Mixed type of declension of adjectives in German. Declension of adjectives. Singular. Adjective without article

German name adjective - a part of speech expressing a sign of an object, answering questions from Welcher? Welche?Welches? (what? what? what? what?).

Declension of adjectives

An adjective changes when it is a determiner of a noun. The type of declension depends on the type of article and pronoun. Declension can be of three types: weak, strong, mixed. Through the declension of an adjective, you can determine the case, number and gender of the noun. Endings in the declension of an adjective can be expressive and neutral. An adjective receives a neutral ending if the endings of the pronoun or article are expressive and vice versa. That is, in the scheme "article - adjective - noun" there can be only one expressive ending.

1. Strong declension (no article)

The strong declension is used when the noun has no article or pronoun. In this case, the adjective plays the role of a definite article and takes its ending.

2. Weak declension (definite article)

The weak adjectival declension is used with the definite article or with the pronouns dieser (he), jener (he), jeder (everyone), solcher (such), welcher (which), mancher (some), which have the inflection of the definite article. If the form of the article is initial, the ending of the adjective is neutral (-e), if the form of the article is changed, the ending is expressive (-en).

3. mixed declension(indefinite article)

The adjective will have a mixed declension if the indefinite article is used, the pronoun kein (no one, none) or the possessive pronouns mein (mine), dein (your), unser (our), euer (your) are used. The mixed declension is used only with the singular.

In plural for adjectives, there are only two types of declension: strong and weak. If there are several adjectives with a noun, they receive the same declension. The adjective declension rule applies to ordinal numbers and participles.

COMPARATIVE DEGREES OF ADJECTS

Qualitative adjectives and adverbs have three degrees of comparison: positive (der Positiv), comparative (der Komparativ) and superlative (der Superlativ).

Comparative degree = positive degree + suffix –er

Superlative = positive degree + suffix -(e)st

For example: positive degree - schön (beautiful), comparative degree - schöner (more beautiful), superlative degree - Der Schönste (most beautiful).

For most adjectives, degrees of comparison are formed without an umlaut. One-syllable adjectives of comparative and superlative degrees that have such root vowels a, o, u form a degree of comparison with umlaut. These adjectives include: alt (old), lang (long), grob (rough), arm (poor), scharf (sharp), dumm (stupid), hart (hard), schwach (weak), jung (young), kalt (cold), stark (strong), kurz (short), krank (sick), warm (warm). Positive and comparative adjectives are used in short form to indicate the nominal part of the predicate, superlative adjectives - in both short and inflected forms. The comparative degree is characterized by both the definite and the indefinite article, and the superlative degree by the definite article.

1. For weak typedeclension of adjectives indicative ending-enin all singular and plural case forms, with the exception of the nominative singular of all three genders and the accusative case of the middle and female singular:

Adjectives are inflectedweak type

1. after the definite article der, das, die, die (plural,);

2. and also after the following pronouns:

dieser, dieses, dieses, dieses (plural) - this., this, this, these;
jener, jenes, jene, jene (plural) - that, that, that, those;
jeder, jedes, jede - each (~th, -th);
alle (plural) - everything;
mancher, manches, manches, manches(plural) - some (-th, - th), some;
solcher, solches, solche, solche (pl.) - such (th, th), such;
welcher, welches, welche, welche(plural) - which (-th, -th), which:
derjenige, dasjenige, diejenige, diejenigen(plural) - -that (that, that) the very (-th, -th), those same;
derselbe, dasselbe, dieselbe, dieselben(plural) - that (that, that) same (-th, -th), those same;
beide - both;
sämtliche - everything.

2. The endings of adjectives in declension according to strong type coincide with the corresponding endings of the definite article in both the singular and the plural, with the exception of the genitive singular masculine and neuter:

By strong typeadjectives decline in casethe absence of an article or a pronoun that replaces it. The endings of the strong type of declension are plural adjectives also after the words:

andere, einige, etliche, folgende, mehrere, verschiedene, viele, wenige, as well as after cardinal numbers, for example: viele alte Bücher, das Ergebnis einiger wichtiger Treffen, drei kleine Jungen.

3. Indefinite articleein, and negative pronounkeinand possessive pronouns (mein, unser, etc.)do not have an endingin the nominative case of the singular of the masculine and neuter gender and in the accusative case of the singular of the neuter gender - the adjective in these cases receives the endings of a strong declension type, in all others - a weak one:

In the plural after a negative pronounkeinAnd possessive pronouns adjectives are declined according to the weak type (see point I). Since there is no indefinite article in the plural, the adjective in this case receives the endings of a strong declension type (see point II).

4. Substantiated adjectives change in accordance with the general rules for declension of adjectives:

After pronounsetwas, nichts, viel, wenigsubstantiated adjectives have the formsstrong declension,
after alles, manches - weak, For example:

etwas Neues - alles Schöne

5. Don't lean into German:

1. adjectives lila, prima, rosa:

ein lila Pullover - purple pullover
eine prima Idea - excellent idea
eine rosa Bluse - pink blouse.

2. adjectives, formed from city ​​names by suffix -er(always capitalized):

die Dresdener Straßen - Dresden streets
die Berliner S-Bahn - Berlin city railway road
der Hamburger Hafen - port of Hamburg

3. adjectives formed from cardinal numbers by suffix -er And denoting a period of time:
die 40-er (vierziger) Jahre - forties

Adjectives in German are declined if and only if they come before a noun:

Red th table - rot er Tisch
red omu table - rot em Tisch

There are three types of adjective declension:

1. Strong inclination.
2. Weak decline.
3. Mixed declension.

How to understand by what type this or that adjective is inclined in a particular case?

1. If an adjective comes before a noun without an accompanying word, then it is declined according to the strong type.
2. If there is an accompanying word, but ambiguously shows the gender, number and case, then the adjective is declined in a mixed type.
3. If there is an accompanying word and unambiguously shows the gender, number and case, then the adjective is declined according to the weak type.

strong declination

IMPORTANT!
In the plural, the words: Viele (many), Einige (several), Wenige (little), Zweie, dreie usw (two, three, etc.) acquire a generic / case ending and do not affect the ending of the adjective ( both parts of speech receive the ending of the definite article):

Viel e gut e Eltern (Nom.) - many good parents
Viel e gut e Eltern (Akk.) - many good parents
Wenig en gut en Eltern (Dat.) - few good parents
Einig er gut er Eltern (Gen.) - some good parents

Weak declension of adjectives

IMPORTANT!

1. In the plural after the words alle (all), sämtliche (in the meaning of alle) and beide (both) in all cases, adjectives get a neutral ending<-en>, while alle and beide also receive the plural case ending (the ending of the definite article).

Alle mein en Freunde (Nom.)
Alle dein en Freunde (Akk.)
All en dein en Freunde (Dat.)
All er sein en Freunden (Gen.)

2. The definite article, demonstrative pronoun and interrogative pronoun - parts of speech are mutually exclusive and are not used simultaneously with the same noun:

Der gute Vater - Diese gute mutter (correct)
Der dieser gute Vater - Jede die gute Mutter ( Not Right)

3. Different parts of speech can act as an accompanying word, but all of them unambiguously show the gender and number of the noun already in Nominativ.

NOTE!
In composite demonstrative pronouns(derselbe, derjenige…) the definite article is merged with index word, which means that both parts of the word are declined. In this case, the article part is declined as a definite article, and the adjective part, as an adjective:

D er selb e gut e Film - the same good film
D ie selb en gut en Filme - the same good films

mixed declension

IMPORTANT!
In the plural, the indefinite article EIN is not used.

Declension of homogeneous adjectives

Homogeneous adjectives before a noun are declined in the same way:

Ein klein es neu es House / Das klein e neu e house
Klein e neu e Hauser / Die klein en neu en Hauser

Declension of compound adjectives

When an adjective consists of several (is a multi-root or compound word), the ending is placed only at the end of the word:

Mathematician-naturwissenschaftlich es Thema - strong declension
das mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlich e Thema - weak declension
ein mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlich es Thema - mixed declension

Declension of adjectives before substantiated adjectives

If in a sentence an adjective describes a substantiated adjective (Der Deutsche, Die Kranke, Die Verwandten), then the ending of the definition is chosen according to general rule: either the adjective itself (definition) or the accompanying word must determine the gender, number and case of the noun. Gender, number and case are shown in the phrase once. At the same time, the substantiated adjective receives neutral endings<-е>or<-еn>:

Der Kranke - sick
Der arm e Krank e- poor patient
Ein e arm e Krank e- (some) poor patient
ein es arm en Krank en(Genitiv, "Whose?") - one poor patient (m.r.)
ein er arm en Krank en(Genitiv, “Whose?”) - one poor patient (female)

Exception! Singular Dativ. If the gender shows an adjective (that is, we have a strong declension), then the substantiated form will have a neutral ending:

Exercise. Only exercises. Lots of exercise. No other way. Without practice, no other methods will allow you to remember the three types of declension and when to use one or the other. And in order to somehow help you sort out all this confusion with the three types of declensions, I present to your attention my fairy tale, which was once published on the de-online website and which was highly appreciated by people. Hope it helps you too.

In the German kingdom, in German State lived-were adjectives. However, they still live to this day ... but more to the point.

German adjectives live in three mini-states: the Weak Declension state, the Strong Declension state, and the Mixed Declension state.

The State of "Weak Declination" is a country of the humiliated and offended, since President Derdidas (in his singular and inimitable number), Prime Ministers Maindein and Kain (in the plural) and their numerous assistants in every possible way infringe adjectives in the rights and don't give them any privileges. Adjectives in this state would like to indicate the gender, number and case of a noun, but they cannot do this, since Derdidas has taken away this right from them and does everything for them, and the prime ministers Maindain and Kain help him with this. The only thing that the President of the Weak Declension deigned to give to adjectives was two endings: “-e” in all genders of the nominative with the feminine and neuter accusative and “-en” in all other numbers, genders and cases. It can be said that Derdidas did some kind of favor to the adjective, threw a bone to the dog, so that the adjectives would not die of hunger and go crazy from idleness. And they (that is, adjectives) are completely passively content with what they have and, being absolutely weak and weak-willed, do not even try to protest.

The state of "Strong declension" is a country of free and happy adjectives. This is communism, because adjectives in this country have no superiors, adjectives live freely, by themselves and fully enjoy the right to indicate the gender, number and case of a noun without any articles, pronouns and negations. But it should be noted that they still secretly glance at the neighboring Weak Declension and steal endings from Derdidas. And so that he would not guess anything and bring down his anger on them, they in the genitive of the masculine and neuter gender instead of “-es” (des) take the neutral ending “-en”, passing the ending “-es” in front of the standing noun. And they live quietly and peacefully.

The state of "Mixed Declension" is a country of chaos and confusion. This is anarchy and lawlessness, because adjectives from this country in a completely shameless way, being unable to come up with something of their own, steal endings from both strong and weak declensions. In the singular in all genders of the nominative with the feminine and neuter gender of the accusative, they decided to decline in a strong way, and in all other genders and cases in a weak way. That is, in the singular genitive, dative and male accusative they are simply lazy, giving the privilege of declension to indefinite articles, possessive pronouns and the negation of "kein". But in the plural, the indefinite article disappears (he cannot stand the plural and does not decline in it at all), and adjectives have to take on the responsibility of indicating the gender, number and case of the noun. However, possessive pronouns and the negation of "kein" often help them here. In general, everything is mixed up in this kingdom ...

I.G. Knyazeva, teacher of German, MBOU secondary school No. 15 st. Rogovskoy

Declension types of adjectives in German

An adjective before a noun is declined in mixed, weak or strong declension. It depends on what comes before the adjective.

Weak declension of adjectives

If an adjective is preceded by a definite article or a pronoun that changes like a definite article ( jeder - every, dieser - this, jener - that) then the adjective receives weak endings: -e or -en

	masculine	Feminine	Neuter gender	Mn. number

Thus, in the weak declension of German adjectives, you need to remember 5 in (3 o in Nominativ and 2 e in Akkusativ), and the remaining endings in both singular and plural - en.

According to the weak declension, plural adjectives (i.e. -en) also change after possessive pronouns and pronouns alle and kein:

N. meine neuen Hefte
G. meiner neuen Hefte
D. meinen neuen Hefte
A. meine neuen Hefte

Strong declension of adjectives

If nothing stands before the adjective, then the adjective itself takes on the endings of the definite article, that is, it declines according to a strong declension. The exception is Genitiv for masculine and neuter, where adjectives receive a weak ending -en:

Cases	masculine	Feminine	Neuter gender	Mn. number

After viele and quantitative adjectives are declined in German according to the strong declension:

N. viele gute Bucher
G. vieler gutter Bucher
D. vielen guten Buchern
A. viele gute Bucher

Mixed declension of adjectives

If an adjective is preceded by an indefinite article or a possessive pronoun ( mein , dein , sein , ihr , unser , euer , Ihr ), then the adjective in Nominativ and Akkusativ receives the endings of the definite article, and in Genitiv and Dativ the endings -en. Adjectives are also inflected after a negative pronoun. kein

Cases	masculine	Feminine	Neuter gender	Mn. number
	mein gutter Freund	unsere alte Schule	Kein Dickes Buch	meine neuen Hefte
	meines guten Freundes	unserer alten Schule	keines-dicken-buch	meiner neuen Hefte
	meinem guten Freund	unserer alten Schule	Keinem Dicken Buch	meinen neuen Heften
	meinen guten Freund	unsere alte Schule	Kein Dickes Buch	meine neuen Hefte

plural after kein and possessive pronouns - the ending of adjectives - en .

If the adjective is substantiated, i.e. acts as a noun (for example: acquaintance), then it still obeys all the rules of a regular adjective, only it is written with a capital letter. The declension of such an adjective in German depends on what comes before it: the definite article, indefinite article or worth nothing.

Cases	Weak skl.	Mixed skl.	Strong skl.	Plural number