How to define the predicate. Compound nominal predicate: examples. Predicate types

The predicate is an integral part of almost any sentence. Regardless of how it is expressed and expressed in principle, it defines the subject. This member of the sentence can denote both an action and some sign of an object, answer various questions (from the banal and well-known "what did you do?" to the more difficult to perceive "what?"). All this shows that there are different ways predicate expressions. So what are they, and what affects the division of predicates into different types?

Ways of expression

As you know, the ways of expressing the subject and the predicate can be different. The first, for example, can be expressed:

• noun or pronoun ( Man / He appeared);
• infinitive ( Working hard is our duty);
• phraseologism (Augean stables - this is the most accurate definition of this room) and so on.

The same can be said about the predicate. Limiting this member of the sentence to only a verb would be a huge mistake. It can be presented:

• noun ( Knowledge is power);
• numeral ( Three times five is fifteen);
• adjective, and even in comparative form ( Under it, a stream of lighter azure);
• and verbs in all their manifestations - in different moods and types, verbs combined with particles, infinitives, and so on.

That is, in principle, it is already clear that the diversity here is colossal. The table below will help to better imagine the ways of expressing the predicate:

Simple verb predicate

Let's start with the first type. The simple verb predicate is probably the most common. It is expressed by verbs in any form, namely:

Simple verbal predicate - nuances

There are certain nuances here. Very often, the future tense of the indicative mood is not perceived as a simple verbal predicate - it also consists of two words. But this would be the same mistake as not considering PGS (this is how the name of this type of predicate is abbreviated) as a verb in combination with a particle.

Another controversial point is the distinction between a phraseological unit (although it would be more accurate to say here - a non-free phrase) and a compound nominal predicate. The former is easily replaced by a single verb ( We were ordered - We were ordered. Why did you hang your head? - What are you sad?), whereas with a compound nominal predicate such a trick will not work, the only thing is that you can replace the linking verb with the word "was" ( He sat sad - He was sad).

Compound verb predicate

Let's move on to the next type of predicate - the compound verb. Here everything is as simple as in simple - there is auxiliary, and the infinitive ( He wanted to study). The only nuance in this case is the clear selection of this very auxiliary verb, because it can be represented not only by him:

1. Phrasal verbs of beginning and end of action ( Stopped bickering / Started acting)
2. Modal verbs of intention, ability, will, desire ( We were going to visit. I can run. I wish to be free. I want to run away)
3. Emotion verbs (Afraid of falling in love. Hates to lie)
4. some impersonal verbs (Worth noticing. Should think)
5. Short adjectives, the full form of which is either completely absent or has a different meaning ( Glad to meet you. Feel free to invent. We are free to choose)
6. Some nouns ( Master of lies. Walker)
7. Can and can't You can note. Can't be recognized b)
8. Phraseologism ( Burning with a desire to come)

Ways of expressing the predicate with examples - The best way understand this albeit not very confusing, but still voluminous topic. The main thing in a compound nominal predicate is to understand the mechanism of its formation. This is a verb (or something that replaces it) plus an infinitive. Believe this formula - and you will succeed.

Compound nominal predicate

We continue to study ways of expressing the predicate with a compound nominal predicate - the most unloved among schoolchildren. Such unpopularity is due to the fact that sometimes it is very difficult to distinguish it from a simple verbal predicate. But first things first.

verb link

composite nominal predicate includes two parts - a verb copula and a nominal part. Separately, it should be noted that if we are talking about the present tense, then the verb connective can be omitted ( He is beautiful). The verb copula is most often represented:

Yes, sometimes it is very difficult to single out an independent predicate with secondary members. A short test "Ways of Expressing the Predicate" will help us at least a little deal with this difficult topic.

1. What's the point of wandering around here! - It is pointless to wander through the parks.
2. Lying motionless on a hill. - How long can you stay here?
3. He could live as an ascetic, desiring nothing. - And how are you going to live here?

These sentences present different ways of expressing the predicate, try to figure out what types of predicate are presented in each sentence.

Nominal part

We continue the topic "Compound Nominal Predicate" by studying its nominal part. It can be expressed:

1. noun ( Was an actress)
2. The name of an adjective in all its forms - short and full, degrees of comparison ( We are very glad to see you. Voice perfect).
3. Communion in all its forms - also short and full and still passive and real (K nigga read. young man reading)
4. Pronoun ( The sky is yours)
5. A numeral name and any combination with numbers (Seven five - thirty-five. The height of the building is two hundred meters)
6. adverb ( I'm a little like her)
7. Interjection ( Your thoughts are on guard!)
8. Phraseologism and non-free phrase ( His soul is a secret for me with seven seals.)

As you can see, the ways of expressing the predicate differ enormously - if there is really nothing to remember in a simple verb, then you will have to tinker with the compound nominal. But with the right will, everything will be fine.

Conclusion

Ways of expressing the subject and predicate is the topic of long and detailed scientific lectures. The most important thing in all this is to realize that the main members of the sentence are expressed can be different parts of speech, sometimes not even single ones, that they can have different types and sometimes at first glance it is very, very difficult to understand what is in front of you. The only teacher here is practice, and besides this, it will help to understand the ways of expressing the predicate of the table, which can be constantly supplemented with examples.

Predicate- the main member of a two-part sentence, denoting the action or sign of what is expressed by the subject.

Predicate has a lexical meaning (names what is reported about the realia named in the subject) and grammatical meaning (characterizes the statement from the point of view of reality or irreality and the correlation of the statement with the moment of speech, which is expressed by the forms of the mood of the verb, and in the indicative mood - and time).

There are three main types of predicates: simple verb, compound verb And compound nominal .

Simple verbal predicate, ways of expressing it

Simple verb predicate(PGS) can be expressed one word And ambiguously .

PGS- one word :

1) a verb in conjugated form, that is, the form of one of the moods; in these cases, the predicate agrees with the subject: He read / reads / will read / would read / let him read / this book.

2) verbal interjection or infinitive; there is no agreement between the predicate and the subject: And the hat bam right on the floor. As the music starts, the boy will immediately dance.

PGS- phrase :

1. PGS - phraseologically free , But syntactically related phrase - may have the following structure and typical meaning:

1) repetition of the verb form to indicate the duration of the action:
I go, I go, but the forest is still far away.

2) repetition of the verb form with a particle so to indicate an intense or fully implemented action:
That's what he said.

3) repetition of the same verb in different forms or single-root verbs to enhance the meaning of the predicate:
He does not sleep himself and does not let others.
I can't wait for spring.

4) a semantic verb with an auxiliary verb form that has lost or weakened its lexical meaning and introduces additional semantic shades into the sentence:
And he take it and say / know yourself sings.

5) two verbs in the same grammatical form to denote an action and its purpose:
I'll go for a walk in the garden.

6) a verb with a particle was, introducing the meaning of a failed action:
I was going to the cinema, but didn't go.

7) design with the value of the intensity of action:
All he does is sleep.

2. PGS- phraseological unit denotes a single action, inseparable in meaning into an action and its material object, in most cases this phraseological unit can be replaced by one verb: take part, come to your senses, fall into a rage, sound the alarm, have the opportunity, have the intention, have the habit, have the honor, have the right; to express a desire, to burn with desire, to acquire a habit, to consider oneself entitled, to consider it necessary and so on.:

He attended the conference(=participated).

Compound verb predicate(GHS) has the following structure:
pre-infinitive part + infinitive.

Infinitive expresses the main lexical meaning of the predicate - calls the action.

Pre-infinitive part expresses the grammatical meaning of the predicate, as well as an additional characteristic of the action - an indication of its beginning, middle or end (phase meaning) or possibility, desirability, degree of commonness and other characteristics that describe the attitude of the subject of the action to this action (modal meaning).

Phase value expressed by verbs become, start (start), accept (accept), continue (continue), stop (stop), stop (stop) and some others (most often these are synonyms for the above words, characteristic of the colloquial style of speech):

I started/continued/finished reading this book.

modal value can be expressed

1) verbs to be able, able, want, wish, try, intend, dare, refuse, think, prefer, get used to, love, hate, beware, etc.

2) a linking verb to be (in the present tense in zero form) + short adjectives glad, ready, obliged, must, intend, able, as well as adverbs and nouns with a modal meaning:

I was ready / willing / able to wait.

Both in the pre-infinitive part and in the position of the infinitive, a phraseological unit can be used:

He is eager to participate in the conference(= wants to participate)
He wants to attend the conference(= wants to participate).
He lit with eagerness to take part in conference(= wants to participate).

The complication of CGS occurs due to the additional use of a modal or phase verb in its composition:

I started to want to eat.
I felt that soon I could start to want to eat.

A special type of GHS is presented in sentences, the main members of which are expressed by verbs in an indefinite form: to be afraid of wolves - do not go into the forest. The auxiliary part of such predicates is not typical for compound verbs: it is represented by the linking verb to be, which occurs in compound nominal predicates. In addition to being, the auxiliary part can also be represented by the verb mean, for example:

Not to come means to offend.

The predicates expressed are not compound verbal predicates:

1) the compound form of the future tense of the imperfective verb in the indicative mood: I will work tomorrow;
2) a combination of a simple verbal predicate with an infinitive that occupies the position of an object in the sentence in the case of different subjects of action in the conjugated form of the verb and the infinitive: Everyone asked her.underline ( border-bottom: 1px dashed blue; ) to sing (everyone asked, but she should sing);
3) a combination of a simple verbal predicate with an infinitive, which in a sentence is a circumstance of the goal: He went outside for a walk.

It is easy to see that in all these cases the conjugated form of the verb before the infinitive has neither phase nor modal meaning.

Compound nominal predicate

Compound nominal predicate(SIS) has the following structure:
nominal part (bundle) + nominal part.

Nominal part expresses the lexical meaning of the predicate.

Indicative part expresses grammatical or grammatical and part lexical meaning predicate.

Indicative part It happens:

1) abstract: the verb to be (in the meaning of "to appear", and not "to be" or "to be"), which expresses only the grammatical meaning of the predicate - mood, tense, person / gender, number; in the present tense, the abstract connective appears in the zero form: He is a student / was a student.

2) semi-significant (semi-abstract): verbs to appear (appear), to be, to appear (to appear), to introduce themselves (to appear), to become (become), to become (to be done), to stay (to remain), to be considered, etc., which express the grammatical meaning of the predicate and complement the meaning expressed by the nominal part; these verbs are usually not used without a nominal part.

For example: He turned out to be a student. She seemed tired.

3) significant (full-valued): verbs of movement, state, activity go, walk, run, return, sit, stand, lie down, work, live, etc.

For example: We returned home tired. He worked as a janitor. He lived as a hermit.

Significant And semi-significantbundle when determining the type of the predicate, it can be replaced by an abstract one.

The nominal part can be expressed in one word and ambiguous.

Single-word noun expression :

1) a noun in the case form, more often in the nominative case. / instrumental.

For example: He/was a teacher. The skirt was in a cage.

2) an adjective in full and short form, in the form of any of the degrees of comparison.

For example: His words were smart. He became taller than his father. He is the tallest in the class.

3) full or short participle: Letter was not printed .

4) pronoun: This pencil is mine!

5) numeral: He was eighth in line.

6) adverb: The conversation will be frank. I felt sorry for the old man.

An ambiguous expression of the nominal part:

1) a phraseologically free, but syntactically related phrase may have the following structure:

a) a word with a quantitative meaning + a noun in the genitive case.

For example: The boy was five years old.

b) a noun with words dependent on it, if the noun itself is not very informative, and the semantic center of the statement is located precisely in the words dependent on the name (the noun itself in this case can be thrown out of the sentence almost without loss of meaning).

For example: He is the best student in the class.

2) phraseological unit: He was the talk of the town.

The linking part can also be expressed by a phraseological unit:

He looked gloomy and distracted - phraseologism in the connective part;

A compound nominal predicate, like a compound verb, can be complicated by introducing a modal or phase auxiliary verb into it.

For example: She wanted to appear tired. He gradually began to become a specialist in this field.

Predicate.

Predicate- this is the main member of the sentence, which usually agrees with the subject (in number, person or gender) and has the meaning expressed in questions: what does the subject do? what happens to him? what is he? what is he? who is he?

The predicate expresses the grammatical meaning of one of the moods (indicative mood - present, past, future tense; conditional mood, imperative mood).

Types of predicates:

Simple verbal predicate. Compound verbal predicate - CGS. Compound nominal predicate - SIS

Simple verb predicate (PGS)

Ways of expressing a simple verbal predicate

Compound predicates.

Compound verb predicate

Compound predicates are predicates in which the lexical meaning and grammatical meaning (time and mood) are expressed in different words. The lexical meaning is expressed in the main part, and the grammatical meaning (time and mood) is expressed in the auxiliary part.

Wed: He sang(PGS). - He started to sing(GHS); He was sick for two months(PGS). - He was sick for two months(SIS).

The compound verb predicate (CGS) consists of two parts:

a) the auxiliary part (the verb in conjugated form) expresses the grammatical meaning (time and mood);
b) the main part ( indefinite form verb - infinitive) expresses lexical meaning.

GHS = auxiliary verb + infinitive. For example: I started to sing; I want to sing; I'm afraid to sing.

However, not every combination of a conjugated verb with an infinitive is a compound verbal predicate! In order for such a combination to be a compound verbal predicate, two conditions must be met:

The auxiliary verb must be lexically ambiguous, that is, it alone (without the infinitive) is not enough to understand what the sentence is about.

Wed: Ibegan- what to do?; IWant- what to do?.

If in the combination “verb + infinitive” the verb is significant, then it alone is a simple verbal predicate, and the infinitive is a secondary member of the sentence.

Wed: Shesat down(for what purpose?) relax.

The action of the infinitive must refer to the subject (this is the subject infinitive). If the action of the infinitive refers to another member of the sentence (objective infinitive), then the infinitive is not part of the predicate, but is a minor member.

Wed:
1. I want to sing. I want to sing- compound verb predicate ( want - I, sing will – I).
2. I asked her to sing. Requested- simple verbal predicate sing- addition ( asked - I, sing will - she).

Auxiliary verb meanings

Compound nominal predicate

Compound nominal predicate (CIS)consists of two parts:

a) the auxiliary part - the link (the verb in conjugated form) expresses the grammatical meaning (time and mood);
b) the main part - the nominal part (name, adverb) expresses lexical meaning.

SIS \u003d link + nominal part

For example: Hewas a doctor; Hebecame a doctor; Hewas ill; Hewas sick; Hewas injured; Hecame first.

Types of linking verbs

Verb be can act as an independent simple verbal predicate in sentences with the meaning of being or having:

Himwasthree sons; Himwasmuch money.

Verbs become, become, become etc. can also be independent simple verbal predicates, but in a different meaning:

Heturned out to bedowntown; Hebecamenear the wall.

The most difficult to analyze are compound nominal predicates with a significant copula, because usually such verbs are independent predicates (cf.: Hesatnear the window). If the verb becomes a link, then its meaning is less important than the meaning of the name associated with the verb ( Hesitting tired; more important is that he was tired, not that He sitting, not stood or lay).

For the combination "significant verb + name" to be a compound nominal predicate, the following conditions must be met:

the significant verb can be replaced by the grammatical connective be:

He sat tired- He was tired; He was born happy- He was happy; He came first- He was first;

the link can be made null:

He sitting tired - He tired ; He born happy - He happy ; He came first - He first .

If the verb has dependent forms of the full adjective, participle, ordinal number (answers the question Which?), then it is always a compound nominal predicate ( sat tired, left upset, came first). The parts of such a compound nominal predicate are not separated by commas!

Ways of expressing the nominal part

Note!

1) Even if the predicate consists of one word - a name or an adverb (with a zero link), it is always a compound nominal predicate;

2) short adjectives and participles are always part of a compound nominal predicate;

3) nominative and instrumental cases - the main case forms of the nominal part of the predicate;

4) the nominal part of the predicate can be expressed as a whole phrase in the same cases as the subject.

The predicate is one of the main members of the sentence, consistent with the subject (in number, gender, person) and answering the questions: “what does the subject do?”, “What is it?”, “Who is it?”, “What is it?” "What's happening to him?"

Syntax in Russian provides ample opportunities for making sentences. The predicate can be a verb, an adverb, an adjective, and even a noun.

verb predicate

Most often, the predicate can be expressed by a verb. At the same time, a simple verbal predicate, a verbal predicate and a compound nominal predicate are distinguished. Simple verb predicates include:
- verbs in imperative, indicative or subjunctive(for example: “Don’t touch the toy!”, “It’s raining”, “I would like to take a walk with friends”);
- phraseological turns on the basis of verbs ("He lost his temper");
- phrases of two verbs of the same form, the first of which denotes the action, the second - the purpose of the action ("I'll go, is everything all right").

A compound verbal predicate is a phrase whose grammatical and lexical meaning is expressed in different words: an auxiliary and a main verb, the latter being used in the form and carrying the lexical meaning of the predicate (“I wanted to talk about you”). A compound verb predicate can be complicated if it consists of several auxiliary words (“He decided to stop being angry”).

A compound nominal predicate is expressed by a phrase from a linking verb and a nominal part. A linking verb can be:
- the verb “to be”, deprived in this case of its lexical meaning “to exist”, “to be available” (“She was a student”);
- semi-significant verbs “appear”, “appear”, “be”, “appear”, “become”, “become”, “be known”, “be considered” and some others (“He is her hero”);
- full-valued verbs expressing action, movement, state (“Children came to the guests already grubby”).

Other parts of speech, as a predicate

The predicate can only be expressed by an adverb, without using a copula, if the sentence does not need to specify the time of the action taking place (“It's just monstrous!” Compare: “It was monstrous!”).

A short adjective is often used as a predicate in colloquial and artistic styles ("Our grandfather is not yet old at heart"). Using this technique allows you to vary the composition of the sentence, improve the readability of the text.

The noun becomes a predicate in qualifying sentences and is often separated from the subject by a dash. For example: "My mother is a cook", "The book is a storehouse of wisdom."

Also, sometimes the numeral (“Twice three - six”) also acts as a predicate.

The concept of a sentence occupies a central place in the syntax of the Russian language. Distinguishing a sentence from other syntactic units helps to highlight the subject and predicate. This often causes difficulties, because in Russian predicates are divided into three types: simple verbal predicate, compound verbal and compound nominal.

The grammatical basis of the sentence

Secondary members in a sentence are based on a foundation consisting of a subject and a predicate. The predicative basis is the determining factor in the characteristics of the sentence: simple or complex, one-part or two-part.

It is by the presence of the subject and the predicate that they judge what the syntactic unit is: the sentence has them, the phrase does not. For example, I'm walking down the street. Is an offer, because has a grammatical basis: i'm going(subject and predicate respectively). beautiful table- phrase, because no predictive basis.

A sentence does not always have the entire grammatical basis. There are frequent cases when the subject or predicate is singled out, then the sentence will be called one-part.

When analyzing a sentence, the problem of determining the predicate and its type causes the greatest difficulty.

What is a predicate

The predicate is included in the predicative basis of the sentence and forms a link with the subject in gender, person and number. Thanks to the predicate, the sentence is related to reality and allows native speakers to communicate with each other. It is the carrier grammatical meaning syntactic unit: indicates the reality and time of the narrative. The predicate answers questions concerning the actions of the subject, what it is, what happens to it, who it is and what it is.

There are two ways to determine the type of a predicate:

1. Morphological. Predicates are distinguished according to their relation to one or another part of speech: verbal (expressed by a verb) and nominal (expressed by a noun or adjective). For example, The lanterns are dimly lit.(predicate are burning verb). We've been friends all our lives(predicate were friends nominal, expressed by a noun with a verb copula).
2. Composite. Simple and compound predicates, consisting of one grammatical whole and several words, respectively. For example, Which one of you will betray me?(predicate betray- simple). I was embittered(predicate was embittered- composite).

These two principles for determining predicates formed the basis of their species affiliation:

• Compound verb predicate.
• Compound nominal predicate

Types of predicates: simple and compound

All predicates of the Russian language are divided into simple and compound. This belonging is determined by the number of words in the predicate. If there is more than one word, then the predicate is compound. The presence or absence of a linking verb in their composition will help to distinguish between a simple and a compound verbal predicate.

The role of the link is performed by verbs indicating:

• stages of action (beginning, development, continuation);
• duty;
• desirability;
• state

It can also be short adjectives, words of the category of state and the verb to be.

There are two types of compound predicates: nominal and verbal. Both of them have an auxiliary linking verb in their composition. The verbal predicate includes the infinitive, and the nominal predicate includes the nominal part.

If in a sentence the role of a predicate is played by a verb or its grammatical form, then it will be called a simple verbal predicate.

Simple verbal predicate (PGS): definition of the concept

It consists of a verb in one of three moods: indicative (Emptiness reigned inside the house - the predicate reigned), subjunctive (Emptiness would reign inside the house - the predicate would reign) or imperative (Let emptiness reign inside the house - let the predicate reign).

As can be seen from the last example, the PGS is not always unambiguous. There are cases when there are several of them, but the words are grammatically related: it can be a form of the verb (for example, imperative mood or future tense), an indivisible stable combination, or an increase in expression by repeating a word.

Ways of expression

Ways of expressing a simple verbal predicate are divided into two groups: single-word and non-single-word.

PGS can be agreed with the subject if it has the form of one of the inclinations. There are cases when the subject and predicate are not agreed - then the PGS has the form of an infinitive.

One-word PGS

Most often in Russian there is a one-word simple verb predicate. Sample proposals are shown below:

1. I hear the stomping of horses.(PGS hear- expressed by the verb in the indicative mood)
2. Daughter, come with me.(PGS let's go to- expressed imperative mood verb)
3. Not going today means waiting until morning.(PGS wait- expressed by the verb in the initial form)
4. And a glass of bam - and on the floor.(PGS bam- expressed by verbal interjection)
5. There was dew everywhere in the morning.(PGS was- expressed by the verb "to be" in the meaning of "presence")

Multi-word PGS

Such a predicate causes greater complexity those who study Russian. A simple verbal predicate, consisting of several lexical units, can be characterized by the fact that the words in it are grammatically connected. Sentences with a simple verbal predicate ambiguous:

1. We will argue passionately about what happened.(PGS we will argue- expressed by the verb of the indicative mood in the future tense)
2. I would go with you, but you need to go somewhere else.(PGS would go- expressed by a conditional verb)
3. Let everything be your way.(PGS let it be- expressed by the imperative mood)
4. Everyone on the farm worked, except for Stepan. He, as always, beat the buckets.(PGS - beat the buckets- expressed by a phraseological unit in the meaning of "lazy")
5. Let me do this job for you.(PGS let's do it- expressed by a verb with a modal particle)
6. I can't wait for the cold to end.(PGS can not wait- expressed by repetition of single-root verbs)

Coordination of ASG with the subject

Consider sentences with a simple verbal predicate that agrees with the subject:

1. Coordination among: The car is driving on a new highway.(PGS rides- singular) - Cars drive along the new highway.(PGS are going- plural).
2. Genus agreement: The tractor was driving.(PGS rode - masculine) - The car was driving.(PGS rode- feminine gender).
3. If the subject includes a word that has the meaning of quantity, then PGS can be expressed in the singular or plural: Two clouds float alone across the sky.(subject two clouds, PGS are floating used in plural) - Most students didn't miss class.(Subject most students, PGS did not miss the use of the singular).
4. If the subject has the form of a noun with a quantitative or collective meaning (for example, people, youth, society, majority, minority), PGS can only be used in singular.Youth are building the future.(PGS builds used in the singular) The majority agreed with the director's proposal to improve production.(PGS agreed used in the singular).

There are cases when the ASG does not formally agree with the subject. In such cases, it is expressed:

• Infinitive: He dances - and Vera laughs. PGS laugh expressed by the verb in its initial form.
• Verb interjection: I look - but there are no bags. PGS look- an interjection that resembles a verb in form.
• The imperative mood in some forms: If she broke the vase now, things would end badly. PGS smash in an imperative mood.

Allocation of ASG in the proposal

The problem of how to define a simple verbal predicate is related to its possible ambiguity. Unlike the composite PGS, it contains the words of one grammatical form. It is this feature that distinguishes a simple verb predicate. Sample proposals are shown below:

I started working last week. - I will work from tomorrow. In the first sentence, a compound verb predicate containing an auxiliary verb began and infinitive work. Completely different picture in the second sentence. Here PGS Will work- a form of the future tense.

Use of PGS in speech

To give artistic speech dynamics uses just a verbal predicate. Examples: The soldiers, stationed around their cannon, were each busy with their own business. Some were writing a letter, some were sitting on a carriage, sewing a hook to their overcoat, some were reading a small army newspaper. (V. Kataev)- in this passage, the ASG gives dynamics to the events described.

PGS is used in a colloquial style of speech. In the case when it is expressed by an infinitive that does not formally agree with the subject: Senka to dance, to Varka - to laugh.(PGS laugh infinitive form, colloquial style).

To give speech an expressive color, a simple verbal predicate is also used. Examples: I bang her - and broke!(PGS bam indicates conversational style); Thunder bang-bang into the tree!(PGS bang-bang indicates the extreme degree of emotionality of the author).