The program of adaptation of disabled people in hospitals. The essence of the social adaptation of disabled people to the production environment. Supply of those funds
Introduction
The relevance of this work is explained by the fact that work with people with disabilities is one of the most difficult issues in social work. The problem of social adaptation of disabled people is the problem of adaptation of disabled people to full life in a society of healthy people has recently acquired particular importance. This is due to the fact that in the new millennium, approaches to people who, by the will of fate, were born or became disabled, began to change significantly. The professional sphere of social work arose in the world about 100 years ago, and in our country - since 1991. Issues of medical, social and labor rehabilitation of people with handicapped cannot be solved without the participation of social workers and social work specialists. In the Russian Federation, at least over 8 million people are officially recognized as disabled. In the future, further growth in the number of this category of the population is expected, including in share terms. "(18. - P. 147).
Despite the growth in the number of disabled people in Russia, there are still negligibly few institutions that are working to provide them with social, socio-medical, material, social and other assistance. One of the most important problems of disabled people is their lack of involvement in social production, since only some regions are actively engaged in opening jobs, which negatively affects their financial situation and psychological state. Recently, specialists from various professional areas have been developing the technology of social, socio-medical, socio-psychological support for disabled people. There is an active discussion of the experience of leading social rehabilitation centers in special journals, conferences and other scientific and practical forums. However, there is still a need for a constant and purposeful study of the problems of people with disabilities both at the state and regional levels, including the university level. A disabled person in Russia also faces such problems as loneliness, since their communication is limited to the parental family or close relatives, the inability to continue education, and more. The state, ensuring social protection of disabled people, is called upon to create the necessary conditions for their individual development, the realization of creative and production opportunities and abilities by taking into account their needs in the relevant government programs, providing social assistance in the forms provided for by law in order to eliminate obstacles in the exercise by persons with disabilities of the rights to health care, work, education and vocational training, housing and other socio-economic rights. Today, people with disabilities are among the most socially unprotected categories of the population. The most urgent tasks of social policy in relation to disabled people are to provide them with equal opportunities with all other citizens of the Russian Federation in exercising their rights and freedoms, to eliminate restrictions in their life, to create favorable conditions that allow disabled people to lead a full-fledged lifestyle, actively participate in the economic, social and political life of society, and fulfill their civic obligations.
The object of study of the course work is social work with people with disabilities. The subject is the problems of social work with the disabled. The purpose of this work: To study the problems of social work with people with disabilities.
Based on this goal, I set myself the following tasks:
1. Define the concept of disability;
2. Consider types of disability;
3. To study the mechanism for the implementation of state policy in relation to persons with disabilities;
4. Study the legal framework for working with people with disabilities;
5. Outline the basic principles of working with people with disabilities;
6. Consider the features of working with people with disabilities in the social environment;
7. Justify psychological aspect in work with disabled people;
8. To study the main content and types of rehabilitation of the disabled.
Research methods: analysis of literature and documents summarizing the experience of the centers social service with the disabled. In this term paper the works of scientists were used: E.I. Kholostova, M.E. Bochco; P.V. Peacock; N.F. Dementieva, B.A. Dolgaev and others.
CHAPTER 1. Social work with disabled people. general provisions
1.1 The concept of disability and its types
The term "disabled" goes back to the Latin root (volid - "effective, full, powerful") and in literal translation can mean "unfit", "inferior". In Russian usage, starting from the time of Peter I, such a name was given to military personnel who, due to illness, injury or injury, were unable to perform military service and who were sent to serve in civilian positions. It is characteristic that in Western Europe this word had the same connotation, that is, it referred primarily to crippled soldiers. From the second half of the nineteenth century. the term also applies to civilians who also became victims of the war - the development of weapons and the expansion of the scale of wars increasingly exposed the civilian population to all the dangers of military conflicts. Finally, after the Second World War, in line with the general movement to formulate and protect human rights in general and certain categories of the population in particular, the concept of “disabled” is being formed, referring to all persons with physical, mental or intellectual disabilities.
In accordance with the Federal Law of November 24, 1995 N 181-FZ "On the Social Protection of the Disabled in the Russian Federation", a disabled person is a person who has a health disorder with a persistent disorder of body functions due to diseases, consequences of injuries or defects, leading to restriction life activity and causing the need for it social protection. (8).
Limitation of a person's life activity is expressed in the complete or partial loss of his ability to carry out self-service, movement, orientation, communication, control over his behavior, and also engage in labor activity. (17. - p. 87).
Today, people with disabilities belong to the most socially unprotected category of the population. Their income is well below average, and their health and social care needs are much higher. They are less able to get an education, they cannot be engaged in labor activity. Most of them have no family and do not want to participate in public life. All of this suggests that people with disabilities in our society are a discriminated and segregated minority.
All disabled people are divided into several groups for various reasons:
By age - disabled children, disabled adults. By origin of disability: disabled since childhood, disabled from war, disabled at work, disabled from a general disease. According to the degree of ability to work: disabled able-bodied and disabled, disabled people of group I (incapacitated), disabled people of group II (temporarily disabled or able-bodied in limited areas), disabled people of group II (able-bodied in sparing working conditions). By the nature of the disease, people with disabilities can be classified as mobile, low-mobility or immobile groups.1.2 Mechanism for the implementation of state policy regarding persons with disabilities
State structures, non-governmental organizations and public associations, private initiatives are designed not only to protect the health of the population and prevent disability, but also to create conditions for the rehabilitation of disabled people, their integration and reintegration into society and professional activities.
Targeted federal and regional programs that combine the efforts of various departments have become an effective mechanism for implementing state policy in solving the problems of people with disabilities in the Russian Federation. In 1994, funding began for the program "Development and production of technical means of rehabilitation to provide for the disabled." A federal program "Social Support for the Disabled" has also been created. As part of the Federal Comprehensive Program "Children of Russia", the program "Children with Disabilities" is provided.
Implementation federal programs must create conditions that meet the requirements and norms of a civilized state, under which a disabled person, like any citizen, has the opportunity on equal terms to get an education, work, provide for himself financially and have access to all objects of social, industrial and economic infrastructure.
Under these conditions, the main task of social work with disabled people is to unite the efforts of both state bodies and public and private initiatives, self-help groups to best meet the needs of this category of the population and self-realization of people with disabilities.
The main socio-economic and socio-demographic indicators that characterize the position of disabled people in society are: participation in labor and social activities, wages and pensions, consumption of durable goods, living conditions, family status, education.
Previously, the main efforts of the state to improve the standard of living of the disabled were reduced mainly to the provision of various kinds of material benefits and subsidies to their individual categories. At the same time, there was a rather developed system of specialized enterprises using the labor of disabled people, which, however, in a market economy become uncompetitive in comparison with commercial structures. The continuation of the social policy towards the disabled in the provision of various benefits is hardly possible in the context of the budget deficit, besides, it is fraught with negative consequences- contrasting healthy and disabled people (which, in turn, gives rise to a negative attitude towards the latter), as well as various categories of disabled people to each other; the reluctance of some persons with disabilities to participate in rehabilitation processes in connection with dependent attitudes and the expectation of benefits and subsidies.
Disability- This is a specific feature of the development and state of the individual, often accompanied by restrictions on life in its most diverse areas. But at present, disability is no longer a problem of a certain circle of supposedly "inferior people" - it is a problem of the whole society as a whole. And this problem is determined at the level of legal, economic, industrial, communicative and psychological features interactions of disabled people with the surrounding reality.
There are about 16 million disabled people in Russia; more than 10 percent of the country's inhabitants. Disability, alas, is not a problem of one person, but a problem of the whole society as a whole.
Unfortunately, in Russia, people around most often refer to people with disabilities, with a purely medical point of view, from the standpoint of the "medical model", and for them, a person who is limited to one degree or another in the ability to move, hear, speak, see, write is considered a disabled person. A certain paradoxical and absurd situation is created, and very offensive for the disabled, in which this person is perceived as a constantly ill person, as not meeting a certain standard that does not allow him to work, study, lead a normal “healthy” lifestyle. And, in fact, in our society, the opinion is cultivated and formed that a disabled person is a burden to society, its dependent. It "smells" to put it mildly of "preventive genetics"
Recall that from the point of view of “preventive eugenics”, after the Nazis came to power in Germany in 1933, the “T-4 Euthanasia Program” began to be implemented, which, among other things, provided for the destruction of disabled people and those sick for more than 5 years, as disabled.
Problems of disabled people in Russia
Problems for disabled people in Russia, and even in the West, are associated primarily with the emergence of numerous social barriers that prevent disabled people from actively participating in society. Alas, this situation- only a consequence of the wrong social policy, focused only on the "healthy" population and, in most cases, expressing the interests of this particular category of society. The very structure of production, life, culture and leisure, as well as social services often not adapted to the needs of the disabled.
Let's remember though the scandals with airlines, and not only in Russia, but also in the West, which refused to let disabled people with wheelchairs on the flight! And in Russia, both public transport and the entrances of houses are not yet fully equipped with special lifts and other means .. Or rather, they are almost not equipped at all. underground. What about small towns? What about buildings without elevators? A disabled person who cannot move independently is limited in movement - in general, he often cannot leave the apartment!
It turns out that disabled people are becoming a special socio-demographic group with less mobility (which, by the way, is contrary to the Constitution!), lower income, less opportunity for education and, especially, adaptation in production activities, and only a small number of disabled people have the opportunity to fully work and receive adequate wages for their work.
Social and labor adaptation of disabled people
The most important condition for social and especially labor adaptation is the introduction into the public consciousness of the idea of equal rights and opportunities for disabled people. It is the normal relationship between the disabled and the healthy that is the most powerful factor in the adaptation process.
As foreign and domestic experience shows, often people with disabilities, even with certain potential opportunities actively participate in the life of society, and even more so work, cannot realize them.
The reason is that part (and often most) of our society does not want to communicate with them, and entrepreneurs are afraid to hire a disabled person due to established negative stereotypes. And, in this case, even measures for the social adaptation of a disabled person will not help until psychological stereotypes are broken, both on the part of “healthy” and, importantly, employers.
It should be noted that the very idea of social adaptation of disabled people “in words” is supported by the majority, there are a lot of laws, however, there is still a complexity and ambiguity in the attitude of “healthy” people to people with disabilities, especially to people with disabilities with clearly expressed “disabled signs” - who are not able to move independently ( so-called "wheelchair users"), blind and hard of seeing, deaf and hard of hearing, patients with cerebral palsy, patients with HIV. In Russia, people with disabilities are perceived by society as supposedly different for the worse, as deprived of many opportunities, which, on the one hand, gives rise to their rejection as full-fledged members of society, and, on the other hand, sympathy for them.
And, importantly, there is a “unpreparedness” of many healthy people for close contact with disabled people at the workplace, as well as the development of situations when a disabled person cannot, does not have the opportunity to be realized on an equal basis with everyone.
Unfortunately, one of the main indicators of the socio-psychological adaptation of disabled people is their attitude towards their own lives - almost half of them assess the quality of their lives as unsatisfactory. Moreover, the very concept of satisfaction or dissatisfaction with life most often comes down to the poor or unstable financial situation of a disabled person, and the lower the income of a disabled person, the more pessimistic his views on his existence and the lower his self-esteem.
But, it is noted that self-esteem and “views on life” among working disabled people are much higher than among the unemployed. On the one hand, this is due to the better financial situation of working disabled people, their greater social and industrial adaptation, and greater opportunities for communication.
But, like all of us, people with disabilities experience fear of the future, anxiety and uncertainty about the future, a feeling of tension and discomfort, and for them the loss of a job is a stronger stress factor than for a healthy person. The slightest changes in material troubles and the slightest difficulties at work lead to panic and severe stress.
Labor legislation for disabled people in Russia and in the world
In Russia, there is a practice of employing people with disabilities or, as they say, "people with disabilities" both in specialized (for example, for the blind and visually impaired) and in non-specialized enterprises. There is also legislation obliging large organizations to employ disabled people in accordance with a certain quota.
In 1995, the law "On the Social Protection of the Disabled in the Russian Federation" was adopted. In accordance with its 21st article, organizations with more than 100 employees are set a certain quota for hiring disabled people and employers are required, firstly, to allocate jobs for the employment of disabled people, and secondly, to create working conditions in accordance with the individual rehabilitation program. The quota is considered fulfilled if disabled people are employed in all allocated jobs in full compliance with the labor legislation of the Russian Federation. At the same time, the refusal of the employer to hire a disabled person within the established quota entails the imposition of an administrative fine on officials in the amount of two thousand to three thousand rubles (Article 5.42 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation).
Enterprises and employers that use the labor of disabled people are obliged to create special jobs for their employment, i.e. workplaces that require additional measures for the organization of labor, including the adaptation of the main and auxiliary equipment, technical and organizational equipment, the provision of technical devices, taking into account the individual capabilities of the disabled.
However, most employers are not enthusiastic about hiring people with disabilities, trying to give them the best various reasons, and even if hired, will try to "get rid" of such an employee as soon as possible. The main thing that stops them is the risk associated with the ability to perform work at the proper level by a person with disabilities. And accordingly - "but will I incur losses?".
A question related to the risk “Will the disabled person cope or not with the assigned work or task?” in general, you can put it in relation to any employee, especially since a disabled person is likely to more diligently perform his duties.
Of course, the employer will have additional difficulties and even costs associated with the provision of a reduced working day, the creation of special working conditions, the creation of a workplace adapted for the disabled, etc. Yes, and the adaptation of a disabled person in a work collective is more difficult than for a "normal » a person, he is either “disgustedly bypassed” or “pitied”, and seeing his diligence at work, it is possible that a person with disabilities can quickly “make enemies for himself”, and conflict situations will be fully created and provoked around him and direct mobbing. But this is already a matter of administration and team leaders, as well as "full-time" psychotherapists, "wiping pants and skirts" in many large corporations.
Note that in many countries there are laws similar to the law "On the social protection of persons with disabilities in the Russian Federation." For example, in the United States, under the law, a business that refuses to provide work to a disabled person is subject to a significant fine, and companies that accept disabled people have tax benefits. However, there is no legislation in the United States on job quotas for the disabled, and each business has the opportunity to determine its own policy in this regard.
The Swedish government encourages employers by paying individual subsidies for each working disabled person, and German labor exchanges perform professional consulting and intermediary functions in the employment of disabled people.
Canada has many federal, state and local targeted programs on various aspects of the rehabilitation of disabled people and special organizations that provide services for the examination of working capacity, consultations, career guidance, rehabilitation, information, vocational training and employment of disabled people.
It should be noted that “people with disabilities” in developed countries work not only as seamstresses, librarians, lawyers, etc. You can also meet wheelchair repairmen of heavy vehicles, which is simply unrealistic for Russia so far.
Consider the issue of a special workplace for the disabled. For example, the National Standard of the Russian Federation GOST R 52874-2007 defines workplace for the visually impaired (clause 3.3.1):
This is a workplace where additional measures have been taken to organize labor, including the adaptation of the main and auxiliary equipment, technical and organizational equipment, additional equipment and the provision of technical means of rehabilitation, taking into account the individual capabilities of the disabled.
In addition, the composition of optimal or sufficient technical means and rehabilitation measures to create and maintain a special workplace for people with disabilities in the context of expanding and changing the scope of their work using new technical means of rehabilitation and rehabilitation measures (clause 3.1.2).
The creation of a special workplace for the disabled includes the selection, acquisition, installation and adaptation necessary equipment(additional devices, equipment and technical means of rehabilitation), as well as carrying out rehabilitation measures to ensure the effective employment of disabled people, taking into account their individual capabilities in working conditions that correspond to an individual program for the rehabilitation of a disabled person to work (clause 3.1.3.).
Since the Federal Law "On the Social Protection of the Disabled in the Russian Federation" dated November 24, 1995 N 181-FZ provides for "vocational rehabilitation of the disabled", which consists of vocational guidance, vocational education, vocational adaptation and employment, there is also a Code of Rules of the Joint Venture 35-104-2001 - "Buildings and premises with places of work for the disabled", developed by order of the Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation. Buildings and structures should be designed taking into account accessibility for people with disabilities and "limited mobility groups of the population" (SP35-101-2001 "Design of buildings and structures taking into account accessibility for disabled groups population". General provisions; SP35-102-2001 "Living environment with planning elements accessible to the disabled"; SP35-103-2001 " Public buildings and facilities accessible to visitors with limited mobility”).
But what is it really?
But, despite the laws and social rehabilitation programs that have not been adopted, the number of working disabled people in Russia continues to decline and has decreased by almost 10% over the past three years, less than a third of working-age disabled people have jobs, although enterprises of many industries, various institutions and organizations have professions and specialties corresponding to the psychophysiological characteristics of disabled people of various categories.
One of the main areas of support for people with disabilities is professional rehabilitation and adaptation at the workplace, which is an important part of the state policy in the field of social protection of people with disabilities and includes the following activities: services and technical means— vocational guidance (professional information; vocational counseling; vocational selection; vocational selection); psychological support for professional self-determination; training (retraining) and advanced training; promotion of employment (for temporary work, for a permanent place of work, self-employment or entrepreneurship); quotas and the creation of special jobs for the employment of disabled people.
Of course, the professional rehabilitation of disabled people with their subsequent employment is economically beneficial for the state, since the funds invested in the rehabilitation of disabled people will be returned to the state in the form of tax revenues resulting from the employment of disabled people.
But in the case of restricting the access of disabled people to professional activities, the costs of rehabilitation of disabled people will fall on the shoulders of society in an even larger amount.
However, "legislation regarding persons with disabilities" does not take into account one the most important fact– the employer still needs not a disabled person, but an employee” And full-fledged labor rehabilitation and adaptation consists in making an employee out of a disabled person, for which you first need to train, adapt, and only then employ him, and not vice versa! About 60% of disabled people are ready to participate in the labor process after receiving the appropriate specialties and labor adaptation, and, accordingly, receiving a decent wage.
In itself, the adaptation of a disabled person in the workplace is defined as a logical adaptation to a particular job or workplace performed by him, which allows a qualified person with a disability to fulfill his duties in his position. That is, the adaptation of a disabled person implies finding a way by which it becomes possible to overcome the obstacles created by the inaccessible environment, this is the overcoming of barriers in the workplace, which is achieved through a targeted approach to solving this problem.
Despite the existence of relevant legislation in the Russian Federation, a quota system and rehabilitation infrastructure, low level working disabled people suggests that in Russia there are certain factors that hinder their employment, and although there is a policy to encourage the employment of disabled people, nevertheless, psychological, physical and social barriers often prevent its implementation.
There are still many barriers to the employment of people with disabilities in Russia: there is no physical access to the workplace and appropriate equipment, people with disabilities are paid the minimum wage without the expectation that they will work decently, which is generally not true, there is practically no accessible transport, and many stereotypes persist among employers towards people with disabilities. And the disabled themselves, as we noted above, still suffer from low self-esteem, are not ready to enter the labor market on their own, and when they start working, they often fail to cope with their work due to lack of support and even outright mobbing.
In the United States and the United Kingdom, for example, the main types of employment adjustment are: flexibility in the approach to workforce management, increasing the availability of premises, restructuring duties (including working hours), making fixed-term contracts with people with disabilities, and purchasing or modifying equipment. It should be noted that about 40-45% of disabled people work in Western European countries, and in Russia, at best, only 10%, many at home, practically illegally and for extremely low wages ...
Although employment adaptation may be unique in each case, for most Russian disabled people the main need for adaptation in the workplace and in the work team is the schedule - for example, flexible hours and regular breaks, as well as, in some cases, reducing the number of certain actions.
But the most serious barrier in Russia to the ability of a disabled person to work is the loss social benefits(“surcharges”) or even the disability pension itself. It should be noted that under the existing legislation, disabled people in Russia have the right to receive free medicines, free travel in public transport and commuter trains, sanatorium treatment, partial payment for housing and communal services, etc. And a disabled person can lose all this by officially getting a job! And often this is the main reason why people refuse to work, especially if the work cannot compensate for the loss of pensions and all benefits. In addition, a disabled person receiving a pension supplement does not have the right to earn money anywhere, even temporarily, the “social protection bodies” will immediately remove it, and even fine it! So does it make sense for a disabled person to lose the allowance by tripling to work? Most often not, if the salary is too low and does not compensate, or slightly compensates for this allowance.
For example, a person with a disease of the cardiovascular or endocrine system, who most often received a disability, already having tremendous experience in scientific or teaching activities, may well perform his usual work, but ... "social protection bodies", designed specifically to "protect" a disabled person, nevertheless less, on the contrary, deprive him of the opportunity to work, or at least work part-time or temporarily, for example, under a contract, at the same university, university, research institute or other organization.
Another barrier to the work adaptation of a disabled person is the physical environment in which people live, which prevents them from attending work, about 30% of people with disabilities indicate the lack of adequate transport as a serious problem.
There is a concept of “physical environment barriers”, which includes many factors: from the inaccessibility of transport to the lack of flexible hours and the reduction of physical labor in the workplace. It is clear that the need for a flexible schedule is explained by the fact that during the day a disabled person faces many problems outside of work or preparing for it, in particular getting to and from work, and even at work itself, he may be less mobile - even an ordinary visit to the toilet. takes a “wheelchair user” several times more time.
When hiring a person with a disability, employers should be given certain basic activities to perform in the workplace and use creative assistive technologies. For example, people with disabilities who are not able to move independently, the less well they can perform work related to computers.
Let's think about it, but this is wastefulness - to entrust a healthy person with work that a disabled person can do! And disabled people feel their labor isolation as complete uselessness to society. It is important for them not just to exist while receiving a beggarly pension, but to live and work fully, it is necessary to be in demand by society, to have the opportunity to fulfill themselves!
In developed countries, one dollar invested in solving the problems of people with disabilities brings 35 dollars in profit!
It is not disability itself that is the misfortune of a person, but the trials that he endures due to the fact that the surrounding society limits the freedom of choice in employment. Theoretically, a disabled person has all constitutional rights, but in practice the vast majority of them cannot get an education, get a job, especially a decently paid one.
And most importantly, help society itself in adapting and normal operation the disabled person is even more important than for the disabled person himself. A person must see that if something happens to him, he will not be thrown to the sidelines of life, and we must remember that no matter how life turns (and, alas, it is not predictable), this problem can affect everyone.
Belarusian legislation provides for certain legal guarantees in the labor sphere for workers with disabilities. This, accordingly, imposes additional responsibilities on the employer and makes hiring a disabled person less attractive than other employees. At the same time, in order to stimulate the employment of people with disabilities, the state offers employers compensation for the costs of creating specialized jobs and financing measures to adapt disabled workers to work.
Despite the fact that the current procedure for state financing of measures for the employment and adaptation of persons with disabilities was introduced in 2009, employers are little aware of it. In this publication, we will consider a mechanism for the adaptation of people with disabilities to work, which is applicable to many employers, regardless of the form of ownership and the number of employees with disabilities, and allows you to receive significant compensation for the costs of employment of people with disabilities.
What is the adaptation of a disabled person to work and why should an employer know about it?
Adaptation of a disabled person to work is a general concept that includes various measures to acquire or develop the working abilities of a disabled person and consolidate them in the process of work. In fact, these can be any measures aimed at increasing the competitiveness of disabled workers and ensuring their sustainable employment. For example, the employment of a disabled person and assigning a mentor to him for the first months of work is one of the measures to adapt to work.
It is important for employers to know that in order to finance measures to adapt to work for disabled people registered as unemployed, funds from the state extra-budgetary Fund for Social Protection of the Population of the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection can be directed. For example, employers who organize the adaptation of disabled people to work are reimbursed for the costs of remuneration of such workers.
To do this, tenants of any form of ownership, including individual entrepreneurs, have the right to apply to the labor, employment and social protection authorities (in Minsk - the Employment Department of the Labor, Employment and Social Protection Committee of the Minsk City Executive Committee, 113 Independence Ave., tel. 8017 267 57 40) to conclude an agreement on organizing the adaptation of disabled people to labor activity.
In this article, the term "adaptation of disabled people" is used to refer to those measures for the adaptation of disabled people to work, which are organized and financed from the Social Protection Fund of the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection (hereinafter referred to as the Fund) in accordance with the Regulations on the procedure for organizing and financing activities on the adaptation of disabled people to work, approved by the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus No. 128 dated 02.02.2009 (hereinafter referred to as the Regulation on Adaptation).
Are people with disabilities adapted to work that does not require specific qualifications or professional training (for example, to work as a cleaner)?
In accordance with Art. 32 of the Law "On the Prevention of Disability and Rehabilitation of the Disabled", the adaptation of disabled people is aimed not only at improving professional knowledge, but also at acquiring and developing labor abilities and consolidating them in the process of working.
Adaptation of disabled people to work is carried out if they have a specialty or profession, except for activities that do not require professional training, in accordance with an individual rehabilitation program (clause 4 of the Regulation on Adaptation). Consequently, adaptation can also be carried out in relation to work activities that do not require professional training.
What normative acts regulate the procedure for organizing and financing measures for the adaptation of disabled people to work?
First of all, this is the Regulation on the procedure for organizing and financing measures for the adaptation of disabled people to work, approved by the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus dated 02.02.2009 No. 128. The main provisions on labor rehabilitation are enshrined in the Laws “On the Prevention of Disability and Rehabilitation of the Disabled” and “On the Social Protection of the Disabled in the Republic of Belarus”.
What expenses are reimbursed to the employer as part of the financing of measures for the adaptation of people with disabilities?
When carrying out measures for the adaptation of disabled people, employers from the Fund's funds may be allocated funds to compensate for the costs of paying employees with disabilities or to purchase equipment, materials, and overalls.
Labor costs of disabled employees are compensated monthly in the amount of accrued wages, taking into account incentive and compensatory payments. Compensation is also subject to:
- the amount of average earnings during the period of labor leave or monetary compensation for unused labor leave;
- the amount of mandatory insurance contributions to the Social Security Fund and insurance premiums for compulsory insurance against accidents at work and occupational diseases.
In order to receive compensation for such costs for activities for the adaptation of disabled people, the employer submits a monthly statement to the body for labor, employment and social protection on the costs of remuneration for the disabled.
Funds for the purchase of equipment to create jobs for people with disabilities can be allocated to employers who organize the adaptation of people with disabilities in such jobs for three years or more. Financing for the purchase of materials is provided to employers, provided that the products made from them are donated to budget organizations or used for their own needs by manufacturing organizations financed from the local or republican budget.
How are measures for the adaptation of persons with disabilities, subject to state funding, formalized?
Measures for the adaptation of a disabled person to work activities are formalized as a tripartite relationship between the employer, the disabled employee and the labor, employment and social protection authority. At the same time, the registration process requires the active participation of both the employer and the employee and can be conditionally divided into several stages.
1. The department for labor, employment and social protection of the city or district executive committee includes the enterprise in the List of employers ready to organize the adaptation of disabled people to work in specific specialties.
To do this, the employer submits to the department (department) for labor, employment and social protection of the city or district executive committee:
- a statement of readiness to organize the adaptation of disabled people to work, indicating the list of specialties (professions), the number and list of vacancies, as well as the need to create new jobs and opportunities for further employment of disabled people;
- calculation of financial costs for the organization of adaptation (labor costs, cost of equipment, materials).
If the employer wishes to accept a specific employee with a disability for adaptation, the following information and documents are additionally provided:
– an individual rehabilitation program for a disabled person indicating the need for adaptation within a certain period (from 6 to 12 months), a copy of the passport;
- information about the specialist who will accompany the disabled employee during the adaptation period, including his education;
— information about the possibilities of further employment of an employee with a disability on open market or extension of adaptation within 12 months.
The department (department) for labor, employment and social protection of the city or district executive committee draws up a conclusion on the advisability of organizing the adaptation of disabled people at this enterprise and submits it, along with an application, to the Committee for labor, employment and social protection of the regional executive committee (Minsk City Executive Committee), which, on the basis of the documents received makes a decision on the advisability of organizing the adaptation of disabled people to work with this employer. On the basis of such a decision, the organization is included in the list of employers who are ready to organize the adaptation of disabled people to work in specific specialties or professions.
2. Receipt by a disabled employee of a referral for adaptation in the body for labor, employment and social protection
Only a disabled person who is duly registered as unemployed can receive a referral for adaptation. The Employment Center issues such a referral on the basis of individual program rehabilitation of a disabled person, taking into account the list of employers who are ready to organize adaptation, and the employee’s specialty or profession (or without it). If the referral cannot be issued, the reasons for the refusal shall be communicated in writing.
It should be noted that the referral is issued only in relation to the professions and specialties specified in the individual program for the rehabilitation of a disabled person (hereinafter referred to as IPR). However, it is important that the absence of an appropriate indication in the IPR should not be an obstacle to employment in professions or specialties that an employee can master and successfully perform. Often it is impossible to foresee in the IPR complete list jobs that may be available to a person with a disability. Therefore, if there is an acceptable vacancy in a specialty not specified in the IPR, a disabled person has the right to apply to the medical and rehabilitation expert commission (hereinafter - MREC) with a request to supplement the program of professional and labor rehabilitation of the IPR with an indication of the need for adaptation to work in a particular profession or specialty. If there is a preliminary agreement with the employer on employment, you can provide a letter from the employer to the MREK stating that he intends to accept a disabled person for adaptation in a particular position.
3. Conclusion of an agreement on the organization of the adaptation of a disabled person to work between the employer and the body for labor, employment and social protection.
The contract is concluded for a period of six months to one year (depending on the adaptation period recommended in the IPR) indicating the amount and purpose of financing, as well as the timing of checking the readiness of a disabled employee for independent work. In addition, such an agreement provides for the obligations of the employer to use the funds for their intended purpose and provide supporting documents to the labor, employment and social protection authorities.
4. The conclusion of a fixed-term employment contract between the employer and the disabled employee for the period of adaptation.
Labor relations between the employer and the employee sent by the employment center for adaptation are drawn up for the period specified in the agreement on organizing the adaptation of a disabled person to work. To do this, the employer concludes an urgent contract with the employees labor contract and draws up other documents in accordance with labor legislation. The employer sends a copy of the employment order to the labor, employment and social protection authority within five days from the date of publication.
Is it possible to extend the adaptation period?
Yes, but only within one year. The contract between the employer and the labor, employment and social protection authority provides for the procedure for testing the degree of preparedness of a disabled person for independent work. Based on the results of such testing, a decision may be made to extend the adaptation period, but only if the total adaptation period does not exceed one year. In this case, appropriate changes and additions are made to the contract on organizing the adaptation of the disabled person to work and the fixed-term employment contract.
Is the employer obliged to conclude an employment contract with the employee after the end of the adaptation period?
No, there is no such obligation under the law. After the adaptation period has expired, the employer has the right, but is not obliged to offer the employee to continue labor Relations. Upon completion of the adaptation, the employer provides the body for labor, employment and social protection with either a copy of the order to dismiss the disabled person, or an order to hire him for a permanent job. An employee with a disability with whom an employment contract has not been concluded after undergoing adaptation may be re-registered as unemployed. However, referrals for re-adaptation with another employer, as a rule, are not issued.
Marina Kalinovskaya
legal adviser of NGO "BelAPDIiMI"
Disability in modern society
Disability - specific features state and development of the human body, accompanied by limitation of life in various forms.
Remark 1
Social adaptation of disabled people is a set of measures that provide for the restoration of lost or previously destroyed relationships and social ties as a result of disability.
As a rule, this socio-demographic group of people has a limited opportunity to receive education, low income, problems in creating a family, self-realization. Many lack the desire to social life lost interest in life. The lack of sufficient practical skills in independent life leads to the fact that they are more or less a burden for relatives.
Achieving the goal of social adaptation of disabled people is based on the rooting in the public mind of the idea of equal opportunities and rights for disabled people. There is a need to move from segregated forms of care (in the form of special institutions) to methods that allow persons with disabilities to be at the center of public life.
A powerful factor in the adaptation process is the relationship between healthy people and persons with disabilities. In general, in society, there is a lack of readiness of many people for situations in which the possibilities of disabled people are realized on an equal basis with healthy people, for close contact with disabled people.
Relationships between healthy people and people with disabilities should be based on the responsibility of both parties for these relationships. However, many people with disabilities lack the ability to express themselves in the process of communication, they lack social skills, they cannot always correctly assess the nuances of relationships, perceiving the people around them in a somewhat general way. Relationships are often difficult between people with disabilities.
Remark 2
The main indicator of the socio-psychological adaptation of disabled people is their attitude towards their own lives. The results of sociological studies have shown that almost half of the disabled assess the quality of their lives as unsatisfactory.
The process of social adaptation of disabled people is currently difficult, because:
- there is low life satisfaction;
- present negative dynamics self-esteem;
- there are significant problems in relationships with others;
- the emotional state is mainly characterized by uncertainty about the future, anxiety, pessimism.
Types of social adaptation and its diagnostics
The main types of social adaptation of disabled people:
- Actively positive. Disabled people of this type have high self-esteem, a favorable attitude, vigor, optimism, independence of judgment, they independently look for ways out of adverse situations.
- Passive-positive. Disabled people of this type have low self-esteem, there is no desire for changes and changes in life, the situation in which they are completely satisfied.
- Passive-negative. Disabled people are dissatisfied with their situation, there is no desire to improve anything. Such people are characterized by a wary attitude towards others, psychological discomfort, low self-esteem, the expectation of significant catastrophic consequences from minor failures.
- Active negative. There is dissatisfaction with one's own life, psychological discomfort, there is a desire to change the situation for the better, but, for a number of objective and subjective reasons, there are no practical results.
In the modern world, methods are widely used to determine the level of socio-psychological adaptation of people with disabilities. For example, the questionnaire of K. Rogers and R. Diamond diagnoses the features of the passage of social adaptation. It includes 101 statements, each of which is formulated in the third person. singular to avoid the impact of direct identification.
Sociality is a determining factor in the physical development of a disabled person. To fulfill any social role, certain physical qualities. The more complex the social activity, the higher the need for differentiation of manifestations of physical parameters.
In the modern world, the formation of society involves the education of individuals with high intellectual and physical performance, comprehensively harmoniously developed. For this, methods are being developed and implemented in which the object of research is the levels of social adaptation of individuals.
Problems of social adaptation of disabled people
The problem of social adaptation of disabled people is one of the most important aspects of the general integration problem.
The essence of the problem of social adaptation of disabled people is determined by the economic, legal, industrial, psychological and communicative features of interaction with environment. The most serious aspects of the problem are associated with the emergence of numerous barriers that prevent them from actively participating in the life of society.
All the needs of disabled people can be conditionally designated as general - characteristic for all citizens and special, consisting in the restoration of impaired abilities, communication, movement, in restoring access to cultural objects, objects of social and domestic and other spheres, in the opportunity to study, find a job, have comfortable living conditions, receive social and psychological adaptation, etc.
Social adaptation of disabled people involves the following tasks:
- obtaining equal opportunities for disabled people with other members of society;
- protection of interests and protection of the rights of persons with disabilities;
- integration into the social environment;
- informing the public about the implementation of social protection measures for disabled people and their situation;
- formation of positive public opinion.
Social adaptation of children with disabilities
Due to limited adaptive capacity, disabled children are the most problematic group in terms of social adaptation.
Remark 3
The main reasons for the difficult adaptation of disabled children include: lack of physical and mental health, unfavorable material and economic situation, limited social experience.
As the number of children with disabilities around the world is steadily increasing, there is a need effective measures their adaptation to life in society. The problem of social adaptation of disabled children has social, political, economic, moral and ethical significance. It is necessary to provide opportunities for children with disabilities to participate in the life of society in accordance with their age.
The social adaptation of disabled children has its own specific features, which should be addressed at the state level using the latest developments of physicians, teachers and psychologists.
Successful social adaptation allows children with disabilities to more quickly adapt to a full life, restore their social significance, and increase humane tendencies in society.
3.4. Technology of social adaptation of disabled people
The technology of social adaptation is a sequence of actions and ways of interaction between a social work specialist and a disabled person using individual and group forms of social work (games, social trainings, etc.), which contribute to the development of skills and abilities for inclusion in the life environment. Social adaptation includes a disabled person in an accessible social and professional sphere and the process of acquiring skills and communication skills in a small group. Social adaptation is simultaneously considered as social technology, process and result.
Social adaptation, in addition to everything, includes a disabled person in a small group and living environment, contributes to the assimilation of established norms, relationships, patterns of behavior. A person with a disability is in search of a social environment that is favorable for his self-realization, disclosure of resources. In this case, the immediate environment of a person with disabilities (family, club association, activists of a public organization, friends) is a small group, which are divided into formal and informal. The former are created according to the developed regulations to carry out social, social protection, state-sanctioned activities. These can be public organizations of citizens with disabilities, clubs, associations of families raising a child with disabilities, studios, etc. Informal small groups arise spontaneously under the influence common interests disabled and healthy citizens, their joint activities and have a spontaneous organizational structure. These associations include communities of friends, colleagues in educational and professional activities, etc.
The result of the social adaptation of a disabled person is the emergence of a sense of satisfaction with life, relationships with the close environment, the growth of creative activity, the achievement of success in communication and joint activities of a small group and the environment of life.
The use of technologies for the social adaptation of a citizen with disabilities allows him to feel free in a small group and be included in different kinds activities. This allows the disabled person to enrich their inner world with the help of new values and social norms, to use social experience when organizing activities in a small group.
There are several levels of social adaptation of a person with disabilities to the social environment: high, medium and low.
A high level of social adaptation is characterized by a creative attitude to the norms and stereotypes that have developed in the environment (he makes suggestions for improving communication, developing tolerance when building interpersonal relationships in a small group). A person with disabilities learns the values and norms of an independent life, taking part in social, political and economic processes, free choice and access to residential, public buildings, transport, means of communication, insurance, labor and education. The disabled person himself is able to determine and make decisions, manage situations, he has life plans and prospects. He is satisfied with his way of life, seeks to change his shortcomings, takes the initiative to eliminate them, and is an active participant in public life. For high level the social adaptation of a disabled person is characterized by the achievement of complete self-service, a high level of sanitary literacy, and the accurate implementation of medical procedures.
A disabled person with an average level of social adaptation adapts to the norms and values of a small group without changing them, mastering the generally accepted forms and ways of life that are characteristic of this environment (family, club association, friends, an asset of a public organization). As a rule, he is included in activities and communication with the help of another person (parent, friend, social worker), he may have a slightly or moderately reduced level of self-care.
A low level of social adaptation of a person with disabilities is characterized by the manifestation of self-isolation, seclusion, limited contacts with people due to a lack of desire to communicate and establish relationships. He does not know how to conduct a dialogue with an opponent, enters into conflict with him. He has a significant decrease in social skills and self-service skills, there is no or significantly limited leisure, labor, professional activities, dependence on other people is noted in behavior, there is no initiative and independence in overcoming life's difficulties.
The following conditions contribute to the successful implementation of the technology of social adaptation of a person with disabilities: firstly, the environment of a person with disabilities contributes to the realization of his needs, the development of individuality; secondly, when the organizational culture of a small group is built on the manifestation of friendly support, respect, responsibility, interest in each person; thirdly, the environment of a disabled person recognizes and gives a positive assessment of the results achieved by him; fourthly, it ensures the participation of a citizen with disabilities in the social and cultural life of a small group and the environment of life.
The choice of technology for the social adaptation of a disabled person largely depends on his life problem. For example, as a result of a disease, he does not always have the opportunity to be a member of a small group, engage in professional activities, visit theaters, museums that contribute to the formation of social attitudes of the individual and introduce the disabled person to the cultural traditions and values of society. Such difficulties can be overcome with the help of complex work of social work specialists and psychologists by methods of psychological and game correction aimed at integrating a person with disabilities into society.
The technology of social adaptation of disabled people can also be implemented with the help of such forms as games, social training, excursions, and conversations. The game as a form of technology for the social adaptation of a disabled person imitates the real social environment in which a disabled person can actually find himself. In the process of social adaptation of citizens with disabilities, various types of business games are widely used: simulation games, "business theater", etc.
Using game forms, one can imitate professional, creative activities, etc. With the help of an imitation game, a person with disabilities acquires social experience of interacting with people, he masters new social roles of a “student”, “manager”, etc., he expands the range of social skills, which allows him to be more prepared for real life. Through imitation of the social model set in the game activity, the disabled person acquires forms of social behavior that were previously inaccessible to him.
The game "business theater", as a form of technology for the social adaptation of a disabled person, allows you to simulate a specific life situation, human behavior. The staging method, which is used in this game form, teaches a person to navigate in various life conditions, to give an objective assessment of his behavior, to take into account the interests of other people, to establish contacts with them. To conduct the game, a scenario is developed, which describes a specific life situation, explain to the players their functions, responsibilities and tasks.
In general, in the implementation of gaming technologies that contribute to the social adaptation of a disabled person, several stages can be distinguished:
I stage. Formation of a group and development of a script for a game plot. The size of the group depends on the severity of the consequences of the disability and the nature of the problems of the participants, and, as a rule, consists of 2-5 people. The composition of the group is also determined by the strategy for selecting participants, it can be heterogeneous, that is, include participants with varying degrees of disability. Where the conditions of the social service institution allow, it is recommended to select participants with a similar life problem (for example, the same disability group, disease), in this case, the social worker will have a clear focus in choosing game forms and exercises.
II stage. Conducting the game. The introductory part of the lesson includes a greeting and familiarization of the disabled with the plan for the complex of games and exercises. The social worker greets the participants and greets everyone in a friendly, friendly manner. Then he plans joint work, informs the audience about the order, content and sequence of games and exercises. Further, game exercises are carried out in accordance with the scenario.
III stage. Summing up the game, when there is an analysis and generalization of the social skills that the participants have acquired.
It is possible to consolidate the social skills and abilities obtained with the help of gaming technologies in the form of social training which helps a disabled person to master the social norms accepted in society, productive ways of behavior and interaction, prepares for an independent life. The effectiveness of social training can be assessed by two criteria. The first of them is the level of assimilation of new social skills in accordance with the tasks set in the training program, the possibility of their free implementation both in training sessions and in real life. The second criterion characterizes the conformity of the acquired social experience with the life goals of the disabled person.
A social worker prior to social training provides individual consultations to help people with disabilities determine the extent to which new social skills and abilities will achieve their life goals.
At the beginning, a social work specialist completes the group and, in accordance with the composition of the participants, determines the goal, objectives and develops a training program. In doing so, it contributes to the creation positive emotions, which ensure the desire of a person to come to this group and to this trainer constantly until the end of the program. Conducting social training contributes to the awareness of personal characteristics, habits and ideas of disabled people about themselves. During the training, social skills and abilities are fixed by a disabled person in the process of playing activities, when life situations are “lost”, which must be resolved with the help of new social skills for participants. At the end of the training, the social work specialist and participants analyze and evaluate the results of the work.
The sequence of inclusion of a citizen with disabilities in the environment of life, his social adaptation is carried out using several stages: conducting social diagnostics; inclusion in a social group; problem solving training.
In general, social adaptation as a technological process allows: to include a disabled person in a small group, to help him learn the established norms, relationships, patterns of behavior, to develop skills and communication skills, to be included in the social and professional sphere accessible to him.
Signs of social adaptation of a disabled person are: satisfaction with their position in the group, conscious maintenance of the norms and traditions that exist in this community, the desire and willingness to enrich the content, forms and methods of interaction with others in the association, tolerance.