General blood test formula decoding and norms. Blood test: the norm in men, and how to take it correctly. What is examined during the OAC

General blood analysis– a very important procedure that is prescribed for almost any change in human health. Deciphering a general blood test helps doctors understand exactly what pathological processes occur in the human body.

Clinical relevance

The study of blood from a finger or from a vein serves as the foundation for constructing diagnostic and therapeutic tactics. Doctors widely use this tool, and people themselves are already accustomed to the fact that treatment or preventive examination is not complete without general blood and urine tests.

It doesn't take much time to get results.

Fact! In urgent cases, the most important data can be obtained in just a few minutes, while the patient is still being examined by a doctor.

A modern laboratory service provides insight into the following general parameters:

Red blood.
White blood.
Coagulation system.
blood.

Obtaining the data itself is important, but an equally significant role is played by their correct assessment individually and in combination. Qualitative interpretation of the results obtained is impossible without the help of a qualified specialist.

Fence rules

To obtain reliable data, a number of requirements must be met. The result is influenced by a variety of factors: for example, at different times of the day, some indicators will vary for the same absolutely healthy person.

Capillary blood

This is a familiar general blood test from a finger prick. Allows you to assess the condition of tissues on the periphery of the body.

In order for the result of a general blood test to be used in the diagnosis and monitoring of a specific patient, you need to:

Take the sample on an empty stomach, preferably fasting for 12 hours.
The collection is carried out in the morning, between 7 and 9 o'clock.
Before visiting the laboratory, avoid physical activity and medical procedures.
Use only a disposable syringe and a sterile tube (capillary).

Important! If a patient arrives at the laboratory after an hour or two of jostling in minibus taxis or a crush in the subway, he needs to rest for at least half an hour, just sit.

Deoxygenated blood

Taking a sample for a general blood test from a vein requires observing some additional nuances:

The time for applying the tourniquet should be as short as possible.
The sample must be taken in a lying or sitting position.
It is undesirable to bend and straighten your fingers.
Take the test only on an empty stomach.

It is better to use modern vacutainers as a tool. This is a special tube with a needle that avoids contact with blood and carefully collects the sample.

Most often, venous blood is collected if necessary. However, it may also be required for general clinical research.

Fact! The vertical position of the body increases the level of proteins, cholesterol, and many other metabolites in the peripheral blood. Intense “fist work” redistributes protein fractions in the hands, from where blood is drawn, and reduces the oxygen saturation of the taken blood.

If these requirements are not met, the blood may become unsuitable for testing or, worse, give incorrect results.

Normal indicators

At the beginning of the 21st century, approximately 40 indicators can be obtained for assessment. For most cases, such detailed data is not needed.

In routine medical practice, the blood system is assessed according to the following indicators (table):

Category, name (international abbreviation)	International nomenclature	What do they characterize?	Normal indicators: men/(women)
*Red blood*
Red blood cells	Red Blood Cells, R.B.C.	Saturation of tissues with oxygen, transport, nutritional and protective functions of blood.	4.0-5.110 12 cells in 1 liter/(3.7-4.710 12 /l)
– reticulocytes		The number of young red blood cells that still contain ribonucleic acid (RNA)	0,5-1,2%
Hemoglobin	Hemoglobin, HBC	The content of pigment in erythrocytes, responsible for the delivery of oxygen to tissues and the selection of carbon dioxide from them	130-160/(120-140) grams per liter
Hematocrit	Hematocrit, HTC	How do the liquid (plasma) and dense (cells) parts of blood compare?	40-48/(36-42%)
*Selected erythrocyte indices*
– average volume of one red blood cell	Mean corpuscular volume, MCV	Important when it helps to establish its type and cause	80-94/(81-99) cubic micrometers, microns 3
– average hemoglobin content in one cell	Mean corpuscular hemoglobin, MCH	The same	27-31 picograms, pg
– average concentration of hemoglobin in one cell	Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, MCHC	The same	33-37%
Erythrocyte anisocytosis	Red blood cell distribution width, RDW	Number of red blood cells of different sizes (micro- and macrocytes)	11,5-14,5%
*White blood*
Leukocytes	White blood cells, WBC	Degree and quality of protection from foreign components	4-9*10 9 cells in one liter
– neutrophils	Neutrophil granulocyte	"Working" cells
- stab		In some way, young forms show the level of synthesis of new cells	1-6% of total leukocytes
- segmented		“Pull horses” are responsible for phagocytosis - eating foreign agents	45-72%
– eosinophils	Eosinophil granulocyte	Collect information for the synthesis of antibodies, are responsible for the start of allergy mechanisms	0.5-5% of the total number of leukocytes
– basophils	Basophil granulocyte	Responsible for allergic reactions (immediate or delayed type)	0-1% of total leukocytes
– monocytes	Monocyte	Destroy unnecessary or spent cells and tissue fragments of the body itself	3-11% of total leukocytes
– lymphocytes	Lymphocyte	Regulate the interaction between different parts of the immune system	19-37% of the total number of leukocytes
*Platelets*	Platelets, PLT	Responsible for the level and quality of the primary stages of the blood coagulation system (hemostasis)	180-320*10 9 cells in one liter
*ESR*		Indirectly reflects changes in blood protein balance (dysproteinemia) in any disease	1-10/(2-15) millimeters per 1 hour, mm/hour

Despite the fact that it is not a problem to find normal indicators now, only a specialist should evaluate them.

Fact! The norm is a very average indicator. There are no identical people in the world and blood numbers will be different for everyone. In the clinic, it is generally accepted that the indicators observed in 80% of the healthy population are the norm.

Your doctor will tell you more about how to take a general blood test to obtain adequate data for assessment.

Red blood assessment

The table shows that red blood cells and hemoglobin are the main components of the so-called “red blood”. The reason for the name lies in the red color of heme, a key protein for oxygen transport. The hemoglobin molecule consists of 4 heme molecules.

This protein is found in red blood cells. Therefore, the main thing that red blood is responsible for is saturating tissues with oxygen. But not the only thing.

Red blood cells

Almost everyone has heard about red blood cells. But few people know that in addition to transporting oxygen (inside the cell), red blood cells transport a lot of nutrients and immune antibodies. They play an important role in maintaining adequate acid-base balance of the internal environment.

Increasing the number of cells ()

If there are more than normal, this may indicate:

Chronic hypoxia. For example - life in rarefied air at altitude, heart disease, bronchopulmonary insufficiency.
Stimulating synthesis with special hormones - erythropoietins. This happens with kidney pathology and liver tumors. May be hereditary.
Elevated steroid levels. Or against the background of adrenal disease, or during the treatment of any pathology with these hormones.

Important! There is such a thing as relative for (dehydration): the numbers need to be evaluated together with the hematocrit.

Decreased cell count (erythropenia)

A decrease in the amount below normal indicates:

(anemia). It can be caused by various reasons, which help to establish other indicators of red blood.
Acute blood loss.
Late pregnancy.
Chronic inflammation.
Oversaturation with water (overhydration).

Not only do some blood numbers in women differ from those in men, but they can also change depending on the gestation period.

Reticulocytes

Young cells that are just maturing to become full-fledged red blood cells. If they are more than normal (reticulocytosis), this indicates blood loss and acute oxygen starvation.

Fact! A normal variant is reticulocytosis against the background of effective treatment of iron deficiency anemia.

Reticulopenia (decrease below normal), indicates disturbances in the functioning of the bone marrow: treatment with cytostatics, metastases of malignant tumors. The same picture will occur with a lack of iron and B vitamins (B 6, B 12) in the diet.

Hemoglobin

Widely known protein. The key task is the delivery of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide from tissues.

Important! If a general blood test is normal, adults are found to have typesHbAAndHbB. Other types (HbF) indicate bone marrow pathology.

Above normal for dehydration and primary (hereditary) erythrocytosis. The reasons for the reduction are:

Anemia of various origins.
Acute blood loss, hidden bleeding.
Severe intoxication due to cancer.
Blood hyperhydration.
Impaired function of the kidneys, liver, bone marrow and other hematopoietic organs.

The study of this indicator allows us to indirectly assess the degree of oxygen saturation of tissues.

Hematocrit, anisocytosis and erythrocyte indices

The ratio of plasma volumes to formed elements is valuable for determining the degree of hydration of the body. A high indicator indicates significant blood viscosity, a low indicator indicates excess fluid.

Hematocrit is included in a general blood test in adults and children for some diseases that require hospital treatment and careful monitoring of the patient's condition.

The anisocytosis rate is calculated mathematically. If the diameter of a red blood cell is less than 6.5 micrometers (μm), it is called a microcyte; if it is greater than 9 μm, it is called a macrocyte. The normal ratio of cells with such characteristics is indicated above in the table.

Deviation from the norm will occur with anemia, bone marrow pathology, and some hereditary diseases.

Erythrocyte indices are also calculated mathematically and play a narrow clinical role.

Summing up the red blood, I would like to draw attention to the importance of responsible preparation for research.

Important! Simply drinking water immediately before a general blood test can affect its results and obtain incorrect data.

White blood assessment

These indicators are no less important. After all, many diseases are infectious or allergic in nature. Then changes occur on the part of the white blood. The very number of leukocytes and/or their cellular composition (leukocyte formula) changes.

Leukocytes

Their normal level indirectly indicates calmness in the immune system. Exceeding the norm - leukocytosis - is observed when:

Any infections.
Intoxications.
Allergic manifestations.
Inflammatory processes of various origins.
Malignant neoplasms.
Leukemia.

Fact! When the body is under the influence of a number of hormones, histamine, and digitalis-based medications, the white blood also changes, which is shown by a general blood test in the form of leukocytosis.

A decrease in level (leukopenia) is also common:

Severe infections (viral or bacterial).
The effect of some medications.
Bone marrow pathology.
Increased activity of the spleen.
A special form of leukemia (aleukemic).
Anaphylaxis is an immediate, severe allergic reaction.
Systemic diseases of connective tissue (collagenosis).

At least two pathologies can be accompanied by both leukocytosis and leukopenia: infections and leukemia. Therefore, taking a blood test and interpreting it should be carried out only by qualified specialists.

Important! In severe infections, leukocytosis is first observed. If it turns into leukopenia, this indicates a depleted immune system. It is imperative that such a patient is shown to a doctor.

Neutrophils

They saturate the blood when it is necessary to eliminate (destroy) any unnecessary and foreign agents. Above the norm will be when:

Bacterial infections.
Inflammation or necrosis (burns, rheumatic attack, etc.).
A disintegrating tumor.
Intoxication (pregnant women, uremia - increased levels of uric acid, acetone with).
Carbon dioxide poisoning.

Some drugs can also increase the number of neutrophils. If the patient is treating a chronic disease and takes medications daily, this should be discussed with the doctor before taking a general blood test. Then it will be possible to make a correct assessment of the data obtained.

Neutropenia is observed under the same conditions as leukopenia with some clarifications:

Some bacterial infections (typhoid, brucellosis).
Viral infections (rubella, infectious hepatitis).
Fungal infections, rickettsia.

Physiological neutrophilia will occur during physical activity, after eating, during stress and pregnancy.

Important! The period of physical and moral rest, followed by the delivery of the sample, is of great importance for the correct result.

Important qualitative changes

The severity of the pathological processes is indicated by the number of band neutrophils, young forms: myelocytes, promyelocytes, which is also called a shift to the left.

Fact! This formulation appeared because of the forms on which the results of a general clinical blood test were previously written out. Young forms of neutrophils were placed at the beginning of the table. When they were identified, the indicator numbers were placed on the left side of the table. This is where it came from - a shift in the leukocyte formula to the left.

Eosinophils

Exceeding normal values (eosinophilosis) indicates:

They may be elevated during the recovery period after severe infectious diseases.

Eosinopenia (below normal) will occur under the same conditions as leukopenia.

Basophils

Characterizes the body's ability to respond to allergic reactions. An increase from the norm (basophilia) is observed against the background of:

Blood diseases.
Chronic inflammatory processes.
Hypofunction of the thyroid gland (myxedema).
High levels of estrogen.

There will be a decrease (basopenia) in acute infections, conditions with low estrogen and thyroid hormones.

Note! The dependence of basophils on hormone levels can be used to indirectly assess the quality of therapy. Whether the analysis will show ovulation is unknown. But a decrease in estrogen levels can be noticed.

Monocytes

The most “gluttonous cells”. They are responsible for phagocytosis and, in combination with lymphocytes, participate in the immune response. Monocytosis should be expected against the background of any infections, injuries, or surgical interventions.

Monocytopenia is provoked by the same thing as leukopenia.

Lymphocytes

The most famous white blood cells. They have a regulatory function (T-lymphocytes) and are responsible for the synthesis of antibodies (B-lymphocytes). However, such a division is not included in the decoding of a general blood test: it is a very complex procedure and technique.

Raises above the norm:

Any infections.
Hyperfunction of the thyroid gland.
Toxoplasma.
Some medications: analgesics, haloperidol,.

A decrease in level - lymphopenia - will occur under the same factors as leukopenia with some exceptions: immunodeficiencies.

Platelets

They stand apart in the blood formula. These are cells without nuclei that trigger a cascade of coagulation reactions. Thrombocytosis often accompanies the following conditions:

Increased bone marrow activity (myeloproliferation).
Malignant diseases.
Chronic inflammatory processes.
Bleeding.
Postoperative period.
Splenectomy.
Treatment with corticosteroids.

The female body stands out here too: against the background of menstruation, the level of platelets can drop 25-50% of the usual amount.

Thrombocytopenia directly indicates a weakness of the blood coagulation system. There are a lot of provoking factors: from bone marrow abnormalities to alcohol consumption.

This indicator should only be assessed by a specialist, in relation to the patient’s current condition.

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate

In the minds of most people, ESR is strongly associated with the activity of inflammatory processes in the body. Actually this is not true.

ESR, without which not a single decoding of a general blood test is complete, indicates an imbalance of proteins in the blood plasma (dysproteinemia). Acceleration may indicate:

Infection.
Pregnancy.
Trauma.
Intoxication.

A slowdown in ESR may occur with:

Erythrocytosis.
Chronic circulatory failure.

Sometimes this indicator is placed at the end of the form. But its clinical importance is difficult to overestimate. This is the easiest way to assess disease progression or the effectiveness of therapy.

Modern laboratory service

It takes several hours to do a clinical blood test. The most important indicators - leukocytes, hemoglobin and ESR - are carried out in emergency cases in a few minutes.

Automated systems – analyzers – are gradually entering modern medical practice. Their use eliminates the human factor, which could sometimes lead to an error in conducting research.

The development of telemedicine has made possible such a phenomenon as online transcript analysis. The doctor can receive results from the analyzer in digital form, being at a great distance from the patient.

But such a scheme cannot be unreservedly trusted. At a minimum, along with test data, the doctor must study the patient’s life history and medical history. This is the only way to be sure of the correct interpretation of data, correct diagnosis and adequate treatment of the patient.

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I am a general practitioner, a general specialist. My competence includes issues of early diagnosis of patients and treatment of many diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, lungs and respiratory tract, liver, kidneys, cardiovascular and genitourinary systems, skin diseases, metabolic disorders, etc. 15 years of experience as a general practitioner in clinics Moscow, 5 of which I worked in the same hospital in St. Petersburg.. I will be happy to answer questions from readers of my blog.

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– one of the most popular research methods for patients and doctors. If you clearly know what a biochemical analysis from a vein shows, you can identify a number of serious ailments in the early stages, including - viral hepatitis , . Early detection of such pathologies makes it possible to apply the correct treatment and cure them.

The nurse collects blood for testing within a few minutes. Every patient should understand that this procedure does not cause any discomfort. The answer to the question of where blood is taken for analysis is clear: from a vein.

Speaking about what a biochemical blood test is and what is included in it, it should be taken into account that the results obtained are actually a kind of reflection of the general condition of the body. However, when trying to independently understand whether the analysis is normal or whether there are certain deviations from the normal value, it is important to understand what LDL is, what CK is (CPK - creatine phosphokinase), to understand what urea (urea), etc.

General information about blood biochemistry analysis - what it is and what you can find out by doing it, you will receive from this article. How much it costs to conduct such an analysis, how many days it takes to get results, should be found out directly in the laboratory where the patient intends to conduct this study.

How do you prepare for biochemical analysis?

Before donating blood, you need to carefully prepare for this process. Those who are interested in how to pass the test correctly need to take into account several fairly simple requirements:

You need to donate blood only on an empty stomach;
in the evening, on the eve of the upcoming analysis, you should not drink strong coffee, tea, consume fatty foods, or alcoholic beverages (it is better not to drink the latter for 2-3 days);
do not smoke for at least an hour before the test;
the day before the test, you should not practice any thermal procedures - go to the sauna, bathhouse, and also the person should not expose yourself to serious physical activity;
laboratory tests must be taken in the morning, before any medical procedures;
a person who is preparing for tests, upon arriving at the laboratory, should calm down a little, sit for a few minutes and catch his breath;
the answer to the question of whether it is possible to brush your teeth before taking tests is negative: in order to accurately determine blood sugar, in the morning before the test you need to ignore this hygienic procedure, and also not drink tea and coffee;
You should not take hormonal medications, diuretics, etc. before taking blood;
two weeks before the study you need to stop taking medications that affect lipids in the blood, in particular statins ;
if you need to take a full analysis again, this must be done at the same time, the laboratory must also be the same.

If a clinical blood test has been performed, the readings are deciphered by a specialist. Also, the interpretation of biochemical blood test results can be carried out using a special table, which indicates normal test results in adults and children. If any indicator differs from the norm, it is important to pay attention to this and consult with a doctor who can correctly “read” all the results obtained and give his recommendations. If necessary, blood biochemistry is prescribed: extended profile.

Interpretation table for biochemical blood tests in adults

Indicator in the study	Norm
Total protein	63-87 g/l
Protein fractions: albumin globulins (α1, α2, γ, β)
Creatinine	44-97 µmol per l – in women, 62-124 – in men
Urea	2.5-8.3 mmol/l
Uric acid	0.12-0.43 mmol/l - in men, 0.24-0.54 mmol/l - in women.
Total cholesterol	3.3-5.8 mmol/l
LDL	less than 3 mmol per l
HDL	greater than or equal to 1.2 mmol per L - in women, 1 mmol per L - in men
Glucose	3.5-6.2 mmol per l
Total bilirubin	8.49-20.58 µmol/l
Direct bilirubin	2.2-5.1 µmol/l
Triglycerides	less than 1.7 mmol per l
Aspartate aminotransferase (abbreviated as AST)	alanine aminotransferase - normal in women and men - up to 42 U/l
Alanine aminotransferase (abbreviated as ALT)	up to 38 U/l
Gamma glutamyl transferase (abbreviated GGT)	normal GGT levels are up to 33.5 U/l in men, up to 48.6 U/l in women.
Creatine kinase (abbreviated as KK)	up to 180 U/l
Alkaline phosphatase (abbreviated as ALP)	up to 260 U/l
α-amylase	up to 110 E per liter
Potassium	3.35-5.35 mmol/l
Sodium	130-155 mmol/l

Thus, a biochemical blood test makes it possible to conduct a detailed analysis to assess the functioning of internal organs. Also, decoding the results allows you to adequately “read” which macro- and microelements, needed by the body. Blood biochemistry makes it possible to recognize the presence of pathologies.

If you correctly decipher the obtained indicators, it is much easier to make any diagnosis. Biochemistry is a more detailed study than CBC. After all, decoding the indicators of a general blood test does not allow one to obtain such detailed data.

It is very important to conduct such studies when. After all, a general analysis during pregnancy does not provide the opportunity to obtain complete information. Therefore, biochemistry in pregnant women is prescribed, as a rule, in the first months and in the third trimester. In the presence of certain pathologies and poor health, this analysis is performed more often.

In modern laboratories they are able to conduct research and decipher the obtained indicators within a few hours. The patient is provided with a table containing all the data. Accordingly, it is even possible to independently track how normal blood counts are in adults and children.

Both the table for deciphering a general blood test in adults and biochemical tests are deciphered taking into account the age and gender of the patient. After all, the norm of blood biochemistry, like the norm of a clinical blood test, can vary in women and men, in young and elderly patients.

Hemogram is a clinical blood test in adults and children, which allows you to find out the amount of all blood elements, as well as their morphological features, ratio, content, etc.

Since blood biochemistry is a complex study, it also includes liver tests. Decoding the analysis allows you to determine whether liver function is normal. Liver parameters are important for diagnosing pathologies of this organ. The following data make it possible to assess the structural and functional state of the liver: ALT, GGTP (the GGTP norm in women is slightly lower), alkaline phosphatase, level and total protein. Liver tests are performed when necessary to establish or confirm the diagnosis.

Cholinesterase determined for the purpose of diagnosing the severity and condition of the liver, as well as its functions.

Blood sugar determined to assess the functions of the endocrine system. You can find out what a blood sugar test is called directly in the laboratory. The sugar symbol can be found on the results sheet. What is sugar called? It is referred to as "glucose" or "GLU" in English.

The norm is important CRP , since a jump in these indicators indicates the development of inflammation. Index AST indicates pathological processes associated with tissue destruction.

Index M.I.D. in a blood test it is determined during a general analysis. The MID level allows you to determine the development of infectious diseases, anemia, etc. The MID indicator allows you to assess the state of the human immune system.

ICSU is an indicator of the average concentration in . If MSHC is elevated, the reasons for this are related to a lack or folic acid , as well as congenital spherocytosis.

MPV - average value of the volume measured.

Lipidogram provides for the determination of total, HDL, LDL, and triglycerides. The lipid spectrum is determined to identify lipid metabolism disorders in the body.

Norm blood electrolytes indicates the normal course of metabolic processes in the body.

Seromucoid – this is a fraction of proteins, which includes a group of glycoproteins. Speaking about what seromucoid is, it should be taken into account that if the connective tissue is destroyed, degraded or damaged, seromucoids enter the blood plasma. Therefore, seromucoids are determined to predict development.

LDH, LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) - This is involved in the oxidation of glucose and the production of lactic acid.

Research on osteocalcin carried out for diagnostics.

Analysis on ferritin (protein complex, the main intracellular iron depot) is carried out if hemochromatosis, chronic inflammatory and infectious diseases, or tumors are suspected.

Blood test for ASO important for diagnosing types of complications after a streptococcal infection.

In addition, other indicators are determined, and other investigations are carried out (protein electrophoresis, etc.). The norm of a biochemical blood test is displayed in special tables. It displays the norm of a biochemical blood test in women; the table also provides information about normal values in men. But still, about how to decipher a general blood test and how to read the data of a biochemical analysis, it is better to ask a specialist who will adequately evaluate the results in a comprehensive manner and prescribe the appropriate treatment.

Deciphering the biochemistry of blood in children is carried out by the specialist who ordered the studies. For this purpose, a table is also used, which indicates the norm for all indicators in children.

In veterinary medicine, there are also standards for biochemical blood parameters for dogs and cats - the corresponding tables indicate the biochemical composition of animal blood.

What some indicators mean in a blood test is discussed in more detail below.

Protein means a lot in the human body, as it takes part in the creation of new cells, in the transport of substances and the formation of humoral proteins.

The composition of proteins includes 20 main proteins; they also contain inorganic substances, vitamins, lipid and carbohydrate residues.

The liquid part of the blood contains approximately 165 proteins, and their structure and role in the body are different. Proteins are divided into three different protein fractions:

globulins (α1, α2, β, γ);
fibrinogen .

Since protein production occurs mainly in the liver, their level indicates its synthetic function.

If a proteinogram indicates that there is a decrease in total protein levels in the body, this phenomenon is defined as hypoproteinemia. A similar phenomenon is observed in the following cases:

during protein fasting - if a person follows a certain diet, practices vegetarianism;
if there is increased excretion of protein in the urine - with kidney disease;
if a person loses a lot of blood - with bleeding, heavy periods;
in case of serious burns;
with exudative pleurisy, exudative, ascites;
with the development of malignant neoplasms;
if protein formation is impaired - with hepatitis;
when absorption of substances decreases – when , colitis, enteritis, etc.;
after prolonged use of glucocorticosteroids.

An increased level of protein in the body is hyperproteinemia . There is a distinction between absolute and relative hyperproteinemia.

A relative increase in proteins develops in the event of loss of the liquid part of the plasma. This happens if you are worried about constant vomiting, with cholera.

An absolute increase in protein is noted if inflammatory processes or myeloma occur.

The concentrations of this substance change by 10% with changes in body position, as well as during physical activity.

Why do the concentrations of protein fractions change?

Protein fractions – globulins, albumins, fibrinogen.

A standard blood biotest does not involve the determination of fibrinogen, which reflects the blood clotting process. - analysis in which this indicator is determined.

When are protein levels elevated?

Albumin level:

if fluid loss occurs during infectious diseases;
for burns.

A-globulins:

for systemic connective tissue diseases ( , );
with purulent inflammation in acute form;
for burns during the recovery period;
in patients with glomerulonephritis.

B-globulins:

for hyperlipoproteinemia in people with diabetes;
with a bleeding ulcer in the stomach or intestines;
with nephrotic syndrome;
at .

Gamma globulins are elevated in the blood:

for viral and bacterial infections;
for systemic connective tissue diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, dermatomyositis, scleroderma);
for allergies;
for burns;
with helminthic infestation.

When is the level of protein fractions reduced?

in newborns due to underdevelopment of liver cells;
for lungs;
during pregnancy;
for liver diseases;
with bleeding;
in case of plasma accumulation in body cavities;
for malignant tumors.

Not only cell construction occurs in the body. They also break down, and in the process, nitrogenous bases accumulate. They are formed in the human liver and are excreted through the kidneys. Therefore, if the indicators nitrogen metabolism elevated, then there is likely to be a dysfunction of the liver or kidneys, as well as excessive breakdown of proteins. Basic indicators of nitrogen metabolism – creatinine , urea . Less commonly detected are ammonia, creatine, residual nitrogen, and uric acid.

Urea (urea)

glomerulonephritis, acute and chronic;
poisoning with various substances - dichloroethane, ethylene glycol, mercury salts;
arterial hypertension;
crash syndrome;
polycystic disease or kidney;

Reasons causing the decrease:

increased urine output;
administration of glucose;
liver failure;
decrease in metabolic processes;
starvation;
hypothyroidism

Creatinine

Reasons for the increase:

renal failure in acute and chronic forms;
decompensated;
acromegaly;
muscle dystrophy;
burns.

Uric acid

Reasons for the increase:

leukemia;
vitamin B-12 deficiency;
acute infectious diseases;
Vaquez disease;
liver diseases;
severe diabetes mellitus;
skin pathologies;
carbon monoxide poisoning, barbiturates.

Glucose

Glucose is considered the main indicator of carbohydrate metabolism. It is the main energy product that enters the cell, since the vital activity of the cell depends specifically on oxygen and glucose. After a person has eaten, glucose enters the liver, and there it is utilized in the form glycogen . These pancreatic processes are controlled - and glucagon . Due to a lack of glucose in the blood, hypoglycemia develops; its excess indicates that hyperglycemia is occurring.

Violation of blood glucose concentration occurs in the following cases:

Hypoglycemia

with prolonged fasting;
in case of malabsorption of carbohydrates - with enteritis, etc.;
with hypothyroidism;
for chronic liver pathologies;
with chronic adrenal insufficiency;
with hypopituitarism;
in case of overdose of insulin or hypoglycemic drugs taken orally;
with, insulinoma, meningoencephalitis, .

Hyperglycemia

for diabetes mellitus of the first and second types;
with thyrotoxicosis;
in case of tumor development;
with the development of tumors of the adrenal cortex;
with pheochromocytoma;
in people who practice treatment with glucocorticoids;
at ;
for injuries and brain tumors;
with psycho-emotional agitation;
if carbon monoxide poisoning occurs.

Specific colored proteins are peptides that contain metal (copper, iron). These are myoglobin, hemoglobin, cytochrome, cerulloplasmin, etc. Bilirubin is the end product of the breakdown of such proteins. When the existence of a red blood cell in the spleen ends, biliverdin reductase produces bilirubin, which is called indirect or free. This bilirubin is toxic, so it is harmful to the body. However, since its rapid connection with blood albumin occurs, poisoning of the body does not occur.

At the same time, in people who suffer from cirrhosis and hepatitis, there is no connection with glucuronic acid in the body, so the analysis shows a high level of bilirubin. Next, indirect bilirubin binds to glucuronic acid in liver cells, and it is converted into conjugated or direct bilirubin (DBil), which is not toxic. Its high level is observed when Gilbert's syndrome , biliary dyskinesias . If liver tests are performed, they may show high levels of direct bilirubin if liver cells are damaged.

Rheumatic tests

Rheumatic tests – a comprehensive immunochemical blood test, which includes a study to determine rheumatoid factor, an analysis of circulating immune complexes, and the determination of antibodies to o-streptolysin. Rheumatic tests can be carried out independently, as well as as part of studies that involve immunochemistry. Rheumatic tests should be carried out if there are complaints of joint pain.

conclusions

Thus, a general therapeutic detailed biochemical blood test is a very important study in the diagnostic process. For those who want to conduct a full extended HD blood test or OBC in a clinic or laboratory, it is important to take into account that each laboratory uses a certain set of reagents, analyzers and other equipment. Consequently, the norms of indicators may vary, which must be taken into account when studying what a clinical blood test or biochemistry results show. Before reading the results, it is important to make sure that the form issued by the medical institution indicates the standards in order to interpret the test results correctly. The norm of OAC in children is also indicated on the forms, but a doctor must evaluate the results obtained.

Many people are interested in: blood test form 50 - what is it and why take it? This is a test to determine the antibodies that are in the body if it is infected. An f50 analysis is done both when HIV is suspected and for the purpose of prevention in a healthy person. It is also worth properly preparing for such a study.

Education: Graduated from Rivne State Basic Medical College with a degree in Pharmacy. Graduated from Vinnitsa State Medical University named after. M.I. Pirogov and internship at his base.

Experience: From 2003 to 2013, she worked as a pharmacist and manager of a pharmacy kiosk. She was awarded diplomas and decorations for many years of conscientious work. Articles on medical topics were published in local publications (newspapers) and on various Internet portals.

Each of us at least once in our lives, at the slightest suspicion of any disease, took a CBC - a general blood test.

This study is the most:

accessible, it is carried out in every public and private health care facility, and at a price acceptable to any wallet,
is carried out in the shortest possible time - a day, and if the mark is CITO! – urgently – within 1.5 – 2 hours,
informative.

Can be done in the form:

Triples: Hb – hemoglobin, Le – leukocytes, ESR – erythrocyte sedimentation rate.
Detailed analysis with leukocyte formula.

A comprehensive general blood test includes:

Hemoglobin.
Red blood cells.
Color index.
Reticulocytes.
Platelets.
Leukocytes: band, segmented, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes.

We do a general blood test, which is mandatory for any disease, to get a complete picture of the body’s condition. It is included in the mandatory list of examinations during a preventive examination or contacting a health care facility regarding any ailment. It includes, first of all, indicators of the values of shaped elements.

Go online, and when you ask what is included in a general blood test, you will get a lot of varied information. After reading this article, you will have a complete understanding of this issue.

But first it is worth saying that blood is, first of all, an organ that lives according to its own physiological laws. Its volume is 6-7% of the mass of an adult. It circulates through the vessels: arteries carry blood enriched with oxygen from the lungs to all organs and systems.

This is arterial blood, it is scarlet in color. And through the veins flows blood saturated with carbon dioxide and metabolic products; this is venous blood of a dark red color. Passing through the liver, it is cleansed of poisons and toxins. It again enters the lungs, is enriched with oxygen and carries it along with nutrients to its destination. And this happens all the time, whether we are awake or asleep.

Blood consists of a liquid part - plasma and formed elements.

Proteins, minerals, vitamins and breakdown products are dissolved in plasma. A decrease in its volume leads to thickening of the blood and difficulty in circulation, which can cause ischemic phenomena - heart attacks and strokes.

Shaped elements are also an important component. Each group included there performs its own specific functions. Their overall meaning can be expressed in three words: transport, protection and regulation.

Blood counts

A clinical blood test includes the study of 5 main parameters:

Hemoglobin.
Red blood cells.
Platelets.
Leukocytes.

Their level indicates what changes are occurring in the body - whether it is healthy or whether there is some kind of pathological process.

Let's take a closer look at each of the parameters.

Hemoglobin

This is a protein compound with iron. Performs a transport role. Iron enters the body with food, its consumption per day should be at least 20 mg. It is better absorbed in the presence of vitamin C and is found in large quantities in:

red meat,
pork and beef liver,
buckwheat,
dried apricots,
nuts,
black raisins,
grenade,
apricots

Its normal numbers indicate good hematopoietic function of the bone marrow. The decrease occurs when:

Massive internal and external bleeding.
Chronic internal bleeding due to uterine fibroids, gastric and duodenal ulcers, erosive and ulcerative colitis.
Hematopoietic function disorders.

Red blood cells

The blood cells are biconcave in shape and their red color comes from the hemoglobin content. They play a transport and nutritional role. They are assessed by shape, color intensity, and quantity. Among them, there should normally not be more than 1% of reticulocytes - young forms.

An increase in the number of red blood cells leads to thickening of the blood - erythrocytosis, which can be observed in hot weather when the body is dehydrated, using diuretics for a long time, or losing plasma. A decrease in the number of red blood cells indicates anemia.

Platelets

Colorless cells perform one of the most important functions: stopping bleeding, as well as nourishing and restoring the integrity of the damaged vessel wall. Due to their special structure, they have special processes; they form a mesh at the site of bleeding, onto which fibrin is deposited. They bind tightly to each other and, thus, a plug is formed - a thrombus, which closes the defect in the vessel wall and the bleeding stops.

Thrombocytosis occurs when the normal platelet count increases. It leads to increased blood clotting, which prevents massive blood loss during operations. But it is pathological under normal conditions, as it leads to increased thrombus formation and vascular disasters.

Leukocytes

White blood cells are responsible for the body's defenses. Their increased number indicates:

inflammatory process,
infectious,
poisoning,
injury,
any disease of the internal organs,
or leukemia.

and a decreased one indicates problems in the immune status. A clinical detailed blood test always includes a description of the leukocyte formula:

Band and segmented cells.

Normally, the amount ranges from 19-38%. They are responsible for the formation of the immune response at the cellular and humoral levels. So, when foreign agents invade, they cause the production of special hormones, which in turn stimulate an increase in the number of T-lymphocytes. They are the ones who surround the “enemy” and “destroy” him. A clear example of this is the formation of boils or abscesses at the site of infection, such as staphylococcus or streptococcus.

Normally, their number should not exceed 1%. They instantly respond to the introduction of various poisons, toxins and inflammatory processes. Their levels also increase in some blood diseases, such as myeloid leukemia or hemolytic anemia.

Their normal level in the blood is in the range of 3-11%. They exercise a kind of face control of all foreign substances and give the command to eosinophils and lymphocytes to destroy them.

Sometimes when describing the leukocyte formula they write “shift to the left or to the right.” A shift to the left indicates an increase in immature young forms of leukocytes in the blood. This picture can be observed in sepsis, generalized infectious processes, when the body throws all its strength into fighting the pathological process. It intensively produces leukocytes and then immature elements enter the blood. But a shift to the right is characteristic of liver and kidney disease.

The color indicator is the ratio of blood volume to red blood cells. It is different for men, women and children.

Reticulocytes are young red blood cells. Their rate normally ranges from 0.2-1.2%.

ESR

The erythrocyte sedimentation rate indicates the speed at which they stick together. Normal values for women are from 2-15mm/hour, for men – 1-10mm/hour. Their increase occurs during heavy physical exertion, cancer and inflammatory processes.

Its high levels with low values of leukocytes indicate a sharp decrease in immunity.

From all that has been said, it is clear that blood is a living and important organ of the human body. Every drop of it carries life!

Only a doctor can qualitatively interpret the results of a blood test. However, as in any specialty, in medicine there are good and not so good specialists.

Of course, only an authoritative commission can determine the level of a doctor’s true qualifications, but we want to control the quality of the care provided ourselves, if only to develop trust in the doctor and his recommendations. In this article we tell you how to understand what a deviation in a particular blood test parameter means.

From a standard analysis form you can find out what normal blood test values should be, but this is often not enough to determine pathology. It is important to know exactly how an increase or decrease in the indicator affects the physiology of the body. It is valuable to know under the influence of what factors the value of the analysis can rise or fall, in what combinations these changes become a characteristic syndrome - a group of typical signs of the disease. Let's try to understand each indicator separately.

TABLE OF GENERAL CLINICAL BLOOD ANALYSIS INDICATORS WITH DECODING

Red blood cells (RBC) - red blood cells, flattened cells without a nucleus, delivering oxygen to tissues and removing the main “waste” from them, a metabolic product - carbon dioxide. A decrease in the level of red blood cells, as red blood cells are also called, indicates a possible deficiency of oxygen in the tissues. If the number of red blood cells is increased, this may indicate blood thickening and the danger of thrombosis. Norms For men: 4.3 – 6.2 x 10 12 /l; For women: 3.8 – 5.5 x 10 12 /l; For children: 3.8 – 5.5 x 10 12 /l.
Hemoglobin (HGB, Hb) – the main protein of the erythrocyte, which has a high chemical affinity for oxygen and carbon dioxide. It is on it that molecules of vital gas are transferred to the tissues of the body, and the main “slag” of the body - carbon dioxide - from the tissues. Its decrease directly indicates the presence of anemia, and its increase is a consequence of dehydration or blood thickening. Norm: 120-140 g/l.
Red blood cell distribution width (RDWc) is a percentage that determines how much the largest red blood cell in a blood sample differs in diameter from the smallest. A difference of more than 15% indicates anisocytosis, a characteristic sign of anemia. Norm: 11,5 – 14,5% .
Red blood cell volume (MCV) - a characteristic of the average size of red blood cells and another factor in the assessment and differentiation of red blood cells, indicating anemia. A decrease in the indicator indicates iron deficiency or microcytic anemia, an increase indicates a deficiency of folic acid (aka vitamin B12), which indicates the presence of megaloblastic anemia. Norm for an adult: 80 – 100 fl.
Red blood cell hemoglobin content (MCH) – a factor, a decrease in which indicates iron deficiency anemia, an increase - in megaloblastic anemia. Normal index: 26-35 gu (pg).
Red blood cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)- an extremely important and rather rare indicator that reveals hidden inflammatory processes in the body, malignant tumors, anemia in cases of its increase. A decrease may indicate an increased number of red blood cells. Norm: 30 – 370 g/l.
Hematocrit (HCT) – an indicator that determines the volume of red blood cells in the total blood volume. An increased hematocrit indicates an increase in the content of red blood cells (erythrocytosis), which occurs with dehydration. A decrease in hematocrit is another factor in identifying anemia. It may also indicate an abnormal increase in the liquid fraction of the blood. Standards have gender differences: for men normal hematocrit 39 – 49% , for women 35 – 45% , which is associated with monthly blood loss.
Platelets (RLT) – the indicator reports the number of cells in a liter of blood responsible for the clumping of red blood cells into dense conglomerates, preventing the flow of blood from the vessels when they are injured. An increase in platelet levels is observed after removal of the spleen and in a number of other diseases. A decrease in the indicator indicates cirrhosis of the liver, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, aplastic anemia or congenital blood diseases. Norm: 180 – 320 x 10 9 /l.
White blood cells (WBC) – the indicator determines the number of white blood cells per liter of blood. Their main function is to protect the body from bacteria. An increase in the number of leukocytes indicates the onset and development of a bacterial attack in the body. White blood cell levels decrease in blood disorders, certain specific infections, and in response to certain medications. Normal the following indicator is considered: 4.0 – 9.0 x 10 9 /l.
Granulocytes (GRA, GRAN) – the indicator indicates the number of specific humoral immune cells per liter of blood. It increases during inflammatory events, the level of granulocytes decreases under the influence of certain drugs, with aplastic anemia and systemic lupus erythematosus. Fine: 1.2-6.8 x 10 9 /l(sometimes indicated in quantity per microliter, then the standard is 1.2-6.8 x 10 3 /µl).
Monocytes (MON) - This is a type of leukocyte, the number of which is calculated separately. These cells turn into macrophages - very large blood cells whose job is to absorb and process bacteria and dead body cells. An increase in the number of monocytes is a characteristic sign of infectious diseases, rheumatoid arthritis and some blood diseases. A decrease in the number of monocytes often occurs under the influence of immunosuppressants - drugs that suppress the immune system. A decrease is also observed after severe injuries, operations or fasting. Normal level : 0.1-0.7 x 10 9 /l (or 0.1-0.7 x 10 3 /µl); sometimes expressed as MON% 4 – 10%.
Lymphocytes (LYM, LY%) - another type of white blood cell present in normal blood. The lymphocyte specializes in fighting viruses and some bacteria, and belongs to the cells of humoral immunity. The rate increases with viral infections, radiation sickness, taking certain medications, and blood diseases. Decreases with various immunodeficiencies characteristic of renal failure, taking immunosuppressants, prolonged fasting, fatigue, HIV). The indicator is considered normal 1.2 - 3.0x10 9 /l (or 1.2-63.0 x 10 3 /μl); sometimes they express it like this LY% 25-40%.

These indicators are not limited to blood tests, but they are considered the main ones. By itself, each of them is not a sufficient basis for making a diagnosis and is considered only in conjunction with other indicators, data from a physical examination (examination by a doctor) and other studies.

OTHER ANALYSIS DECODING OPTIONS

It is important to remember that in addition to standard blood test data for adult men and women, there are also independent indicators and options norms for children, and at each age separately, for pregnant women, for the elderly.

Labtest SPb specialists will be happy to help you decipher blood tests and other laboratory parameters. We are waiting for you at eight medical centers in St. Petersburg. Come if you need help!

Sometimes doctors get a blood test in English. It is not always possible to immediately determine which abbreviated name for a general clinical or biochemical blood test indicator corresponds to those generally accepted in Russia. Below we provide an illustration with a decoding of generally accepted blood test indicators in English.

In the Labtest network of medical centers with its own laboratory, you can do this and other tests of more than 500 without an appointment or preliminary calls, for both adults and children. There is also an on-site collection of tests in St. Petersburg and nearby suburbs.

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Complete blood count (clinical blood test)- a laboratory test that allows you to evaluate hemoglobin levels in the blood, the number of red blood cells, the number of leukocytes, platelets, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and other important indicators.

A complete clinical blood test is the most common test. Prescribed for preventive examinations, as well as for most diseases.

Using a general blood test, you can identify: viral and bacterial diseases, the presence of inflammatory or malignant processes, pathologies, various disorders in hematopoiesis, possible helminthiases and allergies, and also allows you to assess the general state of human health.

Preparing for a general blood test

The blood test must be taken in the morning on an empty stomach. For 6-8 hours (preferably 12) before taking a general blood test, eating, as well as drinks such as juice, tea, coffee and alcohol, are not allowed. It is necessary to reduce physical activity. Do not use medications; otherwise, inform your doctor about the medications.

Only water, preferably boiled, is allowed.

Blood sampling for analysis is carried out:

from a finger (in most cases, a ring finger)
from a vein

General blood test - interpretation

HGB – hemoglobin. Blood pigment of red blood cells. Transports oxygen from the lungs to the organs and tissues of the body, and then back carbon dioxide to the lungs.

Increased hemoglobin is provoked by: excessive physical activity, staying at high altitudes, blood thickening, smoking.

Reduced hemoglobin provokes: .

RBC - red blood cells(red blood cells). Elements of blood that contain hemoglobin. They are involved in the transport of oxygen and support biological oxidation processes in the body.

A slight increase in the number of red blood cells is acceptable. A slight increase in red blood cells may be due to -, blood thickening due to a burn, or taking diuretics.

Increased number of red blood cells: neoplasms, polycystic kidney disease, hydrocele of the renal pelvis, Cushing's disease and syndrome, treatment with steroids.

Reduced number of red blood cells: anemia, pregnancy, blood loss, decreased intensity of red blood cell formation in the bone marrow, accelerated destruction of red blood cells, overhydration.

Color index. Indicates the hemoglobin content in red blood cells.

Increased color index: deficiency and, gastric polyposis.

Reduced color index: anemia, diseases with impaired hemoglobin synthesis.

RTC - reticulocytes. Young, immature forms of red blood cells that are normally found in the bone marrow.

Increased reticulocyte count: increased red blood cell production with.

Reduced reticulocyte count: aplastic anemia, kidney disease, impaired red blood cell maturation.

PLT - platelets. Elements formed from bone marrow cells involved in the process of blood clotting.

A natural increase in platelet levels is observed after physical activity, and a decrease during and during pregnancy.

Increased platelet levels: inflammatory process in the body, polycythemia, myeloid leukemia, after removal of the spleen and surgical operations.

Reduced platelet levels: poor blood clotting, thrombocytopenic purpura, systemic autoimmune diseases, aplastic anemia, hemolytic anemia, hemolytic disease, isoimmunization by blood group and Rh factor.

ESR - ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate). An indicator of the pathological state of the body.

Increased ESR: infectious and inflammatory diseases (inflammation, acute infection, poisoning), anemia, collagenosis, kidney damage, liver damage, endocrine disorders, pregnancy, the postpartum period, menstruation, bone fractures, postoperative period.

Reduced ESR: hyperbilirubinemia, increased levels of bile acids, chronic circulatory failure, erythremia, hypofibrinogenemia.

WBC - white blood cells(white blood cells). Formed in the bone marrow and lymph nodes. Designed to recognize and neutralize foreign components, protect cellular immunity from viruses and bacteria, and eliminate dying cells of one's own body. Types of leukocytes: lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes.

Increased number of leukocytes (leukocytosis): acute inflammatory processes, purulent processes, infectious diseases, tissue injuries, during pregnancy, after childbirth and during feeding, after physical exertion.

Reduced number of leukocytes (leukopenia): bone marrow aplasia or hypoplasia, radiation sickness, typhoid fever, viral diseases; , Addison-Biermer disease, collagenosis, bone marrow aplasia and hypoplasia, bone marrow damage by chemicals or drugs, hypersplenism, acute leukemia, myelofibrosis, myelodysplastic syndromes, plasmacytoma, metastases of neoplasms in the bone marrow, pernicious anemia, typhus and paratyphoid fever.

A reduced amount may also occur while taking or after certain medications.

LYM – lymphocytes. These are the main cells of the immune system. They fight viral infections, destroy foreign cells and their own, if they have mutated, release antibodies into the blood - immunoglobulins.

Increased number of lymphocytes: viral infections, lymphocytic leukemia.

Reduced number of lymphocytes: acute non-viral infections, aplastic anemia, systemic lupus erythematosus, immunodeficiency conditions, loss of lymph.

Neutrophils – stab And segmented. This is a group of white blood cells. Their main task is to destroy pathogenic bacteria in the blood and tissues. When netrophils encounter a bacterium, they absorb it, break it down within themselves and die.

Increased number of neutrophils: sepsis, blood diseases, intoxication, gangrene, extensive burns, appendicitis, ENT infections, malignant tumor, cholera,.

An increase in neutrophils can also be caused by a recent vaccination, past illness, pregnancy, exercise, and even a heavy meal.

Reduced number of neutrophils: leukemia, anemia, B12 and folic acid deficiency, side effect after certain medications, after chemotherapy, typhoid, etc.

Reduced levels of eosinophils: childbirth, purulent infections, surgery, shock.

BAS - basophils. They are a subtype of granulocytic leukocytes. Responsible for the release of histamine.

Increased basophil content: hypersensitivity reactions, chronic sinusitis.

Reduced basophil levels: pregnancy, ovulation, stress, acute infections.

MON - monocytes. Very important cells of the immune system. They are responsible for the final destruction of foreign cells and proteins, foci of inflammation and damaged tissue. They are the first to encounter the antigen and present it to the lymphocytes for an immune response.

Increased number of monocytes: viral and fungal infections, sarcoidosis, leukemia, systemic connective tissue diseases.

Reduced number of monocytes: aplastic anemia, hairy cell leukemia.

Information about the norm of general blood test indicators in this article is provided for informational purposes. You cannot decipher the analysis, make a diagnosis and prescribe treatment yourself!!! To correctly decipher and make a diagnosis, more information and consultation with a doctor are required.

General blood test - normal

Normal blood counts can be found in the following table:

Where can I get a blood test?

- Expected...

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