Interventions during the Civil War of 1917. Civil war and military intervention in Russia (1918-1922). XIII. Military intervention. Civil War

Intervention and civil war in Russia (1917-1922): causes, main events, lessons.

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Article topic:	Intervention and civil war in Russia (1917-1922): causes, main events, lessons.
Rubric (thematic category)	Warfare

V. Participation in the cross of traces.

IV. Questions that arise when researching edged weapons

The fact of using edged weapons or another object similar to it in its damaging effect, the investigation process raises the need to resolve at least three basic questions:

1. whether a crime was committed with this weapon;

2. does this weapon belong to a specific person;

3. whether the person who owns the weapon or in whose possession it was used used it in the commission of a crime.

The first act of the civil war was the October armed uprising. This was followed by local armed uprisings against the Bolsheviks, but these uprisings were spontaneous and scattered, did not enjoy mass support from the population and were easily suppressed.

Certain milestones in the escalation of the war were: the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly by the Bolsheviks and the conclusion of a separate Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany (March 1918). This peace gave a certain respite to Soviet power, but it hit the feelings and mood of people who were brought up in the spirit of patriotism.

A number of steps taken by the Bolshevik government led to the outbreak of the Civil War: artificially forcing the class struggle in the countryside (creating committees of the poor), introducing a food dictatorship, creating food detachments, repressions against the Cossacks, etc.

The chronological framework of the Civil War is from the summer of 1918 to the end of 1920, when the armed struggle went beyond local limits and became large-scale. A special feature of the Civil War was its intertwining with foreign military intervention.

In December 1917 ᴦ. Romania occupied Bessarabia. In March 1918 ᴦ. troops of Germany and Austria-Hungary occupied almost all of Ukraine, seized the territories of Oryol, Kursk, Voronezh provinces, Simferopol; April 29, 1918 ᴦ. The German command dispersed the Central Rada of Ukraine and replaced it with the government of Hetman P. Skoropadsky. In March 1918 ᴦ. British troops landed in Murmansk, and later troops from France and the United States. In April 1918. Japanese troops appeared in Vladivostok, then England and the USA. France. In April 1918. Turkish troops landed in Transcaucasia, and a German corps also appeared in Georgia in May. May 25 - mutiny of the Czechoslovak corps (45 thousand people, stretched over 7 thousand km, from Penza to Vladivostok), consisted of prisoners of war of Czechs and Slovaks of the former army of Austria-Hungary. In August 1918 ᴦ. British troops occupied Arkhangelsk and the Trans-Caspian region. In January 1919 ᴦ. The Entente troops (England and France) landed in Odessa, Crimea, Baku, Batumi. At the root of the military intervention of foreign states in the internal affairs of Russia lay the desire to prevent the spread of the socialist revolution throughout the world, and also, if possible, to weaken Russia as a future competitor in the post-war world, to seize its outlying territories. A certain role in the beginning of the intervention was played by the actions of the Bolsheviks (renunciation of the debts of the tsarist and Provisional governments; nationalization of the property of foreign citizens in Russia), and appeals to the Entente countries by the leaders of other parties - after the Brest-Litovsk Peace - to overthrow the “German dominance”.

During the war there are 4 stages:

The first - the end of May-November 1918 - the performance of the White Guard in the Volga region, the Don, the North Caucasus, the Southern Urals; formation of the Eastern Front; liberation of Simbirsk and Samara; creation of the Southern and Northern fronts.

The second - November 1918-February 1919. - capture of Ufa, Orenburg, Uralsk; The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was annulled; proclamation of Soviet power in the Baltic states, Belarus, Ukraine.

Third - March 1919-February 1919. - successful actions on the Eastern Front - the liberation of Bugulma, Ufa, the Urals; Kolchak's army is defeated, Kolchak is shot; on the Northern Front - Arkhangelsk and Murmansk were liberated; Yudenich's army is defeated, the Northern Front is liquidated; Voronezh and Orel were liberated on the Southern Front; decisive victories over Denikin's army; The volunteer army was defeated, part of it with General Wrangel took refuge in the Crimea.

Fourth - spring - November 1920 - war with Poland; defeat of Wrangel; Crimea is liberated, the remnants of the volunteer army leave Russia.

In general, the Civil War became one of the most tragic pages in Russian history. The country's population decreased by 10%, the damage caused to the country is difficult to quantify.

Intervention and civil war in Russia (1917-1922): causes, main events, lessons. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Intervention and Civil War in Russia (1917-1922): causes, main events, lessons." 2017, 2018.

Presentation on the topic: Civil War and military intervention of 1917-1922 in Russia

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Presentation on the topic: Civil war and military intervention 1917-1922 in Russia

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YUDENICH Nikolai Nikolaevich (1862-1933), infantry general (1915), one of the leaders of the white movement in northwestern Russia. In World War I, he commanded the Caucasian Army (1915-16), successfully conducted the Erzurum operation (December 1915 - February 1916); in April - May 1917 commander-in-chief of the Caucasian Front. During the Civil War, he led the spring-summer offensive of 1919 White Guard troops on Petrograd, and from June he was the commander-in-chief of the White Guard troops in northwestern Russia. After the failure of the “campaign against Petrograd” (October - November 1919), he retreated to Estonia with the remnants of the army. He emigrated in 1920.

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DENIKIN Anton Ivanovich (December 4, 1872, the village of Shpetal-Dolny, Włoclaw district, Warsaw province - August 7, 1947, Ann Arbor, USA), Russian military leader, one of the leaders of the white movement, publicist and memoirist, lieutenant general (1916). Beginning of a military career Father - from serfs, after 22 years of military service he passed the exam for the officer rank and retired with the rank of major, mother - a Polish woman from small landowners. He graduated from the Lovichi Real School, military school courses at the Kiev Infantry Junker School (1892) and the Nikolaev Academy of the General Staff (1899). He served in the 2nd Artillery Brigade (1892-95 and 1900-02), and was senior adjutant of the 2nd Infantry Division (1902-03) and the 2nd Cavalry Corps (1903-04). During the Russo-Japanese War in March 1904, he submitted a report on transfer to the active army. In April 1917, after the February Revolution, he was appointed chief of staff of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, in May - commander-in-chief of the armies of the Western Front, in July - commander-in-chief of the armies of the Southwestern Front. In November 1917 he arrived in Novocherkassk, where he took part in the organization and formation of the Volunteer Army. He sought to smooth out differences between generals M.V. Alekseev and L.G. Kornilov, initiated the division of powers between them, as well as the Don ataman A.M. Kaledin. On January 30, 1918, he was appointed head of the 1st Volunteer Division. The greatest successes of Denikin's troops occurred in the summer - early autumn of 1919. On June 20, in the newly captured Tsaritsyn, Denikin signed the “Moscow Directive” - on an attack on Moscow. The White troops under the command of Denikin achieved the greatest successes compared to other anti-Bolshevik fronts; in October 1919 they took Oryol and launched an attack on Tula; However, the counter-offensive of the Red Army troops led to a rapid retreat, which ended in March 1920 with the “Novorossiysk disaster”, when the White troops, pressed to the sea, were evacuated in panic, and a significant part of them were captured. Shocked by the disaster, Denikin resigned and on April 4, 1922 handed over command to General P.N. Wrangel. In exile, Denikin went to Constantinople, then to London, and in August 1920 to Brussels. Buried with military honors at Evergreen Cemetery (Detroit); On December 15, 1952, Denikin's ashes were transferred to the Russian cemetery of St. Vladimir in Cassville (New Jersey).

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As a result of the general counteroffensive of the Soviet troops of the Eastern Front in May - July, the Urals were occupied and, in the next six months, with the active participation of partisans, Siberia. In April - August 1919, the interventionists were forced to evacuate their troops from the south of Ukraine, from Crimea, Baku, Sr. Asia. The troops of the Southern Front defeated Denikin's armies near Orel and Voronezh and by March 1920 pushed their remnants into the Crimea. In the fall of 1919, Yudenich's army was finally defeated near Petrograd. In the beginning. 1920 The north and coast of the Caspian Sea were occupied. The Entente states completely withdrew their troops and lifted the blockade. After the end of the Soviet-Polish War, the Red Army launched a series of attacks on the troops of General P. N. Wrangel and expelled them from Crimea. In 1921-22, anti-Bolshevik uprisings were suppressed in Kronstadt, the Tambov region, in a number of regions of Ukraine, etc., and the remaining pockets of interventionists and White Guards in Sr. Asia and the Far East (October 1922). The civil war brought enormous disasters. From hunger, disease, terror and in battles (according to various sources), from 8 to 13 million people died, including approx. 1 million Red Army soldiers. Up to 2 million people emigrated by the end of the Civil War. The damage caused to the national economy amounted to approx. 50 billion gold rubles, industrial production fell to 4-20% of the 1913 level, agricultural production fell by almost half.

1.Civil War(G.V.) - a way to resolve acute contradictions (class, national, religious) between various socio-political forces within the country by means of armed violence.

Intervention- violent intervention of one or more states in the internal affairs of another state.

2.Temporal and spatial characteristics: The exact start and end time of G.V. It is quite difficult to indicate, but when determining the chronological framework, there are two periodizations. First: summer 1918 - 1920. This periodization is accepted by most historians and prevails in educational and scientific literature. In this case, we are talking about highlighting a special period in the history of the Soviet state, the period of intervention and civil war, when the military issue became the main, fundamental issue on which the fate of the revolution depended. Second periodization: 1917 - 1922 - is associated with the concept of civil war as a form of class struggle. And this struggle began immediately after October 1917. Suffice it to recall the rebellion of Kerensky - Krasnov, the speeches of Kaledin, Dutov, Kornilov, Alekseev - all these were hotbeds of G.V. By 1921 - 1922 - refers to the elimination of the last centers of resistance to Soviet power.

3. Background and reasons G.V. a) Reasons for G.V. - extreme aggravation of social, class and political contradictions, leading to confrontation and then to the split of society into warring camps. b) The impossibility and unwillingness to solve the problem peacefully (on both sides).

4. Beginning of G.V. and interventions(first half of 1918) A Volunteer Army is formed on the Don (former tsarist officers - Alekseev, Kornilov, Denikin), which moves to the Kuban - "Ice Campaign". At the same time, White Cossack units were formed in the Don, Southern Urals, Kuban and Siberia. At the same time, the beginning of the intervention. December 1917 - Romania occupies Bessarabia. February 1918 - Germany, Türkiye, Austria invade Russia. Spring 1918 - British, French and American troops land in Murmansk and Arkhangelsk, planning an attack on Petrograd and Moscow. Soviet power was overthrown here. Japanese, American, British troops are in the Far East. In the summer of 1918, British intervention began in Transcaucasia and Central Asia. Germany occupied Ukraine, captured Rostov and Taganrog, violating the terms of the Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty. German troops invaded Belarus, the Baltic states, Crimea and Transcaucasia. In May 1918, a mutiny of the Czechoslovak corps began. In September 1918, with the capture of Baku by the British, the ring of fronts closed around the Soviet Republic.

5. Red and white terror. Terror - suppression, elimination of political opponents by violent means. Violence has become the norm. Both the Reds and the Whites had military punitive bodies. Wherever rebellions broke out, the Bolshevik leaders became the victims first of all. The Bolsheviks acted no less harshly. In Yekaterinburg, as the Czechoslovak corps approached, amid widespread anti-Soviet riots, the royal family was shot (on the night of July 16-17). Volodarsky and Uritsky were killed by the Social Revolutionaries. August 30, 1918 - Lenin was wounded. On September 5, 1918, the Council of People's Commissars adopted the resolution "On Red Terror." All persons involved in White Guard organizations, conspiracies and rebellions were subject to execution. For 1918-1919 More than 9 thousand people were shot by the Cheka.

6. Strengthening the Red Army (K.A.) and organization of defense (summer-autumn 1918). Creation of a new army (late 1917 - early 1918). April 22, 1918 - a decree on compulsory universal military training was issued. In May, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee issued a resolution “On the transition to general mobilization of workers and poor peasants.” The Red Army is the backbone (300 thousand people) members of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks). By the end of G.V. in K.A. - 5.5 million people (700 thousand workers). 50 thousand officers and generals of the old army (military experts) - Shaposhnikov, Egorov, Tukhachevsky, Karbyshev - served in the army. In the fall of 1918 in K.A. - the positions of military commissars were introduced. September 2, 1918 - By resolution of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the Soviet Republic was declared a Military Camp. The Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic (RVSR) was created, headed by Trotsky. The position of commander-in-chief of the armed forces of the republic was established. On November 30, 1918, the Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defense was created, headed by Lenin. Soviet military leaders - Budyonny, Voroshilov, Blucher, Lazo, Kotovsky, Parkhomenko, Frunze, Chapaev, Shchors, Yakir.

7. Military operations summer-autumn 1918. In the second half of 1918, Denikin's Volunteer Army inflicted a number of serious defeats on the Red Army. In November 1918, Krasnov's Don Army, having broken through the Southern Front, began to advance north. In December, its offensive was stopped, and at the beginning of 1919 K.A. managed to launch a counteroffensive. The White Czechs in the Middle Volga region are trying to break through to the center of the country. The Eastern Front was created. In heavy battles K.A. liberates Kazan, Samara, Simbirsk. Northern Front (autumn 1918) - the Whites and the interventionists were stopped in the area of Kotlas and Vologda.

8. Military actions at the end of 1918 - beginning of 1919. Military intervention and blockade of the Soviet Republic is intensifying. Allied troops landed in Odessa, Sevastopol, and Vladivostok. On November 18, 1918, Admiral Kolchak carried out a coup in Omsk and established a military dictatorship. Kolchak accepted the title of Supreme Ruler of the Russian State and the title of Commander-in-Chief. Denikin became his deputy in the south of the country. Kolchak creates an army of 400 thousand people. and begins active operations on the Eastern Front. Eastern Front - battles with varying success. Northern Front - Americans and General Miller - dictatorship in Arkhangelsk. Southern Front - Krasnov's troops are defeated and the Don is liberated. Denikin launches an offensive in the North Caucasus. January 1919 - The volunteer army and Cossack troops of the Don and Kuban merged into the armed forces of southern Russia under the command of Denikin.

9. Military operations in the second half of 1919 - the first half of 1920

Southern Front: The main danger from the South is General Denikin (110 thousand people). The Entente provides him with massive support. May-June 1919 - Denikin goes on the offensive along the entire Southern Front (Kharkov, Yekaterinoslav, Tsaritsyn are taken). July 3, 1919 - Denikin gives the order to attack Moscow. On the right flank is the Caucasian Army, in the center is the Don Army, on the left is the Volunteer Army. Soviet power: “Everyone to fight Denikin!” In the rear, Denikin is restoring the old order, which leads to the growth of the strike and partisan movement. August 15, 1919 - K.A. begins a counteroffensive. After temporary successes, it was suspended due to lack of strength. The Whites launched a counterattack: Kursk, Voronezh, Orel were taken and approached Tula. The most critical days have come for Soviet power. Mid-October - fierce fighting on the Southern Front. Mid-November - The Red Army strikes at the junction of the Volunteer and Don armies. The main striking force is Budyonny's 1st Cavalry Army. January 1920 - Tukhachevsky took Tsaritsyn, Rostov-on-Don, the last stronghold of the Whites - Novosibirsk. Denikin handed over command to Wrangel and went abroad.

Petrograd Front: Summer 1919 - at the height of the fighting on the Eastern Front, the troops of General Yudenich went on the offensive against Petrograd. They were supported by the English fleet from the sea. In May, Yudenich took Gdov, Yamburg and Pskov. In mid-June, the Red Army went on the offensive. The immediate threat to Petrograd was removed, but, thanks to the efforts of the allies, Yudenich's army soon regained its combat capability. Autumn 1919 - Yudenich launches the second attack on Petrograd, there is a danger of the city surrendering. But on October 21, K.A. begins an offensive along the entire front. Yudenich is defeated, the English fleet leaves the Baltic waters.

Eastern front: Autumn 1919 - K.A. launches a new offensive on the Eastern Front. November 14 - Omsk, the capital of Kolchak, is captured. On January 6, 1920, the remnants of Kolchak’s army were defeated near Krasnoyarsk. He and his prime minister were shot. The Entente evacuates its troops from Russia, and Japan withdraws them to Primorye. K.A. conducts offensive operations, but at the turn of Lake Baikal they pause (to avoid war with Japan). Spring 1920 - the decision to create the Far Eastern Republic (FER) - a buffer state between Soviet Russia and Japan.

Northern Front: At the beginning of 1920, Arkhangelsk and Murmansk were liberated. The intervention and counter-revolution are over.

The defeat of the counter-revolution in Transcaucasia and Central Asia. The Azerbaijan SSR, the Armenian SSR, and the Georgian SSR were created. The Khorezm and Bukhara NSRs were created in Central Asia.

10. The final stage of the civil war.

War with Poland. In the spring of 1920, Poland began hostilities against Soviet Russia. The Western (Tukhachevsky) and Southwestern (Egorov) fronts were formed. In the summer of 1920, they went on the offensive, but the Western Front suffered a crushing defeat near Warsaw, and the Red Army was forced to retreat again. In March 1921, a peace treaty was signed with Poland.

Defeat of Wrangel. Leaving Russia forever in April 1920, Denikin handed over power to General Wrangel. By the beginning of June, Wrangel gained a foothold in the Crimea, having at his disposal a significant ground army and navy. The offensive of Wrangel's troops began in May 1920. The Southern Front was re-created, which was faced with the task of liberating Crimea before the start of winter. In September and October K.A. successfully held back the onslaught of Wrangel, who was trying to unite with the White Poles. At the end of October, in Northern Tavria, Wrangel’s main forces were defeated, units of K.A. reached Perekop. On the night of November 7, 1920, units of K.A. crossed Sivash and launched an offensive to the rear of the impregnable Perekop positions. At the same time, an attack began on these positions through the Turkish Wall. Perekop was taken. After its capture, other Wrangel positions also fell. By November 17, Crimea was completely cleared of whites, and the Southern Front was liquidated. The remnants of Wrangel's troops (about 145 thousand) on foreign ships were evacuated abroad.

11. Results G.V.: Human losses - about 8 million. people: victims of hunger, disease, terror and war. Losses from 1918 to 1923: 13 million people. Material losses: 50 billion gold rubles. 2-2.5 million people emigrated. 200 thousand Russian families were left homeless. Industrial production fell: to 4-20% compared to 1913. Agriculture has halved. Degradation of transport, destruction of internal and external economic ties, a sharp decline in culture and morality. The victory of the Bolsheviks marked the beginning of the formation of a totalitarian regime in Soviet Russia.

The civil war and military intervention of 1917-1922 in Russia was an armed struggle for power between representatives of various classes, social strata and groups of the former Russian Empire with the participation of troops of the Quadruple Alliance and the Entente.

The main reasons for the Civil War and military intervention were: the intransigence of the positions of various political parties, groups and classes on issues of power, economic and political course of the country; the bet of opponents of Bolshevism on the overthrow of Soviet power by armed means with the support of foreign states; the desire of the latter to protect their interests in Russia and prevent the spread of the revolutionary movement in the world; the development of national separatist movements on the territory of the former Russian Empire; the radicalism of the Bolsheviks, who considered revolutionary violence one of the most important means of achieving their political goals, and the desire of the leadership of the Bolshevik Party to put into practice the ideas of world revolution.

(Military encyclopedia. Military publishing house. Moscow. In 8 volumes - 2004)

After Russia's withdrawal from the First World War, German and Austro-Hungarian troops occupied parts of Ukraine, Belarus, the Baltic states and southern Russia in February 1918. To preserve Soviet power, Soviet Russia agreed to conclude the Brest Peace Treaty (March 1918). In March 1918, Anglo-Franco-American troops landed in Murmansk; in April, Japanese troops in Vladivostok; in May, a mutiny began in the Czechoslovak Corps, which was traveling along the Trans-Siberian Railway to the East. Samara, Kazan, Simbirsk, Yekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk and other cities along the entire length of the highway were captured. All this created serious problems for the new government. By the summer of 1918, numerous groups and governments had formed on 3/4 of the country’s territory that opposed Soviet power. The Soviet government began creating the Red Army and switched to a policy of war communism. In June, the government formed the Eastern Front, and in September - the Southern and Northern Fronts.

By the end of the summer of 1918, Soviet power remained mainly in the central regions of Russia and in part of the territory of Turkestan. In the 2nd half of 1918, the Red Army won its first victories on the Eastern Front and liberated the Volga region and part of the Urals.

After the revolution in Germany in November 1918, the Soviet government annulled the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, and Ukraine and Belarus were liberated. However, the policy of war communism, as well as decossackization, caused peasant and Cossack uprisings in various regions and made it possible for the leaders of the anti-Bolshevik camp to form numerous armies and launch a broad offensive against the Soviet Republic.

In October 1918, in the South, the Volunteer Army of General Anton Denikin and the Don Cossack Army of General Pyotr Krasnov went on the offensive against the Red Army; Kuban and the Don region were occupied, attempts were made to cut the Volga in the Tsaritsyn area. In November 1918, Admiral Alexander Kolchak announced the establishment of a dictatorship in Omsk and proclaimed himself the supreme ruler of Russia.

In November-December 1918, British and French troops landed in Odessa, Sevastopol, Nikolaev, Kherson, Novorossiysk, and Batumi. In December, Kolchak’s army intensified its actions, capturing Perm, but the Red Army troops, having captured Ufa, suspended its offensive.

In January 1919, the Soviet troops of the Southern Front managed to push Krasnov’s troops away from the Volga and defeat them, the remnants of which joined the Armed Forces of the South of Russia created by Denikin. In February 1919, the Western Front was created.

At the beginning of 1919, the offensive of French troops in the Black Sea region ended in failure; revolutionary ferment began in the French squadron, after which the French command was forced to evacuate its troops. In April, British units left Transcaucasia. In March 1919, Kolchak's army went on the offensive along the Eastern Front; by the beginning of April it had captured the Urals and was moving towards the Middle Volga.

In March-May 1919, the Red Army repelled the offensive of the White Guard forces from the east (Admiral Alexander Kolchak), south (General Anton Denikin), and west (General Nikolai Yudenich). As a result of the general counteroffensive of units of the Eastern Front of the Red Army, the Urals were occupied in May-July and, in the next six months, with the active participation of partisans, Siberia.

In April-August 1919, the interventionists were forced to evacuate their troops from the south of Ukraine, Crimea, Baku, and Central Asia. The troops of the Southern Front defeated Denikin's armies near Orel and Voronezh and by March 1920 pushed their remnants into the Crimea. In the fall of 1919, Yudenich's Army was finally defeated near Petrograd.

At the beginning of 1920, the North and the coast of the Caspian Sea were occupied. The Entente states completely withdrew their troops and lifted the blockade. After the end of the Soviet-Polish War, the Red Army launched a series of attacks on the troops of General Peter Wrangel and expelled them from Crimea.

In the territories occupied by the White Guards and interventionists, a partisan movement operated. In the Chernigov province, one of the organizers of the partisan movement was Nikolai Shchors; in Primorye, the commander-in-chief of the partisan forces was Sergei Lazo. The Ural partisan army under the command of Vasily Blucher in 1918 carried out a raid from the region of Orenburg and Verkhneuralsk through the Ural ridge in the Kama region. She defeated 7 regiments of Whites, Czechoslovaks and Poles, and disorganized the rear of the Whites. Having covered 1.5 thousand km, the partisans united with the main forces of the Eastern Front of the Red Army.

In 1921-1922, anti-Bolshevik uprisings were suppressed in Kronstadt, the Tambov region, in a number of regions of Ukraine, etc., and the remaining pockets of interventionists and White Guards in Central Asia and the Far East were eliminated (October 1922).

The civil war on Russian territory ended in victory for the Red Army, but brought enormous disasters. The damage caused to the national economy amounted to about 50 billion gold rubles, industrial production fell to 4-20% of the 1913 level, and agricultural production decreased by almost half.

The irretrievable losses of the Red Army (killed, died from wounds, went missing, did not return from captivity, etc.) amounted to 940 thousand and sanitary losses of 6 million 792 thousand people. The enemy, according to incomplete data, lost 225 thousand people in battles alone. The total losses of Russia in the Civil War amounted to about 13 million people.

During the Civil War, military leaders in the Red Army were Joachim Vatsetis, Vladimir Gittis, Alexander Egorov, Sergei Kamenev, August Kork, Mikhail Tukhachevsky, Hieronymus Uborevich, Vasily Blucher, Semyon Budyonny, Pavel Dybenko, Grigory Kotovsky, Mikhail Frunze, Ion Yakir and others.

Of the military leaders of the White movement, the most prominent role in the Civil War was played by generals Mikhail Alekseev, Anton Denikin, Alexander Dutov, Alexey Kaledin, Lavr Kornilov, Pyotr Krasnov, Evgeny Miller, Grigory Semenov, Nikolai Yudenich, and Admiral Alexander Kolchak.

One of the controversial figures of the Civil War was the anarchist Nestor Makhno. He was the organizer of the Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine, which fought either against the whites, then against the reds, or against all of them at once.

41. Policy of “war communism”. 1918-early 1921.

Considering the question of the formation of the Soviet economy in the first months after the October Revolution, we found out that in less than a year a mixed economy was created, combining large state industry and transport, a government monopoly on banking and foreign trade, trade in bread and other food products with private and cooperative capital in production and domestic trade in non-productive goods. The countryside changed dramatically: landownership was eliminated and the kulaks were limited, but at the same time the number of small-scale peasant farms sharply increased, on whose shoulders fell the task of supplying the army, cities and industry with food, primarily bread.

The Soviet state in 1918-1920. implemented a number of emergency measures, the totality of which is known as the policy of war communism. The system of military communism, characteristic of the entire period of foreign military intervention and civil war, began to take shape in the second half of 1918.

In the conditions of incredibly difficult wartime, first during the First World War, then the Civil War and foreign intervention, it was impossible to allow the development of market relations, it was impossible to allow the peasant to sell the excess of his production. This would lead to the fact that the country's meager production resources would not go to defense needs, but would be used by speculators. Therefore, surplus appropriation was the only way out of the situation.

Surplus appropriation. Back in 1916, the Minister of Agriculture Kutler proposed to the government, following the example of Germany, to distribute among the grain-producing provinces the amount of grain that they had to hand over to supply the army and cities. This later received the name food appropriation. In March 1917, the Provisional Government declared a grain monopoly: all surpluses in excess of the minimum necessary to feed the producer and his family were to be at the disposal of the state. But, reflecting the interests of the landowners - the main supplier of commercial grain, not a single old government dared to introduce surplus appropriation. It was introduced only in 1918.

Back in November 1917, the Military Revolutionary Committees of Petrograd, Moscow, and then other industrial centers organized food detachments that were sent to the villages of the South and Volga region to procure bread and other products. They carried with them tools, nails, and some textiles for direct product exchange for bread, cereals, and butter.

On January 14 (27), 1918, the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars “On measures to improve the food situation” was adopted, according to which the so-called “barrage detachments” for requisitioning surplus food from the population on railways and waterways (at stations and piers), as well as on highways at the entrance to cities.

Barrage detachments– armed groups of 5-10 people, deployed on the railway. stations, marinas and highways at the entrance to cities for the purpose of requisitioning food. They had the right to inspect all carts, ships, passenger and service cars (except postal and bank cars) and requisition of food in excess of the permitted 20 pounds (8 kg) per person with the obligatory issuance of a receipt, according to which the cost of the requisitioned was paid at fixed prices. Liquidated in the spring of 1921 with the introduction of the New Economic Policy.

The beginning of the policy of "war communism". By the spring of 1918, hunger in the cities of Northern and Central Russia became even more acute. Grain Ukraine was occupied by German and Austrian troops, the Don, North Caucasus and Volga region were cut off by White Guard revolts. The supply of food to the cities almost stopped. On May 9, 1918, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee adopted a Decree granting the People's Commissar of Food emergency powers. It confirmed the grain monopoly and fixed prices for bread declared but not implemented by the Provisional Government.

All grain in excess of the amount necessary for sowing fields and personal consumption, peasants were obliged to hand over to dumping points. Persons who did not hand over the surplus were declared enemies of the people and were subject, according to the verdict of the revolutionary court, to imprisonment for 5-10 years, confiscation of property and expulsion from the community. Moonshiners were sentenced to community service. Those who brought surpluses for shelter were paid half of their value at fixed prices.

The People's Commissariat for Food could use armed force, cancel decisions of local food authorities and other organizations, dissolve them, dismiss, arrest and bring to the revolutionary court officials who interfered with its orders.

The decree of May 9, 1918 actually introduced a “food dictatorship” in the country. It marked the beginning of the policy of "war communism". In connection with the expansion of the territory covered by the civil war, the Council of People's Commissars on May 28, at the suggestion of V.I. Lenin, introduced martial law throughout the country. The scattered food ranks were brought together into a Food Army headed by the chief commissar, and barrage detachments were installed on all major railways and waterways to confiscate the food being transported.

Combeds. On June 8, 1918, the Council of People's Commissars issued a Decree on the organization of committees of the rural poor (Kombedov). According to it, committees of the poor were created in all volosts and villages, to which everyone except kulaks could be elected. The committees distributed surplus bread (for the poor until July 15 - free of charge, from July 15 to August 15 - at a discount of half the fixed price, from August 15 - 20%) and helped food detachments. The committees carried out partial dispossession, transferring part of the kulak land and 2 million rubles worth of agricultural implements to the poor.

At the end of the summer, harvesting and harvesting-requisitioning detachments were created, harvesting grain in the former landowners' estates and the front line.

By the decree of November 21, 1918 “On organizing the supply of the population with all products and items for personal consumption and household use,” all trading enterprises were nationalized.

Decree on food appropriation. The most important element of war communism was food allocation for bread and fodder. It was introduced by the decree of the People's Commissar of the Council of January 11, 1919. Subsequently, food allocation was extended to other agricultural products.

According to the surplus appropriation system, peasants had to hand over all food surpluses to the state. The peasant was left with the amount of bread that he needed for consumption, fodder for livestock, as well as a seed fund. In accordance with the harvest, the amount of grain allocated to each province was determined. This amount was further allocated to counties, volosts, villages and peasant households. Fulfillment of the grain supply plan was mandatory.

The allocation for farms was carried out on the basis of the class principle formulated by V.I. Lenin: from the poor peasants - nothing, from the middle peasants - moderately, from the rich - a lot. The peasants were left with only 1 pound of bread and 1 pound of cereals per eater; the rest was requisitioned for worthless paper money or receipts. Conducted with military cruelty, surplus appropriation yielded 108 million poods in the 1918/19 business year (it began in October), and 212 million poods in the next 1919/20.

The surplus appropriation system was not based on the capabilities of the peasant economy, but solely on the needs of the state. As a result, the nutrition of the peasants sharply deteriorated: if before the war a peasant consumed on average 27 poods of grain per year, then in 1920 - 15 poods, and peasants without sowing (approximately one third of the peasant population) - only 12 poods.

Knowing that the “surplus” would be taken away anyway, the peasants sharply reduced their crops. The state was unable to organize counter deliveries of manufactured goods in exchange for bread: in 1920, through the People's Commissariat of Food, peasants received from the state on average only 100 metal products, including less than one nail per household.

The policy of “war communism” was a forced measure, but some of the Bolsheviks saw in it the shortest path to communism: desired equality, universal labor, the destruction of private enterprise, trade, money, turning a blind eye to the fact that this was equality in poverty. The closer peace was, the more urgent the question arose of restoring the material interest of the working people, especially the peasants. But not everyone in the ruling circles understood this.

Ticket

- The civil war and military intervention of 1917-1922 in Russia was an armed struggle for power between representatives of various classes, social strata and groups of the former Russian Empire with the participation of troops of the Quadruple Alliance and the Entente.

1. The causes of the war and its content.

The main reasons for the Civil War and military intervention were:

· irreconcilability of the positions of various political parties, groups and classes on issues of power, economic and political course of the country;

· the bet of opponents of Bolshevism on the overthrow of Soviet power by armed means with the support of foreign states;

· the desire of the latter to protect their interests in Russia and prevent the spread of the revolutionary movement in the world; the development of national separatist movements on the territory of the former Russian Empire;

· the radicalism of the Bolsheviks, who considered revolutionary violence one of the most important means of achieving their political goals, the desire of the leadership of the Bolshevik Party to put into practice the ideas of the world revolution.

(Military encyclopedia. Military publishing house. Moscow. In 8 volumes - 2004)

Consequences of the war.

By 1921, Russia was literally in ruins. The territories of Poland, Finland, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Western Ukraine, Belarus, the Kars region (in Armenia) and Bessarabia were ceded from the former Russian Empire. According to experts, the population in the remaining territories barely reached 135 million people. Losses in these territories as a result of wars, epidemics, emigration, and declining birth rates have amounted to at least 25 million people since 1914.

During the hostilities, the Donbass, the Baku oil region, the Urals and Siberia were especially damaged; many mines and mines were destroyed. Factories shut down due to a lack of fuel and raw materials. Workers were forced to leave the cities and go to the countryside. In general, the level of industry decreased by 5 times. The equipment has not been updated for a long time. Metallurgy produced as much metal as it was smelted under Peter I.

Agricultural production fell by 40%. Almost the entire imperial intelligentsia was destroyed. Those who remained urgently emigrated to avoid this fate. During the Civil War, from hunger, disease, terror and battles, from 8 to 13 million people died (according to various sources), including about 1 million Red Army soldiers. Up to 2 million people emigrated from the country. The number of street children increased sharply after World War I and the Civil War. According to some data, in 1921 there were 4.5 million street children in Russia, according to others, in 1922 there were 7 million street children. Damage to the national economy amounted to about 50 billion gold rubles, industrial production fell to 4-20% of the 1913 level.

Losses during the war (Table 1)

Results of the intervention

“Some exotic African troops peacefully walked along the streets of this beautiful seaside city: blacks, Algerians, Moroccans brought by the occupying French from hot and distant countries - indifferent, carefree, poorly understanding what was going on. They did not know how to fight and did not want to. They went shopping, bought all sorts of rubbish and cackled, talking in a guttural language. They themselves didn’t know exactly why they were brought here.”

Alexander Vertinsky about the French intervention in Odessa, early 1919

The leaders of the White movement were actually in a hopeless situation regarding the question of accepting or not accepting help from the “allies”: a destroyed economy that required huge financial costs; the basing of all White Guard state formations without exception on the outskirts of the empire would certainly have a rear at sea, which did not have an industrial and material base - in contrast to the position of the Bolsheviks, who were based in the center of the country with its factories and military warehouses during the First World War. Unable to get by on their own, they were forced to make themselves strategically dependent on the interventionists, who, as Ph.D. writes. N.S. Kirmel, aligning himself on this issue with Doctor of Historical Sciences. N.A. Narochnitskaya, at a difficult moment they betrayed the White movement.

An important factor, skillfully used by the Bolsheviks against the White movement in the propaganda struggle, was the very presence on the territory of Russia of limited contingents of foreign troops, who, moreover, did not want to engage in the fight against the Red Army, and therefore, by the fact of their presence, brought not so much to the White movement good, so much harm, since they only discredited anti-Soviet governments among the masses and gave the Soviets a powerful propaganda trump card. Bolshevik agitators presented the White Guards as supposedly proteges of the world bourgeoisie, trading in national interests and natural resources, and their struggle as supposedly patriotic and fair.

List of used literature

1. Goldin V.I. Russia in the Civil War. Essays on modern historiography.-

M.-2000.-276s.

2. Civil war in documents and memoirs.-M.-1998.

3. History of the USSR. / Edited by Ostrovsky V.P. - M.: Prosvet, 1990.

4. Konovalov V. Civil war in Russia (1917-1922): myths and

reality // Dialogue.-1998.-No.9.-p.72-76

5. Levandovsky A.A., Shchetinov Yu.A. Russia in the 20th century: Textbook. M.: Vlados,

6. Our Fatherland. Experience of political history. T.2 – M.: Prosvet, 1991.

7. Domestic history / Edited by A.A. Radugin. – M.: Academy, 2003.

8. A manual on the history of the Fatherland / Ed. Kuritsina V.M. - M.: Space,

9. Shevotsukov P. A. Pages of the history of the Civil War.-M.-1995.

Related information.