World Natural Heritage Sites. Russian World Heritage Sites
The adoption in 1972 by the international organization UNESCO of the Convention for the Protection of the World Heritage of Humanity was due to serious global changes in the human environment. The need for additional measures aimed at improving the environment, in which a person is inextricably linked with nature and ensures the safety of cultural heritage inherited from past generations, has become obvious.
natural heritage
The list of monuments of the World Natural Heritage includes objects of both living and inanimate nature. The monuments of world significance include all the most famous wonders of nature, which have exceptional beauty and are valuable for all mankind. These are such objects as the Grand Canyon, Iguazu Falls, Mount Chomolungma, Komodo Island, Mount Kilimanjaro, and many dozens of other objects. World natural heritage sites in Russia include Lake Baikal, volcanoes, primeval Komi forests, the island, the Ubsunur basin, the mountains of the Western Caucasus, Central Sikhote-Alin and Altai.
The World Heritage sites also include specially protected areas of habitats for endangered species of animals and plants. Serengeti and Ngorongoro national parks in Tanzania are protected by several million individuals of wild animals. different types. In the Galapagos Islands (Ecuador), giant sea turtles, iguana lizards and other animals, most of which are endemic, are protected.
Cultural heritage
Various monuments of the World Cultural Heritage can be combined into several groups.
Firstly, these are the historical centers of cities or even entire cities, reflecting architectural styles different eras. In Europe, these are cities ancient world- Rome and Athens, the oldest temples and palaces of which were built in the style of classicism. Medieval Florence and Venice, Krakow and Prague retain majestic Catholic cathedrals and luxurious Renaissance palaces. In Asia, this is the center of three Jerusalem, the ancient capital. In America, the capital of the Aztec Empire, the Inca fortress city of Machu Picchu in Peru.
Secondly, the number of cultural heritage sites includes individual architectural masterpieces. These are, for example, religious centers in Europe (Cologne and Reims cathedrals, Canterbury and Westminster abbeys) and in Asia (Buddhist temples Borobudur and Angor-Watt, mausoleum).
Thirdly, unique monuments of engineering art become objects of cultural heritage. Among them, for example, the Iron Bridge (England), the most grandiose creation of human hands - the Great Wall of China.
Fourthly, these are the most ancient places of worship and archeological monuments of primitive times and the Ancient World. Examples of such objects are English, the Greek ruins of Delphi and Olympia, the ruins of Carthage in.
Fifthly, memorial sites associated with historical events or the activities of famous people.
Before we present you with a list of countries that have the largest number UNESCO World Heritage Sites, let's see what it is.
- Is a masterpiece of human creative genius;
- Proves significant mutual influence of universal values in a certain historical period or cultural space;
- Is unique or exclusive to a culture and/or civilization that exists or has disappeared;
- It is an outstanding example of architectural landscape design, illustrating an important period in human history;
- Is an outstanding example of traditional human settlements or human interaction with the environment;
- The object is directly related to historical events or cultural traditions, religious beliefs, artistic or literary works and is of great global importance.
World Heritage Sites fall into three categories:
- cultural, i.e. Man-made are mainly architectural monuments.
- created by nature, such as rock formations or caves, lakes, rivers and waterfalls
- mixed, i.e. created jointly by nature and man - for the most part, these are various parks and gardens.
Natural objects have their own selection criteria - for example, a natural phenomenon of exceptional beauty and aesthetic value.
In the US, there are Native American heritage sites, such as Taos Pueblo, an ancient Indian settlement. These are also structures created in the 19th and 20th centuries, such as the Statue of Liberty.
In addition, the United States has several world heritage sites created by nature. These include the Grand Canyon and Yellowstone National Park. In total, there are 23 UNESCO World Heritage Sites in the United States.
Russia made it to this top due to its rich and diverse history and colossal territory. Among the objects of cultural heritage of Russia are the Moscow, Novgorod and Kazan Kremlins, the historical centers of St. Petersburg and Yaroslavl.
Also in Russia there are as many as 10 natural heritage sites, including the famous Lake Baikal and the Golden Altai Mountains.
The United Kingdom has many cultural heritage sites created, in particular, during the period of the Roman imperial occupation. Many of them are connected with events affecting the global history of Europe. Of these, the Fortified Frontier of the Roman Empire and the Tower of London are especially famous.
India is the birthplace of the most ancient earthly civilizations, which has seen the rise and fall of many empires and royal dynasties, as well as several world religions - Sikhism, Hinduism and Buddhism. India has several world heritage sites created by nature - caves and national parks.
The most famous cultural heritage sites in India are the royal palace of the Taj Mahal and the cave temples located on the island of Elephanta.
Mexico was home to two of the oldest civilizations that lived in the New World before the Age of Discovery - the Aztecs and the Maya. It was also where the earliest settlements of European colonists in the New World were located.
Mexico's World Heritage Sites include the historic center of Puebla and the ancient pre-Spanish cities of Teotihuacan, Chichen Itza and El Tajin.
During its long history, Germany has been both part of the Holy Roman Empire and the center of the German Empire. Hence and a large number of objects of cultural heritage. The most famous of them are Wartburg Castle and Cologne Cathedral.
As in the case of Germany, the history of France is closely connected with the Roman Empire. At one time, the Frankish tribes lived as part of the Empire. Later, however, France itself became a powerful monarchy.
So it is not surprising that in France many objects are classified as world heritage. First of all, this is Notre Dame Cathedral and the Palace of Versailles.
Of the 45 sites, 3 are located outside of Europe - for example, the Garajonay National Park, located on the island of La Gomera. This is due to the fact that Spain still retained some of the land acquired during the era of colonization.
In Spain itself, the most famous objects are the Roman city walls of Lugo and Burgos Cathedral.
China is home to the world's oldest civilizations and many cultures that still live and have disappeared. There are many cultural heritage sites in China, including the Great Wall of China.
But there are also a dozen natural heritage sites in China. One such place is Karst deposits in South China.
Finally, most of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites are located in Italy - the birthplace of the Holy Roman Empire, the Christian and most of the figures of the Renaissance. Among the objects of cultural heritage of Italy are the historical centers of Rome, Naples, Florence, Castel del Monte and Villa Del Casale.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Owning a UNESCO World Heritage Site
World Heritage Sites make a significant contribution to the tourism industry, and hence the economy, of the countries that own them. They tend to be the most attractive for tourists visiting these countries.
This means more tourists, and therefore more money attracted by this industry. However, ownership of World Heritage properties comes at a high cost. The government of a country that owns a world heritage site has to spend a lot of money on the repair, protection and maintenance of these attractions.
This can create big problems for a given country, especially during difficult economic periods.
Beautiful shots from all corners of our Motherland, which depict the UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Russia.
30 UNESCO World Heritage Sites you must visit! The UNESCO World Heritage List includes some of the best preserved sites in the world. In 2013, 19 more sites were added to the List, 14 of which are of cultural significance, and the remaining 5 are of natural significance. UNESCO World Heritage Sites are the most interesting places for traveling.
To date, more than 980 sites from all over the world have been inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. Most of these sites are popular tourist destinations and attract a large number of tourists.
UNESCO has divided World Heritage Sites into three broad categories, namely:
– places of natural heritage (nature/landscape created without any human intervention),
– cultural heritage sites (places of cultural/spiritual significance for people)
- places of mixed heritage (places that have elements of both natural and cultural heritage).
Below we have listed 30 of the most beautiful places from this list, which are definitely worth a visit!
Inscribed on the List in 1978.
Country: Ecuador
Located in the eastern Pacific Ocean, the Galapagos Islands are an archipelago of thirteen islands and six small islets. These islands are located at the confluence of three ocean currents. The Galapagos Islands are known for their absolutely stunning marine life, enchanting birds and pristine beaches.
Entertainment: Other than cruising to some of the archipelago's most remote islands, most tourists prefer the Galapagos Islands as they are a great place for snorkeling and diving.
Best time to visit: mid-June to early September and mid-December to mid-January.
- 2. Yellowstone National Park
Inscribed on the List in 1978.
Country: United States of America
The park extends over 898,349 hectares. There are more than 300 geysers here (two thirds of total number geysers); over 10,000 geothermal sites (nearly half of everything in the world) and fabulous wildlife including aurochs, grizzlies and wolves. UNESCO World Heritage Sites - the park passes through the US states of Wyoming, Montana and Idaho.
Entertainment: Yellowstone National Park offers numerous activities for tourists, including trekking, horseback riding, camping, fishing, boating, and swimming. This is a fantastic place for hiking and cycling.
Best time to visit: June to August, if you are a skier, visit the Park from November to February.
- 3. Belovezhskaya Pushcha
Inscribed on the List in 1979.
Country: Belarus, Poland
The National Park, world-famous as Belovezhskaya Pushcha, is located on the watershed of the Black and Baltic Seas. Some of the most exotic species of broad-leaved trees and evergreens have been preserved here. In addition, the forest reserve also boasts a remarkable fauna, which includes some rare species of mammals such as bison.
Entertainment: all entertainment consists of guided tours and independent walks in the park. Watching birds and animals listed in the Red Book.
Best time to visit: Between March and September.
- 4. Great Barrier Reef
Inscribed on the List in 1981.
Country: Australia
One of the most famous marine ecosystems in the world is right here on the Great Barrier Reef. Here is the world's largest collection of corals, this includes more than 400 various kinds coral, along with 1500 species of fish and about 4000 species of molluscs. In addition to this, six of the seven species of sea turtles known in the world are found on the Reef.
Entertainment: The Great Barrier Reef is a paradise for snorkelers and scuba divers.
Best time to visit: June to November.
- 5. Los Glaciares National Park
Inscribed on the List in 1981.
Country: Argentina
The best place in South America to enjoy glacier views. It is a place of exceptional beauty, boasting high mountain peaks and 47 large glaciers.
Entertainment: Hiking is by far the most popular tourist activity in the region, followed by mountain climbing. You can join a boat tour and tack between majestic icebergs.
Best time to visit: Between October and March.
- 6.Parks of the Canadian Rockies
Inscribed on the List in 1984.
Country: Canada
This World Heritage site includes four national parks - Banff, Jasper, Kootenay and Yoho and three provincial parks - Mount Robson, Mount Assiniboine and the Humber - located in the Canadian provinces of British Columbia and Alberta. UNESCO World Heritage Sites - These parks are known for their absolutely stunning scenery, featuring mountain peaks, glaciers, canyons, waterfalls, hot springs, and many other spectacular sites.
Entertainment: hiking, horseback riding, etc. If you are an adrenaline junkie, you can also try some dog sledding through the snowy plains. If you are a history buff, be sure to visit the Burgess Shale fossil site, famous for the fossilized remains of some marine species that existed millions of years ago.
Best time to visit: Between September and October or May, June for hiking and December or April for skiing.
- 7. Sundarbans National Park
Inscribed on the List in 1987.
Country: India
Located in the Indian state of West Bengal, the Sundarbans includes the world's largest mangrove forest area, covering about 1,000,000 hectares. The National Park is home to some exotic and endangered species, including tigers, reptiles, birds and aquatic mammals.
Entertainment: in addition to walks and excursions along the forest paths, you can, for example, ride a bike to the local village or visit the local school.
Best time to visit: Between September and March.
- 8. Yaku
Inscribed on the List in 1993.
Country: Japan
Located in Kagoshima Prefecture, in the inner part of Yaku Island, the park is a place where about 1900 different species and subspecies of plants are collected. Rare, ancient examples of Japanese cedar (Suji) grow in this area.
Activities: Hiking along forest trails, there are also several white sand beaches where tourists can enjoy snorkeling. Visitors can also bathe in the hot springs, which are located a few kilometers from the site.
Best time to visit: May, October, November.
- 9. Brazilian Islands: Fernando de Noronha and Atoll das Rocas
Inscribed on the List in 2001.
Country: Brazil
Fernando de Noronha is an archipelago of 21 islands and several smaller islets in the Atlantic Ocean, and Rocas Atoll is the only atoll in the South Atlantic. These two reserves are notable for their breeding of tuna, turtles, sharks, as well as several marine mammals. Baia de Golfinos is popular for seeing dolphins. In addition, tropical birds and breathtaking views of the seascape at low tides make this region stand out.
Entertainment: In addition to boat trips, these places also offer many opportunities for dolphin watching and diving.
Best time to visit: April to November.
- 10. Reunion Island (National Park)
Listed in 2010.
Country: France
UNESCO World Heritage Sites - The National Park covers an area of about 100,000 hectares, which is about 40% of the total area of Reunion Island. The place is famous for its subtropical and tropical forests, and is home to a variety of flora and fauna.
Entertainment: Hiking, rock climbing and all kinds of excursions, including air excursions.
Best time to visit: May to October; November to April is cyclone season.
Cultural heritage sites
- 1.Nubian Monuments from Abu Simbel in Philae
Inscribed on the List in 1979.
Country: Egypt
These colossal ancient Egyptian monuments are, one might say, a huge archaeological park, in fact, a great open-air museum. The magnificent structures that include the Great Temple of Ramses II at Abu Simbel and the Sanctuary of Isis at Philae make a lasting impression.
Activities: visit the great monuments, camel ride, visit the Aswan High Dam.
Best time to visit: November to February.
- 2. Shalimar Fort and Gardens in Lahore
Inscribed on the List in 1981.
Country: Pakistan
Located in the city of Lahore in Punjab. These two masterpieces were built during the reign of Emperor Shah Jahan and are the main attractions in Pakistan. The complex-fort has numerous marble structures: palaces and mosques, decorated with multi-colored mosaics and gilding. Elegant gardens with numerous waterfalls, fountains and decorative ponds look impressive.
Entertainment: Tourists are allowed to roam freely around the fort and gardens. There are some great restaurants where you can try delicious dishes local cuisine.
Best time to visit: October to April.
- 3. Vatican
Inscribed on the List in 1984
Country: Vatican
One of the most sacred places in the Christian world, the Vatican is full of colossal religious and secular buildings and monuments. In the center of the Vatican is St. Peter's Basilica, the largest religious building in the world. The circular square in front of the basilica surround beautiful palaces and gardens.
Entertainment: Excursions to major churches and basilicas throughout the city, as well as the many museums in the city. Don't forget to visit the famous Sistine Chapel. Best time to visit: April to June and September to October.
- 4. Petra
Inscribed on the List in 1985
Country: Jordan
One of the most famous World Heritage Sites in the world. Petra is an ancient city located at the junction of the Dead and Red Seas. Strategically, it was located at the crossroads of Egypt, Arabia, Syria and Phoenicia, indicating that it was indeed an important settlement in ancient times. Petra is also one of the most important archaeological sites, showing a subtle blend of Eastern and Western architectural styles.
Entertainment: Petra is high in the mountains, there are several hiking trails that lead to the city. You can also explore the surrounding desert areas on horseback or camels.
Best time to visit: March to May and September to November
- 5. City of Bath
Inscribed on the List in 1987
Country: England
Bath is an ancient Roman city about 100 miles west of the English capital.
Entertainment: Bath offers many things for tourists. In addition to bathing in natural hot springs, you can take a tour of the city, the city is surrounded by picturesque countryside, which is best explored on foot.
Best time to visit: April to June and September.
- 6. Borobudur Temple
Inscribed on the List in 1991.
Country: Indonesia
UNESCO World Heritage Sites - The largest Buddhist temple complex in the world. Borobudur is a colossal monument located in the central part of the island of Java.
Entertainment: in May you can get to the Buddhist festival, which is held on the occasion of the birthday of the Buddha. In June, a ballet performance is organized here, which tells about the concept and construction of the temple.
Best time to visit: April to October.
- 7. Drottningholm Royal Palace
Inscribed on the List in 1991.
Country: Sweden
Literally meaning "Islet of the Queen", Drottningholm Palace is located on a small artificial island on Lake Mälaren in the suburbs of Stockholm. Here, in addition to the palace, there are royal gardens, the palace church, the palace theater and the famous Chinese pavilion. The palace is certainly one of the finest examples of 18th century North European architecture and shows the obvious influence of Château de Versailles architecture.
Entertainment: The palace is the residence of the current Swedish royal family, so much of it is not open to the public. However, you can still visit some places. Visit the "Great Hall" of the palace, here you can see portraits of various European monarchs. There is a nice cafe next to the garden where you can spend a great day.
Best time to visit: May to September.
- 8. Angkor
Inscribed on the List in 1992.
Country: Cambodia
Angkor is one of the most important archaeological sites in Southeast Asia. It occupies an area of about 40,000 hectares. The park is an ensemble of remnants of the Cambodian Khmer Empire, which includes a number of temples and sculptures. World famous temple complexes: Angkor Wat, Angkor Thom and Bayon.
Entertainment: acquaintance with various temples and sculptures. Walk through the desert.
Best time to visit: Between November and February.
- 9. Schönbrunn Palace and Gardens
Inscribed on the List in 1996.
Country: Austria
One of the most outstanding baroque complexes in Europe. Schönbrunn Palace is located in Vienna and served as the summer residence of the Habsburg emperors from the 18th century to the early 20th century. The magnificent gardens are a fine example of European decorative art.
Entertainment: tours of the palace and garden, walks in Vienna, canal cruises.
Best time to visit: May to October.
- 10. Mountain Railways of India
Inscribed on the List in 1999.
Country: India
Includes three mountain railways that run through seemingly impassable terrain in the Indian mountains. Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, Nilgiri Mountain Railway and Kalka Shimla Railway.
Entertainment: Take a ride on one of these trains and enjoy fascinating views of mystical mountains, dense forests and intricate tunnel networks.
Best time to visit: Darjeeling Himalayan Road - September to June; Nilgiri road - from February to June; Kalka Shimla road - from April to August and from December to January.
Mixed heritage sites
- 1. Tikal National Park
Inscribed on the List in 1979.
Country: Guatemala
Nestled among lush, dense jungles, UNESCO World Heritage Sites Parks is one of the most important centers of the ancient Mesoamerican Maya civilization. Tikal National Park boasts some of the most impressive architectural remains of the Mayan people. Impressive palaces and temples, sacrificial platforms, public squares, and some fragmented remains of Mayan dwellings.
Entertainment: Visit the Sylvanus G. Morley Museum, where you can see various artifacts. Camping and jungle trekking are some of the most popular activities.
Best time to visit: Between November and April.
- 2. Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu
Inscribed on the List in 1983.
Country: Peru
This 15th-century city is nestled in the midst of a tropical mountain forest, at an elevation of about 8,000 feet. Machu Picchu is the highlight of Peru. This World Heritage Site boasts gigantic walls, ramps and terraces, all built in such a way that it seems as if it has always been part of the natural landscape. In addition, due to its location on the eastern slopes of the Andes, the forests have an extremely rich variety of flora and fauna.
Activities: Hiking around Machu Picchu, tour various Inca shrines and caves, learn some local history - some of the stories are really interesting!
Best time to visit: July and August.
- 3. Goreme National Park and Cappadocia Caves
Inscribed on the List in 1985.
Country: Türkiye
The province of Nevsehir in Central Anatolia is famous all over the world for its remnants of the Byzantine period: various residential and underground settlements dating back to the 4th century AD. Erosive processes have shaped the sculptural landscape of the Goreme Valley, and the rock structures of Cappadocia bear witness to what happens when natural forces and human hands work in apposition with each other.
Entertainment: Hiking and excursions, hot air balloon tours. In addition, Cappadocia is one of the largest wine producing regions in Turkey, so be sure to stop by for a wine tasting at local wineries.
Best time to visit: April to mid-June and September to November.
- 4. Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park
Inscribed on the List in 1987
Country: Australia
Located in the northern part of Australia. The site boasts some impressive geological formations, including the stone domes of Kata Tjuta.
Activities: rock climbing, guided walking tours, camel ride through the desert, helicopter tour and more.
Best time to visit: April and May.
- 5. Meteora (Meteora)
Inscribed on the List in 1988.
Country: Greece
A UNESCO World Heritage Site located in Thessaly, the monastery complex of Meteora is a one of a kind place. It is amazing how 24 monasteries were built in such a remote area, at such a height, and even in the 15th century. The monasteries boast wonderful frescoes from the 16th century.
Activities: Rock climbing, canoeing, hiking and rafting are the main activities. You can visit one of the nearby villages and taste traditional cuisine.
Best time to visit: July to mid-October.
- 6. Cliff Bandiagara
Inscribed on the List in 1989.
Country: Mali
One of the most impressive places in West Africa. The Bandiagara Plateau in Mopti is not only amazing scenery, but a place where you can see examples of African architecture. In addition to houses, barns, altars, temples and community centers, the region has preserved the age-old traditions of the Dogon (a people in Mali) in the form of masks, rituals, religious ceremonies and so on.
Entertainment: Visit a local village and buy authentic Dogon crafts. You can ride in a donkey cart.
Best time to visit: November to March.
- 7. Tongariro National Park
Inscribed on the List in 1990.
Country: New Zealand
The oldest national park in New Zealand. Tongariro boasts spectacular scenery, numerous active but dormant volcanoes and a rich variety of ecosystems.
Entertainment: Walking in the park is the best way to see all the sights of this place.
Best time to visit: Between November and May.
- 8. Emeishan and Leshan Giant Buddha
Inscribed on the List in 1996.
Country: China
Located in the southern part of Sichuan province in China, Emeishan is a wonderful place. The mountain is distinguished by a variety of vegetation and old trees (some over 1000 years old). From the 1st century AD, Buddhists began to build on the top of the mountain, probably due to the tranquility and beauty of the place. Gradually, this place became one of the most sacred places of Buddhism and turned into a center of pilgrimage. A special attraction of this World Heritage Site is the colossal Buddha statue carved into the mountain. This is the largest Buddha statue in the world.
Entertainment: Hiking and hiking are the best things to do here to experience all the beauty, peace and harmony of this place.
Best time to visit: throughout the year.
- 9. Ibiza
Inscribed on the List in 1999.
Country: Spain
Ibiza, better known for its clubbing and nightlife, is actually two separate worlds. Much of the island is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Numerous prehistoric archaeological sites, outstanding examples of Renaissance military architecture and some Spanish colonial fortifications.
Entertainment: explore the beautiful countryside, hiking and parasailing tours are also quite popular. Taste traditional Spanish cuisine. Best time to visit: Between April and June.
- 10. Rock Island, South Lagoon
Inscribed on the List in 2012.
Country: Palau
445 volcanic uninhabited islands of limestone, which are located in lagoons, surrounded by coral reefs - this is the Rock Islands. There are more than 385 species of corals, a huge variety of marine life and the highest concentration of marine lakes on earth. There are also numerous archaeological remains of villages, burials and rock paintings that date back over 3,000 years.
Activities: Rock Islands is the most popular snorkeling and diving destination in Palau. Visit colorful lagoons and vibrant caves.
Best time to visit: February and March.
UNESCO World Heritage Sites are the most visited places by tourists!
World Heritage is a variety of natural or man-made objects that need to be preserved for future generations due to their special cultural, historical or environmental significance. As of 2012, there are 962 items on this list, 754 of them are cultural monuments, 188 are natural and 29 are mixed.
UNESCO was established in 1945 and its purpose is to protect and preserve places of special value or physical significance for all mankind. In 1954, during the construction of the Aswan Dam, Abu Simbel, a man-made temple carved into the rock, fell under flooding. The responsible organization allocated money for the structure to be dismantled and moved to a higher place. This unprecedented action took four years, and highly qualified specialists from 54 countries of the world were involved in its implementation in a short time.
Today, on the pages of the Forum-Grad, we will discuss a rather entertaining topic - the UNESCO World Heritage List.
Aldabra atoll
The atoll consists entirely of corals and is a group of four islands separated by narrow straits. It is located north of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean. Belongs to the State of the Seychelles.
Aldabra is considered the second largest in the world after Christmas Island (Kiritimati) in the Kiribati archipelago. Its dimensions are: 34 km in length and 14.5 km in length, height above sea level is up to 8 m. The area of the inner lagoon is 224 square meters. km.
Since the 17th century, it has been used by the French to hunt giant sea turtles, as their meat was considered an exquisite delicacy. For a long time, pirates also ruled in these places, because the atoll is far from populated areas.
In 1982, this paradise was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List as a unique natural monument. This is one of the few islands on our planet not affected by civilization. Currently, it is home to a huge population of giant sea turtles (more than 152,000) and two completely unique species of bats. Entry into this nature reserve is strictly controlled, and all approaches by sea are guarded.
Giant statue in China
The huge Maitreya Buddha is carved into the rock at the confluence of three rivers - Minjiang, Qingyijiang and Daduhe near the city of Leshan in China. According to ancient legend, a famous monk named Haithong of the Tang Dynasty, worried about the frequent shipwrecks and deaths in the whirlpool just opposite this rock, vowed to carve a stone statue of a seated Buddha. He raised funds and began construction, and his followers completed this work. The largest monument in the world was built over 90 years - from 713 to 803.
For the convenience of visiting visitors, a special path "Nine Turns" was built here, consisting of 250 steps. Near the trail there is a pavilion where tourists can relax and admire the face of the giant up close.
Almost until the middle of the 13th century, a huge seven-story wooden structure covered the statue from the weather, but over time it collapsed, and the structure remained defenseless against the elements. Garbage left by tourists began to accumulate at the foot, the waters of three rivers washed away the base in the form of a lotus.
The local department hired 40 workers to restore the unique statue to its former grandeur. Approximately $700,000 was invested in the project and another $730,000 was invested in security improvements.
Every year, more than 2 million travelers from all over the world come to see the sitting Buddha and add about $84 million to the budget of the Leshan City Tourism Department.
Hatra, or El-Khadr
This is an ancient ruined city as part of the Parthian kingdom, the ruins of which are still located on the territory of Northern Iraq in the province of Nineveh to the North-West of the capital of the country, the city of Baghdad. It was founded in the III century, and its heyday fell on the period of the II-I centuries BC.
The total area was about 320 hectares, in shape it resembled an oval, surrounded by a double line of high stone walls with four gates oriented to the cardinal points. The most powerful defensive wall two meters high was made of stone, behind it there was a deep ditch up to 500 meters wide. At a distance of 35 meters from each other there were 163 defensive towers.
The city belonged to the Arab princes, who regularly paid tribute to the warlike Persians, and was located at the crossroads of the main trade routes of that time. In the center there was a palace and temple complex with an area of about 12,000 square meters. meters. Due to its transit location, El-Khadr included religious buildings of different directions, it was even called the "House of God".
Thanks to good defensive structures and vigilant round-the-clock protection, the ancient city withstood even the attack of the legionnaires of the Roman Empire in 116 and 198 of the new era, but in 241 Hatra fell during the siege of the Persian ruler Shapur and was soon destroyed and forgotten.
Schroeder House by Gerrit Thomas Rietveld
This house in 1924 was specially built for the 35-year-old widow Truus Schröder-Schrader and her three children in the small Dutch town of Utrecht. The building is distinguished by innovative solutions in the original and unusual exterior design for those times, as well as the view of spacious balconies and huge windows.
The project and the entire interior layout were developed by the novice architect Gerrit Thomas Rietveld. The widow proposed a number of unusual innovations, which it was also decided to implement. So, in the kitchen on the first floor, an elevator was built, in which ready meals served upstairs directly to the set table. All interiors of the first level are quite traditional for that time. The walls are made of old bricks.
But on the second floor, the entire space, according to the idea of the hostess of the house, remained completely open, and at any time it can be divided into several rooms using sliding walls. All wardrobes and beds are transformers, assembled during the day and unfolded at night. Instead of the usual curtains, like all the neighbors, multi-colored plywood shields were used.
Currently, the unique house belongs to the Central Museum of the city of Utrecht and it hosts guided tours that take about an hour.
This structure is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List because it had a significant impact on future architectural trends, and also became the first open-plan house in the world history of architecture.
Krak des Chevaliers
Krak des Chevaliers (or Krak de l'Hospital) is a unique building of the crusaders, located in the state of Syria on the top of a cliff 650 meters high. The nearest city of Homs is located 65 km east of the castle.
This is one of the well-preserved fortresses of the Order of Hospitallers in the world. In the 10th century, this castle became his headquarters, where during the crusade a garrison of 2000 soldiers and 60 knights could be accommodated.
In addition to the powerful walls, many buildings in the Gothic style were reconstructed and restored. This is a large conference room, water storage tanks, a chapel, an internal aqueduct, storage rooms and two stables that could contain up to 1000 horses. In the rock mass under the building, underground storage facilities for food and water supplies were made, which could be enough for a long siege for 5 years.
At the end of the 12th century, during the next crusade, King Edward I of England saw the impregnable fortress, and soon his castles appeared in Wales and England, very similar in structure to Krak.
Monastery of Alcobaça
The Cistercian monastery "de Santa Maria de Alcobaça", located in the Portuguese city of Alcobaça, was founded by King Afonso Henriques in 1153 and served as a tomb for the rulers of Portugal for two centuries. The cathedral is the first building in the Gothic style, built on the territory of the ancient state.
Historically valuable is the architecture. The two wings of the main facade are made in the Baroque style, and between them there is a church, the facade of which, as it were, connects these two directions. At the top is a balcony supported by four statues - they symbolize the main virtues: justice, fortitude, prudence and sobriety.
In 1755, the whole country was shaken by the great Lisbon Earthquake, which was very destructive, but the temple survived - only the sacristy and part of the service buildings were damaged. However, the original appearance of the historical site could not be restored. Near the entrance to the church is the Hall of the Kings, where there are statues of all the monarchs of Portugal, and the history of this place is written on the walls with the help of blue and white azuleijos tiles of the 18th century.
After examining this masterpiece of early Gothic, other interiors of the famous cathedrals of Europe seem gloomy and not so aesthetic. These buildings demonstrate the perfect skills and dedication of medieval craftsmen. And the entire ensemble "de Santa Maria de Alcobaça" is one of the most beautiful monuments of Portuguese art.
Monte Alban
According to prominent scientists of world renown, this is a rather large settlement of ancient people in the southeast of Mexico, the state of Oaxaca. Just 9 km from the state capital, on a low crest of a mountain range that runs through the valley, there is a man-made plateau. It was the very first city in the entire historical region, which played a significant role as a socio-political and economic center of the Zapotec civilization.
In the early 30s, the ruins of this ancient settlement were discovered by the Mexican archaeologist Alfonso Caso. Many pundits equate this discovery with the sensational discovery of the true location of the legendary Troy.
"Mexican Troy" turned out to be a city of high culture, local craftsmen already in 200 BC could already process rhinestone and make unique gold jewelry.
During the excavations, 150 four-chamber crypts, palaces and pyramids, very similar to those built by the Mayan tribe, an ancient observatory, a giant amphitheater with 120 rows for spectators, powerful stone stairs 40 meters wide, a structure resembling a stadium and much more were discovered.
The walls of the buildings are decorated with frescoes, relief images of human figures and stone mosaics. Peculiar burial ceramic urns in the form of gods and various animals were found.
The impressive ruins of the center of the ancient civilization of Monte Alban are located in such a way that they can be seen from anywhere in the central part of the Oaxaca Valley
Lalibela
This is a small town in northern Ethiopia, located in the Ahmara region at an altitude of 2500 meters above sea level. It is the center of pilgrimage for the entire population of the country, because almost all the inhabitants of the town are Christians of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church.
Lalibela was built as the New Jerusalem in response to the capture by Muslims of the shrine of Christians in the State of Israel, so many historical buildings have names and types of architecture similar to the ancient buildings of Jerusalem.
According to 2005 data, the population of the city was 15 thousand people, of which the majority (about 8,000) are women. This medieval religious center is known for its monolithic, three-nave churches carved into volcanic tuff, built at the turn of the 11th-13th centuries. The bas-reliefs and wall paintings of these ancient structures mix Christian and pagan symbols and motifs.
Thirteen temples seem to grow out of the ground. "Bete Mariam" is considered the oldest, and "Bete Medhane Aley" - the largest church in the world, carved into the rock. According to legend, in the last of the churches carved into the rocks, "Bete Golgotha", the ashes of King Lalibela rest.
These unique works of architecture by ancient craftsmen are also engineering monuments of medieval Ethiopia - near many of them there are wells that are filled with water using a complex system based on the use of artesian wells.
Eight hundred years ago, people could supply water to a height of 2500 meters!
Ellora
This is a simple village in the state of Maharashtra, India, not far from the city of Aurangabad. It is famous for the fact that nearby cave temples are carved into the rocks. different religions, the creation of which dates back to the 6th - 9th centuries of a new era. Of the 34 caves of Ellora, 12 in the south are Buddhist, 17 in the center are dedicated to Hindu gods, and 5 to the north are Jain.
Most of the ancient shrines have their own names, the most famous being "Kailas". This beautiful, well-preserved example of ancient architecture is considered one of the most precious monuments in India. In the granite canopy above the entrance to this holy place for all Hindus, colossal statues of Shiva, Vishnu and other gods revered in the country are carved.
This is followed by the huge goddess Lakshmi - she reclines on lotus flowers, and majestic elephants stand around. From all sides the temple is surrounded by monumental lions and vultures, they are frozen in different poses, and guard the peace of the heavenly kings.
One of the legends says that this paradise was built by one raja - Elichpur Edu - in gratitude for healing with water from a source located on the territory of the temple.
"Vishvakarma" has a multi-storey entrance and a large hall, in which there is a sculpture of Buddha, giving a sermon.
"Indra Sabha" is a two-level monolithic Jain temple.
"Kailasanatha" is the central place of the entire sacred complex, and during the construction of this miracle in the town of Ellora, more than 200,000 tons of rock were removed.
Ancient Building Complex in Wudang Mountains
The Wudangshan Mountains in China are famous for their ancient monasteries and temples. Once upon a time, a university was founded here to research medicine, pharmacology, nutrition systems, meditation and martial arts.
Even during the Tang Dynasty (618-907), the first religious center was opened in this area - the Temple of the Five Dragons. Large construction on the mountain began in the 15th century, when the Yongle Emperor called 300,000 soldiers and built complexes. At that time, 9 monasteries, 36 sketes and 72 shrines, many pavilions, bridges and multi-tiered pagodas were built, forming 33 architectural ensembles. The construction lasted 12 years, and the complex of structures covered the main peak and 72 small peaks - the length was 80 km.
The Golden Hall is one of the most famous, it took 20 thousand tons of copper and about 300 kg of gold to make it. According to scientists, it was forged in the capital of China, Beijing, and then delivered in parts to the Wudang Mountains.
The Purple Cloud Temple consists of several halls - Dragon and Tiger Hall, Purple Sky Hall, East, West and Parent Halls. The shrines of Wu Zhen have been kept here since the day of its foundation.
IN troubled times During the Cultural Revolution in China (1966-1976), many places of worship were destroyed, but later restored, and now the complex is visited by tourists from all over the world.
The architecture of the ancient Wudang Mountains complex combines the best achievements of Chinese traditions over the past 1500 years.
"Valley of the Whales" in Egypt
40 million years ago, "Wadi Al-Hitan" was the bottom of the World Ocean, so hundreds of skeletons of ancient mammals have been preserved here. This unique valley is located 150 km southwest of the capital of Egypt - Cairo. Many of the remains of whales belong to the extinct suborder Archaeoceti, representing one of the most important stages of evolution: the rebirth of terrestrial multi-ton monsters into marine mammals.
Fossil skeletons clearly show the appearance and lifestyle of these giants in their transition period. In addition, they are all located in a convenient for study and, importantly, vigilantly protected area.
In addition, there are the remains of Sirenia sea cows and Moeritherium elephant seals, as well as prehistoric crocodiles, sea snakes and turtles. Some specimens are so well preserved that you can study the contents of their vast stomachs.
All together helps scientists unravel the mystery of the evolution of these largest mammals on the planet that still exists.
The pristine exotics of the rainforests
The Kerchin-Seblat National Park is the largest reserve on the island of Sumatra, its area is about 13.7 thousand square meters. km. Here you can see more than 4,000 species of plants, including the world's largest flower - Rafflesia Arnold, its diameter is 60-100 cm, and its weight reaches up to 8 kg. In addition, about 370 species of birds and rare animals (Sumatra tigers, elephants and rhinoceros, Malayan tapir) live in this area. There are also hot springs, the highest caldera lake and the highest peak on the island. And recently a muntjac deer was seen here, the species of which was considered extinct in the 30s of the last century.
The second largest is Gunung Leuser, with an area of 7927 sq. km. It is located in the Aceh region and in the area of the town of Bukit Lawang. This small town is considered to be the best starting point for exploring an exotic destination. Excursions are allowed only with a trained guide and with special permission.
In this reserve, the most interesting is the large population of great apes - orangutans. Translated from the Malay language, it means "forest man".
The third largest is Bukit-Barisan-Selatan with an area of 3568 sq. km, covering the provinces of Lampung, Bengkulu and South Sumatra. Here you can meet very rare animals - the Sumatran elephant and the striped rabbit.
Tourists appreciate Sumatra for its tropical forests with nature preserved in its original form, for outlandish plants and amazing representatives of exotic fauna. In addition, there are many beautiful and still active volcanoes.
"Sistine Chapel of Primitive Painting"
"Lascaux" is located in France, 40 km from the city of Perigueux and is considered one of the most important Paleolithic monuments in terms of the quantity, quality and preservation of the rock art of ancient people. The cave was accidentally discovered in 1940 by four teenagers who noticed a narrow hole in the rock formed by a fallen tree. After examination, scientists determined that the age of the rock paintings is more than 17,300 years.
The cave is quite small in size, the total of all its galleries is about 250 meters, and the average height is 30 meters. Visitors were allowed from 1948 to 1955, but then it was closed, as the ventilation systems could not cope with the carbon dioxide accumulating inside from the breath of numerous tourists, and the cave paintings could be damaged.
Air conditioning systems were changed several times in the last century, but they were all ineffective, and the historical heritage was periodically closed for preventive work. And only in the 21st century powerful units were installed that successfully coped with the task.
To preserve the wall paintings, they decided to copy all the images and made a concrete copy, where almost all the rock paintings are presented in the same sequence as the original. Called the cave "Lasko II", it is located only 200 meters from the real one and was first opened to travelers in 1983.
Takht-e Jamshid
Takht-e Jamshid in Greek "Persepolis" - the ruins of the capital of the Achaemenid Empire. This place is considered one of the most beautiful monuments of the history of the state of Iran. It is located on the Marvdasht plain at the foot of Mount Ramhat and was founded by the Great Persian King Darius I in 515 BC.
The area of this stone structure is 135 thousand square meters. meters, it includes the "Gate of all nations", "Apadana Palace", "Throne Room", the tomb of the "King of Kings", an unfinished palace and a treasury. The construction lasted about 45 years and was completed under the reign of Xerxes the Great, the eldest son of Darius.
In Persepolis, mainly the remains of the palace complex and religious buildings have been preserved. The most famous of them is "Apadana" with a ceremonial hall and 72 columns. Five kilometers away is the royal tomb of Nakshe-Rustam and the rock reliefs of Nakshe-Rustam and Nakshe-Rajab.
Here in those distant times there was already a water supply and sewage system, and the labor of slaves was not used in the construction. The walls of this unique complex were more than five meters thick and up to 150 centimeters high. The city could be reached by the main staircase, consisting of two flights of 111 white limestone steps each. Then it was necessary to pass the "Gate of all nations".
But the powerful walls did not help, and in 330 the great conqueror Alexander the Great stormed the fortified complex and burned the capital of the Persian kingdom to the ground during a feast in honor of the victory, possibly in retaliation for the Acropolis destroyed by the Persians in Athens.
Cradle of mankind
The historical monument is located 50 km northwest of Johanensburg in the Gauteng province of South Africa in the south of the African continent. Its area is 474 sq. km, the complex includes limestone caves, including a group called Sterkfontein, where in 1947 Robert Bloom and John Robinson discovered the fossil remains of an ancient man - Australopithecus africanus, 2.3 million years old.
"Taung Rock Fossil Site" - it was here in 1924 that the famous skull of Taung, belonging to the oldest man, was discovered. The Macapan valley is known for the abundance of archaeological traces found in the local caves, confirming the existence of people about 3.3 million years ago.
Fossils found here have helped scientists identify ancient hominin specimens dating back to between 4.5 and 2.5 million years ago. The same finds fully confirm the theory that our distant ancestors began to use fire already in the period about a million years ago.
It may seem to some of the readers that there are a lot of figures in our topic, but this is the history, and not of any single person, but of our entire civilization.
Currently, there are 26 World Heritage Sites on the territory of the Russian Federation:
16 cultural sites (they have the letter C - cultural in the World Heritage List) and 10 natural sites (they are marked N - natural) heritage.
Three of them are cross-border, i.e. located on the territory of several states: Curonian Spit (Lithuania, Russian Federation), Ubsunur Hollow (Mongolia, Russian Federation), Struve Geodetic Arc (Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Republic of Moldova, Russian Federation, Ukraine, Finland, Sweden, Estonia)
The first objects - "Historical Center Petersburg and related groups of monuments", "Kizhi Pogost", "Moscow Kremlin and Red Square" - were included in the World Heritage List at the 14th session of the World Heritage Committee, held in 1990 in the Canadian city of Banff.
14th session of the World Heritage Committee - 1990 (Banff, Canada)
№С540 - Historical center Petersburg and related groups of monuments
Criteria (i) (ii) (iv) (vi)
"Northern Venice", with its many canals and more than 400 bridges, is the result of the greatest urban development project begun in 1703 under Peter the Great. The city turned out to be closely associated with the October Revolution of 1917, and in 1924-1991. he bore the name of Leningrad. Its architectural heritage combines such diverse styles as baroque and classicism, which can be seen in the example of the Admiralty, the Winter Palace, the Marble Palace and the Hermitage.
Information about the object:
№С544 - Kizhi churchyard
Criteria: (i)(iv)(v)
Kizhi Pogost is located on one of the many islands of Lake Onega, in Karelia. Here you can see two wooden churches of the 18th century, as well as an octagonal bell tower, built of wood in 1862. These unusual structures, which are the pinnacle of carpentry, represent an example of an ancient church parish and are harmoniously combined with the surrounding natural landscape.
Information about the object:
on the site of the museum-reserve "Kizhi"
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the website of the World Heritage Center
№С545 - Moscow Kremlin and Red Square
Criteria: (i)(ii)(iv)(vi)
This place is inextricably linked with the most important historical and political events in the life of Russia. Starting from the XIII century. The Moscow Kremlin, created in the period from the XIV century. according to the 17th century outstanding Russian and foreign architects, was the grand ducal, and then the royal residence, as well as a religious center. St. Basil's Cathedral, a true masterpiece of Russian Orthodox architecture, rises on Red Square, which is located near the walls of the Kremlin.
Information about the object:
on the website of the Moscow Kremlin Museums
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the website of the World Heritage Center
16th session of the World Heritage Committee - 1992 (Santa Fe, USA)
№С604 - Historical monuments of Veliky Novgorod and its environs
Criteria: (ii)(iv)(vi)
Novgorod, advantageously located on the ancient trade route between Central Asia and Northern Europe, was in the 9th century. the first capital of Russia, the center of Orthodox spirituality and Russian architecture. Its medieval monuments, churches and monasteries, as well as the frescoes of Theophan the Greek (teacher Andrei Rublev), dating from the 14th century, clearly illustrate the outstanding level of architectural and artistic creativity.
Information about the object:
on the website of the Department of Culture and Tourism of the Novgorod Region
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the website of the World Heritage Center
№С632 - Historical and cultural complex of the Solovetsky Islands
Criterion: (iv)
The Solovetsky archipelago, located in the western part of the White Sea, consists of 6 islands with a total area of more than 300 sq. km. They were settled in the 5th century. BC, but the very first evidence of human presence here dates back to the 3rd-2nd millennium BC. The islands, starting from the 15th century, became the site of the creation and active development of the largest monastery in the Russian North. There are also several churches of the XVI-XIX centuries.
Information about the object:
on the website of the FGBUK "Solovki State Historical-Architectural and Natural Museum-Reserve"
on the site "Museums of Russia"
№С633 - White stone monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal
Criteria: (i)(ii)(iv)
These two ancient cultural centers Central Russia occupy an important place in the history of the formation of the architecture of the country. There are a number of majestic religious and public buildings of the 12th-13th centuries, among which the Assumption and Dmitrievsky Cathedrals (Vladimir) stand out.
Information about the object:
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the website of the World Heritage Center
17th session of the World Heritage Committee -1993 (Cartagena, Colombia)
№С657 - The architectural ensemble of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra in the city of Sergiev Posad
Criteria: (ii)(iv)
This a prime example a functioning Orthodox monastery with the features of a fortress, which fully corresponded to the spirit of the time of its formation - the 15th-18th centuries. In the main temple of the Lavra - the Assumption Cathedral, created in the image and likeness of the cathedral of the same name in the Moscow Kremlin - there is the tomb of Boris Godunov. Among the treasures of the Lavra is the famous icon "Trinity" by Andrey Rublev.
Information about the object:
on website of the Ministry of Culture of the Moscow Region
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the website of the World Heritage Center
18th session of the World Heritage Committee - 1994 (Phuket, Thailand)
№С634rev- Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye (Moscow)
Criteria: (ii)
This church was built in 1532 in the royal estate of Kolomenskoye near Moscow to commemorate the birth of an heir - the future Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible. The Church of the Ascension, which is one of the earliest examples of the traditional tent completion in stone, had a great influence on further development Russian church architecture.
Information about the object:
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the website of the World Heritage Center
19th session of the World Heritage Committee - 1995 (Berlin, Germany)
N719 - Virgin forests of Komi
Criteria: (vii) (ix)
Covering an area of 3.28 million hectares, the heritage site includes the lowland tundra, mountain tundra of the Urals, as well as one of the largest tracts of primary boreal forests that have survived in Europe. The vast territory with swamps, rivers and lakes, where conifers, birch and aspen grow, has been studied and protected for more than 50 years. Here you can trace the course of natural processes that determine the biodiversity of the taiga ecosystem.
Information about the object:
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the website of the World Heritage Center
20th session of the World Heritage Committee - 1996 (Merida, Mexico)
№ N754 - Lake Baikal
Criteria: (vii) (viii) (ix) (x)
Located in the southeast of Siberia and covering an area of 3.15 million hectares, Baikal is recognized as the oldest (25 million years) and deepest (about 1700 m) lake on the planet. The reservoir stores approximately 20% of all world reserves fresh water. In the lake, which is known as the "Galapagos of Russia", due to its ancient age and isolation, a freshwater ecosystem, unique even by world standards, has formed, the study of which is of lasting importance for understanding the evolution of life on Earth.
Information about the object:
on the website of the Natural Heritage Protection Fund
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the website of the World Heritage Center
22nd session of the World Heritage Committee - 1998 (Kyoto, Japan)
№ N768rev - "Golden Mountains of Altai"
Criteria: (x)
The Altai Mountains, which are the main mountainous region in the south of Western Siberia, form the sources of the largest rivers in this region - the Ob and Irtysh. The heritage site includes three separate sections: the Altai Reserve with the water protection zone of Lake Teletskoye, the Katunsky Reserve plus the Belukha Natural Park, and the Ukok Plateau. The total area is 1.64 million hectares. The area demonstrates the widest range of altitudinal belts within Central Siberia: from steppes, forest-steppes and mixed forests to subalpine and alpine meadows and glaciers. The area is home to endangered animals such as the snow leopard.
Information about the object:
on the website of the Natural Heritage Protection Fund
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the website of the World Heritage Center
23rd session of the World Heritage Committee - 1999 (Marrakech, Morocco)
№
N900
- Western Caucasus
Criteria: (ix) (x)
This is one of the few large alpine massifs in Europe where nature has not yet undergone significant anthropogenic influence. The area of the object is approximately 300 thousand hectares, it is located in the west of the Greater Caucasus, 50 km northeast of the Black Sea coast. Only wild animals graze in the local alpine and subalpine meadows, and the vast untouched mountain forests, stretching from the lowland to the subalpine zone, are also unique in Europe. The area is characterized by a wide variety of ecosystems, highly endemic flora and fauna, and is an area where the mountain subspecies of the European bison once lived, and was later re-acclimatized.
Information about the object:
on the website of the Natural Heritage Protection Fund
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the website of the World Heritage Center
24th session of the World Heritage Committee - 2000 (Cairns, Australia)
№С980 - Historical and architectural complex of the Kazan Kremlin
Criteria: (ii) (iii) (iv)
Having emerged on the territory inhabited since very ancient times, the Kazan Kremlin traces its history back to the Muslim period in the history of the Golden Horde and the Kazan Khanate. It was conquered in 1552 by Ivan the Terrible and became a stronghold of Orthodoxy in the Volga region. The Kremlin, which has largely preserved the layout of the ancient Tatar fortress and has become an important center of pilgrimage, includes outstanding historical buildings of the 16th-19th centuries, built on the ruins of earlier structures of the 10th-16th centuries.
Information about the object:
on the website of the State Historical, Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve "Kazan Kremlin"
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the website of the World Heritage Center
№С982 - Ensemble of the Ferapontov Monastery
Criteria: (i) (iv)
Ferapontov Monastery is located in the Vologda region, in the north of the European part of Russia. This is an exceptionally well-preserved Orthodox monastery complex of the 15th-17th centuries, i.е. a period that was of great importance for the formation of a centralized Russian state and the development of its culture. The architecture of the monastery is original and complete. In the interior of the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin, magnificent wall frescoes by Dionysius, the greatest Russian artist of the late 15th century, have been preserved.
Information about the object:
on the website of the FGBUK "Kirillo-Belozersky Historical, Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve"
on the website of the Museum of frescoes of Dionysius
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the website of the World Heritage Center
№С994 - Curonian Spit
Transboundary facility: Lithuania, Russian Federation
Criterion: (v)
The human development of this narrow sandy peninsula, which has a length of 98 km and a width of 400 m to 4 km, began in prehistoric times. The scythe was also affected natural forces- wind and sea waves. The preservation of this unique cultural landscape to this day has become possible only thanks to the ongoing struggle of man against erosion processes (dune fixation, forest plantations).
Information about the object:
on the website of the Curonian Spit National Park (Russia)
on the website of the Curonian Spit National Park (Lithuania)
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the website of the World Heritage Center
25th session of the World Heritage Committee - 2001 (Helsinki, Finland)
№
N766rev - Central Sikhote-Alin
Criteria: (x)
Far Eastern coniferous-broad-leaved forests grow in the Sikhote-Alin mountains, which are recognized as one of the richest and most original in terms of species composition among all forests in the temperate zone of the Earth. In this transitional zone, located at the junction of taiga and subtropics, there is an unusual mixture of southern (tiger, Himalayan bear) and northern animal species (brown bear, lynx). The area stretches from the highest peaks of the Sikhote-Alin to the coast of the Sea of Japan, and is home to many endangered species, including the Amur tiger.
Information about the object:
on the website of the Sikhote-Alin Reserve
on the website of the Natural Heritage Protection Fund
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the website of the World Heritage Center
27th session of the World Heritage Committee - 2003 (Paris, France)
№
N769 rev - Ubsunur hollow
Transboundary facility: Mongolia, Russian Federation
Criteria: (ix) (x)
The heritage site (with an area of 1,069 thousand hectares) is located within the northernmost of all drainless basins in Central Asia. Its name comes from the name of the vast shallow and very salty lake Ubsunur, in the area of which a lot of migratory, waterfowl and near-water birds accumulate. The object consists of 12 disparate plots (including seven plots in Russia, with an area of 258.6 thousand hectares), which represent all the main types of landscapes characteristic of Eastern Eurasia. A wide variety of birds is noted in the steppes, and rare species of small mammals live in desert areas. In the highlands, such animals, rare on a global scale, as the snow leopard and argali mountain sheep, as well as the Siberian ibex, have been noted.
Information about the object:
on the website of the Tuva Republican Branch of the Russian Geographical Society
on the website of the Natural Heritage Protection Fund
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the website of the World Heritage Center
№С1070 - Citadel, Old Town and fortifications of Derbent
Criteria: (iii) (iv)
Ancient Derbent was located on the northern borders of Sasanian Persia, which at that time stretched east and west from the Caspian Sea. Ancient fortifications built of stone include two fortress walls that run parallel to each other from the seashore to the mountains. The city of Derbent was formed between these two walls and has retained its medieval character to this day. It continued to be a strategically important site well into the 19th century.
Information about the object:
on the website of the Derbent State Historical, Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the website of the World Heritage Center
28th session of the World Heritage Committee - 2004 (Suzhou, China)
№С1097 - Ensemble of the Novodevichy Convent (Moscow)
Criteria: (i) (iv) (vi)
The Novodevichy Convent, located in the south-west of Moscow, was created during the 16th-17th centuries and was one of the links in the chain of monastic ensembles united in the city's defense system. The monastery was closely connected with the political, cultural and religious life of Russia, as well as with the Moscow Kremlin. Representatives of the royal family, noble boyar and noble families were tonsured and buried here. The ensemble of the Novodevichy Convent is one of the masterpieces of Russian architecture (“Moscow baroque” style), and its interiors, which contain valuable collections of paintings and works of arts and crafts, are distinguished by rich interior decoration.
Information about the object:
on the site of the Bogoroditse-Smolensky Novodevichy Convent
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the website of the World Heritage Center
№ N1023rev - Natural complex of the Wrangel Island Reserve
Criteria: (ix) (x)
The heritage site, located above the Arctic Circle, includes the mountainous Wrangel Island (7.6 thousand sq. km) and Herald Island (11 sq. km), together with the adjacent waters of the Chukchi and East Siberian Seas. Since this area was not covered by a powerful Quaternary glaciation, a very high biodiversity is noted here. Wrangel Island is known for its huge walrus rookeries (one of the largest in the Arctic), as well as the highest density of polar bear birth dens in the world. The area is important as a feeding ground for gray whales migrating here from California and as a breeding ground for more than 50 species of birds, many of which are classified as rare and endangered. More than 400 species and varieties of vascular plants have been recorded on the island, more than on any other Arctic island. Some of the living organisms found here are special island forms of those plants and animals that are widespread on the continent. About 40 species and subspecies of plants, insects, birds and animals are defined as endemic.
Information about the object:
on the website of the Federal State Budgetary Institution State Natural Reserve "Wrangel Island"
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the website of the World Heritage Center
29th session of the World Heritage Committee - 2005 (Durban, South Africa)
№С1187 - Struve geodetic arc
Transboundary facility: Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Republic of Moldova, Russian Federation, Ukraine, Finland, Sweden, Estonia
Criteria: (ii) (iii) (vi)
The Struve Arc is a chain of triangulation points stretching for 2820 km across the territory of ten European countries from Hammerfest in Norway to the Black Sea. These reference observation points were laid in the period 1816-1855. astronomer Friedrich Georg Wilhelm Struve (aka Vasily Yakovlevich Struve), who thus made the first reliable measurement of a large segment of the earth's meridian arc. This made it possible to accurately determine the size and shape of our planet, which was an important step in the development of earth sciences and topographic mapping. It was an exceptional example of cooperation in the scientific field between scientists from different countries and between reigning monarchs. Initially, the "arc" consisted of 258 geodetic "triangles" (polygons) with 265 main triangulation points. The World Heritage Site includes 34 such sites (the best surviving to date), which are marked on the ground in a variety of ways, such as: hollows carved into the rocks, iron crosses, cairns or specially installed obelisks.
Information about the object:
Online Petersburg Society of Geodesy and Cartography
on the website of the Land Department of the Estonian Ministry of the Environment
on the website of the Department of Cartography of Finland
on the Norwegian World Heritage website
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the website of the World Heritage Center
№С1170 - Historical center of Yaroslavl
Criteria: (ii) (iv)
The historic city of Yaroslavl, located approximately 250 km northeast of Moscow at the confluence of the Kotorosl River with the Volga, was founded in the 11th century. and subsequently developed into a large shopping center. It is known for its numerous churches of the 17th century, and as an outstanding example of the implementation of the urban planning reform carried out by decree of Empress Catherine the Great in 1763 throughout Russia. Although the city retained a number of remarkable historical buildings, it was later reconstructed in the classicist style on the basis of a radial master plan. It also preserved belonging to the sixteenth century. buildings of the Spassky Monastery - one of the oldest in the Upper Volga region, which arose at the end of the 12th century. on the site of a pagan temple, but rebuilt over time.
Information about the object:
on the site of the official portal of the city of Yaroslavl
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the website of the World Heritage Center
34th session of the World Heritage Committee - 2010 (Brazilia, Brazil)
№ N1234rev - Putorana Plateau
Criteria: (vii) (ix)
This object coincides with its borders with the Putoransky State Nature Reserve, located in the northern part of Central Siberia, 100 km above the Arctic Circle. The World Heritage part of this plateau has a full range of subarctic and arctic ecosystems preserved in an isolated mountain range, including pristine taiga, forest tundra, tundra and arctic desert systems, as well as a pristine cold water lake and river systems. Through the site runs the main migration route of reindeer, which is an exceptional, majestic and increasingly rare phenomenon of nature.
Information about the object:
on the website of the Federal State Budgetary Institution "Joint Directorate of Taimyr Reserves"
on the website of the Natural Heritage Protection Fund
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the website of the World Heritage Center
36th session of the World Heritage Committee - 2012 (St. Petersburg, Russian Federation)
№ N1299 - Lena Pillars Natural Park
Criteria: (viii)
The Lena Pillars Natural Park is formed by rock formations of rare beauty, which reach a height of about 100 meters and are located along the banks of the Lena River in the central part of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). They originated in a sharply continental climate with a difference in annual temperature of up to 100 degrees Celsius (from -60°C in winter to +40°C in summer). The pillars are separated from each other by deep and steep ravines, partially filled with frosted rock fragments. The penetration of water from the surface accelerated the process of freezing and contributed to frost weathering. This led to the deepening of the ravines between the pillars and their dispersal. The proximity of the river and its course are dangerous factors for the pillars. On the territory of the object there are remains of many different species of the Cambrian period.
Information about the object:
on the website of the State Budgetary Institution of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) Natural Park "Lena Pillars"
on the website of the Natural Heritage Protection Fund
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the website of the World Heritage Center
38th session of the World Heritage Committee - 2014 (Doha, Qatar)
№С981rev- Bulgarian historical and archaeological complex
Criteria:(ii)(vi)
The facility is located on the banks of the Volga River south of the confluence of the Kama River and south of the capital of Tatarstan, the city of Kazan. It contains evidence of the existence of the medieval city of Bolgar, an ancient settlement of the Volga Bulgar people, which existed from the 7th to the 15th centuries. and was in the thirteenth century. the first capital of the Golden Horde. Bolgar demonstrates historical and cultural relationships and transformations in Eurasia over several centuries, which played a decisive role in the formation of civilizations, customs and cultural traditions. The object is an important evidence of historical continuity and diversity of cultures. It is a symbolic reminder of the adoption of Islam by the Volga Bulgars in 922 and remains a sacred place of pilgrimage for Muslim Tatars.
Information about the object:
on the website of the Bulgarian State Historical and Architectural Museum-Reserve "Great Bolgar"
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the website of the World Heritage Center
37 sessionWorld Heritage Committee - 2013 (Phnom Penh, Siem Reap, Cambodia)
№C1411 - The ancient city of Tauric Chersonese and its choir
Criteria: (ii) (v)
The object is the ruins of an ancient city founded by the Dorians in the 5th century BC. e. on the northern coast of the Black Sea. The site includes six elements, including the ruins of the city and agricultural land, divided into several hundred rectangular plots of the same size, which served for the cultivation of grapes; the products of the vineyards were intended for export and ensured the prosperity of Chersonese until the 15th century. On the territory of the object there are several complexes of public buildings, residential areas and monuments of early Christianity. There are also ruins of Stone Age and Bronze Age settlements, Roman and medieval tower fortifications and water systems, as well as exceptionally well-preserved vineyards and dividing walls. In the 3rd century A.D. e. Chersonese was known as the most successful center of winemaking on the Black Sea and served as a link between Greece, the Roman Empire, Byzantium and the peoples of the northern coast of the Black Sea. Chersonese is an outstanding example of the democratic organization of agriculture in the vicinity of an ancient city, reflecting the urban social structure.
Information about the object:
41st session of the World Heritage Committee - 2017 (Krakow, Poland)
№N1448rev - Landscapes of Dauria
Criteria: (ix) (x)
Located on the territory of Mongolia and the Russian Federation, this site is a unique example of the Daurian steppe ecosystem, which begins in the east of Mongolia and extends through Russian Siberia to the northeastern border of China. The cyclical climate, with its characteristic wet and dry periods, has contributed to a wide variety of species and ecosystems that are important to the world. The different types of steppes present here, such as wet meadows, forest and lake areas, are home to rare species of fauna such as the white-naped crane and bustard, as well as millions of rare and vulnerable migratory birds, which are endangered. The park is also an important site on the Migration Route of the Mongolian Dresden.
Information about the object:
![](https://i1.wp.com/kgiop.gov.spb.ru/media/uploads/userfiles/2019/02/25/4813342.jpg)
№C1525 - Cathedral of the Dormition and the monastery of the island town of Sviyazhsk
Criteria: (ii) (iv)
The Assumption Cathedral is located on the island town of Sviyazhsk and is part of the monastery of the same name. Located at the confluence of the Volga, Sviyaga and Pike rivers, at the crossroads of the Silk Road and the Volga River, Sviyazhsk was founded by Ivan the Terrible in 1551. It was from this outpost that Ivan the Terrible began the conquest of the city of Kazan. The location and architecture of the Monastery of the Assumption testifies to the existence of a political and missionary program developed by Tsar Ivan IV in order to expand the territory of the Muscovite state. The frescoes of the cathedral are among the rarest examples of Eastern Orthodox wall painting.
Information about the object: