Vomiting how to treat. Vomiting is the logical conclusion to nausea. Treatment of hormonal disorders

The process of vomiting at least once in a lifetime overtook any person. As a result of exposure to some external or internal factors, a person develops a painful condition associated with nausea or without nausea, as a result of which the contents of the digestive tract do not come out naturally, but through the esophagus, oral cavity and nasal passages, that is, the usual passage of food and liquid through the body is reversed. The etiology of the process is very diverse, since infections, nervous disorders, diseases of the digestive tract, and banal pitching in transport can provoke vomiting.

General description of the concept: why does a person vomit

In addition to an absolutely characteristic external manifestation, namely, the release of the contents of the digestive tract from the mouth and nose, the process of vomiting also has complex internal mechanisms, and is a reflex act associated with the activity of the vomiting center in the brain. The excitation of the activity of the center can be provoked by internal changes in the body, or by the influence of the external environment.

The presence of a gag reflex in a person is due to the body's defense system, which works to urgently remove the toxic and toxic substances present in it. However, vomiting is not always caused only by intoxication or poisoning. Excitation of the reflex is caused by dozens of different factors.

Vomiting of nervous origin can be the result of diseases and organic lesions of the membranes or tissues of the brain, disorders and disorders of the processes of cerebral circulation. It can also be observed if the organs of the vestibular apparatus (cerebellum, ear labyrinth) are irritated or pathological. The psychogenic type of state is caused by psychosomatic diseases, emotional disorders.

The appearance of vomiting may be associated with an irritating effect on the mucous membranes and tissues of internal organs - the liver, stomach, intestines, gallbladder, or with inflammation of the peritoneum and internal genital organs, kidneys. Irritation of the root of the tongue, mucous membranes of the pharynx and pharynx is the most well-known mechanical method to induce vomiting, which is used by some people suffering from eating disorders.

Also, the vomiting center can be affected by toxins produced by bacteria, poisons, own toxic substances formed as a result of metabolic processes, and not fully excreted in diseases of the kidneys, liver, and endocrine problems.

There is no specific treatment for vomiting. Separately, vomiting is not considered as an independent disease - it is always considered a symptom of other health problems.

In most cases, the onset of the vomiting process is preceded by a state of nausea, increased salivation, deep and dizzy. First, the diaphragm descends, then the glottis closes and the pyloric section of the stomach is sharply reduced. After that, the body of the organ and the esophageal sphincter (the valve that marks the place where the esophagus passes into the stomach) relax, and the phenomenon of antiperistalsis occurs. A sudden contraction of the diaphragm and the muscular structure of the abdominal press creates an increase in intra-abdominal and intra-gastric pressure, due to which the contents of the stomach are thrown into the esophagus and higher, through the mouth and nasal passages out.

A person at this time has a blanching of the skin, sharply advancing, increased heart rate, palpitations, and a decrease in blood pressure.

To diagnose and identify the etiology of the onset of vomiting, the doctor needs to pay attention to the time when the condition occurred, whether nausea preceded it, or vomiting passed without nausea, as well as what volumes of vomit came out, what color, consistency they had.

Classification of the state of vomiting, types of vomit

Physicians today know a large number of types of the state of vomiting. So, depending on where the impact that caused the release of vomit is localized, vomiting happens:

gastric, if irritation of the mucous membranes of the stomach appears against the background, for example, medicines or chemicals, spoiled food;
central origin: comes on suddenly, without nausea, and can last for a long time without bringing relief.

Vomiting provoked by factors of central origin is divided into:

conditioned reflex;
cerebral;
toxic;
medication.

The first type occurs due to mechanical irritation of the soft palate, the root of the tongue, the peritoneum, as well as in some diseases of the internal organs (appendicitis, cholecystitis, renal colic). Cerebral vomiting is the result of a pathological increase in intracranial pressure. With toxic vomiting, poisoning with toxic substances, toxins takes place. Medical vomiting is formed against the background of the action of drugs such as apomorphine on the corresponding reflex center in the medulla oblongata.

Also distinguish vomiting in the morning (morning), evening, in a dream. Vomiting can be single or multiple.

The structure and characteristics of the vomit are of known diagnostic value, since any impurities in them indicate the causes of vomiting. Of course, it is impossible to make a diagnosis only on the basis of these data, but the attending physician must record information about the structure and nature of vomit in the medical history, and subsequently study it.

Vomiting bile

In appearance it has a characteristic yellow or green color. In children, it can form after eating, especially due to overeating, if the child lies on his stomach in this state. Vomiting of bile is present in case of poisoning, against the background of appendicitis.

Vomiting of bile in the morning, which intensifies as food enters the digestive tract, is characteristic of pylorus stenosis, for a state of exacerbation of the chronic form of gastritis, biliary colic, cholelithiasis and other pathologies of the bile ducts. This type of vomiting is periodic, overtakes a person every 2-3 hours, and does not bring him relief. A similar type of vomiting accompanies intestinal obstruction, and some other diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.

In addition, bile begins to come out with vomit if vomiting is very intense and lasts more than a day. For example, if a person develops severe poisoning after alcohol, first he vomits when he eats and drinks, then when he drinks, and then just with bile, a liquid yellow or greenish mass. Bile contents are sometimes accompanied by morning vomiting with toxicosis.

Blood in vomit

Hematemesis is a very dangerous syndrome that signals intestinal or gastric bleeding and associated blood loss. Doctors establish the etiology of bleeding - it can be a peptic ulcer of the intestine or stomach, damage to the walls of organs of any nature, cirrhosis of the liver. The color of the masses coming out with the blood at the same time acquires a shade of coffee grounds.

If the problem lies in the digestive tract, the patient is accompanied by a hard or liquid tar-like stool. The brown shade of the outgoing masses is also taken with infectious toxicosis.

The red color of bloody vomit indicates damage, possibly rupture of the walls and tissues of the stomach, intestines, esophagus, and pharynx. Sometimes the presence of blood and red color in the masses is caused by concomitant bleeding in the nasal passages or in the oral cavity.

Foam with blood in the vomit indicates pulmonary hemorrhage.

Vomit like curdled milk

It is observed in newborn children, and indicates that the product cannot overcome the stomach cavity and pass further. Such a pathology may be a sign of pylorospasm or pyloric stenosis. The outgoing masses acquire a sour smell.

Mucus in vomit

It is often present in the morning, before breakfast, and accompanies people with chronic forms of alcoholism, heavy smokers and patients with chronic bronchitis. It is especially characteristic in smokers that mucus is vomited after morning attacks.

Infants during feeding can give out mucus during vomiting - this is considered a normal variant that occurs due to coughing up mucus from the bronchi. Children are especially likely to vomit mucus after taking certain foods (,).

In adults, mucus in masses indicates acute or chronic forms of gastritis, damage to the gastric mucosa, and may be present with rotavirus.

Why does fecal vomiting appear

The so-called vomiting of feces is a symptom of a fistula between the stomach and the transverse colon. Due to intestinal obstruction, vomit is very similar to feces in appearance and smell.

Vomiting in people at different ages

The state of vomiting can be observed in adults and children, in women, in men of different ages, it can be one-time and systematic.

Vomiting in an adult, if it is single, is sometimes due to the result of motion sickness in transport, or a reaction to food poisoning, drinks, excess alcohol, infectious diseases, such as enteroviruses. Such vomiting rarely lasts more than 2 days, it has quite understandable and visible reasons: infection, poisoning, mechanical effects on the body. Elementary measures, including taking detoxification drugs and drugs against the pathogen, rest, and after a day or two, vomiting stops. If this does not happen, you should seek medical attention.

Vomiting in women

The condition can be observed not only in diseases - it is often associated with pregnancy in women of reproductive age, sometimes with mental pathologies and conditions. Some women suffer from bouts of nausea and vomiting during menstruation.

The presence of vomiting in a woman of reproductive age without a cause may indicate the presence of pregnancy, so the likelihood of its onset should be assessed. Vomiting is one of the main signs of toxicosis that accompanies the first months of pregnancy. The state of toxicosis is associated with hormonal changes in the body during pregnancy, so a certain degree of malaise, of course, will be present.

Further, as the uterus with the fetus inside increases, the digestive tract organs are gradually compressed, food cannot move completely freely through the digestive tract, therefore, after eating, a woman may experience nausea followed by vomiting.

In addition, among women more than among men, such mental illnesses as are common - they are characterized by an eating disorder, when a sick person for weight loss causes himself to vomit specifically to get rid of what he has eaten.

Given the peculiarities of the female psyche, it is the weak half of humanity that is more prone to the appearance of stress and nervous disorders. Against the background of strong emotional experiences, there is aversion and non-assimilation of food, when even after one sip of water a person vomits.

Vomiting in men

A similar condition is less commonly observed in the male half of the population, if there is no alcohol abuse. The problem with male vomiting is that usually men delay visiting a doctor until the last minute, and the more time passes, the more the disease or state of malaise can progress.

Vomiting characteristic of children

The presence of vomiting in a child, if it occurs without a temperature, is the norm for some age periods, and does not always indicate the presence of diseases. So, for example, regurgitation in infants, vomiting in infants during teething and during the introduction of complementary foods is considered normal. The presence of psychogenic vomiting is acceptable - of course, the child's condition in this case cannot be called normal, but it does not require immediate intervention by doctors.

However, life-threatening conditions cannot be ruled out. For example, in children under one year of age, vomiting can develop against the background of the presence of pyloric stenosis - obstruction or narrowing of the junction between the stomach and intestines, or with intestinal intussusception, when a section of the intestine is introduced into the adjacent loop of the intestine, and all the contents of the intestinal cavity cannot move freely along along it to the rectum to exit.

For children over the age of one year and up to 12-14 years, the presence of acetonemic syndrome is possible: a set of symptoms when the child has an increased blood content of ketone bodies - acetone, acetoacetic and betahydroxybutyric acids. Due to their high concentration in the blood plasma, the affected person suffers from vomiting. The so-called "acetone" in children develops due to stress, endogenous disorders, and poisoning. At the same time, girls suffer from acetone vomiting more often than boys. The condition acquires the character of repeated and indomitable, after each attack there comes only a short-term relief. To stop the crisis, it is necessary to conduct a course of intravenous injections of an antiemetic nature, as well as to administer drugs to restore water and electrolyte balance. Secondary acetonemic syndrome can develop against the background of ketosis and ketacidosis with, after removal of the tonsils, with some infectious diseases.

In children under 3 years of age, there is a possibility of a foreign body entering the esophagus, as evidenced by repeated vomiting with white foam, without diarrhea and fever.

In school-age children, adolescents, vomiting can be psychogenic due to stress and anxiety.

Symptoms of vomiting and typical manifestations

How to determine the approach of vomiting? Even if it is not preceded by nausea, there are some typical signs that usually develop 2-3 minutes before the onset of the process - this is an increase in breathing, increased salivation, the appearance of lacrimation, involuntary swallowing movements and spastic contractions of the muscles in the abdomen. Such manifestations result in the expansion of the esophagus and the release of vomit. However, quite often nausea and vomiting occur together.

Nausea and vomiting

Nausea is the first and most obvious sign of the body preparing to expel vomit, and it precedes the state of vomiting in a significant number of cases.

The sensation appears due to irritation of the celiac and vagus nerves. From them, a nerve impulse is transmitted to the vomiting center in the brain, from where it receives a signal to start the process of the release of vomit. It should be noted that nausea is not always a systemic symptom along with vomiting - there are conditions when it is an independent manifestation of a disorder not associated with vomiting, for example, some brain diseases.

Nausea and vomiting occur at the same time:

With intestinal infections: in such cases, they are also accompanied by fever, pain in the abdomen. Such conditions are typical for the defeat of rotavirus infection, salmonellosis, dysentery.
With food poisoning: nausea and vomiting attacks develop a few hours after eating.
If the mucous tissues of the stomach lining are damaged in case of peptic ulcer or other pathologies: gastric juice, which irritates and damages the mucous membrane at the wound site, provokes the appearance of sharp pains in the abdomen, nausea and vomiting.
Due to the intake of certain medications, such as Aspirin, due to smoking or excessive alcohol consumption.
With gastroesophageal reflux disease: in this case, food that has already begun to undergo digestion processes in the stomach enters the esophagus along with gastric juice, and begins to irritate and destroy the mucous wall of the esophagus, causing nausea and vomiting.
Due to irritation of certain parts of the brain, effects on the vestibular apparatus, the central nervous system, for example, with labyrinthitis, or if a person is seasick in transport.
As a result of increased intracranial pressure due to infectious processes, malignant tumors or injuries.
In case of sun or heat stroke: against the background of nausea and vomiting following it, the affected person is present in space, clouding or loss of consciousness, weakness.
During seizures: often the patient, in addition to a severe headache, feels nausea, he begins to vomit, and from loud and sharp sounds, bright light, the painful condition intensifies.
With some other diseases: hepatitis and cirrhosis of the liver, pancreatitis, cancer, mental disorders.

The reason for the appearance of the tandem “nausea-vomiting” may be the intake of certain medications, as well as medical procedures associated with chemotherapy and radiation (radiation treatment).

In pregnant women, this set of symptoms is a variation of the norm in the first trimester of pregnancy.

Vomiting without diarrhea

The condition manifests itself as a side effect of taking medications, or as a reaction of the body to overeating. In some cases, the problem is indigestion. In fact, these conditions are not dangerous for a person if vomiting occurs once, and there are no relapses and any accompanying and alarming symptoms. So, for example, when overeating, eating too quickly and rapidly, eating foods that promote gas formation, as well as during sports training or physical exertion after a short period of time after eating, even a healthy person can vomit - so the body urgently gets rid of excess food, which he is not able to digest and assimilate.

Less often, vomiting without diarrhea is a concomitant sign of metabolic problems and endocrine pathologies, such as diabetes, or appears after taking foods that a particular person has intolerance to - it can be cereals.

In addition, the so-called cerebral vomiting passes without diarrhea, which indicates congenital pathologies and abnormalities in the functioning of the nervous system, brain injury, and infection. Psychogenic vomiting, that is, arising from stress factors, eating disorders, is usually not accompanied by diarrhea.

Other likely causes:

a variety of inflammatory processes in the digestive organs, including colitis, gastritis, pancreatitis,;
intestinal obstruction, most common for children under 1 year old;
increased tone of the pylorus of the stomach - the valve that separates the stomach and intestines;
pyloric stenosis: narrowing of the passage between the stomach and duodenum 12.

Vomiting accompanied by diarrhea

In both children and adults, a similar combination of symptoms can occur with:

food poisoning, drug intoxication with antibiotics, cytostatics, laxatives, alcohol poisoning, spoiled food;
irritation of the mucous tissues of the walls of the stomach with peptic ulcer and gastritis;
inflammatory processes in the digestive organs: pancreatitis, cholecystitis, hepatitis;
most intestinal infections;
stress and neuroses.

It should be remembered that when vomiting and a person rapidly loses fluid from the body, he develops dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. If the symptoms last more than 2 days, and the stool has an unpleasant odor, impurities, black or too light color, then you should definitely consult a doctor.

Vomiting without fever

A similar condition can be considered normal, for example, for babies who are teething, or when spitting up food debris. Spitting up in babies is the result of overfeeding, improper positioning of the child during feeding, improper breastfeeding. In addition, a baby may respond to complementary foods by vomiting if his digestive tract is not yet ready for it.

Other causes in older children as well as adults include:

violation of the patency of the digestive tract;
diseases of the central nervous system;
pathology of the endocrine system;
psychogenic factor;
weak intoxication against the background of poisoning, or the initial period of an acute reaction of the body to more severe poisoning;
appendicitis in children is not always accompanied by fever.

Vomiting accompanied by fever

It is considered a particularly dangerous combination of symptoms for children under the age of one year, and is observed in some infectious diseases, for example, lesions of Staphylococcus aureus. However, most often, other manifestations of malaise join the high fever and vomiting.

Vomiting with fever and diarrhea

The combination is, in some way, classic for most human infectious diseases. Pathogens - bacteria, viruses that have entered the body, begin to actively multiply and move in it, producing toxic substances, poisoning all organs, systems and tissues that they come across on their way. Such diseases, especially often affecting children, are called “diseases of dirty hands” by doctors - these are dysentery, giardiasis and some others.

In a small part of cases, a patient with such a combination of manifestations of malaise will not need medical assistance, for example, when infected with certain types of staphylococci, recovery occurs the very next day, provided that minimal assistance is provided to the affected person at home.

However, it often happens that in the presence of fever, diarrhea and vomiting, the patient needs medical help, since he cannot cope with the condition on his own, and his health only worsens. In addition to lesions and infection of the digestive organs, a complex of symptoms may occur due to an acute infectious condition of a different nature - pneumonia, otitis media,.

If a high temperature joins diarrhea and vomiting, then you should definitely seek medical help, since this “set” provokes the onset of dehydration, threatens development, kidney failure, and can be fatal.

Vomiting with pain and spasms

A condition characterized by the presence of inflammation in the body. If vomiting is accompanied by cramps and pain in the abdomen, appendicitis, an acute attack of gastritis or cholecystitis, and peptic ulcer are suspected in the affected person.

In addition, the cause may be hiding in food poisoning, intestinal obstruction. Obstruction is especially likely with a combination of vomiting, and paroxysmal pains of the type of contractions.

The patient needs medical attention if he constantly has pain, spasms that turn into convulsions, and vomiting, as well as if fever, palpitations, loss of consciousness join these signs - such symptoms may indicate development.

If the victim develops vomiting and pain with spasms after an injury or blow to the head and abdominal area, he should be taken to a medical facility immediately, as they may be manifestations of an injury to the internal organs of the abdomen, or a concussion. Vomit with blood is a clinical sign of internal bleeding from damaged organs in the abdomen.

The headache that has joined the symptoms indicates the presence of a migraine.

In addition, the problem may have a psychogenic origin, for example, if the child has symptoms in the morning before going to kindergarten or school.

severe vomiting

The criterion for the intensity of vomiting attacks is rather a subjective factor that makes it possible to evaluate a person's individual reaction to a particular stimulus (infectious disease, poisoning). However, we must not forget about situations when it is severe vomiting that is an independent specific sign of an ailment or pathological condition. For example, severe vomiting during pregnancy indicates its severe course.

Strong, intense and sudden vomiting attacks accompany some diseases of the brain - intracranial hypertension, hydrocephalus, encephalitis, hemorrhages in the tissues, the development of tumors.

Doctors also use the category “indomitable vomiting” - this is the name for severe vomiting attacks that are repeated 12-20 (or more) times a day. This condition can last for a long time, if you do not provide medical care to the patient, and it is very exhausting for a person, contributes to the rapid onset of dehydration.

An indomitable type of vomiting accompanies some severe intoxications, Reye's syndrome, and other disorders that cause cerebral edema.

Characteristics of the state of vomiting in infectious diseases

Vomiting attacks are a sign that often accompanies the course of infectious diseases in both children and adults. In some cases, the attack is single, at the beginning of the development of the disease, and sometimes pursues a person during the entire period of the disease.

erysipelas

It is an acute infectious disease, accompanied by a state of general intoxication of the body, in which there is an inflammatory skin lesion. The causative agent of the disease is streptococcus, resistant in the environment, insensitive to low temperatures and drying. The route of transmission is contact-household, while the disease does not have a high contagiousness. The incubation period after 3-5 days is replaced by an acute, abrupt onset of the disease, with pronounced signs of severe intoxication, possibly persistent and prolonged vomiting, preceded by nausea, headache, fever, chills and weakness. After 10-12 hours, a person has signs of skin damage - redness, swelling, burning sensation, pain in a specific inflamed area. The skin is hot and tight to the touch.

Cholera

A dangerous disease that is accompanied by prolonged and persistent vomiting. Because of this symptom, dehydration can develop in the body, as the patient loses a lot of fluid and supplies of essential electrolytes. During infection, the small intestine is affected, with copious watery stools and frequent vomit. The causative agent is cholera "wand" (cholera embryo). The source and “reservoir” of the infection is a person, in his feces and vomit contents there is a large number of viable pathogenic cholera bacilli. It develops suddenly and acutely, with seemingly unreasonable diarrhea, especially at night and in the morning. The patient's stool is watery, gradually becomes like rice water, has no smell.

Vomiting joins after a while, erupts in a fountain and occurs without nausea, without pain in the abdomen. It is this sequence, when diarrhea first appears, and then an eruption of vomit, that clearly characterizes cholera, and allows it to be differentiated from other diseases.

May be fatal due to severe dehydration.

Acute gastroenteritis

In the presence of this infectious disease, the development of symptoms occurs on the contrary - at first, vomiting appears sharply with nausea and abdominal pain, then diarrhea joins. Severe forms of the course suggest the presence of weakness, fever, manifestations of general intoxication. A mild type of gastroenteritis resolves without fever. Food toxic infections proceed similarly: they begin with an acute malaise, accompanied by a feeling of pain and heaviness in the abdomen, nausea, and weakness. During vomiting, previously eaten food comes out with mucus. After some time, diarrhea joins. Severe cases occur with a temperature of 38-39 ° C, a decrease in blood pressure.

Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome

Has a viral nature, is not an intestinal infection. It is characterized by the presence of toxicosis, a state of fever, as well as hemorrhages and bleeding, kidney damage. The carriers of the pathogen are mouse-like rodents. Infection occurs by contact or alimentary means, upon contact with sick rodents and their secretions.

The incubation period lasts about two weeks, after which an acute period begins, with pronounced manifestations of intoxication. There is a severe headache, muscle pain and insomnia, pain in the eyeballs, and even a decrease in visual acuity. The high temperature lasts for about a week or a little longer. The feeling of excitement in the affected person is gradually replaced by a state, in some cases, clouding of consciousness. The skin on the face, neck, upper parts of the body is pronounced hyperemic. The mucous membranes in the mouth are reddened, the vessels of the sclera are dilated.

Approximately 3-4 days after the onset of a sharp course, the condition worsens, intoxication increases and constant vomiting appears. The skin in the armpits and on the shoulder girdle is affected by a hemorrhagic rash with single or multiple small hemorrhages. In addition, the patient has bleeding, mainly from the nose, severe tachycardia, congestion in the lungs. Due to retroperitoneal hemorrhages, he has pain in the abdomen, the liver and spleen periodically increase. When tapping, sharp pains in the abdomen with a transition to the lumbar zone are characteristic. The amount of urine excreted decreases, it becomes cloudy, as it contains a large amount of protein and blood.

Meningococcal lesions

Vomiting often accompanies meningitis of meningococcal origin. The onset is acute, with chills, fever, a state of excitement, motor and nervous restlessness. Without previous nausea, vomiting attacks, headache, increased auditory, visual and skin sensitivity appear.

Typical meningeal symptoms develop at the end of the first day - stiff neck, Kerning and Brudzinsky symptoms. There is confusion, delirium, convulsions and agitation. After 2-5 days, an abundant rash of a hemorrhagic nature appears, in some cases - a stellate form of hemorrhage, usually punctate.

Encephalitis

If during meningitis inflammation affects only the membranes of the brain, then with the development of encephalitis, the lesion extends to its internal tissues. Encephalitis can be primary or secondary and is usually more severe than meningitis.

The primary type is tick-borne encephalitis, which is carried by ixiod ticks. These insects can infect humans directly. The incubation period lasts from 8 days to 3 weeks. At the moment, the temperature rises to 39-40 ° C in a person, a sharp headache appears, redness of the conjunctiva, pharynx, neck and upper chest, the condition is accompanied by very intense vomiting, sometimes loss of consciousness and convulsions. Weakness passes quickly. The febrile form has a benign course, passes without vomiting, with headache, nausea, fever for about 3-6 days.

The meningeal form lasts about a month, accompanied by a state of general intoxication, including vomiting.

The meningoencephalitic form is the most dangerous, since brain damage can be irreversible, and in 25% of cases death occurs. Vomiting is not always present. The patient has drowsiness, confusion, delirium, convulsions.

Secondary encephalitis develops as a result of local purulent inflammation of the brain tissue. Further, in the thickness of the brain tissue, a limited cavity filled with pus is formed. A brain abscess is usually accompanied by headaches, nausea, weakness, and fever. Periods of drowsiness are replaced by periods of excitement. The deepening of the lesion is accompanied by hallucinations, delirium, progressive depression of consciousness, as well as uncontrollable cerebral vomiting, attacks of paralysis, and, finally, the onset of coma.

Vomiting in acute surgical pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract

This symptom very often accompanies various types of acute surgical conditions, injuries of the digestive organs (acute abdomen condition). In this case, vomiting is usually combined with other, more characteristic signs. Acute abdomen accompanies acute surgical diseases of the abdominal organs, as well as lesions of extraperitoneal localization, for example, diseases of the stomach and intestines, duodenum, thrombosis of mesenteric vessels, acute diseases of the gallbladder and pancreas, strangulated hernia, closed abdominal injuries, some gynecological diseases in women .

An acute abdomen typically manifests itself as a combination of sharply advancing abdominal pain, vomiting, tension in the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall, sometimes intestinal obstruction is added to the combination of these symptoms.

Acute appendicitis

It is an inflammatory process in the process of the caecum. Against the background of pain in the abdomen, which does not have a clear localization, the affected person develops apathy and weakness, and the temperature may rise. After some time, the pain descends to the right lower abdomen, gradually increases, intensifies with coughing, movement, deep inspiration.

Appendicular abscess

It develops as a limited purulent inflammation in the tissues of the peritoneum, which is formed due to inflammatory processes in the appendix, and, in fact, is a complication of acute appendicitis. Localized in the right iliac fossa or in the cavity of the small pelvis, in the space of Douglas.

Due to the gluing of the peritoneum, the abscess is limited, and then adhesions appear between the loops of the intestine, omentum and mesentery. Against the background of severe pain, vomiting appears. At the location of the abscess, a painful infiltrate is formed, tight and elastic on palpation, in the center - more softened. The affected person's temperature rises, the process of defecation is disturbed. The resulting abscess can itself break into the intestinal lumen, and then the situation continues with self-healing. If pus enters the abdominal cavity, a person develops diffuse peritonitis, and if it enters the retroperitoneal space, phlegmon develops.

Peritonitis

Severe surgical disease of the abdominal cavity, accompanied by a condition of an acute abdomen. It is an inflammatory process in the peritoneum, which is also characterized by a general severe reaction of the body to the entry of microbes into the sterile abdominal cavity and the resulting purulent intoxication. Most often, the condition develops a second time, as a complication, as a result of rupture of the walls or other violation of the integrity of the hollow internal organs in the abdominal cavity, including:

intestines;
appendix;
stomach;
gallbladder.

Peritonitis is considered cryptogenic if its cause cannot be detected even at autopsy.

It should be noted that, since the lesion is secondary, its symptoms often overlap with those of the primary disease.

Peritonitis itself is characterized by abdominal pain, nausea, shortness of breath and weakness, increased thirst. Vomiting is accompanied by regurgitation and belching, is continuous and indomitable.

The appearance of the affected person allows you to notice the sharpening of facial features, a change in the color of the skin of the face to an earthy-gray tint, and sunken eyes. He has a chest type of breathing, he subconsciously strives to immobilize the abdominal wall, and there is also bloating. Inhibition of reactions to external stimuli is noted, while consciousness is preserved, although somewhat clouded, and the appearance of a deep chest voice. Mucous tissues are dry, dry tongue is coated with a dense coating.

Palpation of the abdomen makes it possible to determine the source of peritonitis, since in this place the pain is most pronounced. The abdominal wall is painful and tense.

Sepsis

Blood poisoning is one of the most serious complications of surgical diseases and surgical intervention. Occurs under the condition of reduced general immunity, characterized by the progressive spread of any type of infection throughout the body.

As a complication of surgical pathologies, it is usually the result of a breakthrough of pus from a festering wound, if a viable bacterial element is present in it, as well as from a purulent boil or purulent thrombophlebitis.

Due to the massive and extensive intoxication of the body, the patient develops vomiting, which occurs after nausea, has a long character, but does not bring him relief. As a result of poisoning of the nervous system caused by the ingress of toxic waste products and the decay of pathogenic microorganisms, a person is tormented by headaches, insomnia, confusion, he has depression of nervous reactions, in severe cases - loss of consciousness.

The high temperature is not stable, fluctuates at different times of the day and reaches a maximum of 39-40 ° C. The victim is shaking with chills, he has a very intense sweating, that is, sweat literally rolls in hail. Due to constant vomiting and severe toxic damage, body weight decreases, deterioration in well-being progresses sharply even with treatment.

Vascular disorders in this state are sometimes manifested by a hemorrhagic rash over the body, more often by a sharp increase in heart rate, low blood pressure, a decrease in pulse filling, depression of cardiac activity, the formation of bedsores, thrombosis, edema, thrombophlebitis.

The functioning of parenchymal organs worsens, the excretory activity of the kidneys, liver function decrease, jaundice and manifestations of hepatitis may develop. The size of the spleen increases. The patient loses his appetite, and the tongue becomes dry and furred. All this happens against the background of constant and continuous septic diarrhea.

Local manifestations of sepsis are expressed directly in wounds that have a pale and edematous appearance, with sluggish granulations and a small amount of cloudy-looking exudate, with an unpleasant, putrid odor.

Rupture of the esophagus

Very often it occurs in the presence of vomiting, in most cases it leads to death, if medical attention is not provided immediately. Perforation occurs as a result of tumor and inflammatory processes, as well as due to the ingress of sharp foreign objects in food (fish bones, pieces of glass or plastic, which are sometimes found in purchased food products).

Without nausea, a person is tormented by persistent vomiting, as well as intense pain behind the sternum, in the lower third of the neck - the sensation intensifies when swallowing. Body temperature rises, subcutaneous emphysema is formed, tachycardia is accompanied by a sharp drop in blood pressure.

If the thoracic esophagus is damaged, the patient develops signs of purulent inflammation of the mediastinal tissue, or purulent pleurisy.

Bowel obstruction

Occurs against the background of invagination of intestinal loops. In addition, mechanical obstruction can be the result of volvulus, adhesive disease, bowel angle formation, incarcerated hernia, foreign bodies, or stagnation of feces that clog the passage. Roundworms or tumor formations can also interfere with the passage of intestinal contents.

As for the dynamic type of obstruction, its causes lie in the strongest paresis of the motor function of the intestine, a disorder of peristalsis.

Vomiting with a mechanical type of illness is accompanied by a characteristic fecal odor, and vomit is similar in shape and consistency to feces. The condition is accompanied by bloating, spastic pain, lack of feces from the rectum. Gradually, the signs of dehydration and intoxication with the products of one's own vital activity increase.

Symptoms of dynamic obstruction are similar in manifestation and intensity, the difference is only in the cause of the appearance.

First aid for vomiting: how to alleviate the patient's condition

First of all, the affected person needs to take a sitting position, if his condition allows him to sit down. It is forbidden to lay the patient in an unconscious state with vomiting so that his mouth looks up - so there is a high probability that he will choke on his own vomit.

If necessary, the shoulders and head of a person are supported, a pelvis is placed on him, his mouth is wiped, and the nasal passages are cleaned with a finger. Nearby should be clean water for rinsing the mouth.

If the victim cannot be seated, he is placed on a flat surface, his head is turned to the side to prevent vomit from entering the respiratory tract. A tray or basin for vomiting is attached to the corner of the mouth, or a towel can be placed. The mouth is wiped with a towel after attacks, and the oral cavity is cleaned from the inside with a gauze swab, or using a finger wrapped in any clean cloth.

Depending on whether the cause of the development of the ailment is known, and what it is, further assistance actions will differ. Affected by harmful chemicals, people with poor-quality food poisoning and alcohol, you need to wash your stomach. For patients with vomiting attacks of reflex or central origin, help will be to put the person in a calm position, and give him drugs to stop the attack, for example, validol or mint drops, if the doctor prescribes - antipsychotic medications.

Bloody vomiting is a very dangerous condition for the victim. It is necessary to lay him on his side, take all necessary measures to immobilize and transport the person to the nearest medical facility. A cold compress or ice pack is applied to the epigastric area of the abdomen. It is strictly forbidden in this case to give the patient to drink, eat or take any medicine.

If vomiting is caused by unknown causes, or if the cause is known and is chemical poisoning, or if the vomit has an atypical color and structure, they are collected in a sealed container for transfer to the doctor for examination. You need to store them in a dark, cool place until handed over to the doctor.

After the attack of vomiting is over, the patient is allowed to rinse his mouth with disinfectant solutions - for their preparation, a 2% solution of sodium bicarbonate, or a solution of potassium permanganate, is used.

Not every type of vomiting requires mandatory medical treatment. If the patient has a short attack, without concomitant symptoms and life-threatening conditions, and the vomit does not contain impurities of blood, mucus, bile, most likely he will not need medical intervention - it is enough to provide plenty of warm drink and rest.

Commonly used drugs to stop vomiting attacks are Motilium, Metoclopramide, Cerucal. If a person is tormented by an ongoing attack, associated with a danger to life, medications are administered intravenously or intramuscularly. In addition, the victim is given special antiemetic injections with an m-anticholinergic blocker, namely a 0.1% solution of atropine, or antispasmodics, for example, a 2% solution of no-shpa.

If indomitable vomiting does not stop after the use of the above funds, neuroleptics such as Aminazin, painkillers (Anestezin) are used. With diarrhea with vomiting, the patient is prescribed Smektu or Enterofuril.

In case of poisoning with poor-quality food or alcohol, vomiting cannot be stopped, since in this way the body gets rid of toxins. Treatment in this case consists in following a diet, restoring lost fluid from the body - for this purpose, Regidron medicine can be used.

Is it possible to eat during and immediately after vomiting? Despite a significant loss of strength and nutrients, it is not recommended to eat with vomiting, as well as on the first day after it. If possible, it is better to refuse meals, and use only water, absorbent drugs (Enterosgel, Smecta), and means to restore water and electrolyte balance.

You need to drink a lot and often, in small doses. Mineral water without gas, low-fat vegetable broth or sweet, weak tea, always warm, are suitable for drinking.

It is forbidden to drink containing foods, milk, milk and sour-milk drinks, alcohol, juices, take drugs with aspirin and ibuprofen.

If the attacks and urge to vomit are over, and the person spent the night calmly, the next morning you can start eating. It is allowed to eat the following foods:

cereal porridge on the water;
vegetables and fruits stewed or baked;
lean meat: baked or boiled;
white bread crackers;
zoological cookies.

In order not to provoke new attacks, you need to give up fried, fatty foods, canned food, pickled snacks, raw vegetables and fruits for the first two to three days after vomiting has passed.

How to treat vomiting at home? There are various recipes for folk remedies to normalize the condition of a person reeling due to vomiting attacks. It should be noted that the very cause of vomiting may not always be amenable to unskilled home treatment, but it can be removed or somewhat alleviated by various home recipes.

Peppermint infusion or peppermint tea is a well-known remedy for vomiting. has calming properties, and works effectively with psychogenic vomiting. To prepare the product, a teaspoon of dried or fresh mint is poured into a glass of boiling water, and left to infuse for 30 minutes. The drink is drunk 3 times a day, in small sips. Mint tincture, which is brewed for 6 hours, is taken 1 tablespoon 3 times a day. The tool has a restorative and soothing effect on the mucous walls of the stomach.

Mint drops are taken for stress and accompanying vomiting - just add 15 drops to 1 tablespoon of clean water, give the patient a drink of liquid, and then take the person to fresh air.

They are also used for treatment - 1 teaspoon is poured into a glass of boiling water, left to brew, and after the infusion has cooled, they drink it like tea.

Dried maple leaves are used to make an antiemetic decoction. The tool helps to improve the functioning of the digestive tract. 1 tablespoon of crushed dried leaves is poured with boiling water, and then the broth is kept in a water bath for half an hour, without boiling. The cooled and strained “medicine” is taken 50 milliliters 3 times a day.

The juice has a well-known medicinal effect, it has a positive effect on the mucous walls of the digestive organs, promotes the healing of ulcers and reduces attacks of acute gastritis. To obtain it, raw peeled potatoes are grated, the resulting cake is squeezed, and the juice is poured into a glass container. Half a tablespoon of potato juice is drunk before meals three times a day.

Dried asparagus powder is sold in pharmacies and is also used as an antiemetic. To reduce the intensity of vomiting, as well as to calm the walls of the stomach, 1 gram of the powder is dissolved in a glass of warm water, and drunk immediately after stirring.

Vomiting is an unpleasant condition associated with a violation of the normal digestion process, when the food bolus, the contents of the stomach or gallbladder go in reverse order: they enter the esophagus and exit through the oral cavity, nasal passages.

It cannot be considered as an independent disease, but only as a symptom of other problems, which has a certain diagnostic value. The root cause of the appearance can be a variety of factors - both brain diseases, and pathologies of the digestive organs, and a psychosomatic element, so the treatment of vomiting is possible only after determining the etiology of the condition.

Sources

Vomit. – Big Medical Encyclopedia / ed. B. V. Petrovsky

Vomit- this is a reflex eruption of the contents of the stomach (sometimes the duodenum) through the mouth (rarely through the nose).

Nausea- this is a painful feeling of discomfort in the upper abdomen, chest, oral cavity and pharynx, often preceded by vomiting.

In order to draw any conclusions about the causes that caused vomiting, it is advisable to conduct an examination of the vomit after each occurrence. In this case, you need to pay attention to the following signs:

the amount of vomit;
their consistency;
Colour;
smell;
the presence of food debris and their composition;

as well as for the presence of pathological impurities:

blood;
mucus;
pus;
worms;
a lot of bile.

Depending on the nature of the vomit, the following types of vomiting are distinguished:

freshly eaten food;
congestive vomiting (of long-eaten food);
bile;
bloody;
fecal;
purulent and others.

Causes

Undigested food may indicate

complete absence of hydrochloric acid and enzymes in the gastric juice (gastric achylia),
violation of peristalsis of the esophagus or its other lesions,
intestinal infection.

When vomiting pure gastric juice of high acidity, it can be assumed that the pancreas is damaged, characterized by increased secretion of gastrin.

A putrid odor can be observed with decaying stomach cancer,
the smell of alcohol - with alcohol poisoning,
the smell of acetone is about acetonemic vomiting (a symptom that develops as a result of a metabolic failure in children, ketone bodies and acetone accumulate in the blood).

Bloody vomiting (hematemesis) always indicates bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract and requires emergency medical attention and clarification of the causes.

The presence of little-changed blood (liquid or in the form of loose clots) indicates a short stay of blood in the stomach (for example, with food bleeding), or achylia.

With a stomach or duodenal ulcer, vomit takes on the color and appearance of coffee grounds. Usually such vomiting is accompanied by chalky (black semi-liquid stools with a characteristic unpleasant odor).

An abundance of bile in the vomit is observed

with narrowing of the duodenum,
reflux gastritis,
with biliary colic,
with complications after operations on the stomach.

Laboratory diagnostics

If it is not possible to establish the cause of vomiting, then its cytological, chemical examination and examination for the presence of intestinal infections are carried out.

A blood test can help identify many causes of nausea and vomiting, such as suspected inflammation of appendicitis, cystitis of the liver and gallbladder, myocardial infarction, neuroborreliosis, food intolerance, or metabolic disorders in diabetes mellitus.

Urinalysis is indicated mainly for kidney diseases (such as kidney failure, cystitis, renal colic).

Intestinal examination is performed primarily for nausea and vomiting associated with infectious diarrhea (eg, salmonella infection).

(H2 breath test) can prove incompatibility with milk sugar (lactose), fructose (fructose).

The infection usually develops in two stages:

first presents with flu-like symptoms and fever, headaches, and muscle aches;

after a short-term improvement, fever, headache, nausea, vomiting and, possibly, paralysis and disturbances of consciousness reappear.

Neuroborreliosis: Lyme disease is a bacterial infection, the causative agent of which (Borrelia) is transmitted by ticks. In five to ten percent of patients, the infection, months or years after the tick bite, passes to the nervous system and signs of the disease are nausea and vomiting.
Brain Contusion: If nausea and vomiting occur immediately after a head injury, but the patient remains fully conscious, then there is likely a brain contusion. With persistent vomiting, you should call an ambulance!
Concussion/traumatic brain injury: If nausea and vomiting occurs immediately after a head injury and the patient then loses consciousness, the cause is a concussion (mild head injury) or higher-level head injury. You should immediately call an ambulance doctor!
Brain tumor: Nausea and vomiting that cannot be explained with gastrointestinal disease, and most often early in the morning and on an empty stomach, may indicate a brain tumor. Another possible warning symptom is new headaches that get worse over time. They are especially noticeable at night and early in the morning, but may occur spontaneously during the day.
Motion sickness (traffic sickness): on a boat, on a bus, car, or train can throw off balance in the vestibular apparatus, causing nausea and possibly vomiting.
Meniere's disease: Patients constantly experience attacks of sudden dizziness (nausea and vomiting), tinnitus and acute hearing loss.

Other reasons

Acute glaucoma: accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and intolerable, unilateral forehead and eye disease. The affected eye becomes red and hard, vision is blurred. Due to the risk of blindness, contact your doctor or your nearest eye clinic immediately!
In diabetes (diabetic ketoacidosis): Nausea, vomiting, and cramping pain in the upper abdomen are warning signs. Other symptoms of this dangerous metabolic disorder can be intense thirst, fruity breath. Call an ambulance immediately!
Nausea and Vomiting in Pregnancy: Nausea and/or morning sickness, loss of appetite, and reluctance to eat certain foods appear in 70 to 90 percent of early pregnancy. Doctors talk about complications. Vomiting does not depend on food intake, does not occur at rest, and is not associated with any other disease. It usually starts in the sixth to eighth week and lasts until the 12th week of pregnancy. Women lose a lot of fluids, electrolytes, and also weight, so treatment is a must.
Fear, anxiety, pain, disgust: some people react to such factors with nausea and possibly even vomiting.
Side effects of drugs: Nausea and vomiting can occur as an undesirable effect of various drugs, such as tablets, antibiotics.

What to do with vomiting?

If nausea and vomiting are accompanied by symptoms of a disease requiring treatment, you should consult a doctor.

But what about nausea and vomiting in harmless cases, such as in the car, with a fever, stomach flu, or during pregnancy? In such situations, you can take steps to alleviate the condition:

you should refrain from eating for at least one day or at least limit its amount;
drink sweet tea with a small amount of wheat crackers;
eliminate alcohol, caffeine, raw, fatty foods, and hot spices for a while.

If nausea is accompanied by vomiting, it is necessary to drink plenty of fluids (at least two to three liters per day).

You can purchase special formulations at the pharmacy that will restore lost electrolytes and prevent fluid loss from the body.

For nausea during pregnancy It is best to have breakfast in bed in the morning.
Food should be light.
Eat small carbohydrate-rich meals throughout the day.
Avoid spicy and fatty foods, coffee, black tea, carbonated drinks.

Content

An unpleasant companion of many painful conditions is a feeling of nausea and subsequent vomiting, caused by a variety of reasons. You can and should manage these symptoms at home. Today, many antiemetics and methods are known to help stop debilitating manifestations with the help of drugs or traditional medicine.

What is vomiting

The involuntary unconscious eruption of the remnants of food eaten or other contents of the stomach through the mouth is called vomiting. It is accompanied by a characteristic sound and is the result of a sharp contraction of the diaphragm and abdominal muscles. By itself, this reflex is not dangerous, but extremely unpleasant, it is difficult to tolerate by the body, the condition requires first aid at home.

What to do with vomiting

Faced with the appearance of nausea, you should immediately seek medical help to find out what caused the condition. Nausea can be a protective reaction of the body, a symptom of a hidden disease or the result of a pathology of the nervous system, so the manifestation of vomiting requires an immediate response. Vomiting can be caused by hypertension. You need to check this by measuring your blood pressure. If vomiting is the result of a sharp increase in temperature, it should be brought down with an antipyretic. Call your doctor immediately if you suspect an injury.

First aid

The most important thing when vomiting occurs is not to panic (with hysteria, spasms are less controllable) and call an ambulance. Gagging can be stopped with medications or simple home remedies. It is necessary to try as soon as possible to accurately determine the cause of vomiting, since further actions directly depend on what provoked it. The reasons may be as follows:

Food poisoning - spoiled foods often cause nausea. Such vomiting does not need to be stopped immediately, because the body gets rid of the source of intoxication. It is better if the entire volume of low-quality food is removed from the food tract. If the possibility of perforation of the digestive organs is excluded, the procedure for washing the stomach with water with salt or potassium permanganate will be effective. After stopping vomiting, give the patient a fractional warm drink. Strong sweet tea or rosehip infusion, from chamomile flowers, lemon balm, is well suited.
Overdose of drugs - drugs taken in excessive amounts can quickly lead to serious consequences. Such cases require an urgent call for an ambulance and immediate measures to free the body from the swallowed medicine. Drinking plenty of water and gastric lavage are the first steps that must be taken to avoid the substance entering the bloodstream. If the victim has preserved the package from the drug, it should be shown to the doctor for a quick diagnosis and treatment. If the patients are a pregnant woman, an elderly person, or a person in a weakened state, intensive gastric lavage before the arrival of ambulance doctors is dangerous. It can cause dehydration due to the loss of a large volume of fluid. In such a combination of circumstances, it is better for the patient to only offer small portions of the drink before the doctor's examination.
Intestinal infection - the pathogenic flora that caused the infectious disease of the stomach is removed from the body through the protective mechanism of vomiting. In between attacks, the patient is offered to drink small volumes of the Regidron solution. It restores the deficiency of essential substances removed from the body along with the liquid. If vomiting does not stop, you can drink Cerucal or Motilium.
Intoxication with poisonous vapors - inhalation of poisonous substances (poisoning by gas or chemical vapors) can lead to the development of nausea and vomiting. The victim should be removed to fresh air as soon as possible to ensure oxygen supply to the lungs. Sweet weak tea or coffee will help stop vomiting. The victim should not be left unattended, so that in the event of a sudden loss of consciousness, he would not choke on vomit.
Motion sickness - a weak vestibular apparatus often causes nausea and vomiting in transport. Children are especially susceptible to this problem. To prevent such a development of events, you should try to provide yourself and your loved ones with a comfortable position on the road (preferably reclining), avoid overfeeding children on the eve of the trip, take with you a few simple remedies that can alleviate the onset of nausea:

mint flavored caramel for sucking;
a slice of lemon with a peel (hold by the cheek);
sweet and sour lollipop (can be offered for vomiting to children);
Validol tablet (keep under the tongue);
ammonia.

Medical methods

Today, pharmacies offer a rich selection of antiemetics that have different effects on the body. Each of the drugs has its own scope. Depending on the pharmacological group, the following types of drugs are distinguished to help stop nausea:

Blockers of M-cholinergic receptors - drugs act on the peripheral nervous system, reducing its activity. The drugs in this group include Meterazin - effective pills for motion sickness. The active ingredient of the drug is prochlorperazine. Take the remedy after a meal with water. Safe dosage is limited to 4 tablets per day. The list of side effects of the drug is headed by drowsiness and dizziness. It is not recommended for people with impaired liver function, heart, vascular diseases.
Remedies for nausea of central action stop directly the vomiting center of the brain. These include the antihistamine Diprazine. The active substance promethazine reduces the stimulation of vestibular receptors and has a sedative effect. Take the medicine once an hour before the trip, children - 10-20 mg, adults - 25-50 mg. The drug is not prescribed for pregnant women, people with allergies to components, with diseases of the heart, liver, bone marrow and brain.
Antiemetics of mixed action, blocking central and peripheral receptors, reduce the activity of the gastric outlet, stop the reverse reflux of intestinal contents. This group includes metoclopramide, an effective and cheap drug suitable for stopping vomiting in children. It is ineffective in the treatment of nausea of vestibular origin. Available in the form of tablets and solution for injections. Dosage for adults - three times a day, 0.01 g.
Histamine H1 receptor inhibitors are drugs that reduce the amount of histamines in the blood that cause irritation of the vestibular apparatus. Pipolfen is widely used by travelers to help with motion sickness. The active substance of the drug - promethazine hydrochloride is classified as fast-acting - it stops nausea within 5-10 minutes after ingestion and lasts 4-12 hours.

Adults take 1 tablet before the road, if necessary, drinking 1 tablet every 4-6 hours. Side effects of the drug include: drowsiness, apathy, loss of strength and lowering blood pressure. It is not prescribed for chronic hypotension, persons suffering from bradycardia, impaired transmission of nerve impulses, pregnant women, children under 6 years of age.

Sorbents (substances that remove toxins from the body) are used for vomiting caused by too much food, drugs or other drugs that have entered the stomach. The most famous drug in this group is activated charcoal. In case of poisoning, gastric lavage is prescribed with a solution of 1-2 tablets per glass of water. After that, coal is taken at the rate of 4-8 tablets three times a day, the treatment lasts several days. Prolonged use of coal can lead to hypovitaminosis, it is contraindicated in internal bleeding and peptic ulcer disease.

Antiemetic at home

If the cause of vomiting does not require treatment in a hospital, then you can take effective measures to stop it at home. With a mild intestinal infection, the doctor will recommend taking drugs from the nitrofuran group or an antibiotic from 5 to 7 days. To stop vomiting, it is better to drink solutions of Regidron or Hydrovit. For the first hour, you need to take at least 10 ml for each kg of weight. For an adult weighing 70 kg, 700 ml of the solution should be taken in small sips. Further, the dosage is reduced to 5 ml per kg.

What to give a child with vomiting

First aid for vomiting in a child is urgent measures to restore the body's water-salt balance, children are very sensitive to fluid loss. If the cause of vomiting is heat stroke, try to lower the temperature. For soldering children, Regidron is suitable in combination with a 5% glucose solution. Diluted preparations should be mixed in a ratio of 2:1. The solution should be prepared based on the norm of 25 - 60 ml per kg of body weight. This volume is drunk in 10 hours. After the dosage is reduced to 10 ml per kg of weight.

If the necessary drugs to stop vomiting in a child are not at hand, you can solder with Essentuki or Borjomi mineral water. The gas must first be removed from it. Sweet weak tea is also suitable. It is better to drink liquid in fractional portions, since babies can spit up for some time after the spasms stop. A sparing diet is recommended (feeding with cereals, vegetable and fruit purees, dried fruits).

Medicine

After determining the cause of vomiting, the child is prescribed medications used in pediatrics. They can be classified into one of the following groups:

Intestinal septic tanks are medicines that act against disease-causing microbes in the intestines, destroying pathogenic bacteria. This group includes the drug Enterofuril. The release form is capsules or suspension, the active substance is nifuroxazide. The medicine is prescribed for babies from the age of 1 month (2.5 ml of suspension 2-3 times a day). Children from 7 years old can take 1 capsule 4 times a day. Side effects of the drug include allergic reactions, therefore, with individual sensitivity to the components, it is not prescribed.
Antibiotics are antimicrobial drugs that stop the development of intestinal infections. For children, the cephalosporin Ciprofloxacin or the macrolide Azithromycin is recommended.
Sorbents are substances that absorb toxins and remove them from the body. For children, doctors recommend activated charcoal, Smecta, Atoxil. From the first year of life, Enterosgel can be given to a child. Polymethylsiloxane polyhydrate in its composition is responsible for the absorption and evacuation of toxins. The cleansing gel is diluted with a small amount of water or milk and offered to children. To stop vomiting, infants up to a year are given 0.5 teaspoon of gel 6 times a day, older ones - a dessert spoon three times a day. The drug is not used for liver or kidney failure.
Enzyme preparations that restore the functioning of the digestive tract (Motorix, Pancreatin) are given to a child if he is older than 5 years. Doctors often recommend the affordable Mezim. The enzymes lipase, protease and amelase in its composition help with vomiting caused by intestinal infections, inflammatory processes, and dysbacteriosis. Children under 7 years old are given 1 tablet 2 times a day, after 7 years you can take 1-2 tablets 2-3 times a day. Rare side effects include an allergic reaction. Mezim is contraindicated in intestinal obstruction, acute pancreatitis.
Antiemetics - stop nausea by blocking receptors. Effective Motilium. Its active substance domperidone is a dopamine antagonist. A child under 12 years of age is prescribed a suspension of 0.25-0.5 ml per kg of weight up to 4 times a day. The drug is contraindicated in patients suffering from gastric bleeding, pituitary tumors, renal or hepatic insufficiency. Rare side effects are observed in the form of allergies, drowsiness, stomach cramps.

How to stop vomiting during toxicosis in pregnant women

The appearance of vomiting in pregnant women is best prevented with the help of regime measures. Necessary walks, a diet that excludes foods rich in fats, the rejection of harmful fried foods and fast food. A simple method helps many people - brush their teeth with mint paste. The doctor can prescribe Aeron, Bonin, Cerucal or Etaperazine, which are allowed for pregnant women:

Aeron - tablets that stop nausea in transport. Active substances (camphorate scopolamine and hyoscyamine) have a sedative effect, reduce the tone of the muscles of the digestive system. The drug is not recommended for glaucoma. An hour before the trip, you need to take 2 tablets on an empty stomach, and then 1 tablet 2 times a day. The maximum daily dose is 4 tablets.
Cerucal is a popular anti-nausea medication that stops vomiting within 30 minutes. The active substance is metoclopramide. The effect of the drug lasts 12 hours. Take 1 tablet half an hour before meals 3 times a day. The maximum dose is 6 tablets per day (2 times a day, 2 tablets). The drug is prescribed with caution for kidney and liver dysfunction.
Bonin is a mild drug. The recommended dose is 1 tablet 60 minutes before the start of the trip, and then 1 tablet per day if the need to stop nausea remains relevant. Reported side effects are fatigue, drowsiness, dry mouth, visual disturbances.
A healing drink made from dried ginger, brewed with 250 ml of water, infused for a long time, is drunk before meals in a teaspoon three times a day.
Dill water (brew a teaspoon of seeds with boiling water and leave for 2 hours), taken 5 ml during the day, will help stop vomiting in a child at home.

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Attention! The information provided in the article is for informational purposes only. The materials of the article do not call for self-treatment. Only a qualified doctor can make a diagnosis and give recommendations for treatment, based on the individual characteristics of a particular patient.

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Discuss

How to stop vomiting in a child and an adult

Vomiting is a protective reflex of the body in both an adult and a child. Together with vomit, the contents of the stomach, harmful substances are excreted. An unpleasant phenomenon can occur in case of violations of processes in the body. One-time vomiting without smell, without fever, without diarrhea is not dangerous, but if it is repeated, this is a signal of the development of the disease.

Vomiting is a complex reflex mechanism that is coordinated by the CNS (central nervous system). Everyone has experienced nausea.

Provoking factors are divided into 6 groups:

Usually, this reflex of the body is preceded by a feeling of nausea, feeling unwell, increased salivation, a sharp pain in the stomach, and dizziness. When vomiting can occur:

damage to the esophagus;
large fluid losses associated with dehydration and leaching of minerals;
complications of concomitant disease;
aspiration pneumonia - inhalation of vomit, from which they enter the nose, respiratory tract (nighttime vomiting is a great danger);
damage to tooth enamel by gastric juice, if a sudden one occurs, the oral cavity is not sufficiently washed with saliva.

It is worth paying attention to. It indicates pathological processes in the body.

Symptoms

Before a person throws up, the body starts a number of processes. Signs:

First aid for nausea

What should be done to help the body cope with vomiting, to ease bouts of nausea? Try to apply the tips:

Remember! Nausea and vomiting are not a disease, but a concomitant symptom that does not occur without a cause. If it is involuntary or continuous, then seek medical help. After identifying the cause, you can begin to treat the disease and get rid of the unpleasant phenomenon.

Diagnostic methods

An important step is the correct diagnosis, the study of the medical history. Medical examination of the patient clarifies the questions:

Time of onset of nausea, (before / after a meal / not related to a meal);
The presence of pain (in the stomach, in the head);
The nature of the secretions - color, content, presence of food, blood, bile, mucus.

In accordance with the answers received, examinations are carried out: laboratory blood and urine tests, ultrasound, endoscopy, etc.

Diseases associated with nausea and vomiting

Some illnesses may occur without symptoms. For example, pancreatitis in an old and elderly person proceeds with mild symptoms. Therefore, in order to diagnose the cause, it is important to undergo a complete medical examination.

Treatment

It is necessary to start treatment after establishing the exact cause and diagnosis. To cure the disease, you need an integrated approach to therapy:

What are the symptoms to urgently call an ambulance

Emergency medical attention is required if:

Persistent vomiting began after an illness associated with inflammatory processes in the body;
There are signs of dehydration;
High fever, antipyretics do not help;
Persistent pain in the abdomen;
There are signs of poisoning, causeless diarrhea;
If the allocated mass is empty, urges begin every 5 minutes without nausea, even after water;
The child vomits in a fountain at night, with no other visible symptoms;
Dizziness, fainting;
Manifestation of other symptoms of the disease.

Prevention includes proper nutrition, identifying and eliminating the causes that contribute to vomiting, preventing recurrence and complications of chronic diseases, timely seeking medical help and treatment.

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Vomiting is not a pleasant feeling, it can be caused by both ordinary food poisoning and illness. Often, nausea occurs first. Treatment of vomiting in adults does not take much time, but if it recurs regularly for no apparent reason, this is a reason to see a doctor.

What is vomiting

Vomiting is the process of ejection of the contents of the stomach out through the esophagus. The patient vomits in attacks, each of which is accompanied by characteristic spasms in the abdomen. The ICD-10 (International Classification of Diseases) code for vomiting is R11.

The composition of the vomit includes the remains of undigested food, a certain amount of gastric juice and mucus. If, in addition, blood clots, bile or pus are noticeable in the mass, you should immediately consult a doctor. Due to foreign impurities, vomit may have:

green;
yellow;
brown and other shades.

Why does a person vomit?

If we talk about the purely physiological side of the process, a separate part of the brain is responsible for vomiting. The body reacts to its irritation in such an unpleasant way. Gagging can also be induced by stimulation of the posterior pharyngeal wall. For what reasons the patient can vomit:

Allergic reaction. With individual intolerance, some foods can cause nausea.
Binge eating. When eating too much food at one time, there is often a feeling of lightheadedness. This is especially true for fatty foods, fried, smoked and a lot of spices.
Poisoning. Too much alcohol or stale food often causes nausea and vomiting.
Smoking. The components of tobacco smoke during smoking fall not only into the lungs, but also into the stomach when swallowing saliva. Excess harmful substances irritate the stomach walls, which causes a feeling of nausea.
Psychological state. The feeling of lightheadedness can occur with severe stress or too strong emotional stress.
Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.
Weak vestibular apparatus.
Head injury. Nausea and vomiting are one of the symptoms of a concussion.
Pregnancy. Vomiting is a frequent companion of pregnant women, especially in the early stages.

Vomiting is often accompanied by other unpleasant symptoms:

sticky sweat;
headache;
palpitations, etc.

Classification of vomiting

Depending on the cause, according to the classification, vomiting is divided into two types:

primary;
secondary.

In the first case, gastrointestinal diseases become the cause of nausea. All other causes are secondary vomiting:

infections;
nervous system disorders, etc.

Methods of its treatment vary depending on the type of vomiting. First of all, after removing the urge, it is necessary to eliminate their cause.

What is the danger of vomiting

Together with vomit, a large amount of water leaves the body, so if vomiting is constant, this leads to dehydration. In addition, the patient loses many useful microelements, as a result of which the balance is disturbed. What other consequences could there be?

the appearance of seizures;
suffocation due to ingestion of vomit into the respiratory tract;
exhaustion due to the inability to eat normally;
damage to the stomach walls;
thinning of tooth enamel due to constant contact with an acidic environment.

In very rare cases, vomiting can lead to death. Most often, this happens if the victim lies on his back and cannot roll over himself.

Symptoms and signs of vomiting

First of all, this, of course, is nausea and vomiting, but there are other signs and symptoms of vomiting:

abdominal pain;
thirst;
dry mouth;
belching or heartburn;
Strong headache;
weakness;
pallor;
trembling in the hands;
cold sweat;
fever (rare).

It is necessary to urgently consult a doctor or call an ambulance if the following symptoms are added to the listed symptoms:

foreign impurities in the vomit (blood, pus, etc.);
trauma to the head or internal organs;
despite the provision of first aid, vomiting does not stop;
child or old age of the victim;
a sharp deterioration in well-being.

The causes of vomiting are not always obvious, so further testing will be required.

Diagnostic methods

In the vast majority of cases, the diagnosis of vomiting is not difficult. However, in some situations, it is difficult to establish the cause of this condition only by the symptoms. To make an accurate diagnosis, a more thorough examination for the presence of gastrointestinal diseases or other diseases will be required. In addition to examining, measuring body temperature and determining the degree of dehydration, laboratory tests of blood and urine may also be required.

How to treat?

In most cases, the disease can be managed independently. First aid for vomiting is as follows:

The patient must be put to bed, making sure that access to the container for vomiting is free. The head should be below the level of the body.
You can not interfere with the process - in case of poisoning, toxins are released from the body along with vomiting.
Before giving any medicine, it is important to make sure that most of the contents of the stomach have already been expelled.
If the stomach is empty and vomiting continues, mint drops or activated charcoal can be used. The number of tablets depends on the body weight of the victim.
At first, you should do without food, but drinking is simply necessary to prevent dehydration.
With too much vomiting, neuroleptics, for example, Aminazine, help.
When complaining of abdominal pain, the patient should be given pain medication.

Here are some more home remedies for nausea:

If you are concerned about vomiting during pregnancy, you can drink lemon water in the morning or eat more ginger, adding it to your meals.
Soda solution helps with nausea (1 teaspoon per glass of boiled water).
Strong black or green tea helps to relieve nausea.

If the patient continues to feel sick for 1-2 days, it is necessary to call a doctor.

What to do with vomiting in children

Unlike adults, the treatment of vomiting in children must be approached with greater care. Many parents mistakenly believe that the baby is vomiting because of too fatty food or because of poisoning, and if the attack is one-time, then you don’t have to worry at all. In fact, everything can be much more serious:

meningitis;
acute appendicitis;
allergic reaction to medications;
severe poisoning;
ailments accompanied by a very high temperature.

A sick child needs a complete gastric lavage until only water comes out instead of vomit. After the stomach is completely cleansed, a strict diet will be required.

Preventive measures

To prevent vomiting, first of all, you should monitor your own diet. It is better to throw away poor-quality or expired products immediately, and not to hope that just one day of delay will not do harm.
For those who suffer from "seasickness", it is best to ride in the front seats. If possible, it is better to look only into the windshield, and not the side ones. It is also not recommended to read books, constantly shaking text while driving can also cause nausea.
Babies under 6 years of age should definitely be given antipyretics at very high temperatures. Otherwise, a strong fever and cough can provoke vomiting. If this does not help, and even more so there are complications after vomiting, you should consult a doctor.

Project consultant, co-author of the article: Ovchinnikova Natalya Ivanovna| Gastroenterologist, Hepatologist, Infectionist
Experience 30 years / Doctor of the highest category, Candidate of Medical Sciences

Education:
Diploma in General Medicine, Novosibirsk State Medical Institute (1988), Residency in Gastroenterology, Russian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education (1997)