What is harmful. What is the harmful effect of drugs and alcohol on the brain? What are individual tools used for?

Many chemicals cause brain damage. Alcohol and drugs inject brain cells into a state of anesthesia, cause their poisoning and death.

ALCOHOLISM - a persistent dependence of the body on the intake of ethyl alcohol.

NARCOTIC SUBSTANCES (cocaine, heroin) act on the body in a more vivid form: they dramatically change the state of the central nervous system, addiction occurs after several uses.

At the same time, a psychological and physiological dependence on narcotic substances is formed, which makes treatment very difficult.

Ticket number 22

Ecology is the science of the relationship between organisms and the environment. The value of environmental knowledge at the present stage.

Ecology studies the relationship of living organisms and populations with the environment. Considers the factors affecting organisms: the influence of inanimate nature (temperature, humidity, mineral composition of the soil), wildlife (various relationships between organisms), human impact. Of great importance is the study of natural communities: their productivity, species diversity, sustainability, development. The use of environmental knowledge in nature protection, forestry, agriculture, the creation of waste-free technologies in industry can reduce the undesirable human impact on the environment, and help reduce production costs.

The application of environmental knowledge is especially relevant today, when the increased population of the planet and the possibilities of modern technologies have increased the burden on the environment many times over, and the psychology of consumption is pushing people to plunder natural resources without considering the consequences. Such large-scale projects as the construction of giant hydroelectric power plants, nuclear power plants, dams in the Gulf of Finland, had to be rejected with a responsible attitude to the preservation of the environment and timely competent consideration of environmental consequences.

The smut settles in cereals: rye, barley, wheat. The spores enter the soil along with the grain, the hyphae of the fungus grow inside the plant. During the ripening of the grain, the smut destroys the tissues of the ear, forming a mass of black spores, resembling a charred firebrand, which gave the name to the fungus. To combat smut, the grain is treated with formalin solution before sowing. Ergot also affects cereals, has the appearance of dark purple horns sticking out of the ear. Ergot horns are poisonous, cause muscle cramps, tissue necrosis. Poisoning happens very rarely, because. grain is well cleaned of ergot.

Copper sulphate is also effective against a common potato disease - phytophthora, which leads to damage to tubers during winter storage. To reduce damage by late blight, it is also recommended to mow the tops of potatoes 10 days before harvesting.

What effect does drinking alcohol and uncontrolled use of drugs have on the kidneys? Explain the answer.

The urinary system is of great importance, removing metabolic products and other unnecessary substances from the body.

The use of drugs, including vitamins, creates an additional burden on the kidneys, which can cause their diseases, the formation of stones in the kidneys and urinary tract. Alcohol destroys the renal epithelium, sharply disrupts the formation of urine, resulting in poisoning of the body with metabolic products.

Ticket number 23

Metabolism and energy conversion are the main feature of living organisms. Energy and plastic metabolism, their relationship.

Living organisms can exist and develop only if they exchange matter and energy with the environment. Animals absorb organic food substances, plants - solutions of mineral salts and the energy of sunlight. All living organisms emit metabolic products and excess thermal energy into the external environment. Metabolism in plants and cold-blooded animals strongly depends on the ambient temperature; in warm-blooded animals it depends little on the external temperature.

Exchange processes are divided into

1.plastic exchange, combining the reactions of synthesis of substances necessary for the body,

2.energy metabolism, the essence of which is to provide the body with energy. Basically, they mean the reactions of oxidation of nutrients and the synthesis of ATP.

These are two sides of a single metabolic process, since ATP energy is needed for plastic metabolism, and energy metabolism is impossible without cell organelles, for the formation and renewal of which proteins and other substances synthesized in plastic metabolism reactions are needed.

As an example of exchange, familiar material can be described: photosynthesis, protein biosynthesis, ATP synthesis, or simply the breakdown of nutrients in the gastrointestinal tract.

The diversity of animals is the result of evolution. Unicellular and multicellular animals. Why do unicellular organisms exist in nature along with multicellular organisms? Among the ready-made micropreparations of the simplest, find the infusoria-shoe. On what basis would you identify it?

The question of the origin of the modern diversity of living beings was raised long ago. Evolutionary theory explains the origin of species as the result of long-term natural selection based on hereditary variability.

unicellular animals consist of only one cell. These include amoeba, ciliate shoe, green euglena, etc.

multicellular animals consist of a large number of cells that differ in structure and function. At the same time, all cells of a multicellular organism function as a single whole, which is ensured by the nervous system and humoral regulation.

The simultaneous existence in nature of unicellular and multicellular organisms is due to the fact that biological progress is possible both for species with a high organization and for relatively simple ones. Prosperity is determined by the presence of an ecological niche that allows the species to successfully fight for existence with other species, and the ability of the species to successfully adapt to new environmental conditions. The high rate of reproduction of unicellular organisms contributes to their multiplicity and hereditary variability, which provides material for selection.

The infusoria-shoe can be recognized by the shape of the cage, reminiscent of the outlines of the sole of a shoe.

Autoimmune thyroiditis is a pathology of the thyroid gland caused by a malfunction of the immune system. The essence of the disease is the attack of lymphocytes on the tissues of the organ, which as a result leads to its degradation.

The end result is chronic hypothyroidism. Women suffer more often, men face similar problems 10-15 times less often.

Autoimmune thyroiditis and pregnancy have a certain relationship, since the disease develops with a hereditary predisposition, enhanced by changes in the hormonal background, which can lead to complications of a different nature.

In the past, the disease was called. This is the name of the Japanese doctor who first described this pathology, however, later the disease was more often called autoimmune.

When carrying a child, approximately 15% of pregnant women experience suppression of the thyroid gland by protective mechanisms, and after childbirth, a similar situation may develop in 5-7%.

Note. In the vast majority of cases, the disease occurs in the first trimester.

The reasons

The main factor in the suppression of the cells of the thyroid parenchyma by the immune system is that antibodies begin to mistakenly perceive its tissues as foreign agents and destroy them. Such a phenomenon is called autoimmune, regardless of the part of the body where it occurs. Simply put, this is the process when the body destroys its own cells on its own.

Why this is happening has not yet been established for certain. It is definitely known that the pathology is hereditary, but genetic predisposition alone is not enough for the onset of the disease.

Quite often, it occurs simultaneously with other autoimmune pathologies, as well as in the presence of the following risk factors:

viral or bacterial infections;
receiving a high dose of radiation;
excessive sunbathing;
after trauma to the organ;
deficiency or excess of iodine in the body.

Note. In some countries, there is an increased number of registered diagnoses. This is due to the fact that in these regions there is a low concentration of selenium, the deficiency of which can provoke this disease.

Pathogenesis

At the beginning of the pathological process, there is an increased infiltration of leukocytes into the tissue of the organ, which provokes the formation of an immune response. Thyrocytes (thyroid cells) and follicles are attacked and destroyed.

The process is also enhanced because monocytes attack the remnants of decayed tissues, and this only enhances the activity of defense mechanisms. At first, no changes in the concentration of hormones are observed in the blood, due to the fact that their deficiency is fully compensated by an increase in synthetic activity by healthy tissues.

Then, due to the release of thyroid substances into the blood, which are concentrated in the former follicles, an increase in hormonal levels is recorded, so in some cases this is confused with hyperthyroidism. After the destruction of a certain part of the parenchyma, the production of thyroid hormones decreases.

Symptoms

As a rule, most often the first signs of the disease appear at the beginning of pregnancy. The clinical picture will depend on the degree and type of pathology.

Since the disease can remain latent for many years, the hormonal changes that occur during the bearing of a child provoke the onset of symptoms associated with the progression of the pathological process. Autoimmune thyroiditis occurs in several stages, which are successively replaced.

The lack of appropriate therapy leads to aggravation of destructive processes, which can cause destruction of a significant part of the organ. Ultimately, chronic persistent hypothyroidism develops, so continuous hormone replacement therapy will be required in the future.

The course of the disease can be different, because everything will depend on the state of the thyroid gland. Manifesting signs are indicated in the table.

Table. Symptoms of autoimmune thyroiditis:

The form	Characteristic	Clinical picture
	The organ enlarges and becomes dense. The production of hormones increases. Sometimes thyrotoxicosis may even develop.	, bulging eyes, hypertension, tachycardia, tremor of the upper extremities, diarrhea, increased sweating, impaired thermoregulation (the patient becomes hot) and a violation of the usual emotional state (irritability, aggression, abnormally exacerbated reaction to what is happening).
	Synthetic activity is reduced due to the fact that the area of the thyroid gland becomes smaller, up to its complete atrophy. There is persistent hypothyroidism. It is possible to reduce the destructive processes occurring in the organ, provided that the treatment is properly selected.	The heart rate slows down and blood pressure drops. The work of the brain worsens, memory decreases, a decrease in emotional manifestations is observed (a person becomes inhibited). Skin feels dry, hair and nails brittle. Pain in the head and muscles become more frequent, weight increases with a decrease in appetite. Constipation and chills may occur.

The note. With autoimmune thyroiditis, the functional activity of the thyroid gland often does not change or changes very slightly, so symptomatic manifestations are difficult to notice, and in some cases are completely absent.

Signs of thyroiditis during pregnancy

Pregnant women have one feature that hides negative manifestations or reduces them. The thing is that during development in the womb of the fetus, a natural suppression of immune processes occurs.

This directly affects the course of thyroiditis. The attack of aggressive monocytes on the thyroid tissue is reduced or completely stopped, which positively affects the woman's well-being.

The disease begins to progress after the birth of a child (postpartum thyroiditis). Signs of the hypertrophic phase may occur as early as 100 days (on average).

Such phenomena adversely affect lactation. It is important to realize that the named symptomatology does not differ in specific signs, therefore, it can often be interpreted incorrectly.

Often, patients do not show any signs at all, and the hormonal background remains normal (euthyroidism). Approximately six months later (flesh up to a year), a woman has stable hypothyroidism.

Complications of pregnancy

Hashimoto's thyroiditis can adversely affect the health of the mother and child.

The most dangerous consequences are:

spontaneous abortion (miscarriage);
bleeding during childbirth or while carrying a child;
late toxicosis (gestosis);
decrease in red blood cells and hemoglobin in erythrocytes;
the birth of a premature baby;
fetoplacental insufficiency (FPI);
the development of ischemic processes in the tissues of the developing fetus, which negatively affects the formation of its organs.

Autoimmune thyroiditis is one of the causes of female infertility. Deficiency of iodine-containing hormones affects the work of the entire endocrine system.

This entails irreversible reproductive disorders, for example, the full maturation of ovarian follicles does not occur, the ovulation process is disrupted and other negative phenomena. In this case, without special drug therapy, it becomes impossible to conceive a child naturally.

Bearing a fetus in the presence of a disease is also associated with certain problems. The main danger (for various reasons) is the threat of premature termination of pregnancy. In the first month and a half after fertilization of the egg, embryonic development takes place under the complete control of the mother's hormones, some of which are produced by the thyroid gland.

In case of their deficiency, the probability of miscarriage is high. If the first trimester of pregnancy was not marked by emergency situations, then in the presence of autoimmune thyroiditis there is a certain risk of premature birth and even death of the child in the womb.

The negative consequences for the embryo may be less catastrophic, for example, when the female body produces highly sensitive bodies to thyroglobulin and thyroperoxidase. They are able to cross the placenta without hindrance.

Once in the bloodstream of the child, they begin to attack the thyroid parenchyma of the unborn baby. Thus, in the mother's womb, destructive disturbances are already occurring in various organs of the fetus.

This directly affects the formation of chronic hypothyroidism in a child. In the future, the baby will be weak, mental and physical development will slow down.

If a woman during pregnancy had a lack of secretion of thyroid hormones, because she suffered from atrophic autoimmune thyroiditis, then this becomes another reason that the child does not grow well and masters school material with great difficulty.

What is the harmful effect of AIT on the genital area?

Although scientists have not developed a consensus on the impact of autoimmune thyroiditis on a woman's reproductive health, however, in the presence of this disease, there are a number of disorders in the function of procreation in the fairer sex:

Three times the frequency of menstrual irregularities compared to the average in the population (from 23.4% to 70%), which are represented by oligomenorrhea, hypermenorrhea, menorrhagia, persistent amenorrhea.
Infertility due to hypothyroidism, which provokes insufficiency of the luteal phase while maintaining the regularity of the menstrual cycle.
The normal pulse release of luteinizing hormone is disturbed due to the lack of a sufficient amount of dopamine, the formation of which falls due to a deficiency of triiodothyronine.
Premature ovarian failure (in 27% of patients suffering from this pathology, AIT was detected).
Polycystic ovary syndrome (women with autoimmune thyroiditis suffer from it three times more often than the average in the population).
Hypogonadotropic amenorrhea.
chronic anovulation.
Dysfunctional uterine bleeding.
Secondary hyperprolactinemia with symptoms characteristic of hyperprolactinemia hypogonadism.

Diagnostics

The birth of a healthy child requires the mother to pay close attention to both her health and the condition of the fetus. It is extremely important when planning a pregnancy or after conception to monitor the condition, exclude all possible pathologies or minimize their likely development.

As mentioned above, with autoimmune thyroidin, a woman may not feel negative symptoms, especially with the natural suppression of protective mechanisms during pregnancy. The examination is carried out without fail if the next of kin had a similar disease.

Diagnostic procedures are performed in a complex manner. An endocrinologist performs a physical examination. In the presence of a disease, its size can be either increased or reduced, the tissue is compacted, but without neoplasms. The organ remains mobile (no fusion with closely spaced tissues).

Important. Since symptoms in pregnant women are often mild or absent, a screening examination should be carried out no later than the beginning of the 2nd trimester.

Laboratory research

Biochemical blood test is one of the highly informative diagnostic methods. The presence of autoimmune thyroiditis is indicated by an increased concentration of antibodies to thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyroglobulin and thyroperoxidase. In addition, they study the level of T3 and T4, which can be increased or decreased depending on the stage of the disease.

Instrumental diagnostics

The condition of the thyroid gland can be assessed using ultrasound. The study shows the structure of the parenchyma, its density, the presence of neoplasms and the size of the organ. With Hashimoto's thyroiditis, ultrasound diagnostics are indicated every two months until childbirth.

If necessary, a fine-needle aspiration biopsy may be ordered. The result is a sample of the parenchyma.

The study of a histological sample makes it possible to establish the infiltration of cells of the immune system into tissues, identify destructive processes and understand their degree. Such an analysis is important when there is doubt about the accuracy of the diagnosis, because in some cases, when determining the disease, other methods do not provide reliable results.

Differential Diagnosis

With autoimmune thyroiditis, symptomatic signs often do not have a specific color. Therefore, it is important to distinguish the disease from diffuse goiter, in which the number of antibodies in the blood cannot increase, but there is bulging.

The disease is benign, it is not characterized by the formation of neoplasia, but in rare cases, lymphoma is recorded. Another important difference is the increased degree of infiltration of lymphocytes to the tissues of the thyroid gland and the presence of large oxyphilic cells.

Treatment

The treatment regimen is determined by the attending physician based on diagnostic data, gestational age and the general health of the woman. The whole process must necessarily be accompanied by regular monitoring studies.

The main essence of all measures taken is to prevent the development of hypothyroidism. As a rule, with a low level of thyroid-stimulating hormone, small doses of levothyroxine sodium are prescribed, which are corrected after an increase in TSH.

Otherwise, when hormones are secreted above the norm, treatment with medications is not indicated, but symptomatic therapy is carried out to eliminate:

dyspeptic disorders;
tachycardia;
mental disorders.

Important. When prescribing drugs for the treatment of autoimmune thyroiditis during pregnancy, a woman should have a blood test every 4 weeks.

After childbirth, treatment continues. In this case, corticosteroid and immunosuppressive drugs can be prescribed, but only under the condition of a serious condition and constant medical supervision.

In rare cases, surgery is performed. As a rule, surgery is required if the organ is too enlarged and presses on neighboring tissues, which leads to their dysfunction. During pregnancy, the operation is not performed.

Pregnancy planning

If autoimmune thyroiditis is the cause of a deficiency of thyroid hormones, then this may be the cause of infertility, because in this case the development and maturation of the egg is disrupted, which means that conception cannot occur. With successful embryo formation and low levels of T3 and T4 hormones, the likelihood of spontaneous abortion increases. As a rule, this happens before the eighth week. Based on the foregoing, it is impossible to become pregnant with an abnormal hormonal status.

Important. Expectant mothers diagnosed with autoimmune thyroiditis can plan pregnancy only if they are euthyroid - normal synthetic activity of the thyroid gland.

Preparation for conception and upcoming pregnancy should be carried out by the attending physician. The synthetic activity of the gland is corrected by prescribing medications.

The woman is given detailed instructions for admission and periodicals of laboratory diagnostics. After conception, the hormonal background undergoes significant changes, which requires constant monitoring and dose adjustment of drugs.

Autoimmune thyroiditis and IVF

In the presence of the disease in question, it is impossible to conceive and bear a child. The reasons are briefly described in the article and are explained in more detail in this video.

In addition, there may be other reasons that prevent pregnancy. After a complete examination and a course of drug therapy aimed at correcting the hormonal background, detailed diagnostics are carried out in specialized clinics, after which the likelihood of in vitro fertilization is determined.

A significant disadvantage of artificial conception in this case is the price and the impossibility of guaranteeing the bearing of the fetus. Therefore, only a doctor can predict and evaluate the probability of having a child, based on the results of diagnostics and observations of the patient.

Conversations about the dangers of smoking have already set the teeth on edge, but the situation as a whole is powerless to change. The nicotine industry continues to thrive, with the average age of first-time smokers in Russia already 8 years old. And the saddest thing is that such data is taken for granted, they do not surprise anyone. For those who do not like to read texts beyond a few lines, if we talk briefly about the dangers of smoking, we can say that this is a slow suicide.

A bit of history

Almost until the end of the 15th century, Europe was non-smoking. People simply did not know what tobacco was. Everything changed in 1493, when the ship "Nina" returned from the second expedition of Columbus to America and moored in the Portuguese port. On board was a special herb from the province of Tabago, which was brought for smoking, hence the name of tobacco.

The herb rapidly gained recognition throughout Europe and began to be considered a medicine. She removed the headache and toothache, aching bones. And after it turned out that tobacco gives an exciting effect, it became in demand already as a product of smoking. The French ambassador Jean Nicot was able to isolate the active substance from the grass, which later received the name of its discoverer - nicotine.

They started talking about the dangers of smoking when the first cases of smoke poisoning and complications of various diseases, primarily pulmonary, appeared. The governments of several countries, including Russia, have entered the fight against smoking. Severe penalties were applied, including the death penalty.

In Russia, smoking was legalized in 1697 during the reign of Peter I, despite the desperate struggle of his predecessors.

Composition of tobacco smoke

To find out the extent of the harm of smoking on the human body, you need to look at the content of tobacco smoke. And here is something to think about: it contains about 4200 different substances that enter into chemical compounds. Of these, 200 pose a serious danger to humans, including tobacco tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide.

Also in the composition of tobacco smoke are about 60 powerful carcinogens: dibenzopyrene, chrysene, benzopyrene, dibenzpyrene, benzanthracene and others. The content of nitrosamines has a particularly detrimental effect on the brain. In addition, there are such radioactive isotopes as lead, potassium, bismuth, polonium. And of course, a lot of poisons, among which we can distinguish the well-known ones: cyanide, hydrocyanic acid, arsenic.

Analysis of tobacco smoke showed a high concentration of toxicity, therefore, harmful to the human body. No wonder the people used tobacco to treat gardens from pests.

Harm of smoking

Smoking has a very negative effect on the human body. Its main danger lies in the fact that it stimulates the development of serious diseases with a fatal outcome. Perhaps there is not a single organ in the body that would not be affected by tobacco smoke. And there is no such filter that would be able to protect against harmful influences. The organs that take the hit on the neutralization of nicotine are the liver, lungs and kidneys of a person. But they are not able to prevent the consequences of the harm done.

Effect on the body:

Respiratory system. Harmful substances in tobacco smoke irritate the respiratory mucosa and lead to inflammation of the larynx and lungs.
Gastrointestinal tract. In the process of smoking, the vessels of the stomach narrow, and the secretion of gastric juice increases, from which smokers often have no appetite. All this leads to the risk of developing various pathologies, gastritis, ulcers, pancreatitis.
The cardiovascular system also has impaired function. Toxic substances destroy blood vessels, which affects the work of the heart muscle. The heart contracts more often, which causes the entire cardiovascular system to wear out quickly.
The central nervous system is in a state of perpetual stress due to the effects of nicotine. Due to vasospasm, blood flow to it is significantly reduced, and the oxygen content is lowered. Therefore, people who smoke have poor memory and reduced mental performance.

It is difficult to exaggerate the harm of smoking, everything is under attack. Doctors have studied that in most cases smoking triggers the mechanism of oncological diseases, and also seriously affects the human reproductive system. General well-being also suffers, immunity decreases.

Socio-psychological reasons

Experts, studying addiction to smoking, have identified a number of reasons that prompt a person to take up a cigarette for the first time. Survey statistics showed that in most cases curiosity to know what others already know played. And for some, it was an opportunity to join the team: nothing brings people together like a joint smoking room.

Some of the main reasons why people take up cigarettes are:

side pressure;
stress relief;
image;
weight loss;
self-affirmation;
family habit;
lack of awareness.

Despite the clear evidence of the harm of smoking, the ranks of cigarette smokers continue to grow regularly. And although the sensations of the first cigarette are far from pleasant, people, for various reasons, continue to reach for the next one until addiction sets in.

Formation of dependence

Nicotine, which is part of tobacco smoke, is the main cause of cigarette addiction. Being the strongest poison of plant origin, it is easily absorbed into the mucous membranes of the body and enters the bloodstream. When tightening, the amount of nicotine entering the bloodstream increases significantly.

A toxic substance, being in the blood of a smoker, begins to actively participate in the metabolic process. The constant absorption of nicotine in small doses is addictive. And in the future, when its concentration in the body decreases, the nervous system already gives a signal about the delivery of the next dose.

Harsh facts, statistics, and all the talk about the dangers of smoking hardly cope with humanity's favorite addiction. And increasingly, the issue of anti-tobacco measures began to be raised at the legislative level.

female smoking

There was a time when a lady with a cigarette was perceived as something indecent and licentious. Tobacco manufacturers, seeing in women a huge market opportunity, through well-planned advertising campaigns, managed to radically change public opinion. Today, women who smoke do not surprise anyone. But not everyone knows that the female body is more susceptible to the negative effects of cigarettes than the male body.

What is the harm of smoking for women?

Risk of cervical and vulvar cancer.
development of osteoporosis. Because of the toxins in tobacco smoke, estrogen production is greatly reduced, leading to brittle bones.
The risk of a heart attack increases. Contraceptives with smoking are an incompatible mixture that affects the heart.
Failure of the menstrual cycle.
Inability to conceive and bear a healthy child. As a result of the study, it was found that 42% of women who smoke are infertile and up to 90% of miscarriages are provoked by smoking.
Premature aging.

Such indicators are seriously alarming medical workers. A healthy nation is out of the question if a third of women in Russia hold on to a cigarette.

Involuntary smokers

By making a decision to poison himself with nicotine, the smoker unwittingly subscribes to this and his non-smoking environment. And first of all, of course, the family suffers. Researchers on the issue of passive smoking come to the conclusion that it is much more dangerous than active smoking. Exhaled cigarette smoke contains 1.5 times more toxic substances than an inhaled puff.

Tobacco smoke poses a particular danger to children's health. Babies of passive smokers have weak immunity and are 11 times more likely to get infectious diseases. There is a percentage increase in children with asthma from smoking families. A relationship has also been established between childhood oncological diseases and inhalation of tobacco smoke.

The harm of smoking on the body of passive smokers has been proven by scientists, and this has prompted a number of states to establish restrictions on smoking in public places.

Harm of alcohol and tobacco smoking on the health of a teenager

Alcoholic beverages and cigarettes have become a pass ticket in the companies of the younger generation. And they don't care what the consequences of this will be in the future. Targeted advertising and the film industry have done a good job of helping the younger age of the smoker, creating an image of unbeatable tough guys and desirable sexy maidens. And even if a teenager takes the right position regarding bad habits, then under peer pressure, he quickly changes his mind.

The harm of smoking and alcohol on a fragile body is so wide-ranging that it would not be entirely true to single out something separate. Everything is destroyed. The body receives a tremendous load from everything infused and inhaled by a teenager. His protective forces are disoriented in the conditions created: they need to either constrict blood vessels from the received dose of alcohol or expand after nicotine. What causes a malfunction in the work of the heart, pumping blood poisoned with alcohol and nicotine. Oxygen starvation sets in, from which the capacity of all organs decreases.

Adolescents' failure to appreciate the potential harms of alcohol and smoking leads to the retribution of serious illness.

Overcoming a bad habit

In most cases, in order for an addict to quit smoking, strong motivation and reasons are required. And usually signals of their own health do a good job of this. What else can motivate like the symptoms of a serious illness? Although some and this does not stop.

gradually reduce the number of cigarettes smoked per day;
eliminate items associated with smoking (ashtrays, lighters, reserve packs) from life;
avoid places where you have always smoked (smoking room at work, special spots, flights of stairs);
refusal of alcohol as a faithful companion of a cigarette;
increase physical activity;
have mints in your pocket, chewing gum in case the temptation is too great.

WHO warns

The report states that smoking remains the world's leading cause of death, with more than 6 million people dying each year. Dr. Roy Herbst, who works in the field of cancer research, in his speech on the dangers of smoking, noted what the main danger to humans is: cells mutate in the body, which subsequently leads to cancer and other serious diseases.

Nearly one and a half billion people are dependent on tobacco. And the numbers continue to grow. At the same time, the main percentage of people who smoke lives in middle- and low-income countries. Russia entered the top five most smoking countries and is confidently leading in teenage smoking.

According to WHO forecasts, if appropriate measures are not taken, then in the 21st century humanity will lose more than a billion people only because of the harm of smoking.

Dry statistics rarely affect the psyche of a smoker. However, these interesting facts may encourage you to give up the addiction:

For a year, a smoker passes 81 kg of tobacco tar through his respiratory tract, which is partially retained in the lungs.
The toxicity of tobacco smoke is almost 4 times higher than the toxicity of car exhaust gases.
A person who has been a smoker for many years loses the ability to perceive colors clearly.
If you are in the same room all day with a smoker, then a non-smoker receives a portion of tobacco smoke equal to 7-8 cigarettes.
The harm of passive smoking is only 30% less than active smoking.
There are twice as many smokers in Russia than in the US and Europe.
It was found that 70% of smokers, if desired, can leave cigarettes, they do not have a true dependence on tobacco.

The nervous system consists of the central part of the brain, and the peripheral part, which includes the nerves and peripheral nerve nodes of the somatic and autonomic nervous system.

Brain diseases can occur:

under the influence of an infection, such as tick-borne encephalitis, rabies, syphilis, influenza, etc.
as a result of skull injuries, hemorrhages;
in case of poisoning with household solvents, food poisoning;
radioactive exposure;
Prevention measures include hardening the body, protection from infections, the use of protective helmets when riding a motorcycle, and seat belts in cars. It is necessary to avoid hypothermia, paint work should be carried out only in well-ventilated areas, use only familiar mushrooms for food. There is an opinion that radiation from cell phones can harm the brain.

Alcohol and drugs introduce brain cells into a state of anesthesia, cause their poisoning and death. At the same time, a psychological and physiological dependence on narcotic substances is formed, which makes treatment very difficult.

Departments nervous systems: central and peripheral. What kind the reasons, defiant diseases brain, to you known? How can warn some diseases brain? AT how is harmful impact narcotic substances and alcohol on the...

How can warn some diseases brain? AT how is harmful impact narcotic substances and alcohol on the brain? nervous system comprises central department including dorsal and cephalic brain, and peripherally.

What kind the reasons, defiant diseases brain, to you known?
nervous system comprises central department including dorsal and cephalic brain,

Brain and psyche. nervous system a person is the bearer of the human psyche.
He receives and processes information, creates a program of action and monitors their implementation; Peripheral(connects central nervous system With...

Departments nervous systems: central and peripheral. What kind the reasons, defiant diseases brain, to you known? How can warn some diseases brain? AT how is harmful impact narcotic substances and alcohol on the...

Departments nervous systems: central and peripheral. What kind the reasons, defiant diseases brain, to you known? How can warn some diseases brain? AT how is harmful impact narcotic substances and alcohol on the...

Vegetative nervous system also consists of central departments, represented by gray kernels substances head dorsal brain, and peripheral departments: nervous knots and tangles.

In the vegetative nervous system allocate central and peripheral departments.
peripheral part of the sympathetic nervous systems originates from the neurons of the lateral horns of the spinal brain, namely from STS to LII inclusive.

To central nervous system referred to as head and dorsal brain. peripheral nervous system formed by nerves that originate from the brain and spinal cord brain. From head brain 12 pairs of cranial nerves depart, and 31 pairs of spinal nerves depart from the spinal ...

To central nervous system refer to the head brain, located in the cranial cavity, and dorsal brain, which lies in the vertebral department skeleton. Head and dorsal brain built of gray and white substances.

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Ecology of consumption. Humans differ in their chemical composition from other mammals, including their closest relatives, primates. It is this difference that is associated with many human diseases.

Humans differ in their chemical makeup from other mammals, including their closest primate relatives. It is this difference that is associated with many human diseases.

The human body contains sialic acid, the molecule of which differs only slightly from that of animals.

Our body rejects the version of the molecule found in animal meat and animal milk as foreign. For this reason, the constant use of such animal products negatively affects the functioning of the immune system, and is dangerous with inflammation, oncology and cardiovascular diseases.

Animal sialic acid (N-glycolylneuraminic acid Neu5Gc) is foreign to the human body and our immune system attacks it. Man is the only primate whose body produces not Neu5Gc, but a Neu5Ac molecule similar to it, differing in only one additional oxygen atom. Humans do not have the enzyme that converts Neu5Ac to Neu5Gc. This is the essence of the genetic and biochemical distinctive features of a person.

It is very likely that it is for this reason that organs transplanted from animals do not take root in humans.

The consequences of such incompatibility can be much greater and this is the reason for the harm from eating red meat, which is expressed in an increased risk of a number of chronic diseases in humans.

Great apes do not get cancer, do not have heart and some other diseases inherent in humans, such as asthma or rheumatoid arthritis. Monkeys are also unable to get malaria, since the causative agent of this disease captures blood cells with the help of sialic acid.

It is this molecule that affects our body, depending on the food we eat.

100 grams of beef meat contains about 12,000 micrograms of Neu5Gc. In pork and lamb, almost twice as much. Whereas the same amount of poultry meat and lean fish contains less than 50 micrograms of Neu5Gc.

Tests show that after eating meat food, foreign sugar appears in the body. Antibodies contained in human cells react to the foreign sialic acid Neu5Gc. This defensive reaction of the immune system can provoke inflammation.

The harm of red meat and meat products lies in the fact that their use contributes to inflammation, the development of cancer and aggravates diseases associated with inflammation, such as atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes.

Therefore, in order to provide protein to the body, it is safer to use poultry meat, as well as fish and seafood, which contain hundreds of times less sialic acid. published