrocytes. Calcitonin, a peptide hormone, is also synthesized in the thyroid gland: in parafollicular or C-cells. It compensates for bone wear by incorporating calcium and phosphate into bone tissue, and also prevents the formation of osteoclasts, which, when activated, can lead to bone tissue destruction, and stimulates the functional activity and reproduction of osteoblasts. Thus, it participates in the regulation of the activity of these two types of formations, it is thanks to the hormone that new bone tissue is formed faster. The thyroid gland is located in the neck under the larynx in front of the trachea. In humans, it is shaped like a butterfly and is located under the thyroid cartilage.
Slide 8
epiphysis
The pineal gland (pineal gland, pineal gland, superior cerebral appendage) is a small oval glandular formation that belongs to the diencephalon and is located in a shallow groove between the superior mounds of the midbrain and above the thalamus. The mass of the gland in an adult is about 0.2 g, length 8-15 mm, width 6-10 mm, thickness 4-6 mm. Outside, the pineal body is covered with a soft connective tissue membrane of the brain, which contains many anastomosing (connecting to each other) blood vessels. The cellular elements of the parenchyma are specialized glandular cells - pineocytes and glial cells - gliocytes. The pineal gland produces primarily serotonin and melatonin, as well as norepinephrine, histamine. Peptide hormones and biogenic amines were found in the epiphysis. The main function of the pineal gland is the regulation of circadian (daily) biological rhythms, endocrine functions, metabolism (metabolism) and adaptation of the body to changing light conditions.
Slide 9
Pituitary
The pituitary gland is a brain appendage in the form of a rounded formation located on the lower surface of the brain in a bone pocket called the Turkish saddle, it produces hormones that affect growth, metabolism and reproductive function. It is the central organ of the endocrine system; closely interacts with the hypothalamus. Functions: In the anterior pituitary gland, somatotropocytes produce somatotropin, which activates the mitotic activity of somatic cells and protein biosynthesis; lactotropocytes produce prolactin, which stimulates the development and function of the mammary glands and the corpus luteum; gonadotropocytes - follicle-stimulating hormone (stimulation of the growth of ovarian follicles, regulation of steroidogenesis) and luteinizing hormone (stimulation of ovulation, formation of the corpus luteum, regulation of steroidogenesis) hormones; thyrotropocytes - thyroid-stimulating hormone (stimulation of the secretion of iodine-containing hormones by thyrocytes); corticotropocytes - adrenocorticotropic hormone (stimulation of the secretion of corticosteroids in the adrenal cortex). In the middle lobe of the pituitary gland, melanotropocytes produce melanocyte-stimulating hormone (regulation of melanin metabolism); lipotropocytes - lipotropin (regulation of fat metabolism). In the posterior pituitary, pituitocytes activate vasopressin and oxytocin in storage bodies Posterior pituitary hormones asparotocin vasopressin vasotocin valitocin glumitocin isotocin mesotocin oxytocin
Slide 10
Pancreas
The human pancreas is an organ of the digestive system; a large gland with exocrine and internal secretory functions. The exocrine function of the organ is realized by the release of pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes. Producing hormones, the pancreas takes an important part in the regulation of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. Functions: The pancreas is the main source of enzymes for the digestion of fats, proteins and carbohydrates - mainly trypsin and chymotrypsin, pancreatic lipase and amylase. The main pancreatic secret of the ductal cells also contains bicarbonate ions involved in the neutralization of the acidic gastric chyme. The secret of the pancreas accumulates in the interlobular ducts, which merge with the main excretory duct, which opens into the duodenum.
slide 11
adrenal glands
The adrenal glands are paired endocrine glands of vertebrates and humans. In humans, they are located in close proximity to the upper pole of each kidney. They play an important role in the regulation of metabolism and in the adaptation of the body to adverse conditions (reaction to stressful conditions). The adrenal glands are composed of two structures, the cortex and the medulla, which are regulated by the nervous system. The medulla serves as the main source of catecholamine hormones in the body - adrenaline and norepinephrine. Some of the cells of the cortical substance belong to the "hypothalamus - pituitary gland - adrenal cortex" system and serve as a source of corticosteroids. The adrenal glands are triangular glands located at the top of the kidney. The outer part of the adrenal glands is called the cortex and produces steroid hormones such as cortisol, aldosterone, and testosterone. The inner part of the adrenal gland produces epinephrine and norepinephrine. When your glands produce more or less hormones than your body needs, you can get sick.
slide 12
thymus
Thymus (thymus gland) is an organ of lymphopoiesis in humans and many animal species, in which maturation, differentiation and immunological "training" of T-cells of the immune system take place. The thymus gland is a small organ of a pinkish-gray color, soft texture, its surface is lobed. In newborns, its dimensions are on average 5 cm long, 4 cm wide and 6 cm thick, and weigh about 15 grams. The growth of the organ continues until the onset of puberty (at this time, its dimensions are maximum - up to 7.5-16 cm in length, and the mass reaches 20-37 grams). With age, the thymus undergoes atrophy and in old age is hardly distinguishable from the mediastinal adipose tissue surrounding it; at 75 years old, the average weight of the thymus is only 6 grams. As it involutes, it loses its former color and, due to an increase in the proportion of stroma and fat cells in it, becomes more yellow Functions: Produces T-lymphocytes and hormones: thymosin, thymalin, thymopoietin, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), thymus humoral factor , they are all proteins (polypeptides). With thymus hypofunction, immunity decreases, as the number of T-lymphocytes in the blood decreases.
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Thank you for your attention!!!
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slide 1
Humoral regulation of the body's vital activity. The human endocrine system.slide 2
You can often hear the expression that everything in the body is controlled by the nervous system. How is this control carried out? We repeatedly use the term "biologically active substances" in biology lessons. What substances are biologically active? What bodily functions do they affect? Support your answer with examples. Think and answer!
slide 3
1902-1905 W. Bayliss and E. Starling discovered hormones. Hormones - (from the Greek hormáo - bring) are substances produced by the endocrine glands. About 30 hormones are now known.
slide 4
action at a distance from the place of production; specificity of action - the effect of each of them is not adequate to the effect of another hormone; high rate of formation and inactivation, with which the short duration of their action is associated; high biological activity - the desired effect is achieved at a very low concentration of the substance; the role of an intermediary (messenger) in the transfer of information from the nervous system to the cell. The main properties of hormones
slide 5
slide 6
Fill in the table Name of the gland Type of secretion Hormones Physiological action of the hormone Diseases and prevention
Slide 7
Slide 8
The endocrine brain was discovered by Canadian pathophysiologist Hans Selye. This is one of the most sensational discoveries in medicine of the 20th century. According to modern data, at least three parts of the central nervous system have hormonal activity: the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the pineal gland. endocrine brain
Slide 9
Produces several hormones. One of the most important is somatotropic hormone - growth hormone. Pituitary
slide 10
Pineal gland The pineal gland produces a number of biologically active substances that regulate the activity of the immune system, growth, puberty, pigment and water-salt metabolism. Their chemical structure and role in the body have yet to be clarified. Most of the information to date is about melatonin, which adjusts biological rhythms. This is the very elusive hormone of youth, the search for which for many years has been occupied by the best minds of mankind.
slide 11
In 1915, thyroxin was found in the thyroid tissue, in 1952 another hormone, triiodothyronine, was found, and in 1962, thyrocalcitonin, which is involved in calcium metabolism in the body. Thyroxine and triiodothyronine regulate the processes of growth and development, affect the nervous system, heart and gonads, increase the intensity of all types of metabolism, in particular oxidative reactions in cells, leading to the release of heat. Thyroid
slide 12
On the territory of the Tyumen region, the population lacks iodine, which is necessary for the normal implementation of vital processes. Therefore, it is recommended to eat foods that contain iodine, such as seafood. Seaweed salad is delicious and very healthy! It's important to know!
slide 13
The parathyroid glands produce parathyroid hormone, which regulates the exchange of calcium and phosphorus in the body, the intensity of which determines the transmission of nerve impulses, the formation of bone tissue, muscle contraction, and many other physiological processes of the body. Parathyroid gland
slide 14
The size of the gland is only 16-22 cm, weight - 70-120 g. The founder of the study of this organ is the scientist Langerhans. The part of the gland that produces hormones in his honor became known as the islets of Langerhans. They secrete insulin, which regulates blood sugar levels: insulin lowers it, and glucagon raises it. If there is a lack of insulin, diabetes mellitus develops. Pancreas
slide 15
Hormones of the adrenal cortex - corticosteroids help the body adapt to extreme conditions and are responsible for adaptive reactions. The adrenal medulla produces two hormones - adrenaline and norepinephrine. They also participate in the regulation of the functions of the cardiovascular system and affect the metabolic processes of carbohydrates. The body releases these hormones at a moment of strong emotional stress, for example, during a football match, a stormy discussion of an exciting event. This is a system that helps to mobilize the internal resources of the body and get out of a difficult situation. Adrenals.