Possessive adjectives and traps when determining the category of adjectives. Possessive adjectives in Russian and English
In this lesson we will talk about adjectives that are always needed by someone, belong to someone - in a word, they are always someone’s.
Consider the following examples: grandma's scarf, grandfather's gun, fox trail.
Adjectives grandma's, grandfather's, fox's they jokingly call adjectives - “owners”. They indicate that an object belongs to someone. Grandmother's scarf- This is a scarf that belonged to my grandmother. Grandfather's gun- This is a gun that belonged to my grandfather. Fox trail- this is a footprint belonging to a fox.
In the science of language, such adjectives - sole “owners” - are called possessive. Possessive adjectives indicate that something belongs to a specific person ( grandfather's house, uncle's council, fishing village) or animal ( bear den, wolf howl, deer antlers). They answer the questions: WHOSE? WHOSE? WHOSE? WHOSE?
Possessive adjectives are easily recognized by their suffixes. There are possessive adjectives with the suffixes -IN-, -UN- ( grandma's scarf, sister's cloak), with suffixes -OV-, -EV- ( father's hat, son-in-law's coat), with the suffix -IY- ( fox trail, hare tail).
Possessives differ from qualitative adjectives in that they do not have a short form, do not form degrees of comparison, are not combined with the adverb VERY, and antonyms cannot be found for them. In this way they are similar to relative ones.
Possessive adjectives are different from relative adjectives. If relative adjectives are most often made of something, then possessive adjectives are someone's, belonging to someone.
Possessive adjectives in the Russian language have become the basis for the formation of many surnames. As you know, most Russian surnames come from nicknames. These nicknames were possessive adjectives. For example, Nikolai had a son named Ivan. They said about him: “Vanya, Nikolaev’s son.” Over time, the nickname Nikolaev, like the nicknames Petrov and Danilov, stuck not only with his son, but also with his grandson. This is how Russian surnames were formed, which for the most part are possessive adjectives that have become nouns.
Possessive adjectives are an inventive bunch. Sometimes they get tired of being possessive, then they change their place of residence and move into the category of qualitative or relative.
In the phrase Bear Den a possessive adjective is used, which denotes whose den it is, what animal it belongs to. And in the phrase disservice adjective bearish has passed into the category of quality, since it no longer denotes a service belonging to a bear, but help, which only made things worse.
Possessive adjective used in the phrase cat tail. It denotes the tail belonging to a cat. In the phrase cat food possessive adjective feline used in a relative sense, since it denotes food that does not belong to cats, but only intended for them.
Bibliography
- Russian language. 6th grade / Baranov M.T. and others - M.: Education, 2008.
- Babaytseva V.V., Chesnokova L.D. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 grades - M.: Bustard, 2008.
- Russian language. 6th grade / Ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta. - M.: Bustard, 2010.
- Classes of adjectives ().
- About possessive adjectives ().
Homework
Task No. 1
Write down phrases that contain possessive adjectives.
Tin soldier, tin eyes, cold day, long train, brave act, a kind person, stupid question, heart muscles, heartfelt greetings, stone house, stone face, short dress, fat boy, blue scarf, Moscow metro, children's literature, double chin, wool suit, lead bullet, lead clouds, city park, heavy briefcase, heavy industry, deaf old man, deaf consonant, grandfather's office, machine work, tit's nest, goose foot, dog kennel, cleft mouth, wolf fur coat, ravenous appetite, deer antlers, marines, dog cold, Katyusha's bicycle, sharpening machine, snake venom, snake smile, vegetable oil, lean face, mouse tail, neighbor's garden, grandiose plans, observant person, tragic fate, wooden voice, chicken paw, chicken soup, squirrel collar, iron will, grandfathers words, bird noise, hare hat, December frosts, school uniform, Seryozhin's portfolio, Barents Sea, Bering Strait.
Task No. 2
Write down 5-6 sentences, including adjectives that have moved from possessive to qualitative or relative.
They are qualitative, relative and possessive. The first ones express the qualities of an object: tall, thin, wide, big, slow, red, etc. The category of qualitative includes those denoting color, shape, character traits, physical and spatio-temporal characteristics of the word being defined. As a rule, high-quality adjectives have several characteristics that allow them to be distinguished from adjectives of other categories.
In Russian English textbooks there is also some confusion about what is considered possessive adjectives, since they are traditionally studied in the topic of possessive pronouns, thus distinguishing between the relative and absolute forms of pronouns. However, in British English there is no such classification, there is only possessive pronouns and possessive adjectives given in the table below.
Possessive adjectives | Possessive pronouns |
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Possessive adjectives in English, thus, is often called the relative form; however, in reality there is no such category. This was done for the convenience of studying English grammar, since in Russian these words are indeed pronouns.
Adjectives in this case are easy to distinguish, since they always require a noun after themselves (that is, my pen, his coat), while pronouns are used in such grammatical constructions as this pencil is mine, that coat is his (that is, followed by does not follow a noun). Possessive adjectives in both languages is a topic with a lot of nuances to consider, so it's best to study it thoroughly.
They make our language much richer and more colorful, giving it imagery and brightness. Depending on their functionality, they are usually divided into categories: relative, qualitative and possessive adjectives. We'll talk about the latter in more detail in this article.
Why are they possessive?
This category is noticeably different from all the others. After all, he is the only one who answers the question WHOSE, WHOSE, and not WHAT. Hence the name of this group: objects seem to attract and appropriate these adjectives.
Such adjectives indicate only belonging to a living, animate being. For example, a mother's scarf or a fox tail. These things belong to the mother and the fox.
As a rule, possessive adjectives are formed from animate nouns by adding suffixes: father - fathers, Ivan - Ivanov, sister - sisters.
Very often this category of adjectives forms geographical names or surnames: Ivanovo, Korolev, Vasiliev, Pushkin.
The morphological features of such adjectives are more similar to relative ones than to qualitative ones: they also do not have short forms, there are no degrees of comparison (well, the tail cannot be even more wolfish than it is), they do not form nouns and adverbs.
How are such adjectives formed?
Possessive adjectives have special methods of word formation. Let's look at examples of these in more detail. As a rule, there are two methods:
- The “owners” of names: animate persons, animals - attract the suffixes -in, -ev (-ov), -sk, thus forming possessive adjectives. (Granny's scarf, donkey's tail, brothers' orders, Catherine's revolution).
- Another method is also suffixal. It involves adding suffixes such as -iy, -ya, -ye. They are often confused with endings, therefore, before identifying one or another morpheme, you need to make sure that the part of speech and its category are correctly defined. For example, the adjective wolf (tail) is formed by adding the suffix -y to the base “wolf”, and the adjective blue also ends in “yy”, since in this case it is not formed from anything (it is non-derivative), and therefore this part is isolated like an ending.
The adjective “bearish” is distinguished in the same way: it is an adjective ending in -iy. It is formed from the animate noun "bear".
When performing morphological analysis of an adjective, you should be more careful.
Insidious discharge
But what exactly is his cunning? Yes, in that it is easy to confuse it with adjectives of other categories, for example, with relative ones. Such forms are relative possessive.
The adjectives ram (wool) and mutton (hat): it would seem that both belong to the ram, and there is nothing to talk about. But everything is not so simple: if you think more carefully about these phrases, it will become clear that lamb’s wool is the one that belongs to the ram, but the lamb’s fur coat was sewn from this very wool. Therefore, the first adjective is possessive, and the other is relative. Likewise, it is easy to confuse the adjectives in the expressions “fox head” and “fox coat.” In the first case, it answers the question WHOSE, and in the second - WHAT. Now it will not be difficult to determine that possessive adjectives are examples number one (fox's head and ram's wool).
We can conclude: in order to more accurately determine the category of an adjective, firstly, you need to know the context, and secondly, correctly ask a question about it.
To sum it up...
What's special about this category? We were able to find out that:
- this is the only group that answers the question WHOSE, and therefore they are easy to distinguish from the rest of the adjectives;
- they do not describe the object, do not talk about its characteristics, but only indicate any person to which they belong;
- are formed in a suffix way;
- can lure us into a trap when used in a figurative sense, and then they move into another category.
The modern school curriculum assumes that 6th grade is studying possessive adjectives.
By this time, the children are ready to appreciate the value of this category for the Russian language, they will be able to distinguish it from other categories without falling for its tricks. Still, it is not at all like the others.
What a fascinating possessive adjective!
>>Russian language: Case forms of possessive adjectives
CASE FORMS OF POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
Theory A
Possessive adjectives are formed from nouns using suffixes -ov- (ev): brother -> brothers, Andrey -> Andreev, -in- (-yn-): sister -> sisters, fox -> Lisitsyn; -y: fox -> fox.
Practice A
1. Form the given nouns into adjectives with a suffix -in-. What spelling are we talking about?
Goose, quail, falcon, hawk, beast, crane, swan, nightingale, bumblebee, sparrow, mouse, bee, duck, snake, chicken, o. fox.
2. According to data lexical meanings define phraseological units. Indicate the category of adjectives in them.
1. Impending, threatening danger. 2. A very skillful and capable person in his field. 3. Hypocritical, feigned compassion, insincere regret. 4. The most vulnerable place, weak side. 5. What actually turns out to be unstable, easily destroyed. 6. Something outdated, out of use, without practical application. 7. Free, prosperous life. 8. Allegorical expression of thoughts.
Reference: Aesopian language, golden hands, sword of Damocles, crocodile tears, soap bubble, museum rarity, Achilles heel, milk rivers and jelly banks.
Theory B
note for case forms of possessive adjectives with suffixes -ov(s) And -in (yn).
note on case endings possessive adjectives with suffix -th.
Remember that in all forms of adjectives with a suffix -th(s) before the end is written b except for forms male, singular, nominative and accusative cases: hunting, hunting, hunting, But hunting.
Adjectives with suffixes - in (-yn) And -ov(s), formed from proper names are written with a capital letter: Natasha's book is Natasha's book, Oleg's friends are Oleg's friends.
Practice B
3. Work in pairs. One consistently names the cases and questions to them, the other answers by inflecting the phrases.
Father's jacket, grandmother's glasses.
4. Continue the sentences by adding phrases bear den, wolf den, hare trail in the right place grammatical form. Indicate the endings and suffixes of possessive adjectives.
Remember what adjectives are on -th masculine gender in oblique cases, feminine and neuter gender in all cases have a suffix -th-: fox - fox [ya](suffix -th- and ending -A in writing are indicated by a letter I).
In front of me....
I stopped near...
I approached... .
I am looking at... .
I'm next to...
I remember about... .
5. Put the words in brackets in the correct grammatical form.
1. Ivan Tsarevich went to bed, and the frog jumped onto the porch, threw off his (frog) skin and turned into Vasilisa the Wise. 2. The old man (fox) marveled at the cunning. 3. Ivan Tsarevich went to the (Koschei) white stone chambers. 4. “Who’s running there?” - asks the fox, listening to the (dog) barking. 5. The fox settled in the (bunny) hut, and drove the bunny out. 6. The wolf has torn off the (mutton) skin and is waiting for Kotofey Ivanovich.
(From Russian fairy tales)
6. Indicate the category of adjectives by meaning. Choose synonyms for quality adjectives.
Remember that possessive adjectives can turn into relative and qualitative: fox trail, i.e. fox trail(possessive), fox hat, i.e. fox skin hat(relative), fox trick - like a fox(quality).
A wolf pack, a wolf's appetite, a wolf's lair. A hare's trail, a hare's character, a hare's brood. Goose feather, goose feeder, goose gait. Bear's den, bear's skin, disservice.
7. Do morphological analysis highlighted adjectives according to this parsing scheme and sample.
IVANOV HONEY
I went to Ivan Petrov for bread and honey.
I'll take it Ivanova honey. What smells? Flowering meadow: mint, oregano, St. John's wort, strawberries, wild rosemary, fake color... And in the honey bouquet there are so many shades, halftones, flavors, aspirations, as many herbs on the Lovat floodplain, as many flowers in the meadows. My grandparents knew what herbs grew in the meadows and what ailments they treated.
Ivanov's honey, which absorbed all the nectar, all the sweetness, all the aromas of forests and meadows, was dark, thick, viscous - I have never eaten honey like this.
(According to G. Goryshin)
Morphological analysis of the adjective
I. Part of speech. General meaning.
II. Morphological characteristics.
1. Initial form (nominative singular).
2. Permanent signs: qualitative, relative or possessive.
3. Non-permanent signs: 1) for quality ones: degree of comparison, short and long form; 2) for all adjectives: case, number, gender(singular).
III. Syntactic role.
Sample of analysis.
N.F.Balandina, K.V. Degtyareva, S.A. Lebedenko. Russian language 6th grade
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