Tick-borne encephalitis endemic areas in Russia. Tick-borne encephalitis: signs and symptoms, treatment Area of ​​distribution of encephalitis ticks

509,000 cases of appeals for tick bites were registered, which is 5.8% higher compared to the previous year and 2.4% higher than the long-term average. Cases of appeals for tick bites were recorded in all subjects Russian Federation, with the exception of the Nenets and Chukotka Autonomous Okrugs.

Diseases of tick-borne viral encephalitis (TBE) in 2017 were registered in 52 subjects of the Russian Federation, imported cases of TBE were noted in non-endemic areas. Cases of ixodid tick-borne borreliosis (ITB) were registered in 73 subjects of the Russian Federation. In the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, 1943 cases of TVE were registered (incidence rate per 100 thousand population -1.33), 6717 cases of ITB (4.59 per 100 thousand population), 31 cases of human granulocytic anaplasmosis (GACh), 19 cases of human monocytic ehrlichiosis (MECH).

Annually, in 2011-2017 from 28 to 47 deaths from tick-borne viral encephalitis were recorded. 28 registered in 2017 deaths in 14 subjects of the Russian Federation, one of them among children (Krasnoyarsk Territory). The causes of deaths were the lack of vaccination against TBE and late seeking medical help. In 2017, the lowest incidence of ITB was observed for the entire observation period since 2000. When analyzing the distribution of morbidity by age in the epidemic season of 2017, it was revealed that the main part of the sick with infections transmitted by ticks is adult population, mostly people over 50 years old (43.5%). Borrelia-infected ticks are found almost throughout the country. In 2017, positive findings for MEC were found in 55 subjects (2016 - 45), for GAM - 58 subjects of the Russian Federation (2016 - 53). %).

In order to nonspecific prophylaxis areas of anti-mite treatments are increasing annually. In comparison with 2011, the volume of treatments in the country more than doubled. Over the past 3 years, 48,130 people have applied to medical organizations in the city of Moscow with complaints of tick bites, of which 9,069 are children under 17 years of age.

For the period 2015-2017, 41 cases of TVE were registered in Moscow, all cases of diseases were laboratory confirmed. In 2017, 14 imported cases of tick-borne viral encephalitis were registered in Moscow. Of those sick with tick-borne viral encephalitis, 13 people are adults who travel to rest and work in endemic areas without preventive vaccinations. One case of tick-borne viral encephalitis of a latent form was registered in a child of 13 years old (HAO), the tick was sucked when leaving the territory of the Tver region. Infection of the diseased occurred in the endemic territories of the Russian Federation in the Republic of Crimea, Altai, Karelia, Krasnoyarsk, Perm Territories, Kostroma, Tver, Irkutsk, Pskov, Kaluga regions and on the territory of other countries (Germany and Poland).

In 2017 in the department of especially dangerous infections microbiological laboratory FBUZ "TsGiE in Moscow" identified pathogens of tick-borne encephalitis in 2 ticks delivered by the population from endemic territories (Tver and Moscow regions, Dmitrovsky district); In the study of ticks delivered by the population, pathogens tick-borne borreliosis found in 1010 ticks; 171 positive results were obtained in the study of ticks for granulocytic anaplasmosis and 20 for monocytic ehrlichiosis. Infection with tick-borne borreliosis in most cases occurs when Muscovites go on vacation to the Moscow region, however, since 2003, cases of infection with tick-borne borreliosis began to be recorded in Moscow. For the period 2015 -2017 2873 cases of tick-borne borreliosis were registered, of which 113 were local cases of tick-borne borreliosis. In 2017, the infection of Muscovites with tick-borne borreliosis occurred mainly in the territory of the Moscow Region 61.4%; in 24.6% of cases, infection occurred in the territories of other regions of Russia, in 5.4% of cases, infection with tick-borne borreliosis occurred in the territories of other states. 30 cases of infection were registered in Moscow - 3.8%.

In 2017, 3 cases of tick-borne viral encephalitis and 80 cases of ixodid tick-borne borreliosis were registered among the residents of the ZAO Moscow in 2017.

In 2017, work was carried out to collect and study ixodid ticks from the forest area between Rublyovka highway, st. Krylatskaya, st. Autumn, Moscow Ring Road and Central Design Bureau (Marshal Timoshenko Street). In August-September 2018, 227 mites were collected from the vegetation, of which 225 were I. ricinus, 1 - I. persulcatus, 1 - Dermacentor reticularis. TBE virus was found in 5 ticks (3.4% of total number investigated ticks caught in the forest along the street. Autumn). In addition, the tick-borne encephalitis virus was found in a tick taken from a person walking in this forest park. Infection of ticks with Borrelia was 36.2%. In October 2017 in the forest along the street. In autumn, captures of small mammals were carried out. 44 animals were caught, of which tick-borne encephalitis virus was found in the brain tissues of 2 bank voles.

In connection with the deterioration of the epidemiological situation for diseases transmitted by ixodid ticks, the Decree of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation dated November 17, 2015 No. 78 “On approval of the sanitary and epidemiological rules SP 3.1.3310-15 “Prevention of infections transmitted by ixodid ticks” was issued, establishing requirements for a set of organizational, sanitary and anti-epidemic (preventive) measures, the implementation of which ensures the prevention of the occurrence and spread of infections transmitted by ixodid ticks.

In order to implement measures to prevent tick-borne encephalitis and tick-borne borreliosis, it is necessary:

1. Carrying out sanitary and educational work with the population with the involvement of the district mass media and the placement of materials on the prevention of infections transmitted by ticks on the websites of governments, in district and district print publications.

2. Carrying out measures for non-specific prevention of diseases transmitted by ticks: clearing the territory of forests from deadwood, debris, cutting last year's grass along the paths used by the population for walking in the forest after snow melts. The issue of carrying out these activities on the territory of the forest along the street. Autumn has not been resolved to date.

3. Carrying out regular mowing of grass on lawns and near playgrounds, in fenced areas of residential buildings located near forests, including a forest along the street. Autumn, on the territory of the Closed Joint-Stock Company of Moscow.

4. Carrying out local acaricidal treatments on the territory of parks and forest parks in the Closed Joint-Stock Company of Moscow.

With the onset of the spring season, when the snow gradually begins to melt around and nature awakens, ticks appear from under the ground and leaves in order to profit from something. For the sake of this, they can penetrate the hair of hedgehogs, dogs, cats, hares, including human skin. Therefore, those who live in a country house should take care in advance to protect themselves from them as follows: summer cottage it is necessary to carry out pest control work and carefully remove dry, fallen vegetation.

This is due to the fact that dangerous ticks are usually found under foliage, in grass or near bird nests.

In parks, of course, they use preventive measures against encephalitis mites, but it is not 100% that they will not be there at all, and they will not bring any time to others. To protect yourself from them, it is also advised to regularly use sprays and ointments. Prevent an attack dangerous ticks on pets, you can buy special drops for them.

The tick is a type of blood-sucking insect. It looks like a spider because it has several legs. There are some varieties of ticks, but they do not differ much from each other. Being in their habitats, they can smell their prey for a couple of meters. Their only drawback is the lack of vision. After a tick bite, a person may develop an infectious disease. The most dangerous are 2 of them - the encephalitis virus and Lyme disease. They damage nervous system and sometimes can cause death.

In the event of a bite from a blood-sucking insect, it is necessary to provide medical care no later than 96 hours.

To the victim of a bite of dangerous ticks, the doctor injects immunoglobulin under the skin, which fights the infection and completely destroys it. But not all ticks tolerate it. To test yourself for the presence of an infection, you need to take the tick that bit the person to the laboratory.

It is usually worth beware of encephalitis mites when the weather is cloudy and damp. The season of their greatest activity is April. At this time, they begin to actively breed and look for new victims to feed on blood. There is an assumption that due to the presence of receptors on their legs, ticks are able to feel it at a long distance. They sit on the stems of the plant, and wait when it will be possible to bite the victim and profit from the blood. Due to the fact that after a bite such a substance as a secret is released, this allows the tick to gain a good foothold on the skin and live for several days in a row.

Dangerous areas

Despite the fact that in the Moscow region this moment no cases were recorded when people became infected with encephalitis, in Yaroslavl, Tver and some other regions this happens every day. It is also known that in many areas of the Moscow region there are ticks that carry tularemia and Lyme disease. Therefore, those who plan to visit these regions of Russia are vaccinated in advance. Last year more than 1000 people had this procedure.

According to statistics, 71.4% of incidents associated with tick bites occurred precisely in those regions where a person lives. In 2017, encephalitis mites were recorded on the map in all areas of the Moscow region. In Russia, the most dangerous ones to visit are: Taldomsky, Orekhovo-Zuevsky, Klinsky, Naro-Fominsky, Egorevsky, Lukhovitsky, Mytishchinsky, Pavlovo-Posadsky and others.

To check in which places the tick has bitten, you need to see a doctor. Most often, tick bites are found:

• On the back of the head;
• Near the navel;
• In the axillary parts of the body.

In 2017 in Russia, the number of people who became infected from a tick bite equaled the number of those who were exposed to their bite. Those who have never been vaccinated against tick bites are given a different procedure - revaccination. It should be remembered that ticks are not only in those places that are marked on the map of Russia, but also in other areas. In 2017, the number of emerging diseases in dangerous areas on a map with ticks was analyzed. 397 of them were recorded in 46 medical institutions in Moscow. Compared to previous years, this figure has increased significantly. It often happens that people are bitten by those ticks that have been transferred from other areas. This happens to those who have not been vaccinated against tick-borne encephalitis.

Let's take a look at the map in detail.

Predicting what will be next year after warming and the appearance of ticks, it is done on the basis of information for the past year and weather conditions. What places this year will be the main places for dangerous ticks to stay? Due to the fact that these insects never radically change their location, the areas where most of them are located on the map do not change either. In the Moscow region, ticks are most active in spring and early autumn. Therefore, before you go there, you need to pay attention to what dangerous areas with ticks on the map.

Frightening statistics

Over the past week, the number of people who applied to medical institutions due to tick bites has increased from 31 to 58 thousand people. A year ago, this figure was 1.6 times higher. This was told in Rospotrebnadzor, writes TASS . In mid-March, the agency began weekly monitoring of the spread of viral encephalitis and other tick-borne infections. During warm spring days, the number of Russians who turned to doctors for tick bites grew rapidly: on April 28, about 12.5 thousand people complained about the bites, and by May 5 their number exceeded 30 thousand, and by May 12 - 58 thousand.

Rospotrebnadzor conducts (so-called acaricidal) treatments aimed at the destruction of ticks. The department noted that to date, more than 105 thousand hectares have been processed.

"At the same time, more than 120,000 hectares are planned for processing, which is 30 percent more than last year," the ministry's press service said.

According to statistics, the first peak of tick activity in the metropolitan area is attributed to April-June, however, in the spring of 2017, ticks “woke up” earlier, starting to manifest themselves from the second decade of March, the site writes. 360 Moscow region "In Moscow, large parks, recreation areas and cemeteries are treated annually as part of prevention.

Treatment of the area from ticks is carried out in different regions of the country. For example, in Kemerovo this year it is planned to treat more than 1.5 million square meters of green areas with special equipment, and in Chelyabinsk - 80 public recreation facilities with a total area of ​​226 hectares. In Krasnoyarsk more than 200 hectares of land are planned to be treated against ticks.

Danger

Ticks are carriers of dangerous infectious diseases: tick-borne borreliosis, tick-borne viral encephalitis, ehrlichiosis, Crimean hemorrhagic fever, tularemia, relapsing tick fever, Tsutsugamushi fever, Astrakhan spotted fever and many others. At the same time, encephalitis is the most famous, but far from the most common in central region Russia with a disease. Much more common are cases of tick-borne borreliosis or Lyme disease. The infection is very insidious, it may not appear for years. In severe cases, borreliosis can become chronic, leading to damage internal organs, nervous system, joints and heart. As of May 12, 2017in St. Petersburg At least six people, including a child, have been infected with Lyme disease after being bitten by ticks.

Ticks found in the Moscow region, as a rule, are not carriers of encephalitis, in this region they are carriers of just borreliosis. Encephalitis is carried by ticks living in Altai, Western and Eastern Siberia. Meanwhile, on April 25, 2017, Russian scientists isolated strains of a new type of borreliosis. Head of the Laboratory of Natural Focal Infections of the Central Research Institute of Epidemiology of Rospotrebnadzor Alexander Platonov in an interview with the newspaper " News "said that the new kind tick-borne borreliosis in its symptoms is similar to tick-borne encephalitis.

A new subtype of borreliosis is transmitted through the bacteria Borrelia Miyamotoi, which actively multiply in salivary glands tick. Symptoms are immediately visible and resemble acute respiratory infections, poisoning or influenza: heat at 40-41 degrees, nausea, vomiting, headaches and pain in muscles and joints. The disease can only be detected using PCR tests. As Platonov noted, in Russia, especially in Siberia, up to ten percent of all ticks are infected with a new causative agent of borreliosis.

The insidiousness of borreliosis is that there are no vaccinations against it. The only way to protect yourself is to minimize the risk of bloodsucking on the human body, which is especially important when going out into nature.TV channel "Moscow 24" .

Protect yourself and loved ones

A number of simple rules will help not to become a victim of ticks. First, there are vaccines for viral encephalitis. Vaccinations can be done in clinics, medical centers and research institutes. The medical institution where you plan to get vaccinated must have a license. In some of them, vaccinations can be done free of charge. A list of institutions can be foundon the website of Rospotrebnadzor . It is also necessary to remember that vaccinations must be done in advance, and for the formation of stable immunity - for several years and at strictly defined intervals. For detailed instructions for vaccination, you should consult a doctor.

Overwintered ticks can hide in dry foliage and grass. After hibernation, they need food, so the beginning of spring is the time to look for a victim. Ticks cling to all warm-blooded creatures that they meet on their way, these are mice, hedgehogs, hares, cats, dogs, which spread ticks even more throughout the regions of Russia. If you are going to a dacha or live outside the city, be sure to carry out tick prevention in your area - remove dry branches, leaves and grass, then do by special means, such as Tsifox, Ram, Sipaz Super, Bytex, Acarocide, Breeze, Akaritox.

Wear a headdress. Although ticks rarely rise to a height of more than one and a half meters and cannot fly, it is better to protect yourself, because you can bend down for the first flower and pick up a pest from the nearest branch right into your hair. Treat your clothes with a tick spray, since there is a very large selection of them in stores. Do not spray chemicals intended for clothing, on the skin!

In what areas of the Moscow region in 2019 are ticks the most active?

The first tick bites in 2019 were recorded in March in Solnechnogorsk, Lukhovitsk, Shakhovsky and Zaraisky districts. There were no cases of infection with encephalitis or borreliosis. Ticks in the Moscow region rarely carry encephalitis, mainly they carry Lyme disease and tularemia. If you plan to travel to a potentially encephalitis-prone area, go. Last year, more than a thousand people voluntarily underwent such a procedure and secured themselves in advance.

As of September 1 last year, vaccinated against tick-borne encephalitis 5186 people, including children 1350 .

In almost all areas of the Moscow region, there is a threat of infection with borreliosis () from a bite. The infection map of the Moscow Region warns that in 2018 the most dangerous areas are: Taldomsky, Dmitrovsky, Istrinsky, Voskresensky, Volokolamsky, Shatursky, Lukhovitsky, Yegoryevsky, Domodedovsky, Ramensky, Noginsky, Pavlovo-Posadsky, Ozersky, Orekhovo-Zeuvsky, Lyubertsy, Ruzsky, Naro-Fominsky, Ruzsky, Pushkinsky, Kolomna, Serpukhovskaya, Stupinsky, Solnechnogorsky, Khimki, Lotoshinsky, Klinsky, Schelkovsky, Mytishchi, Krasnogorsky.

As of September 1, 2018, medical organizations registered in Moscow and the region 9521 cases of sucking ticks, including children - 2792 .

The most disadvantaged areas at the moment: Dmitrovsky, Taldomsky, Shatursky, Kolomensky, Noginsky, Orekhovo-Zuevsky, Pavlovo-Posadsky, Balashikhinsky.

Although Moscow parks are treated against ticks, there is still a risk of encountering a tick in a city park or public garden. After the walk, check yourself and your pets. Ticks like to stick to a person in the back of the head, neck, axillary and groin areas.

The number of people bitten is growing every day. Last year, the number of people infected with encephalitis in the Moscow region was about 400 people. In 2017, more than 500,000 people were officially registered as being bitten by ticks.

At the end of August 2018, appeals to emergency rooms and other medical institutions about tick bites in the following dysfunctional tick-borne areas:

• Ramensky district - 485
• Dmitrovsky district - 465
• Kolomna - 432
• Lyubertsy - 424
• Serpukhov district - 423
• Balashikha - 412
• Noginsk district - 368
• Orekhovo-Zuevsky district - 310
• Naro-Fominsky district - 299
• Sergiev Posad district - 274
• in other municipalities, between 20 and 200 cases were registered.

What should I do if bitten by a tick?

If you are bitten by either the Moscow region or any other region, first of all carefully remove it. If you have not been vaccinated, save the tick for further transmission to research. In Moscow, this point is located at Grafsky pereulok 4, building 2, 3, 4 - Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in Moscow. In case of receipt positive result from the laboratory, immediately contact a specialized medical facility in your area for treatment.

If you can't take the tick for lab samples, or you haven't saved it, get your antibodies tested two to four weeks after the bite.

In the west of Moscow, a focus of tick-borne encephalitis has been identified - two cases of bites from infected ticks in the city occurred in 2016 and 2017, and the first of them led to the disease. About this with reference to the report of researchers Central Research Institute The epidemiology of Rospotrebnadzor is reported by Izvestia.

At the same time, the department of Rospotrebnadzor in Moscow says that all cases of encephalitis in the capital occurred as a result of infection outside its borders, including the one noted in 2016, Izvestia reports.

The territory is considered safe for tick-borne encephalitis. This status may be changed if human diseases resulting from bites are observed and recorded within five years. In this case, residents will be able to receive free vaccinations against this disease. Now the territories closest to Moscow with the status of endemic for tick-borne encephalitis are the Dmitrovsky and Taldomsky districts of the Moscow region.

As the acting deputy head of the department for supervision of special dangerous infections and disinfection management activities Elena Tanygina, after the announcement of the data of the report, the prefecture of the Western District was issued an order to carry out barrier treatment of the forest park, which was carried out. The territory will be checked weekly, anti-tick treatment is carried out there.

“Encephalitis mites do not appear immediately and do not immediately disappear. Most likely, new cases of bites will be recorded in Moscow within a few years, - the chief researcher of the Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology of Rospotrebnadzor told Izvestia Sergey Ignatov. - Encephalitis - dangerous disease. But there are not very many ticks, of which only a few percent are encephalitic. And then, after a bite, only a few percent of people get sick, it depends on immunity.

Tick-borne encephalitis carry ixodid ticks. This disease affects the central and peripheral nervous system, can cause paralysis and even death. The incidence rate of tick-borne encephalitis in Russia in 2017 was 1.3 cases per 100,000 population. (Source: Izvestia)

Previously, the Mercy.ru portal has repeatedly published recommendations telling about how.