Passive and active participle: how they are formed and how they differ. Active participle

Development of a Russian language lesson in the 7th grade on the topic “Real participles of the present tense. Vowels in suffixes of active present participles"

Planned educational results:

Subject: teach spelling of vowels in suffixes of present participles; express your thoughts orally and in writing, distinguish between speaking and listening, writing and reading.

Meta-subject: the ability to use the native language as a means of gaining knowledge in other subjects; application of acquired knowledge, skills and abilities in the analysis of linguistic phenomena at the interdisciplinary level.

Personal: awareness of the aesthetic value of the Russian language; respect for the native language, pride in it; the need to preserve the purity of the Russian language as a phenomenon of national culture; the desire for speech perfection.

Lesson type: lesson on discovering new knowledge

Activity goal: developing students’ skills in constructing and implementing new knowledge.

Methods and forms of teaching: observation of language, individual, group, frontal.

Equipment: computer, multimedia projector

During the classes

1. Organizational moment.

2. Spelling five minutes.

We form the 3rd person plural form from this infinitive. numbers of the present time.

Drive, hold, breathe, hear, watch, see, hate, offend, twist, depend, endure. Print by group

What ending did you write in all these verbs and why? (-yat, because these are exception verbs that belong to the 2nd conjugation).

How do we write the verbs shave and lay? Why? (-yut, because these are exception verbs. They belong to 1st conjugation).

3. Repetition of what was learned in previous lessons.

What categories are participles divided into? (Real and passive).

Give definitions ( by groups).

Valid participles denote a sign that arose as a result of the action of the object itself.

Passive participle denote a characteristic that arose in an object by the action of another object.

What verbs form active present participles? (Imperfect form).

Now let’s try to form active present participles based on the picture on the slide. Try to come up with whole phrases. Write it down in your notebook and highlight the suffix.

SLIDES BY GROUPS

Examples of phrases with participles:

Smiling mother and daughter; mother brushing her daughter's hair; fragrant rose; a horse grazing in a field, etc.

Now let’s come up with phrases for the next slide. (write examples in a notebook, highlight suffixes)

Examples: children playing on musical instruments; girl standing with cello; babies sitting on high chairs; horse nursing a foal, etc.

Question for the class: what suffixes did you use to form active present participles? (-ush-yush, -ash-yush). Write examples in notebooks, highlight suffixes.

The problem of correct spelling of vowels in suffixes

4. Defining the topic and setting goals.

- Let's formulate the topic of our lesson. (how to bring them to vowels?)

What suffix should you choose to avoid making a spelling mistake?

Let's try to guess what these suffixes depend on. Here are 4 participles on the slide. What will you be guided by when choosing a suffix?

Click to open:

Can we immediately select the vowel in the participle suffix? Problem? We need to solve it.

What is our goal for this lesson?

Learn to write correctly
active present participles

What problems should we solve in class?

Develop an algorithm for choosing a vowel in the suffix of real participles

Learn to use the algorithm for forming active participles

5. Explanation of new material.

It's difficult to write correctly right away. Let's try to reason. To do this, we first form 3rd person verbs plural present time. This is exactly what we did during the spelling warm-up. What conjugation did we meet there? What do you need to remember for this? Name the endings. (From the verbs of the 1st sp. verbs of the present time are formed with endings –ut-yut, and from the verbs of the 2nd sp. – with endings -at-yat). We reason like this: from the infinitive we form a verb of the 3rd person plural of the present tense, the vowel letter from this ending is transferred to the participle and we get the suffix of the present participle: ush-yush or –ash-yush.

So, we get the following algorithm (On the desk)

Physical education minute.

Teacher: Get up, guys. We will conduct thematic physical education. Your task is to select from the named works titles of works containing participles and titles containing adjectives. If the name contains an adjective, you must clap once, and if there is a participle, raise both hands up.

“Vasilisa the Beautiful” (cotton).
“The Sleeping Princess” by Zhukovsky (up).
“The Bronze Horseman” by Pushkin (cotton).
"Talking Bundle" Darrell (up).
“French Lessons” Rasputin (cotton)

Well done1 And now, having rested, master the suffixes of participles with renewed vigor!

6. Consolidation of the studied material.Algorithm to print and distribute

1) Now let’s check that you have mastered the material correctly. We looked at the algorithm. Now let’s practice. Once again we’ll work out the algorithm for choosing suffixes for the active present participle:

Prick, heat, dust, set, tear, gild. Now let's check:

PRINT

2) Work in groups.

Group 1 task:

Write out the participial phrase with the word being defined. Indicate the suffix of the participles.

Before us is a painting by artist V.D. Polenova “Overgrown Pond”

We see an old pond, faintly illuminated by the rays of the sun. White lilies blooming brightly on the water and forest flowers colorful on the shore make this place lively and joyful. The surface of the pond, reflecting the huge trees of the old garden, seems mysterious, enigmatic. A woman stands on a bridge jutting out into the water. She admires the beauty, which enchants us, the audience. This pond overgrown with algae exudes peace and warmth. native land.

V.D. Polenov is an artist who loves his homeland and glorifies its beauty. PRINT 1 GROUP

Checking completed work.

Pond, faintly illuminated by the rays of the sun; lilies blooming brightly on the water;

Flowers blooming on the shore;

The surface of the pond, reflecting the huge trees of the old garden;

On a bridge protruding into the water;

Beauty that captivates us, the audience;

A pond overgrown with algae;

An artist who loves his homeland and glorifies its beauty.

Task 2 groups: Creative work.

I suggest you consider another painting by our wonderful Russian artist V.D. Polenova.

Come up with 3-4 sentences about the painting “Golden Autumn” or compose a descriptive text using active present participles or whole participial phrases.PRINT 2 GROUP (strong group)

Example of work completed by students:

In front of us is a slowly flowing river, sparkling in the warm rays of the sun. The trees along its banks seemed to freeze in anticipation of change. Here are yellowing birches, reddening maples, and aspen trees fluttering in the wind. The autumn outfit changing before our eyes is beautiful from a distance. The giant oak froze in triumphant calm: its clothes still remained green. Clouds floating above the river pose a threat to the falling asleep shore. Cold drizzling rains will begin soon.

- Why do we need sacraments?

7. Summing up the lesson. (slide 16)To summarize today's lesson, let's remember what goals we set at the very beginning. Have we completed them?

8. Reflection.

There is a reflection card in front of you, fill it out. Rate yourself.

9. Homework.

P. 16, orf. No. 49, ex. 91

Participle is the ability to convey both an action and its sign at the same time. It is often used to “lighten” a sentence and translate from complex design into a more condensed version. For example:

A fairy tale is a literary source that helps a child develop imagination.

A fairy tale is a literary source that helps a child develop imagination.

From verbs they are formed like passive participles present and past, and real.

Definition of participle

In Russian, a participle is a special denoting attribute of an object by action. Participles have two morphological properties at once:

1. They have features characteristic of verbs.
2. They have the characteristics of adjectives.

Like verbs, participles have:

• type - perfect (they answer the question “what did” - a boy who read a book) and imperfect (“what is he doing”, “did” - a boy reading a book);
• recurrence (end with the suffix - sya, - sya, for example, perfumed) and irrevocability (playing);
• forms of the past (got a job - got a job) and present tense (plays - playing);
• can come from transitive and intransitive verbs and can be active or passive.

Like adjectives, participles have:

• two - nn - in passive participles it is used when the verb ends in -at, -yat, -et: read - read, do - done;
• the suffix -enn is placed at the base of verbs ending in -i or -it: bring - brought, commit - perfect;
• the suffix - t is placed when forming from verbs ending in -nut, -ot, -eret, for example, close - closed, grind - ground, lock - locked.

The suffix - t is also used when creating passive participles from monosyllabic verbs, for example, wash - washed, beat - beaten and others.

Some verbs, for example, take, seek, love, do not create passive participles, but from verbs ending in -sti, -st, in the past tense they are formed either from the present or from the future tense:

• bring home - brought home;
• gain faith - gained faith;
• steal a watch - stolen watch.

In these examples, the verbs are in the future tense, and the participles are in the past.

Participle forms

Passive participles come in 2 forms in the past and present tenses - full and short. Moreover, in the short form they are declined by numbers, and in the singular form by gender, as can be seen from the sentence below:

• present passive participles: city burned to the ground (masculine, singular) - the city was burned to the ground; cities burned to the ground (plural) - cities burned to the ground;
• short forms in the past tense: a book read quickly - the book was read quickly;

Full forms have suffixes with two -n: -nn, -enn, while one - n - in short passive participles. For example, an improved option - the option is improved, hidden thoughts - thoughts are hidden. Not all participles of this type have a short form, for example, led, read, spoken and others.

As parts of a sentence, short as well as full passive participles can be modifiers, but most often they are predicates:

Short participles use auxiliary or can be independent, for example: the store is open - the store was open.

Declension of participles

Since passive participles have properties similar to adjectives, they can be inflected according to cases (singular), number and gender. Full passive participles are declined, like similar forms of adjectives, that is, by case, gender and number. Short participles can only be inflected by number and gender.

• And - interviewed (person), interviewed (woman), interviewed (population), interviewed (children);
• P - interviewed (person), interviewed (women), interviewed (population), interviewed (children);
• D - interviewed (person), interviewed (woman), interviewed (population), interviewed (children);
• B - interviewed (person), interviewed (women), interviewed (population), interviewed (children);
• T - interviewed (person), interviewed (woman), interviewed (population), interviewed (children);
• P - (about) the interviewed (person), the interviewed (woman), the interviewed (population), the interviewed (children).

In short form, gender and number can be distinguished by the noun or pronoun related to the participle: a man is interviewed, a woman is interviewed, the population is interviewed, children are interviewed.

Conversion of passive participles into adjectives

In sentences, present passive participles (examples below) can often play the role of adjectives, while they lose such a category as tense and acquire the meaning of a constant attribute of an object. For example, a loaded boat, a baked pie.

It is unusual for these forms to have explanatory words, and the passive participles themselves are written with one - n. If there are additional words, then two - nn are put in the suffix, for example:

• a wounded animal is an animal wounded by a knife;
• loaded boat - a boat loaded with fish;
• baked pie - a pie baked in the oven.

Passive participles with a prefix always have two - n in the suffix. For example, defrosted, enhanced, chosen, red-hot and others.

In the suffix -ovannyy two - n are always written, even when the participle turns into an adjective - an organized picnic, a qualified specialist.

The particle "not" in passive participles

For participles that have an explanatory noun or pronoun, the particle “not” is always written separately. For example:

• an uncleared path led to the garage - a path not cleared of snow led to the garage;
• unfinished tea remained on the table - mother’s unfinished tea remained on the table.

With short passive participles, the particle “not” is written separately: the matter is not finished, the task is not solved, the path is not completed.

Punctuation marks when writing participles

Participles that have dependent words form phrases that are separated by commas in sentences. The word that modifies the participle is called the modifier. If the participle comes before this word, then a comma is not placed: the paved path led to the park. The exception is the turn referring to the pronoun: awakened by the voices, she quickly got up.

The participle after the word being defined is separated by a comma: a car passed by, splashed with mud. If a participle with dependent words is in the middle of a sentence, then it is distinguished by punctuation marks on both sides: a car, splashed with mud, drove by.

If you don’t know what a participle is, then first of all we advise you to read the article “” on this site.

Active participles

Active participle is a participle that denotes a characteristic produced by an object/object. Example: Girl jumping rope. The action is performed by the object “girl” - she is jumping rope.

Active participles are present and past tense. Let's look at examples:

• A person writing news. Writer – active present participle. A man writes news in this moment. Such participles are formed from verbs in the present tense using the suffixes -ush-, -yush- (for the first conjugation of verbs) and -ash-, -yash- (for the second conjugation of verbs).
• The man who gave the compliment. Made – active past participle. The man has already made a compliment. Such participles are formed from verbs in the past tense using the suffixes -вш-, -ш-.

Passive participles

Passive participle is a participle that denotes a sign produced over one object or object by the actions of another. Example: A ship built by the villagers. The villagers performed an action on the ship - they built it.

Passive participles are present and past tense. Let's look at examples:

• A chair being broken by a student. Breakable – present passive participle. The student performs an action on the chair - breaks it. Such participles are formed from verbs in the present tense using the suffixes -om-, -em- (for verbs of the first conjugation) and -im- (for verbs of the second conjugation).
• A dog beaten by its owner. Beaten - passive past participle. The owner performed an action on the dog - he beat it. Such participles are formed from past verbs using the suffixes -nn-, -enn-, -t-, -ot-.