World transport. Importance of transport in the world economy. Types of transport and their features. Transport and environment. Transport complex in the modern world economy

Transport is the third leading branch of material production, it forms the material basis, affects the location of production, promotes the development of specialization and cooperation, as well as the development of integration processes.

All means of communication, transport enterprises and vehicles together form the world transport system. affected all types of transport: speeds increased, carrying capacity increased, rolling stock multiplied. The appearance of containers, underwater tunnels has greatly expanded the possibilities of various cargoes.

The ratio of modes of transport in the transport systems of regions and individual worlds is different. Thus, the transport system industrially has a complex structure and is represented by all types of transport, including electronic. France, Great Britain, etc., are distinguished by a particularly high level of development of transport. It is the developed countries that account for approximately 85% of the cargo turnover of world inland transport (excluding long-distance navigation). And in the countries of the West. In Europe, 25% of cargo turnover is accounted for by railway transport, 40% by road transport, and the remaining 35% by inland waterway, sea (short) cabotage and pipeline modes of transport.

Land transport

Automotive - is the leader in intracity and suburban passenger transportation. By the length of highways stand out - USA, Russia, India; density - Europe and Japan.

In the USA and Canada, the shares of rail and road transport in the transportation of goods are already almost equal. In the countries of Eastern Europe and in the transportation of goods, railways are still leading, but the importance of road transport is constantly growing.

Pipeline - received rapid development due to the growth of production and gas. The world network of oil pipelines currently has a length of more than 400 thousand km, the network (main gas pipelines are even more - 900 thousand km). The cost of transportation through pipelines is three times lower than by road. They ensure the stability of transportation, less environmental pollution.

All in. In America, pipelines are laid from oil and gas production areas to industrial consumption centers in the east of the continent. In Zap. In Europe, they run from seaports to the interior of the continent. In Russia, oil and gas pipelines were built from the regions of the West. Siberia and to the European part of the country and further to the East. and Zap. Europe. The length of the Druzhba oil pipeline is 5.5 thousand km, and the Urengoy-Western Europe gas pipeline is about 4.5 thousand km.

Water transport

Sea - of all types of world transport, sea is the cheapest. It provides more than 75% of transportation between countries (the total volume of cargo is about 3.6 billion tons per year), serves 4/5 of all international trade, transports liquid, bulk, bulk cargo. Japan, the USA, and Russia have the largest tonnage of the merchant marine. The presence of a large fleet in and is explained by the fact that ships of other powers sail under the flags of these countries. It stands out in terms of maritime transport.

The world's largest ports (in terms of cargo turnover) include: Rotterdam (), Shanghai (China), Nagoya, Tokyo-Yokohama (Japan), New Orleans, New York, Philadelphia, San Francisco (USA), Antwerp (), Le Havre , Marseille (France), London, etc.

River - uses navigable, canals and inland waters. The largest navigable canals and waterways in the world are the Coastal Canal (USA), the Great Canal (China), the Volga-Kama waterway (Russia), the Rhine-Main waterway - in Europe. River transport serves mainly the internal needs of individual states, but sometimes it also carries out international transportation (for example, along the Danube in Europe, etc.).

The largest river and lake fleet is in the USA. Among the world's leading countries in terms of inland waterway freight turnover, China, Russia, Germany and Canada should also be noted.

Air Transport

Air transport is the youngest and most dynamic. Ranks first in intercontinental transportation. In the most developed countries, a dense network of airlines has developed. The largest air fleet (aircraft) is concentrated in the USA, significant in Canada, Germany. More than 1,000 airports participate in international communications (there are about 400 in Europe alone).

The largest airports in the world: in the USA - Chicago, Dallas, Los Angeles, Atlanta, New York (Kennedy), San Francisco; - London (Heathrow); Japan - Tokyo, as well as in Germany -, France - Paris, etc.

Transport nowadays has become less dependent on nature. But at the same time, the negative impact of transport on nature (thermal, noise, chemical and other types of pollution) is growing. Many countries are taking measures to protect the environment from the negative impacts of transport.

World transport system

We have already spoken about the role of transport as one of the main infrastructure sectors in the normal, rhythmic functioning of the world economy. As a sensitive barometer of the development of this economy, transport reflects the changes taking place in the geographical division of labor, in the relationship between producers, buyers and sellers. Having undergone radical changes under the influence of the scientific and technological revolution (“transport revolution”), transport in the 80-90s. 20th century developed successfully on the whole, although it did not manage to avoid the crisis phenomena at the turn of 1997–1998. Long-term trends in the development of world transport indicate the expansion of the global transport network, an increase in its load, an improvement in quality indicators, an expansion of the joint activities of various modes of transport, etc.

One of the most important concepts related to transport is the concept of world transport system, which covers all the world's communications and all means of transport. To characterize the global transport system, three main indicators are usually used: 1) the network of communications; 2) work of transport; 3) the main cargo and passenger flows.

The world transport network can be viewed from different points of view. It is interesting, firstly, to trace the dynamics of its development and, secondly, to analyze the current state of different types of this network.

The dynamics of the development of certain types of world transport in the second half of the XX century. shows table 140.

From the data presented in Table 140, it clearly follows that the dynamics of the development of certain types of the transport network in recent decades has been quite different. On the one hand, the length of its old forms - railways and inland waterways - has stabilized. On the other hand, the length of newer types of transport network - roads, pipelines and airways - continues to grow quite rapidly. Graphically, the ratio of individual types of transport network in 2005 is shown in Figure 103.

Table 140

DYNAMICS OF THE WORLD TRANSPORT NETWORK IN 1950–2000

Rice. 103. Transport network of the world, thousand km

The work of transport is determined by the size and structure of transportation of goods and passengers.

Freight transport can be measured in two ways. First, the mass of these goods, which in the world in the early 1990s. exceeded 100 billion tons per year. Secondly, and most importantly, cargo turnover, i.e. freight transportation work, which takes into account not only the mass, but also the distance of transportation of goods and is measured in ton-kilometers (t/km). Back in the early 1950s. the world cargo turnover was about 7 trillion t/km, and in 2000 it already reached 50 trillion t/km.

As freight turnover grew, there were also major changes in the structure. In 1950, railways accounted for 31% of the world's freight turnover, road transport for 7.5%, inland waterways for 5.5%, maritime transport for 52%, and pipelines for 4%. If we compare these data with modern (fig. 104), then attention is drawn to the decrease in the share of railways and inland waterways in the transportation of goods and the increase in the share of sea and pipeline transport. This is explained by the fact that it is sea transport, which has practically unlimited capacity of sea routes and the largest carrying capacity of rolling stock, that takes on almost 80% of international - primarily intercontinental - transportation. A significant increase in the role of liquid and gaseous fuels and raw materials, the rapid development of the petrochemical industry contributed to an increase in the role of pipeline transport. (However, one should not forget that in reality more than 80% of all cargo is transported by road transport, while sea transport is only 3.5%. But since the average transportation distance by road transport is only 30 km, and by sea 7– 8 thousand km, the cargo turnover of the latter turns out to be much larger.)

Passenger traffic is measured by the number of passengers carried and passenger traffic. Today, all modes of transport transport more than 1 trillion passengers annually. In terms of passenger traffic, it increased from 2.5 trillion passenger-kilometres in 1950 to over 20 trillion passenger-kilometres in 2005. This reflects the markedly increased mobility of the population. In the structure of passenger turnover (Fig. 104) non-competitive first place belongs to road transport; including 60% of all transportation is carried out by cars. The special role of road transport in passenger (and in freight) transportation is explained by its ubiquitous distribution, flexibility and maneuverability. The road network can be compared to the circulatory system of the body.

The main transport cargo and passenger flows are divided into intercontinental and inland. At the same time, intercontinental transportation of bulk (liquid, gaseous, bulk) cargoes is carried out almost exclusively by sea transport. Examples of them are the transport “bridges” described above, associated with the transportation of oil, liquefied natural gas, coal, iron ores, bauxites, etc. Maritime transport also accounts for the bulk of intercontinental transportation of general (piece) cargo, such as cars, cars. In intracontinental transportation of both cargo and passengers, the main role is played by road and rail transport, and in the transportation of oil and natural gas - by pipeline.

Rice. 104. Structure of world cargo and passenger turnover in 2005

Prospects for the development of world transport at the beginning of the XXI century. depend primarily on the growth rates of the world economy and world trade, as well as on the geopolitical situation in the world and its regions. According to some forecasts, in 2000-2015. a relatively modest increase in traffic can be expected.

The world transport system is not internally homogeneous. Even with the most generalized approach, it can be divided into two subsystems - economically developed and developing countries, which differ very much.

Transport subsystem economically developed countries is particularly large. It accounts for about 80% of the total length of the transport network, more than 70% of the world's freight traffic by weight and about 80% by value, and its share in the world's passenger traffic is even larger. More than 4/5 of the world fleet of cars is concentrated in economically developed countries, they have almost 2/3 of all ports in the world, performing 3/4 of the world cargo turnover. In the structure of the freight turnover of these countries, 40% falls on road transport, 25% on rail, and 35% on other modes of transport.

This subsystem is also characterized by: a large density of the transport network, which primarily characterizes the availability of it, a high technical level of the transport network and vehicles, and the widespread use of multimodal transportation involving different modes of transport. AT recent times the requirements for the quality of transport services, for increasing the efficiency, regularity, and rhythm of passenger and freight traffic, for increasing their speed, comfort, and ensuring safety, are increasingly coming to the fore. An increasing proportion of passenger and freight traffic in these countries is carried out on a just-in-time basis, reflecting the increased demands of the clientele.

Transport subsystem developing countries has many other parameters and quality characteristics. It has a little more than 20% of the total world length of the transport network, provides (by value) 20% of the world's freight turnover. These countries have 10% of the world's fleet of cars and 20% of trucks and buses. The density of the transport network in most countries is low, and the technical level of transport (for example, steam traction and narrow gauge railways) is lower. The mobility of the population in these countries is also many times less than in developed countries.

Along with such a two-member division of the world transport system, it is customary to single out several regional transport systems, each of which has its own characteristics. These features reflect the level of development of productive forces, the sectoral and territorial structure of the economy, the density and nature of the distribution of the population, the level of geographical division of labor and the degree of formation of economic regions, the participation of countries in international economic relations, as well as the peculiarities of historical development, natural conditions and transport policies of individual states. region.

The regional transport system of North America has reached the highest level. It accounts for about 1/3 of the total length of all world communications, and for the length of roads and gas pipelines, this share is even greater. North America also ranks first in terms of cargo turnover of most modes of transport. In the structure of its internal cargo turnover, 26% is accounted for by road transport, 28% by rail, 18% by water (river and coastal sea) and 28% by pipeline. But the structure of internal passenger traffic is especially indicative, which is provided by 81% by passenger cars, 16% by air, only 2 by buses and 1% by rail. Although at the same time the very large size of the territory of both the United States and Canada leads to the fact that the density of the transport network in them is relatively small. For example, for railways it is 30 in the USA, and 5 km per 1000 km 2 in Canada.

The regional transport system of foreign Europe in many respects, primarily in terms of the distance of transportation, is inferior to the system of North America, but it is much superior to it in terms of network density and traffic frequency. As in North America, a high level of motorization has been achieved here, pipeline transport and air transport have been greatly developed, while the role of rail and inland water transport has decreased. In the internal freight turnover of Western Europe, road transport accounts for 67%, rail transport - 19%, water transport - 8% and pipeline transport - 6%. Passenger traffic is also markedly dominated by passenger cars (54%), followed by rail (21), bus (17) and air (8%). But in terms of the density of the transport network, Western Europe ranks first in the world: in Germany, France, Great Britain, the Benelux countries, Sweden, Denmark, it ranges from 50 to 100 km per 1000 km 2 of territory.

Transport differences in overseas Asia are so great that it would be more correct to single out several regional transport systems within its boundaries: for example, the highly developed system of Japan, the system of China, the system of India and Pakistan, the system of the countries of Southwest Asia. The same applies to Africa, where there are considerable differences between North Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa, to Latin America. Australia has developed its own regional transport system. However, the density of the transport network in all these regional systems is much less than in Europe and North America. Only in some countries it is in the range from 1 to 5 km, and in most it does not even reach 1 km per 1000 km 2 of territory.

The unified transport system of the USSR, to a certain extent, was preserved in the CIS countries, forming a special regional system. Although it accounts for only 1/10 of the world transport network, in terms of freight turnover, this system occupies a more prominent place, primarily due to rail transport. In terms of total cargo turnover (4.5 trillion t/km), Russia is second only to the United States and China in the world. However, in the structure of this freight turnover, the share of pipeline transport is very high (55%), followed by rail transport (41%), while road transport accounts for less than 1%. If we consider not freight turnover, but cargo transportation, then the ratio will be significantly different: rail transport accounts for 42%, pipeline transport - 36%, and road transport - 14%. In the structure of passenger traffic in Russia, 40% is accounted for by rail, 35% by road and 20% by air. To this we must add that in the 1990s. both freight and passenger traffic in the country's transport has been very noticeably reduced.

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World transport system

(course work)

Introduction

Chapter 1. Transport - the tertiary sector of the economy

1.1 Land transport

1.2 Water and air transport

1.3 Pipeline transport

1.4 Transport hubs and corridors

Chapter 2. Transport in the modern economy

2.1 Transport and economic growth: interconnected issues

2.2 The role of railway transport in the unified transport system of Ukraine

Conclusion

List of used literature

Applications

Introduction

Transport is an important component of the world economy, as it is a material carrier between states. The specialization of states, their comprehensive development is impossible without a transport system. The transport factor influences the location of production, without taking it into account it is impossible to achieve a rational distribution of productive forces. When locating production, the need for transportation, the mass of equal materials of finished products, their throughput, etc. are taken into account. Depending on the influence of these components, enterprises are located. Transport is also important in solving socio-economic problems. The provision of the territory with a well-developed transport system is an important advantage for the placement of production forces and gives an integration effect. In the implementation of international economic relations, transport ensures the movement of goods (cargo) and people (passengers) between two or more countries, that is, in international communications. Depending on the specific modes of transport used in transportation, there are sea, river, air, rail, road and pipeline communications. These are the so-called direct international connections served by one mode of transport.

The world transport system was fully formed in the 20th century. It included all existing infrastructure of communications, vehicles, transport enterprises and transport management. The infrastructure consists of transport networks (railways, roads, all waterways, air corridors, canals, pipelines, tunnels and bridges) and transport hubs (ports, airports, railway stations, train stations, stops). Vehicles include all types of land, water and air transport. Transport management includes dispatching flight control, traffic signals, control of arrows on railway tracks, etc.

The global transport system has its own quantitative indicators. This is the total length of communication lines, the number of people employed in the transport system, freight and passenger traffic.

The world transport system includes regional transport systems of a heterogeneous structure. For example, a denser transport network in economically developed countries (50-60 km per 100 sq. km), and already in developing countries this figure drops to 5-10 km per 100 sq. km. The transport system of North America is the most developed, it contains approximately 30% of the total length of communications around the world. In addition, North America leads in terms of cargo turnover of most vehicles.

At the end of the last century, transport corridors began to be created that pass through the territory of several countries and combine several modes of transport.

The most important discovery was the invention of the container and the formation of a container system with the subsequent emergence of a new type of transport - a container ship and the construction of terminals in which goods are reloaded. Today, about 90% of piece cargo worldwide is transported in containers.

The world transport system is in constant development. At the current stage, information and innovative development technologies are of great importance. The main directions now are to increase the speed of movement, improve traffic safety, increase both the throughput of transport routes and the carrying capacity of vehicles, as well as the development and implementation of new modes of transport. Throughout the history of the world, ways of communicating between people and transporting various goods over long distances have played an important role in the economy. In this regard, transport networks became more and more developed and modes of transport became more and more diverse, with the help of which it was possible to transport large loads and more passengers faster than before. In addition, a new special type of transport has appeared for the urgent delivery of information (electronic transport).

The modern world cannot be imagined without transport, namely, without fast and reliable delivery of passengers, cargo or information. In connection with the development of science and technology, the number and quality of ways to distribute transported increases.

Objectives: to study the transport system in the global economy.

Chapter 1. Ttransport - the tertiary sector of the economy

Transport is a special sphere of material production. Unlike Agriculture and industry it does not create in the production process New Product, does not change its properties (physical, chemical) and quality. The products of transport are the movement of goods and people in space, changing their location. Therefore, the indicators of transport operation are, respectively, the freight turnover in ton-kilometers (t-km) and the passenger turnover in passenger-kilometers (passenger-km), which are the product of the volume of traffic (in t or pass.) and the distance (in km). The sum of tonne-kilometres and passenger-kilometres is called reduced tonne-kilometres.

The main types of modern transport are rail, water (sea and river), road, air and pipeline. Together they form a single transport system of the world.

An assessment of the level of development of the transport system by types of communication routes is carried out using indicators of the length (extent) and density of the transport network (defined as the ratio of the length of routes to a unit area of \u200b\u200bthe territory or to a certain number of inhabitants); share of a particular type of transport (in %). Automotive, pipeline and air transport have developed the fastest in recent years. The importance of maritime transport has increased. In almost all developed countries of the world, the position of rail transport has deteriorated.

The vast majority of all means of transport and means of communication are concentrated in developed countries. They account for a significant share of the freight and passenger turnover of world transport. Developing countries are much worse than developed ones, provided with transport.

Among the regional transport systems, the system of North America, the world leader in terms of the total length of communications (about 30% of the world transport network), stands out. All other regions by network density and traffic frequency. A single system of the CIS countries (10% of the global transport network), which ranks first in terms of total freight turnover.

In the rest of the world - in the developing countries of Africa, Asia and Latin America transport systems are in the formation stage, the role of horse-drawn transport is still great, some types of modern transport are poorly developed or absent at all (railroads, pipeline transport, etc.).

In general, a qualitative change in the transport network is taking place in the world: the length of electrified railways, paved highways, and a network of pipelines of a larger diameter is growing. Another manifestation of improving the quality of the transport network is the duplication of transport communications of world importance: the laying of oil pipelines, highways parallel to canals, other means of communication (for example, oil pipelines have been created parallel to the Suez and Panama canals, the Trans-Pyrenean highway along the Strait of Gibraltar, etc.); formation of a container system for the transportation of goods (about 40% of general cargo is transported in containers), transcontinental container "bridges", which are a combination of maritime transport with block trains and container carriers. (Trans-Siberian, Japan - East Coast of the USA, Trans-American, Western Europe - Near and Middle East); creation of transport corridors (polyhighways) for the transportation of goods through the territory of several states (for example, nine are allocated in Europe, two transport corridors in Russia: Berlin - Warsaw - Minsk - Moscow - Nizhny Novgorod, Helsinki - St. Petersburg - Moscow - Kyiv - Odessa with continuation to Novorossiysk and Astrakhan).

Transport is a set of means designed to move people, goods, signals and information from one place to another. The term "transport" comes from the Latin. trans ("through") and portare ("carry"). Transport is the "circulatory system" of the economy. The main task of transport is to ensure stable links between individual sectors of the economy and regions of the country and the world; timely and complete satisfaction of the needs of the economy and the population in transportation [№2, p. 310].

The work of transport can be judged by:

a) cargo turnover - the amount of goods transported over a certain period over a certain distance, measured in ton-kilometers);

b) passenger turnover - the number of passengers transported over a certain period for a certain distance, measured in passenger-kilometers [№4, p.246].

The concept of transport includes several aspects:

infrastructure that ensures the operation of the transport system and includes connection routes, rolling stock, cargo handling facilities of transport and other enterprises and organizations that create loading, unloading and transshipment of goods carried by all modes of transport, as well as management and communication methods and technical equipment [No. 1, p. 325];

transport system - a set of all types of transport interconnected in order to meet the needs of the population and the state in the transportation of passengers and goods; consists of transport points (such as a bus station, airport, railway station or pier), transport hubs - settlements where several modes of transport converge and cargo is exchanged between them, and highways [№1, p.326].

The transport factor to some extent determines the sectoral and territorial structure of the national economic complex. This is due to the fact that a certain amount of labor is used for any transportation of raw materials, materials or finished products [No. 4, p. 246].

Transport is divided into three categories: public transport, non-public transport and personal or individual transport. Public transport should not be confused with public transport (public transport is a subcategory of public transport). Public transport serves trade (transports goods) and the population (passenger traffic). Non-public transport - intra-industrial and intra-departmental transport. Personal transport is cars, bicycles, yachts, private jets. Personal automatic transport forms a new category, as it combines the features of urban public transport and personal vehicles. Urban transport is intended mainly for the transport of passengers. Its main types are tram, trolleybus, bus connection and metro [№4, p.256].

Transport is one of the main consumers of energy and one of the main sources of emissions of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that enhances global warming. The reason for this is the burning of huge amounts of fossil fuels (mainly petroleum products such as gasoline, kerosene and diesel fuel) in the internal combustion engines of land, air and water vehicles. Public and non-motorized modes of transport (for example, walking or cycling) are considered more “environmentally friendly”, since their contribution to the listed problems is much less or not at all. Electric powered vehicles (such as electric trains or hybrid cars) are considered more "climate neutral" than their fossil fuel counterparts. A climate-neutral technological solution (fuel or engine) for aircraft does not currently exist, but airships are offered as an environmentally friendly alternative to commercial aviation. Other negative examples of the impact of transport on the environment include: air pollution by exhaust gases and the smallest solid particles, groundwater pollution by toxic effluents from roads, car washes and parking lots, noise pollution, loss of urban living space (up to 50% of the area of modern cities is allocated to roads, parking lots, garages, and gas stations) and suburban sprawl that engulfs wildlife habitats and agricultural land [#3, p.186].

1.1 Land transport

The most important types of land transport are rail, road and pipeline. [A1]

Rail transport ranks second in terms of freight turnover (after sea transport) and passenger traffic (after road transport). In terms of the total length of the road network (about 1.2 million km), it is inferior not only to road transport, but also to air transport. The main function of railway transport is the transportation of bulk industrial and agricultural goods (coal, steel, grain, etc.) over long distances. A distinctive feature is the regularity of movement, regardless of the weather and season.

There are great differences in the level of development of railway transport (extent, density of the network, degree of electrification of railways, etc.) by regions and countries of the world. In general, the world is reducing the length of the railway network, especially in developed countries. Their new construction is carried out only in separate, mostly developing, countries (Russia, China, etc.)

In terms of the length of the railway network, the leading positions in the world are occupied by the largest (in terms of territory) countries: the USA (176 thousand km), Russia (87.5), Canada (85), India, China, Germany, Australia, Argentina, France , Brazil. These countries account for more than half of the total length of the world's railways. The countries of North America and Western Europe are oversaturated with railways, and some countries in Africa and Asia do not have them at all. European countries are leaders in railway density (their density in Belgium is 133 km per 1,000 sq. km). The average density of the railway network in African countries is only 2.7 km per 1,000 sq. km. In terms of the level of electrification of railways, they are also ahead of all European countries (in Switzerland, about 100% of railways are electrified, in Sweden - 65%, in Italy, Austria and Spain - more than 50%, in Russia - 43%).

In some regions and countries of the world, railways have different gauges. In the CIS countries, the gauge is wider than in the countries of Eastern and Western Europe, North America, and Asia. Does not correspond to the Western European gauge of some other states (for example, Finland, the states of the Iberian Peninsula). In general, the Western European track accounts for up to 3/4 of the length of the world's roads.

In terms of cargo turnover, the United States, China and Russia occupy the leading positions in the world, in terms of passenger turnover - Japan (395 billion passenger-km), China (354), India (320), Russia (192), Germany (60 billion passenger-km).

A number of developed countries (USA, Japan, Germany, France, etc.) have created high-speed (over 200 km/h) railways. The railways of the CIS countries, foreign Europe, North America within their regions are connected into a single transport system, i.e. form regional railway systems.

Road transport plays a leading role in the transportation of passengers (provides 80% of the world's passenger traffic), as well as goods over short and medium distances. Among other modes of transport, it is also the leader in terms of the length of the road network (24 million km, or 70% of the global transport network). transport corridor railway pipeline

Most of the car park and highway network is concentrated in developed countries. With the total number of cars in the world exceeding 650 million, about 80% of them are concentrated in North America (approximately 250 million cars, of which 200 million in the USA), Western Europe (more than 200 million cars) and Japan (over 50 million).

The United States (1/4 of the entire length), China, Japan, India, Russia, and European countries have the most developed road network. The latter in terms of density of roads surpass the countries of all regions of the world. In terms of freight turnover of road transport, the United States occupies the first place.

In some countries and regions of the world (CIS, foreign Europe, North America), highways form a single transport system (state, interstate).

1.2 Water and air transport

Air transport is the fastest and at the same time the most expensive mode of transport. The main scope of air transport is passenger transportation over distances of more than a thousand kilometers. Freight transport is also carried out, but its share is very low (most of it is mail); 60% of traffic is international flights. Basically, perishable products and especially valuable cargo, as well as mail are transported by air. In many hard-to-reach areas (in the mountains, in the Far North), there are no alternatives to air transport. In such cases, when there is no airfield at the landing site (for example, the delivery of scientific groups to hard-to-reach areas), not airplanes are used, but helicopters that do not need a landing strip. A big problem with modern aircraft is the noise they make during takeoff, which significantly spoils the quality of life of the inhabitants of areas located near airports.

In terms of the number of airlines, the United States ranks first in the world - 9134, and in terms of the number of airports with a runway length of more than 3 km - Canada and Brazil (each with more than 500). The aviation states are the USA, Russia, France, Japan, Great Britain, etc.

Water transport is the oldest form of transport. At least until the advent of transcontinental railways (second half of the 19th century), it remained the most important mode of transport. Even the most primitive sailing ship covered four to five times the distance in a day than a caravan. The transported cargo was large, the operating costs - less. Water transport still retains an important role. Due to its advantages (the cheapest after the pipeline), water transport now covers 60--67% of the total world cargo turnover. Inland waterways transport mainly bulk cargo - building materials, coal, ore - the transportation of which does not require high speed. Advantages river transport: reliable performance, low capital investment. Disadvantages: seasonality of operation, low speed of movement (competition with faster road and rail transport affects here), predetermined direction of movement. For transportation across the seas and oceans, water transport has no competitors (it has a large capacity; air transportation is very expensive, and their total share in cargo transportation is low), therefore, sea vessels transport a variety of types of goods, but most of the cargo is oil and oil products, liquefied gas , coal, ore.

In Ukraine, the length of waterways is about 2.4 thousand km; the main ones are the Dnieper with the Desna and Pripyat, the Southern Bug, the Seversky Donets, the Dniester, the Danube. [No. 5, p.143]. In the world, France, Germany, the Netherlands and Papua New Guinea have the highest density of inland waterways (more than 20 km per 1000 km2). The main region of lake navigation is the large lakes of the USA and Canada.

The largest tonnage of the marine merchant fleet is in Japan, the USA, Greece, Russia, etc. There are about thirty world ports (Rotterdam, Hamburg, Los Angeles, etc.). Half of the world's sea traffic falls on the Atlantic Ocean (together with the Mediterranean, almost 3/5); to the Pacific - about ¼ of world traffic (the densest network of sea routes connects the ports of Japan, the Republic of Korea, Singapore and China). The Indian Ocean accounts for less than 1/6 of transportation, the main of which are the routes of transportation of oil from the Persian Gulf to Europe and Japan [№1, p.390] .

1.3 Pipeline transport

Pipeline transport is one of the most dynamically developing modes of transport. Perhaps its main difference from other modes of transport is the fact that in the process of transporting goods, the goods themselves move, but not the vehicle (this is largely due to physical properties transported goods - oil, gas, etc.). This difference is the reason for a number of features, which are discussed below.

The creation of a wide network of pipelines made it possible to move natural gas, oil and oil products more efficiently over long distances without intermediate processes of their reloading, which takes place in other modes of transport. This gives rise to an important feature of pipeline transport - the continuity of its operation.

In general, pipeline transport is increasingly specialized in the movement of certain types of products: liquid (from oil and oil products to milk), gaseous (natural and associated gases, ammonia, ethane, ethylene, etc.), solid (coal, grain, etc.). They move over different distances - from several kilometers to several thousand kilometers. The final points of supply are different: oil - oil refineries; natural gas, ammonia, ethane, ethylene - chemical enterprises; coal and fuel oil - most often power plants. For other types of products - mass consumers (natural gas for municipal and, especially, domestic consumption, petroleum products - gasoline, kerosene, etc.). Therefore, in addition to the main pipelines, there is also an extensive distribution network of pipelines.

The advantage of pipeline transport is the possibility of laying its highways in conditions of different terrain, through large bodies of water, including the sea, in permafrost conditions. This type of transport can operate in any climatic and weather conditions, losses during transportation are minimal.

However, the creation of gas and oil pipelines leads to certain environmental issues(rupture of pipes and release of oil and gas, disturbance of the natural cover during the laying of pipes, in the northern regions with land pipeline routes - interference with animal migration).

It is impossible not to mention the problems of the high cost of construction and repair. In addition, to ensure the start of operation of a new pipeline, it is necessary to fill the pipeline with the pumped product, and to maintain the required pressure along the entire length of the pipeline, booster pumping stations are needed, at certain distances, depending on the relief of the route, which also requires significant funds. Another distinguishing feature of pipeline transport is its great length. The total length of only the main oil and gas pipelines in the world is approaching 2 million km, i.e. almost double the length of railways and, unlike the latter, continues to increase. Pipelines, especially trunk pipelines, with a large throughput, run mainly along the route field - processing - consumer, which can be stretched for many kilometers across the territories of several countries. For the right to own (hence - for receiving transit duties) on its territory by an international pipeline, there are sometimes lengthy economic disputes, often developing into regional diplomatic or military conflicts

1.4 Transport hubs and corridors

Transport corridors are a set of main transport communications of various modes of transport with the necessary arrangements for the transportation of passengers and goods between different countries in the directions of their concentration. The system of international transport corridors also includes export and transit main pipelines.

A transport hub is a complex of transport devices at the junction of several modes of transport, jointly performing operations for servicing transit, local and urban transportation of goods and passengers. The transport hub as a system is a set of transport processes and means for their implementation at the junction of two or more main modes of transport. In the transport system, the nodes have the function of control valves. Failure of one such valve can lead to problems for the entire system.

Large transport hubs are always large cities, because they attract trade, it is convenient to develop industry here (there are no supply problems), and transport terminals themselves provide many jobs. Many cities arose at the intersection of land or waterways, that is, as transport hubs (many still exist due to this role). First of all, these are port cities: in Great Britain - this is London, in France - Marseilles, Paris, in Germany - Frankfurt am Main, Hamburg, Bremen, in Spain - Bilbao, Barcelona, in Italy - Venice, Milan, in the Netherlands - the so-called Ranstadt (a complex of transport hubs connected in a single network - Rotterdam, Amsterdam, Utrecht, Leiden, The Hague), in Sweden - Stockholm, in the USA - New York, Seattle, Chicago, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Australia - Sydney, Japan - Tokyo, China - Shanghai, Singapore. There are also less common examples. So, the city of Shannon in Ireland mainly lives at the expense of the airport. Some cities play the role of not cargo, but passenger transport hubs, for example, Simferopol in the Crimea, where numerous tourists arrive, transferring there to transport that delivers them to the cities of the Crimean coast.

Chapter 2. Transport in the modern economy

Transport in the modern innovative economy is the most important factor in economic growth, as a condition for the realization of competitive advantages, and mainly as an active factor in the competitiveness of goods and organizations in the market, the formation of the quality of life of people, the development of the national economy.

In the modern economy, transport is essential tool integration processes:

it participates in the structuring of the market economy,

forms the economic space;

develops world trade;

opens the way to the globalization of innovative production;

stimulates organizations of various forms of ownership to participate in the world market by expanding access to the main markets for goods and services;

provides employment growth (for example, in the aviation industry alone, it provides about 29 million jobs).

increases the competitiveness of products and organizations in the markets for goods and services in various parts of the world.

produces the introduction of innovative technologies.

contributes to attracting investments in various countries and regions and diversifying the economy.

forms a system of quality of life of the population.

2.1 Transport and economic growth: interconnected issues

All factors of economic growth are usually divided into basic, or fundamental, and specific, or complementary factors (conditions) of economic growth.

The fundamental factors of economic growth include, such as labor and natural resources, physical capital, as well as production and management technologies. Among the specific factors of economic growth, there are: information resources, the type of sectoral structure of the economy, investment in human capital, the level of development of production, in particular, transport infrastructure, regional factors, as well as the mechanism of interregional interaction, which are of fundamental importance for countries with a complex territorial structure.

The connection between economic growth and transport as its factor can be considered in various aspects.

On the one hand, economic growth is determined by the availability of the main resources (labor, capital and technology), as well as their effective combinations, which cannot be provided without appropriate mobility, or intersectoral movements.

On the other hand, economic growth is determined by the presence of a developed export base, the competitiveness of which is determined by the presence of conditions for intensive interregional (intercountry) commodity flows, which are the level of development and features of the location of the transport network, the costs of transportation and insurance of goods, the level of prices for the services of carriers on road, rail, water and air transport.

Consequently, transport can be considered as a public good (consumption of which is distinguished by the properties of non-competition and non-excludability) in terms of creating conditions for the competitiveness of economic agents operating in a certain territory. Those regions that quickly create production, including transport infrastructure, receive sustainable competitive advantages, which is realized in the influx of investments, more productive factors and production conditions that ensure regional economic growth.

There is also an inverse relationship: the growth of the total productivity of production factors is a function of the availability and development of transport infrastructure facilities, since a developed transport infrastructure makes it easier for entrepreneurs to adapt new technologies and, consequently, generate technical progress, and thereby economic growth.

This allows us to consider transport as a factor contributing to the social orientation of economic growth, because transport makes it possible to reduce the regional differentiation of levels of social economic development. A developed transport infrastructure, equal access of economic agents, as well as different (in terms of wealth) groups of the population to its facilities, lead to an equalization of the level of income received, a reduction in costs per unit of output, and an increase in the consumption of transport services.

The innovative type of economic growth puts forward new requirements for transport and the main parameters of its development. We note the following circumstances:

1. While maintaining the main functions of the transport system (an instrument for the unity of national commodity markets and the interconnection of regions; a factor that creates and organizes a single economic space; a source for the development of the territorial division of labor and the realization of comparative competitive advantages; a condition for ensuring the country's security; a means of moving and increasing the mobility of the population, the scale, directions and strategy of transport development should be ahead of the parameters of the country's socio-economic development as a whole.Only with this approach, transport will not be a factor hindering socio-economic development.

Ensuring the advanced development of the transport system in comparison with other economic subsystems should mark the completion of the stage of "sectoral" development of transport, and the transition to the development of transport as a universal type of activity, which, in turn, should become the cornerstone of a new transport policy, the object of which is a unified transport system .

2. Significantly increases the system-forming role of transport, which is also manifested in the strengthening of the relationship between the tasks of transport development and priorities in the field of socio-economic transformations.

In the context of the globalization of the world economy, transport, along with the financial and information sphere, is the most important lever of integration processes. The special role of transport is determined by the fact that thanks to transport, a market economy is structured, a single economic space is formed.

This predetermines new accents in the restructuring of the transport system, emphasis on the creation of internal and external conditions for the effective integration of the national transport system into the world transport system.

3. The problem of increasing the competitiveness of goods and services for the Russian economy is a key one at the present stage of development. In this regard, the search for growth points, original "hotspots" of competitiveness, adequate to the challenges of globalization and the patterns of post-industrial development, is at the center of discussions about ways to overcome the backlog of the Russian economy, mechanisms for its modernization, goals and priorities of the state's economic policy that ensures long-term and sustainable economic growth. improving the quality of life of the population.

Today, the sources of positive dynamics of economic growth are found not so much on the side of traditional, "natural" conditions of production, associated, for example, with the availability of resources, but on the side of purposefully formed, acquired competitive advantages.

With regard to Russia, we can talk about using its transit potential associated with the country's special geographical position as a natural transport corridor connecting the European, Asia-Pacific regions and the Americas.

The foregoing allows us to conclude that transport should be considered not only as the most important factor in the economic growth of a new, post-industrial type, a condition for the realization of competitive advantages, but also, mainly, as an active factor in the formation of the competitiveness of goods and services, in general, of the national economy.

4. The recent openness of the national transport market imposes new requirements on the level of competitiveness of transport. Clearly, there are limitations associated with the underdevelopment of a unified transport system, disagreements in tax, tariff, and investment policies, which, in fact, indicates the absence of a unified transport policy, effective mechanisms for its formation and implementation.

5. Among the modern challenges that the national transport system must respond to, a special place is occupied by the spatial mobility of the population, which is not yet adequate not only to the requirements of an innovative type of economic growth, but also to the needs of a market economy. Studies show that, in general, the mobility of the population in Russia is significantly lower than in countries with developed market economies. According to estimates, up to 1/3 of the regions are in the so-called poverty trap, the population of these regions does not have economic opportunities to leave these regions, which, in particular, can serve as an explanation for why in Russia there is no convergence of regions in terms of income. We add that in Russia there are several tens of thousands of settlements that have only a seasonal connection with "high roads".

The globalization of the modern economy imposes new requirements on the formation of the competitiveness of national systems.

2.2 The role of railway transport in the unified transport system of Ukraine

In the broad sense of the word, modern transport is a large and complex complex of the national economy, within which various types of so-called main transport, as well as urban and industrial transport, operate as independent industries. Despite the administrative and economic independence, all modes of transport are in a certain interdependence and have a significant impact on both the transportation process and the final technical and economic results of activities.

Coherence, interaction of all types of transport allows us to talk about a single transport system of Ukraine, which acts as one of the basic sectors of the national economy, contributing to the unification of all economic regions of the country into a single economic complex and the integrated development of each economic region. The degree of development and efficiency of transport depends on the uninterrupted interaction of all sectors of the national economy and enterprises, the timeliness of inter-sectoral and inter-regional deliveries of various products.

In modern market conditions, the transport system of Ukraine is presented with high requirements in relation to the quality, regularity and reliability of transport links, the safety of goods and the safety of passenger transportation, the timing and cost of delivery. In accordance with this, the state of the country's transport communications must meet the requirements of European integration.

The unified transport system of Ukraine includes the following types of transport: land (railway, road, pipeline); water (marine, inland water); air.

All types of transport are developing. Some of them play an important role in international economic and passenger communications (sea, air), others serve mainly domestic communications.

The most developed railway transport in Ukraine. It plays a decisive role in the unified transport system of the country, significantly influencing economic relations between producers and consumers of products, regions and economic regions Ukraine, with foreign countries.

Rail transport is a type of transport that transports goods and passengers on rail tracks. It is due to its reliability, regularity, the possibility of transporting goods and passengers regardless of the season and weather conditions, a low degree of environmental impact (compared to other modes of transport), low energy consumption of transportation work (energy consumption in railway transport is 6 times less than in aviation, and 3 times less than in motor transport) is widely used both in domestic and international communications.

The railway transport of Ukraine ranks fourth in the world in terms of the total length of tracks (23,000 km) (after the USA, Russia, Canada). In terms of cargo turnover, it performs the main volumes of traffic - 40-50% (even in the year of the greatest decline - 1997 - over 40%), and in terms of passenger traffic it is the undisputed leader - it accounts for 50-70% of the total volume of traffic. railways of Ukraine, is almost equal to the volume performed by the railways of the EU countries taken together. The unfolded length of the railway lines indicated European countries exceeds the existing one in Ukraine by 4.2 times, the level of cargo transportation per inhabitant in Ukraine is 3.3 times higher than their total value for these countries. This indicates a higher freight density and intensity of Ukrainian railways compared to European ones. The role of railway transport in the system of transport communications of Ukraine is enhanced by the fact that the main transport trans-European corridors run through the territory of the state: East-West, Baltic-Black Sea. In particular, the trans-European railway line E-30, originating in Berlin, crosses Ukraine along the route Mostyska-Lviv-Kyiv and goes further to Moscow. On the territory of Poland, it intersects with the E-59 and E-65 highways, and creates the possibility of high-speed rail communication between almost all European countries.

With the entry of Ukraine into the European economic space, with the increase in connection with this volume of freight and passenger traffic, the importance of rail transport is increasing.

Railway lines of communication, together with other modes of transport, form territorial connections of tracks, technical means and transportation services, including all types of interacting transport. In the transport system of Ukraine, rail transport closely interacts with road transport (with the Kharkiv-Rostov-on-Don highway, Kharkiv-Sevastopol highway, etc.), river transport (with ports on the Dnieper, Desna, Danube), sea transport (in the ports of Odessa, Nikolaev, Kherson ) and other modes of transport. The coordination of the actions of all modes of transport ensures effective block, mixed communications, in which the role of container transportation is growing as the most progressive way of delivering products.

Conclusion

In this paper, the transport system of the world is studied. The features of transport, its positive and negative sides were identified, the trends and problems of the development of the transport system were considered, because transport is an important link in the world economy, without which the normal functioning of any state is impossible.

Stabilization of the economy and its rise are impossible without solving the main problems of the transport complex. First of all, the issues of increasing investment in this industry, attracting foreign capital, and establishing the work of suppliers of the transport complex - transport engineering, electrical and electronic industries, instrumentation, construction industry, etc. need to be addressed. Closer coordination of the work of all is necessary in the transport complex itself. modes of transport among themselves and with branches of the national economy. Modern transport world system is closely connected not only with the economic situation in the world, but also with natural disasters. Thus, in April 2010, in connection with the volcanic eruption in Iceland, air transport was blocked, which made it possible for the rapid development of land and rail transport. According to scientists, the volcanic eruption can last from 4 to 60 years, thereby completely stopping the movement of air transport and there will be a large-scale development of rail and land transport. The role of transport in the modern world economy can hardly be overestimated. Thanks to it, communication is carried out between industrial and agricultural enterprises, raw material bases and the manufacturer, various sectors of the economy, various regions of the globe. The transport networks of the world were formed under the influence of such socio-economic factors: the location of industrial centers, cities and sources of minerals; population of cities; natural conditions (climate, relief); directions of the main cargo flows and historical features of the formation of the state. The cargo density and freight turnover of a particular type of transport depends on which sectors of the economy it serves, so it is necessary to take into account the location of the sectors of the economy and the characteristics of their raw material and fuel bases. The main modes of transport in the world are road and rail.

List of used literature

1. Gabdullin A. Pipeline transport, its features and prospects. 2006.

2. Efimova E.G. Transport in the world economy. Ankil - M:, 2007

3. Zheltikov V.P. Economical geography. Phoenix-M, 2004

4. Management of the transport process: Textbook, manual. / Compiled by L.N. Kleptsov, KuzGTU. - Kemerovo, 2001.434s.

5. Margovenko A.G. "Roads of the Tsars" (Russian) // Journal "Ural", 2004. - No. 10.

6. Dunaev N.V. Transport in the modern economy // Transport safety and technology, 2008. - No. 1

7. Lipets Yu. G, Pulyarkin V.V. Geography of the world economy. St. Petersburg: Aletheya, 2000.

8. Troitskaya N.A. Unified transport system. Textbook for students of institutions environments. Prof. education. Publishing Center "Academy" - M:, 2003.

9. Shishkina L.N. Transport system of Russia - M:, 2003.

10. Newspaper "Transport of Russia" No. 37, 2007.

11. Journal "Economist" No. 7, 2007

12. Bainazarov A.M., Vysochin M.Yu., Shmatko O.E., Yakovchuk O.V. Geography: A practical guide. - Kharkov: FOP Spivak T.K., 2009.

13. Geographic encyclopedic Dictionary. Concepts and terms / Ch. ed. A.F.Treshnikov; Ed. coll.: E.B. Alaev, P.M. Alampiev and others - M., Sov. encyclopedia, 1988. - 432 p., illustration.

14. Zastavny F.D. Geography of Ukraine. - Lvov: Svit, 1990. - 360 p.

15. Maslyak O.P., Shishchenko P.G. Geography of Ukraine. - K .: Zodiac-ECO, 2001. - 432 p.

16. Economic and social geography of Ukraine. - Kharkov: Vesta. Publishing house "Ranok", 2003. - 349 p.

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CHAPTER 1 literature review

basis term paper was the work of Maksakovsky V.P. “Economic and social geography of the world”. This book contains a comprehensive, concise analysis of the world's transportation system.

Mironenko N. S. in his work "Introduction to the geography of the world economy" (1995), notes that transport is one of the most important sectors of the economy. It provides production links between industry and agriculture, transports goods and passengers, and is the main geographical development of labor.

The exchange and structure of transportation, as a rule, reflect the level and structure of the economy, and the geography of the transport network and cargo flows - the location of productive forces, indicate Gladky Yu. N., Sokolov O. V., Faibusovich E. L. in the textbook for students "Economic and social geography.

In preparing the work, the works of Alisov N.V., Khoreva B.S. “Economic and social geography of the world” (2000, 2002) were used, which indicate that all means of communication, transport enterprises and vehicles together form the world transport system. It was formed in the 20th century and is strongly influenced by scientific and technological revolution. This is expressed in the "division of labor" between certain types transport, increasing the capacity of transport routes, the emergence of fundamentally new vehicles - for example, high-speed trains on an air cushion and maglev, electric vehicles, etc.

Gdalin D. A., Gladky I. Yu. in the book "Global Geography" (2002), note that the "container revolution" had a huge impact on the development of all types of transport, as a result of which the transportation of goods is carried out in special metal containers - containers. There were also new vehicles - container ships and special transshipment stations - terminals. This made it possible to increase labor productivity in transport by 7-10 times.

In the textbook "Socio-economic geography of the world" Gladky Yu. N., Chernikhova E. Ya. emphasize that the world transport system is heterogeneous. In general, it is possible to distinguish between the transport systems of economically developed and developing countries. The first of them accounts for 78% of the total length of the global transport network and 74% of the world's cargo turnover. The density of the transport network (to the greatest extent characterizing the availability of it), in most developed countries is 50-60 km. per 100 sq. km. territory, and in developing - 5-10 km.

Maksakovskiy V.P. in the work " Geographic map peace. Regional Characteristics of the World" (2003), also identifies several regional transport systems: North America (it accounts for about 30% of the total length of all world communications), CIS countries, foreign Europe, foreign Asia (subdivided into several subsystems). Latin America, Australia, North Africa.

CHAPTER 2 material and research methods

The research methodology was made up of general scientific and highly specialized methods:

Analysis of theoretical sources;

Summarizing the information received;

Map work.

The channels for collecting information and processing are diverse.

1. Work with cartographic material (Big Atlas of the World, (2007); Map of the World, (2005); Natural resources, (2005)).

2. Processing of literary information, which are combined into several groups:

Cartographic sources: Large Atlas of the World, (2007); Map of the World, (2005); Natural Resources, (2005).

Review literature: Gladkiy, S. B. Lavrov Economic and social geography of the world, (2001); Golubchik M. M. Political geography of the world, (1998); Tasks in geography. Ed. A. S. Naumova, (1994); Earth and Humanity: Global Problems // Series "Countries and Peoples", (1985). T. 20; Kolosov V. A. Political geography: problems and methods, (1988); Lipets Yu. G., Pulyarkin V. A., Shlikhter S. B. Geography of the world economy, (1999); Magidovich I. P., Magidovich V. I. Essays on history geographical discoveries,(1982-1986). - T. 1-5; Maksakovskiy V.P. Geographical map of the world. Regional characteristics of the world, (2003) .

Teaching aids and textbooks.

CHAPTER 3 general characteristics of the world

transport network

3.1 Extent of the global transport network

All means of communication, transport enterprises and vehicles together form a global transport system, the scale of which is very large. More than 100 million people are employed in world transport. The total length of the transport network of the world, without sea routes, is 36 million km. Every year, more than 100 billion tons of cargo and more than 1 trillion tons of goods are transported in the world by all modes of transport. passengers. More than 650 million cars, 40,000 ships, 10,000 regular aircraft, and 200,000 locomotives are involved in these transportations.

The length of the transport network of the world (in thousand km): railways - 1200, roads - 24000, inland waterways - 550, pipelines - 1700, airways - 8500.

Scientific and technological revolution has had a great impact on the "division of labor" between the individual modes of transport. In the world passenger turnover, the uncompetitive first place (about 3/4) now belongs to road transport, in the world freight turnover - to sea transport (almost 2/3). However, there are large differences between individual regions and countries in this respect.

Therefore, it is customary to single out also regional transport systems, each of which has its own characteristics. We can talk about the transport systems of North America, foreign Europe, the CIS countries, South, East and Southwest Asia, Latin America, Australia, Tropical Africa, etc.

Since its inception, transportation has had a strong impact on the environment. With the growth of the length of the transport network, the intensity of traffic, the negative impacts are increasingly intensifying, while different types of transport have, as it were, their own “specialization”. So, the main air pollutant is road, air and rail transport, these types of transport also create “noise pollution” and require large areas for the construction of highways, gas stations, parking lots, train stations, etc. (except for air). Water transport mainly serves as a source of oil pollution in the oceans and inland waters.

3.2 Modes of transport

Transport is divided into land (railway and road), water (sea and river), air, pipeline and electronic (power lines).

Road transport is often called the transport of the 20th century, since, having originated at the dawn of our century, it has become the leading type of land transport. The length of its network is growing and has now reached 24 million km, and about 1/2 falls on the USA, India, Russia, Japan, and China. The United States and a number of Western European countries are leading in terms of motorization in the world. Road transport leads in terms of passenger traffic - 80% of the world volume.

Rail transport, despite the decline in its share in transportation, still remains an important type of land transport, especially in terms of the volume of goods transported (10% of the world volume). The global railway network as a whole was formed at the beginning of the 20th century, its length is now 12.5 million km, but it is unevenly distributed. Although there are railways in 140 countries of the world, more than 1/2 of their total length falls on the “top ten countries”: the USA, Russia, Canada, India, China, Australia, Argentina, France and Brazil, European countries stand out especially in terms of network density. But along with this there are vast areas where the railway network is very rare or non-existent.

Pipeline transport is actively developing due to the rapid growth in oil and natural gas production and the territorial gap that exists between the main areas of their production and consumption. Pipeline transport accounts for 11% of the world cargo turnover.

Water transport is primarily characterized by the prominent role of maritime transport. It accounts for 62% of the world's cargo turnover, it also serves about 4/5 of all international trade. It is thanks to the development of maritime transport that the ocean no longer separates, but rather connects countries and continents. The total length of sea routes is millions of kilometers. Sea vessels transport mainly bulk cargoes - bulk (oil, oil products), bulk and bulk (coal, ore, grain, phosphorites, etc.), and usually at a distance of 8 - 10 thousand km. The "container revolution" in maritime transport has led to a rapid growth in the transportation of so-called general cargo - finished goods and semi-finished products. Maritime transportation is provided by the merchant marine, the total tonnage of which exceeds 420 million tons. Until the mid-1970s, tankers accounted for most of this tonnage, but now their share has decreased. Despite the fact that the main maritime powers (in terms of the number of ships assigned to them) are Liberia, Panama, Japan, but in fact many ships flying the flags of the first two belong to the developed countries of the West. The championship in world shipping belongs to the Atlantic Ocean, the second place in terms of maritime transport is occupied by the Pacific Ocean, the third - by the Indian.

The international sea channels (especially the Suez and Panama) and the sea straits (the English Channel, Gibraltar, Hormuz, Malacca, etc.) have a very great influence on the geography of maritime transport.

Inland water transport is the oldest mode of transport, now it occupies the last place in the world transport system along the length of the network.

The development and deployment of inland water transport is primarily associated with natural prerequisites - the presence of rivers and lakes suitable for navigation. The Amazon, Parana, Mississippi, Ob, Yenisei, Yangtze, Congo have a much greater capacity than the most powerful railway lines. But the use of these prerequisites depends on the general level of economic development. Therefore, in terms of cargo turnover of inland waterways in the world, the United States, Russia, Canada, the Netherlands, Belgium, and China stand out.

Navigation on artificial routes and lake navigation are also important in some countries.

Air transport - this type of the fastest, but quite expensive transport plays an important role in international passenger traffic. Its advantages, in addition to speed, are the quality of supplies, geographic mobility, which makes it easy to expand and change routes. The network of scheduled airlines now encircles the entire Earth stretching for millions of kilometers. Its reference points are 5,000 airports. The main air powers of the world are the USA, Russia, Japan, Great Britain, France. Canada.

3.3 Parameters of the global transport system

A transport hub is a complex of transport devices at the junction of several modes of transport, jointly performing operations for servicing transit, local and urban transportation of goods and passengers. A transport hub as a system is a set of transport processes and means for their implementation at the junctions of two or more main modes of transport. In the transport system, the nodes have the function of control valves. Failure of one such valve can lead to problems for the entire system.

The largest transport hub - . The paths of five types of transport intersect here: 11 railway lines, 15 highways, 5 gas pipelines and 3 oil pipelines converge in Moscow; there are three river ports, five airports and nine railway stations. Another interesting example is where does it end and many sea routes begin.

Major transportation hubs are always major cities. The fact is that transport hubs literally attract(an effect that can be observed at least in the example of railway stations), it is convenient to develop here(no supply problems), and the transport terminals themselves provide many jobs. Many cities arose at the intersection of land or waterways, that is, as transport hubs, and many still exist due to this role. First of all, these are port cities, but there are also less common examples. Yes, the city in mostly live off the airport. Some cities do not play the role of cargo, but passenger transport hubs, for example, in , where numerous tourists arrive, transferring there to transport that delivers them to the cities of the Crimean coast.

Transport and can be interchangeable and complementary. Although it is theoretically possible to replace a sufficiently developed transport connection (instead of a personal visit, one could send a telegram, make a phone call, send a fax, an e-mail), but it was found that these modes of communication in reality generate more interactions, including personal ones. Growth in transportation would not be possible without communications, which are vital to advanced transportation systems, from railroads in the need for two-way traffic on the same track to flight control, which requires knowledge of the position of an aircraft in the sky. Thus, it was found that development in one area leads to growth in another.

Transport is one of the main consumers of energy and one of the main sources of emissions, , reinforcing . The reason for this is the burning of huge volumes(mostly , such as , and ) in land, air and water vehicles.

Other negative examples of the impact of transport on the environment include: air pollution by exhaust gases and the smallest solid particles, groundwater pollution by toxic effluents from roads, car washes and parking lots, noise pollution, loss of urban living space (up to 50% of the area of modern cities is allocated to roads, parking lots, garages and gas stations) and suburban sprawl that gobble up wildlife habitats and agricultural land.

And (for example, or ) are considered more “environmentally friendly”, since their contribution to the listed problems is much less or completely zero. Electrically powered vehicles (eg. or ) are considered more "climate neutral" than their fossil fuel counterparts. A climate-neutral technological solution (fuel or engine) for aircraft does not currently exist, butoffered as an environmentally friendly alternative to commercial aviation.

Transport is divided into three categories: public transport, non-public transport and personal or individual transport. Public transport should not be confused with (public transport is a subcategory of public transport). Public transport serves trade (transports goods) and the population (passenger traffic). Non-public transport - intra-production and intra-departmental transport. Finally, personal transport is cars, bicycles, yachts, private jets.

Forms a new category, as it combines the features of urban public transport and private vehicles.

CHAPTER 4th place of Kazakhstan in the world transport

system

4.1 Analysis of the transport system

The Republic of Kazakhstan is a state with a steadily developing economy and demonstrates a consistent strengthening of its performance indicators. An important place in the development of the economic infrastructure of the Republic of Kazakhstan belongs to the transport system, which includes a set of transport hubs and transport complexes. The transport complex of the republic is represented by railway, river, sea, air, automobile, urban electric and pipeline modes of transport.

The ratio of road lengths by mode of transport is shown below (Table 4.1).

Tab. 4.1. Characteristics of the transport complex of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Road types

Length of roads, thousand km

Road density, km/1000 sq. km. territory

paved roads

88,4

14,0

railways

32,4

operated inland waterways

airways

61,0

A key role in the development of the country's economy and industry, as well as in export-import and transit relations, is played by rail and road transport (Tables 4.2, 4.3).

Tab. 4.2. The level of transportation costs in the cost of finished products, %

Types of transportation

The Republic of Kazakhstan

Countries with developed market economies

domestic rail transport

4-4,5

domestic road transport

4-4,5

Kazakhstan's GDP growth in the period from 2006 to 2008 amounted to 42.7%, while the volume of freight traffic by all modes of transport increased by only 28.5%. As a result, a situation has arisen where the existing capacity of the transport infrastructure is holding back the pace of economic growth.

Tab. 4.3. Cargo intensity of the economies of some countries

Country

t. km/USD GDP

The Republic of Kazakhstan

at least 9

Russia

Eastern European countries

countries of the European Union

The prospects for economic development in Kazakhstan with expected GDP growth rates of 8.8-9.2% per year and average annual growth rates in the manufacturing industry of 8-8.4% will inevitably lead to a further increase in the burden on the transport system.

The raw material orientation of the economy of Kazakhstan, along with long distances and low population density, determines the high dependence of the economy on transport. If during the period of economic recession the transport complex provided all the needs of the state economy, and also provided support by restraining tariffs and prices for transport services, then at present, in a period of stable growth, significant state support is needed to restore and lift the transport industry.

The unbalanced location of the transport and communication network throughout the country hinders the development of a single economic space and the growth of population mobility. The growing demand for quality transport services is not fully satisfied due to the insufficient level of technical development of the transport system and the backlog in the field of transport technologies.

4.2 Transit opportunities and transport corridors

The main advantage that transit corridors passing through the territory of Kazakhstan have is a significant reduction in distances. When communicating between Europe and China through Kazakhstan, the distance of transportation is reduced by half compared to the sea route and by a thousand kilometers of square meters. compared to transit through the territory of Russia.

The Republic of Kazakhstan has the necessary potential for a serious reorientation of the foreign trade balance. This potential lies, first of all, in the unique transit opportunities of the country (Fig. 4.1, 4.2.): the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan is located on the direction of the land bridge for cargo flows between the main macroeconomic poles - the countries of the European Union and the Asia-Pacific region, America and Eurasia; reducing the time of delivery of transit goods.

Rice. 4.1. The external environment of the Republic of Kazakhstan: the scheme of foreign trade turnover.

Rice. 4.2. Forecast of capacity of railway border crossings.

The creation of transcontinental highways is beneficial for international trade. Between the countries of the European Union and the Asia-Pacific region, about 6 million containers run annually.

Now the main part of this flow (98%) is transported by foreign navy through foreign ports, bypassing the territory of Kazakhstan.

At the same time, the transit route from the Asia-Pacific region to Europe through the territory of Kazakhstan is much shorter than the sea route.

The main competitive advantage of Kazakhstan is a shorter, ceteris paribus, cargo delivery time. This circumstance makes it possible to predict the inevitable growth of cargo flows in the direction of China - Europe and transit through Kazakhstan (Fig. 4.3).

forecast

Rice. 4.3. Forecast of growth in cargo flows in the direction of China - Europe and transit through Kazakhstan.

Three main transit routes pass through the territory of Kazakhstan:

Europe - China (with the participation of Russia);

Europe - China (through the countries of the Economic Cooperation Organization, ECO);

Russia - Central Asia.

Below is the distribution structure of Russian containerized export-import cargo flows by areas of border crossing with the Republic of Kazakhstan (Fig. 4.4).

The countries of the Asia-Pacific region (APR), which demonstrate GDP growth, on average, at the level of 5-7% per year, and foreign trade - 9-14%, already account for 60% of global world production and 40% of world trade.

The income of transport companies in Kazakhstan from the transit of goods is about 500 million US dollars, that is, only one percent of the total market for transit traffic between Europe and Asia.

Rice. 4.4 Distribution structure of Russian containerized export-import cargo flows by areas of crossing the border with the Republic of Kazakhstan.

The share of China in the structure of imports to the Russian Federation across the border with the Republic of Kazakhstan is 3%, and exports - 18.7%. Below is the structure of imports (by weight) to the Russian Federation by areas of border crossing with the Republic of Kazakhstan and by modes of transport (Fig. 4.5).

Rice. 4.5. The structure of imports (by weight) in the Russian Federation by areas of border crossing with the Republic of Kazakhstan and by modes of transport

Four international transport corridors, formed on the basis of the transport infrastructure existing in the republic, pass through the territory of Kazakhstan. Corridors can significantly reduce the distance in the East-West traffic and the delivery time of goods. All these transport routes are relatively new, they began to develop actively in the 90s. They allow to significantly reduce the distance and delivery time of goods in the East-West traffic.

Rail transport has the best prospects for developing transit potential and increasing its use. The scheme of international rail transport corridors on the territory of Kazakhstan is shown below (Fig. 4.6.).

Rice. 4.6. Scheme of international railway transport corridors on the territory of Kazakhstan

The Dostyk railway station (Dostyk-Alashankou international border checkpoint) on the Kazakh-Chinese border is of particular importance in ensuring international transportation along the Trans-Asian Railway.

Here, as well as in the cities of Astana, Almaty, Aktau, at the state level, it is planned to create regional transport and logistics centers as part of the implementation of the transport and logistics cluster.

The joint-stock company “NC “Kazakhstan Temir Zholy” developed a plan for the construction of the Trans-Kazakhstan railway line with a gauge of 1435 mm (hereinafter referred to as TKZhM) in the direction from the Dostyk station to the state border with Turkmenistan, with the subsequent possibility of further passage of this line through the territory of Turkmenistan and connection with the railway line Islamic Republic of Iran with a gauge of 1435 mm and further with access to European markets through the territory of Turkey (Fig. 4.7.).

The introduction of TKZhM, according to the initial estimates of experts, will allow attracting up to 35 million tons in transit traffic, up to 20 million tons in export traffic.

Rice. 4.7. Dynamics of container traffic through the Dostyk-Alashankou crossing

It is planned to open a second international border railway crossing and build the Khorgos-Saryozek railway line, which is a continuation of the Jinghe-Khorgos railway line under construction by China.

This will promote further growth of transit traffic from China and ensure the rapid development of the free trade zone at the Khorgos border crossing point.

The existing network of international road transport corridors will also be further developed (Fig. 4.8.).

Rice. 4.8. Scheme of international road transport corridors on the territory of Kazakhstan

Due to its favorable economic and geographical location, the Khorgos checkpoint is one of the largest transport hubs in Kazakhstan with a high transit potential that can increase sustainable transport links in all directions (Figure 9.).

forecast

Rice. 4.9. Forecast of the growth of cargo traffic through the dry port of Khorgos in the direction of China - Europe

Khorgos is located on the direction of the most important international transport corridor "West-East" with further access to the ITC "North-South" in the west of the country. It is assumed that the projected "dry port" in the structure of the Khorgos-Eastern Gate PTEZ will specialize in transnational container traffic and the provision of logistics services. This will allow the republic to take its place in transcontinental technological chains and integrate into international production cooperation throughout the transcontinental traffic of goods and services.

As is known, in order to implement the Kazakh-Chinese Agreement on the establishment of the Khorgos ICBC, by a decree of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Khorgos International Center for Cross-Border Cooperation JSC was established, the main activity of which is the creation, development and operation of the Kazakhstani part of the Center, attracting potential investors to implement the set tasks.

4.3 Solution of transport problems by the state and development prospects

To solve existing transport problems in the Republic of Kazakhstan, a number of documents have been adopted at the state level.

In June 2005, the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan approved a plan to create the Transport Logistics cluster. The mission of the transport and logistics cluster is to ensure the level of development and operation of the transport complex in accordance with the requirements of the economy and the population of Kazakhstan in transportation and successful competition in the global transit traffic markets.

For successful solution of all existing transport problems in the country, in 2006 the “Transport Strategy of the Republic of Kazakhstan until 2015” was adopted, the purpose of which is to accelerate the development of the transport and communication complex, capable of fully meeting the needs of the economy and the population in transport services. Here the strategic objectives of the development of the transport system and the mechanisms for their implementation are formulated.

The main task formulated in the Strategy is the integration of the transport system of Kazakhstan into the world transport system by:

Increasing the level of development of transport infrastructure on the basis of the main meridional and latitudinal transport routes, connecting routes and nodes in the East-West and North-South directions;

Achieving the greatest efficiency of transport processes,

Reducing the share of the transport component in the cost of final products in domestic, transit and export-import traffic.

The strategy assumes positioning of Kazakhstan in the world market as and the role of a transcontinental economic bridge for the interaction of the European, Asia-Pacific and South-Asian economic systems. At the same time, the main task is the technologization of the processes of the flow of resources in the space between the West and the East (Europe and Asia).

At the regional level, Kazakhstan is positioned as a modern service center. Using the existing potential, Kazakhstan should become a developed service center in the region to provide a wide range services that meet international standards.

Implementation of the transition of the transport system to a qualitatively new level functioning, formation of an optimal transport network. Organic integration of the Kazakhstan transport complex into the world transport system.

Creation of a network of transport and logistics centers for intermodal transportation.

Reducing the transport component in the cost of final products and services to 6.9%, increasing the competitiveness of exports. The share of transport in GDP (without private cars) will be 7.9% (in 2005 - 11%). Taking into account the implementation of the Strategy for Industrial and Innovative Development and the prospects for territorial development, it is planned to reduce the freight intensity of the economy to 5 t-km / USD. US GDP;

Increase in transit through the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Today, developing countries, mostly Asian, produce approximately 60% of world GDP. Since there is now only one powerful Trans-Siberian railway passing through Russia to Europe, through which China and other countries of Southeast Asia can transport goods, the PRC is interested in building a shorter, more efficient and less bureaucratic railway line. The new transport route will make it possible to transport goods not only from China, but also from all of Southeast Asia through China and Kazakhstan to the West. The implementation of the Chinese project will take many years both to create the necessary infrastructure and to resolve a set of legal issues.

The main results of the analysis of rail transportation in the Republic of Kazakhstan showed the insignificant competitiveness of this type of transport in the corridor under consideration.

In the next 10-15 years, according to the conclusion of TASC (Israel), the improvement of the railway network is not expected, which excludes its competition with motor transport.

Only the creation of a terminal and logistics service on the railway will allow the railway of Kazakhstan to increase its competitiveness.

The transit corridor studied in the work today is not competitive in comparison with the Trans-Siberian Railway, it cannot attract a significant share of the freight traffic in the direction Southeast Asia- Western Europe. The Trans-Asian Railway is currently unable to provide a sufficient level of service on most routes ( low speed, numerous border crossings).

An alternative to the railway today is the E40 highway, which was considered in the project. Already in the next 7-10 years, this highway will be able to attract significant traffic. However, both the main trunk roads and the regional ones in this region are of poor quality. To create a corridor, it is important to develop the routes Tashkent - Astrakhan - Moscow and Almaty - Astana - Yekaterinburg.

The length of these roads is more than 1500 km. Their low-quality coating is due to severe weather conditions. When implementing investment projects planned by the Ministry of Transport and Communications of the Republic of Kazakhstan:

Trans-European trunk road E40;

Dostyk - Almaty - Astana - Moscow;

Urumqi - Kyrgyzstan - Iran;

The corridor will be able to provide a higher level of service, primarily at short and / or medium distances, which will ensure the development of trade in the adjacent territories within Kazakhstan, as well as create a network of transport and logistics centers serving the transit of cargo flows both in the direction of Iran and Russia.

The implementation of these projects will make it possible, through the improvement and creation of bypass roads of large settlements, to increase the importance of this corridor in ensuring cargo flows in the main directions, one of which is already today the north and northwest in the direction of Russia.

In the "Program of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2007-2009" in the development of transit potential, special attention is paid to the implementation of projects for the construction of a road corridor in the direction of Western Europe - Russia - Kazakhstan - Western China, road and rail corridors in the latitudinal direction, connecting the Kazakh seaports of the Caspian seas with the eastern gates of the country.

It is assumed that the implementation of the project to create a new transport corridor "Western Europe - Western China" will allow redirecting part of the goods transported from China from sea transport (45 days) to road transport (11 days). According to the Ministry of Transport of the Republic, the total length of the Western Europe-China highway will be 8,998 km, more than 3,200 km of which will pass through the territory of Kazakhstan on the basis of the existing Samara-Shymkent-Taraz-Kordai-Alma-Ata-Khorgos highway.

Today, using its main advantage - its geopolitical location, the Republic of Kazakhstan can focus on expanding the capacity of the transport and logistics system in the direction of the international transit corridor "Western China - Western Europe" and providing quality value-added services.

An integral part of the transport and logistics system are logistics centers that provide a full range of services for the processing, storage, transportation of cargo, and manage the growing flow of goods in the modern global economy.

The lack of a transport and logistics infrastructure in the Republic of Kazakhstan, a well-functioning system of forwarding services based on the internationally accepted terminal technology of cargo movement, complicates the process of exchange of goods, reduces the efficiency of using the rolling stock of transport, in general, negatively affects the development of the entire economic complex, preventing fully exploit its potential.

In the next 3-5 years, there is expected to be a high demand for logistics services in servicing commodity and transport flows that ensure the interaction of participants in international trade in the Asia-Pacific region, Central Asia and Europe.

In the context of the increasing foreign trade turnover of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the growth of export-import transportation of goods, the creation of specialized terminal (including multimodal) complexes with customs processing of goods is of paramount importance.

The construction of a modern transport and logistics infrastructure will ensure the integration of Kazakhstan into the international global transport and logistics system "Western China - Western Europe". This can be achieved by using a multimodal container service that provides the formation and transportation of transit flows.

Based on the initial data on the study region and the described system of criteria, the Consortium of consultants compared and determined the priorities for the development of potential locations of transport and logistics centers within the stages of reconstruction of this international transport corridor.

The proposed scheme of the transport and logistics system in the direction of the international transit corridor "Western China - Western Europe" includes:

Four international logistics centers (on the territory of the Almaty region, in Aktobe, in the Taskala district of the West Kazakhstan region and in the city of Shymkent of the South Kazakhstan region);

Twelve regional transport and logistics centers in the cities and towns of Uralsk, Aktyubinsk, Karabutak, Aralsk, Baikonur, Kyzylorda, Turkestan, Shymkent, Taraz, Shu, Almaty, Khorgos.

Conclusion and Conclusions

The world transport system is formed by all means of communication, transport enterprises and vehicles. More than 100 million people are employed in world transport. Every year, more than 100 billion tons of cargo and more than 1 trillion tons are transported by all modes of transport. passengers. World freight and transport transport is geographically distributed very unevenly. The transport of economically developed countries is characterized by a high level and interaction of various sub-sectors. In developing countries, transport is a lagging sector of the economy.

In the structure of world transport, land, water and air are distinguished.

Land transport includes road, rail and pipeline. The length of motor roads is 24 million km. The highest level of development of road transport is noted in the USA. The longest highways in the USA, India, Russia, Japan and China. According to the density of roads, Western Europe and Japan are distinguished.

The world railway network was formed at the beginning of the 20th century. The total length of railways is about 1 million km. Moreover, the length of railways falls on the USA, Russia, Canada, Australia, France, Germany and Brazil.

Pipeline transport has been developed due to the rapid growth of oil and natural gas production. Received the greatest development in the USA and Russia.

Water transport includes sea, inland water transport and lake navigation. Maritime transport serves 4/5 of the turnover of world trade. Maritime transportation is served by the marine merchant fleet, the total tonnage of which is 420 million tons. Total number seaports is about 2.5 thousand, of which about 40 are world-class ports. Ports can be universal or specialized. The channels of Panama and Suez have a great influence on the geography of maritime transport. Since the era of the great geographical discoveries, the primacy in world shipping belongs to the Atlantic Ocean, the second place belongs to the Pacific Ocean, the third - to the Indian.

The geography of inland water transport is determined by natural conditions (the presence of rivers and lakes), as well as the presence of shipping channels. By the number of cargo turnover of inland waterways, the United States, Russia, Canada, Germany, the Netherlands and China are distinguished. Approximately 1/10 of the total length of inland waterways used are artificial routes (locked rivers and canals).

Lake navigation is developed mainly in the USA and Canada.

The major air powers include the USA, Japan, Great Britain, France, Germany, Canada and Russia.

Conclusions:

The mechanism of the world transport system is formed by all means of communication, transport enterprises and vehicles. The main parameters of the global transport network: the number of employees, the total length of the world's transport network, without sea routes.

The main types of transport are land (rail and road), water (sea and river), air, pipeline and electronic (power lines).

The geopolitical role of the Republic of Kazakhstan, that is, the role of a transit bridge between Europe and Asia, as well as between Russia and China, is determined by its location in the center of the Eurasian continent. It is located at the crossroads of Europe and Asia, thanks to which it has a significant transit potential, providing Asian countries with geographically uncontested land transport links with Russia and Europe.

List of used literature

Alaev E. B. Socio-economic geography of the world. Conceptual and terminological dictionary. - M., 2003. - 314 p.

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Balandin R.K., Bondarev L.G. Nature and civilization. - M., 2003. - 356 p.

Bromley Yu. V., Podolny R. G. Mankind is peoples. - M., 2000. - 413 p.

Gdalin D. A., Gladky I. Yu. Global geography. Toolkit. - M., 2002. - 219 p.

Gerchikova IN International economic organizations. - M., 2000. - 581s.

Gladkiy Yu. N., Chistobaev A.I. Regional studies. - M., 2000. - 219 p.

Gladky Yu. N., Lavrov S. B. Global geography. - M., 2002. - 314 p.

Gladkiy Yu. N., Sokolov O. V., Faibusovich E. L. Economic and social geography. - Allowance for applicants to universities. - M., 2005. - 378 p.

Gladky Yu. N., Chernikhova E. Ya. Socio-economic geography of the world. X class. In: Programs of educational institutions. 6-11 grades. - M., 2005. - 415 p.

Gladky, S. B. Lavrov Economic and social geography of the world. - M., 2001. - 389 p.

Golubchik M. M. Political geography of the world. - Smolensk, 2005. - 309 p.

Tasks in geography. Ed. A. S. Naumova. - M., 2004. - 413 p.

Earth and Humanity: Global Problems // Series "Countries and Peoples". M., 2005. - 216 p.

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Transport - one of the most important industries. It provides industrial relations and agriculture, transports goods and passengers, is the basis of the geographical division of labor. The exchange and structure of transportation, as a rule, reflect the level and structure of the economy, while the geography of the transport network and cargo flows reflect the location of productive forces.

Types of world transport

Transport is divided into land (rail and road), water (sea and river), air, pipeline and electronic (power lines).

Automobile transport often called the transport of the 20th century, because, having originated at the beginning of our century, it has become the leading type of land transport. The length of its network is growing and has now reached 24 million km, and about 1/2 falls on the USA, India, Russia, Japan, and China. The United States and a number of Western European countries are leading in terms of motorization in the world. Road transport leads in terms of passenger traffic - 80% of the world volume.

Railway transport, despite the decline in its share in transportation, it still remains an important mode of land transport, especially in terms of the volume of goods transported (10% of the world volume). The world railway network as a whole was formed at the beginning of the 20th century, its length is now 12.5 million km. But its placement is uneven. Although there are railways in 140 countries of the world, more than 1/2 of their total length falls on the "top ten countries": the USA, Russia, Canada, India, China, Australia, Argentina, France, Germany and Brazil. European countries stand out especially in terms of network density. But along with this there are vast areas where the railway network is very rare or non-existent.

Pipeline transport - is actively developing due to the rapid growth of oil and natural gas production and the territorial gap that exists between the main areas of their production and consumption. Pipeline transport accounts for 11% of the world freight turnover.

First of all, it is characterized by the outstanding role of maritime transport. It accounts for 62% of the world's cargo turnover, it also serves about 4/5 of the entire. It is thanks to the development of maritime transport that the ocean no longer separates, but connects countries and continents. The total length of sea routes is millions of kilometers. Sea vessels transport mainly bulk cargo: oil, oil products, coal, ore, grain, and others, and usually over a distance of 8,000 to 10,000 km. The "container revolution" in maritime transport has led to a rapid growth in the transportation of so-called general cargo - finished goods and semi-finished products. Maritime transportation is provided by the merchant marine, the total tonnage of which exceeds 420 million tons. The Atlantic Ocean occupies the first place in world shipping, the Pacific Ocean occupies the second place in terms of the size of sea transportation, and the Indian Ocean ranks third.

The international sea channels (especially the Suez and Panama) and the sea straits (the English Channel, Gibraltar, etc.) have a very great influence on the geography of maritime transport.

Inland water transport is the oldest mode of transport. Now it occupies the last place in the world transport system along the length of the network.

The development and deployment of inland water transport is primarily associated with natural prerequisites - the presence of rivers and lakes suitable for navigation, the Amazon, Mississippi, Ob, Yenisei, Yangtze, Congo have a greater capacity than the most powerful railway lines. But the use of these prerequisites depends on the general level of economic development. Therefore, in terms of cargo turnover of inland waterways in the world, the United States, Russia, Canada, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and China stand out.

Navigation on artificial routes and lake navigation are also of great importance in some countries.

Air Transport. This type of the fastest, but quite expensive transport plays an important role in international passenger traffic. Its advantages, in addition to speed, are the quality of supplies, geographic mobility, which makes it easy to expand and change routes. The network of scheduled airlines now encircles the entire globe, stretching for millions of kilometers. Its reference points are 5,000 airports. The main air powers of the world are the USA, Russia, Japan, Great Britain, France, Canada, Germany.

World transport system

All means of communication, transport enterprises and vehicles together form world transport system. It was formed in the 20th century. and experiences a strong impact of scientific and technological revolution, which is expressed in the "division of labor" between individual modes of transport, an increase in the capacity of transport routes, the emergence of fundamentally new vehicles, for example, high-speed hovercraft trains. The "container revolution" had a huge impact on the development of all types of transport, as a result of which the transportation of goods is carried out in special metal containers - containers. There were also new vehicles - container ships and special transshipment stations - terminals. This made it possible to increase labor productivity in transport by 7-10 times.

The world transport system is heterogeneous, and it is possible to distinguish between the transport systems of economically developed and developing countries. The first of them accounts for 78% of the total length of the world transport network and 74% of the world freight turnover. The density of the transport network, which best characterizes its availability, in most developed countries is 50-60 km per 100 km of territory, and in developing countries - 5-10 km.

Along with this, in the global transport system there are also several regional transport systems: North America (it accounts for about 30% of the total length of all world communications), CIS countries, Europe, Asia (divided into several subsystems), Latin America, Australia, North Africa.

Since its inception, transportation has had a strong impact on the environment. With the growth of the length of the transport network, the intensity of traffic, the negative impacts are increasingly increasing, while different types of transport have, as it were, their own "specialization". Thus, the main air pollutant is road transport, air transport and rail transport, these types of transport also create "noise pollution" and require large areas for the construction of highways, gas stations, parking lots, train stations, etc. (excluding air). Water transport is the main source of oil pollution in oceans and inland waters.

World transport. Importance of transport in the world economy. Types of transport and their features. Transport and environment. Transport complex in the modern world economy

Land transport

Water transport

Air Transport

World transport system

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Similar Documents

CHAPTER 1 literature review

CHAPTER 2 material and research methods

CHAPTER 3 general characteristics of the world

transport network

3.1 Extent of the global transport network

3.2 Modes of transport

3.3 Parameters of the global transport system

CHAPTER 4th place of Kazakhstan in the world transport

system

4.1 Analysis of the transport system

4.2 Transit opportunities and transport corridors

4.3 Solution of transport problems by the state and development prospects

Conclusion and Conclusions

List of used literature

Types of world transport

World transport system