Research work on the topic of credit. Interest-free loan – myths and reality. Experimental procedure
ANNOTATION
This work belongs to the experimental research type. The subject of her research is methods of repaying consumer loans. It examines the history of the emergence of consumer credit, its essence and main types. Using graphs and tables, methods of repaying a consumer loan, their advantages and disadvantages from the borrower’s point of view are clearly demonstrated. The practical application of methods for calculating loan payments is also shown.
INTRODUCTION
Credit is an objective category, an integral part of commodity-money relations, and its necessity is caused by the existence of commodity-money relations.
The role of credit in different phases of the economic cycle is not the same. In conditions of economic recovery and sufficient economic stability, credit acts as a growth factor. By redistributing huge amounts of money and goods, credit feeds enterprises with additional resources. Its negative impact may, however, manifest itself in conditions of overproduction of goods. This impact is especially noticeable in conditions of inflation. New means of payment entering into circulation through credit increase the already excess amount of money needed for circulation.
Consumer loans - pros and cons. The undoubted advantage is that the use of goods purchased on credit begins much earlier than those purchased with savings accumulated over a significant period of time.
On the other hand, buying on credit entails dependence on the financial institution that issued the loan. There is one more negative side of consumer credit, and a very significant one: when buying goods on credit, the buyer spends significantly more than the real market value of the goods, only this payment is extended over time. There are no interest-free consumer loans. There are exceptions, however: sometimes loan rates lag behind inflation, and the loan can become not only interest-free, but even with a positive interest rate for the buyer.
Relevance of the work is that, despite the current financial crisis, consumer lending will continue to develop at a progressive pace, since the problem of growing household incomes is always pressing, which means that credit will continue to be considered as an opportunity to purchase necessary goods. At the same time, the population should know the basics of loan repayment methods, since they significantly affect the size of loan payments.
Goals of work :
- Study the information offered by the city's banks.
- Find out which bank is more profitable to take out a loan from.
Tasks:
1.Study the theoretical foundations of consumer lending.
2.Collect information about loans provided by banks in our city to their clients.
3. Carry out calculations using the compound interest formula, how much a cash loan will cost and for what period it is more profitable to take it.
Object of study: consumer loan.
Subject of study: methods of repaying consumer loans in different banks in the city of Boguchar.
Hypothesis: If you study the theoretical foundations of consumer credit, then an objective opportunity arises to consider the practical application of loan repayment methods in order to determine the most beneficial for the borrower in terms of loan repayment terms.
Research methodology:
1) Studying the theory of consumer loans.
2) Collection, processing and analysis of information on lending in some banks in the city.
3) Carrying out calculations and analyzing the conclusions for the solution found.
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"The most profitable cash loan"
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“Research work on the topic __The most profitable money”
Municipal state educational institution
"Bogucharskaya secondary school No. 1"
Research work on the topic “The most profitable cash loan”
7th grade student
MKOU "Bogucharskaya Secondary School No. 1"
Supervisor: Alabina G.Yu.
G. Boguchar
Relevance
Relevance of the work is that, despite the current financial crisis, consumer lending will continue to develop at a progressive pace, since the problem of growing household incomes is always pressing, which means that credit will continue to be considered as an opportunity to purchase necessary goods.
Problem
Amount needed
15,000 rubles to buy a tablet.
The question arises: “Which bank is more profitable to take money from?”
- Study the information offered by city banks
- Find out which bank is more profitable to take out a loan from
- Collect information about loans provided by banks in our city to their clients.
- Carry out calculations using the compound interest formula, how much a cash loan will cost and for what period it is more profitable to take it.
Object of study – consumer credit
1) Sberbank of Russia
Description of the research process
I decided to focus on loans for urgent needs, which are provided by banks in our city. My goal was to find out how much it would cost me to get a loan from some banks in our city to purchase the necessary tablet.
Study
I placed the data that banks provided me in comparative tables for loan terms for 12 months. Here's what I got.
Bank
Sberbank
Russia
Loan rate
Loan term (per month)
Commission for
issuance
loan
Rosselkhozbank
12 – 60
Consideration of the application
12 – 36
12 – 60
Early
repayment
2 days
Commission for
service
Maybe
1 day
Required
documentation
1 day
Maybe
Payment type
Application form, Russian passport with a note about
registration
Maybe
Passport of a Russian citizen, documents confirming income (copy of work book, certificate of income for the last 6 months)
Annuity Differentiated
Annuity
Application form, passport of a Russian citizen (other identification document), documents confirming financial status and employment
Annuity
Differentiated
comparison table
Sberbank
Russia
Monthly payment amount
Moscow Industrial Bank
How much will the overpayment be?
(for 12 months)
Rosselkhozbank
2063 + commission = 2140 rub.
- Based on the tables given in this work and diagrams 1, 2, I concluded that it would be more profitable to take out a loan in the amount of 15,000 rubles from Sberbank of Russia. The monthly payment will be 1390 rubles, and the overpayment will be 1675 rubles. To apply for a loan, you only need a passport of a Russian citizen and an application form for a loan. Although my parents and I will have to wait 2 days for this loan, during this time I will be able to leisurely choose the tablet I need!
Municipal educational institution
"Secondary school No. 16"
sat down. Alexandrovsky
Alexandrovsky district
RESEARCH
Diamonds. Myths and reality.
Completed by: Skvortsova Kristina
8a grade exercises
Head of work:
I. Introduction
II. Proof of the presented hypothesis.
a) The campaign of A. Macedonian to India in the 4th century BC.
b) Golconda in India.
c) Origin of diamonds.
d) Taming and training eagles.
e) Methodology for conducting a model experiment.
III. Conclusions.
IV. Literature.
I. Introduction
The presented project is multimedia and integrated.
The basis for the work on the project was the well-known legend.
In the 4th century BC, the troops of Alexander the Great, making a campaign in India, discovered the Valley of Diamonds in the mountains near Golconda, at the bottom of which they saw placers of precious stones. It was impossible to collect diamonds due to the abundance of poisonous snakes swarming in the valley. suggested this way out: the servants threw pieces of fatty meat to the bottom of the gorge, to which the diamonds stuck. Tamed eagles descended and brought meat with diamonds stuck to the emperor’s feet.
Was expressed hypothesis: This legend is based on real facts or is fictional.
They decided to test this hypothesis using sources of information on geography, history, chemistry, biology and experimental modeling.
Were formulated project objectives:
1.Prove that Alexander the Great and his army tried to conquer India in the 4th century BC;
2.Determine the authenticity of the Golconda site;
3. Study the issue of the origin of diamonds;
4. Consider the problem of the possibility of finding diamonds on the surface of the earth;
5. find out the facts of taming and training eagles;
6.Prove that diamonds stick to fatty meat (conduct a model experiment).
1. Campaign to India (326-325 BC) by A. Macedonian
ALEX?ANDR the Great (Alexander III the Great) (356, Pella, Macedonia - June 13, 323 BC, Babylon), king of Macedonia from 336, commander, creator of the largest state of the ancient world, son of Philip II of Macedon.
The son of the Macedonian king Philip II and Queen Olympias, Alexander received an excellent education for his time; his teacher from the age of 13 was Aristotle. Alexander's favorite reading was the heroic poems of Homer. He underwent military training under the guidance of his father. Already in his youth, he demonstrated exceptional abilities in the art of military leadership. In 338, Alexander's personal participation in the Battle of Chaeronea largely decided the outcome of the battle in favor of the Macedonians.
The youth of the heir to the Macedonian throne was overshadowed by the divorce of his parents. Philip's remarriage to another woman (Cleopatra) became the cause of Alexander's quarrel with his father. After the mysterious murder of King Philip in June 336 BC. e. 20-year-old Alexander was enthroned.
In the spring of 326 BC. e. Alexander invaded the lands of the Indian peoples from Bactria, conquered a number of tribes, crossed the Indus River and came into the possession of King Abhi of Taxila (the Greeks called the king “the man from Taxila,” that is, Taxila) in the area of present-day Islamabad (Pakistan). The main activity of the Macedonian troops in India took place in the Punjab region, the “five rivers” - a fertile region in the basin of the five eastern tributaries of the Indus.
Taxilus swore allegiance to Alexander, hoping with his help to defeat his rival, King Porus of eastern Punjab. Porus placed an army and 200 elephants on the borders of his land, and in July 326 BC. e. A battle took place on the Hydaspes River, in which Porus' army was defeated and he himself was captured. Unexpectedly for Taxila, Alexander left Porus as king, and even expanded his domain. This was Alexander’s usual policy in the conquered lands: to make the former rulers dependent on himself, while trying to maintain a counterweight to them.
Late summer 326 BC. e. Alexander's advance to the east was completed. When approaching the Ganges River, the Macedonian army refused to follow the king. The reason for the disobedience was dissatisfaction and fatigue from a long campaign, the end of which was not visible. The immediate cause was rumors of huge armies with thousands of elephants beyond the Ganges. Alexander, having humbled his pride, had to turn his army south in order to capture as many new countries as possible during the retreat to Persia.
From about November 326 BC. e. The Macedonian army floats down the Hydaspes and then the Indus rivers for 7 months, making forays along the way and conquering the surrounding tribes. In one of the battles for the city of Mallov (January 325 BC), Alexander was seriously wounded by an arrow in the chest (see Assault on the city of Mallov). Irritated by the opposition and passive courage of the peoples of India, Alexander exterminates entire tribes, unable to stay here for a long time to bring them to submission.
Alexander sent part of the Macedonian army under Craterus to Persia, and with the rest he reached the ocean.
Summer 325 BC e. Alexander moved from the mouth of the Indus to Persia along the coast of the Indian Ocean. The return home through the deserts of Gedrosia, one of the coastal satrapies, turned out to be more difficult than any battle; Many people died from the heat and thirst on the road.
In February 324 BC. e. Alexander reached Persia, thus completing the Indian campaign. The next time Europeans attempted to conquer India was only 2 thousand years later.
Trek to India. Fascinated by the idea of reaching the “edge of Asia” and becoming the ruler of the world, Alexander decided to undertake a campaign to India. At the end of spring 327 BC. e., setting out from Bactra, he crossed Paropamis and the river. Kofen (modern Kabul). Most of the kingdoms on the right bank of the Indus, including the strong state of Taxila, voluntarily submitted to him; their rulers retained their power and political autonomy, but were forced to agree to the presence of Macedonian garrisons in their cities. Having defeated the Aspasians and Assakens (Indian Asawaks), Alexander crossed the Indus and invaded Punjab, where he encountered fierce resistance from King Porus (Indian Paurava), who owned a vast territory between the rivers Hydaspes (modern Jhelum) and Akesina (modern Chenab) . As a result of the bloody battle on the Hydaspes (late April - early May 326 BC), Porus' army was defeated, and he himself was captured. Alexander became master of Punjab. In an effort to make Porus an ally, he not only left him his possessions, but also significantly expanded them. Having founded the cities of Nicaea and Bucephalia on the Hydaspes (in honor of his deceased horse), he moved east: crossing the river. Hydraot (modern Ravi), conquered the Katai and approached the river. Hyphasis (modern Sutlej), intending to invade the Ganges valley. However, the soldiers rebelled - they were tired of the endless campaign, had a hard time enduring the natural and climatic conditions of India, and they were frightened by the prospect of a war with the powerful state of the Nandas. Alexander had to turn back and give up his dream of world domination. He effectively gave up control of the lands east of the Indus, handing it over to local rulers.
At the Hydaspes, the land army met the Macedonian fleet under the command of Nearchus and together with it moved towards the Indian Ocean. During the campaign, Alexander carried out a successful military expedition against the Malli and Oxidraks (Ind. Shudraka), who lived east of Hydraot, and subjugated the regions of Musicana, Oxican and Samba. At the end of July 325 BC. e. reached Patala (modern Bahmanabad) and the Indus delta.
2. Golconda in India.
Golconda, or Golkanda, is an ancient Indian fortress located 11 km west of Hyderabad in the state of Andhra Pradesh. From 1512 to 1687 it was the capital of the sultanate of the same name.
The complex is well preserved and is located on a granite hill 120 m high. Golconda consists of four different fortresses containing a total of 87 bastions, some of which are still equipped with cannons. In addition to them, the fortresses have eight gates, four drawbridges, many aristocratic chambers, halls, temples, mosques, storehouses, stables, etc. One of the fortresses previously served as a state prison and treasury for the British-Indian vassal state of Hyderabad.
Golconda's architecture allows for interesting acoustic effects. The clapping of hands at one of the gates can be heard one kilometer away at the highest point of the fortress. This served as a warning in case of danger. Near the walls there are 18 granite mausoleums with high domes, in which rulers from the Qutub Shahi dynasty are buried. Beautiful bas-reliefs are visible on them, and landscaped gardens are laid out around them.
Previously, Golconda was famous for diamonds, which were mined and processed in the area. The famous Kohinoor, Derianur, Hope, and Regent diamonds are believed to have been found here. The Golconda diamond mines contributed to the wealth of the Nizams of Hyderabad, who ruled from 1724 to 1948, when Hyderabad was annexed by India. As an administrative unit, the former state of Hyderabad was divided in 1956, and Golconda was annexed to the state of Andhra Pradesh.
The name of the fort comes from the Telugu combination Golla-Konda ("Shepherd's Hill"). The first European to visit and describe Golconda was the Russian merchant Afanasy Nikitin.
3. Origin of diamonds
Diamond is a rare, but at the same time quite widespread mineral in nature. Industrial diamond deposits are known on all continents except Antarctica. Several types of diamond deposits are known. Already several thousand years ago, diamonds were mined on an industrial scale from alluvial deposits.
Diamond consists of pure carbon, but usually contains small impurities of various chemical elements. Included in the crystal structure or inclusions of other minerals. Colorless transparent varieties are characterized by a structural admixture of nitrogen 9 0.3%), although “nitrogen-free” diamonds are also found. In opaque and colored varieties, the content of impurities (oxides: aluminum, magnesium, iron, titanium) reaches 5%.
It is assumed that diamond crystallizes as one of the first minerals during the cooling of the mantle silicate melt at a depth of 150-200 km at a pressure of 5000 MPa, and then is carried to the Earth's surface as a result of explosive processes accompanying the formation of rocks, 15-205 of which contain diamond. There is another point of view, according to which diamond crystallizes at a relatively shallow depth due to the dissociation or partial oxidation of methane in a gas system at temperatures above 1000C and a pressure of 100-500 MPa. Diamonds are also found in deep rocks - eclogites and some deeply metamorphosed garnet gneisses. Small diamonds have been found in significant quantities in meteorites. as well as in giant meteorite craters, where melted rocks contain significant quantities of fine-crystalline diamond.
4. Taming and training eagles
The golden eagle is not just a bird of prey, but a predator that can be learned and trained. Golden eagles attack animals (including predators) many times larger than themselves. As for the types of successful hunting with these birds, the most popular can be called wolf hunting, and we will probably dwell on it in more detail. Like many smart birds, the golden eagle quickly gets used to the person with whom it lives and will never harm him. However, a bird can become a good hunter only if it is consistently handled and trained. There is an opinion among hunters that it is better to involve a female in training, and, of course, preferably not too old.
Training is usually carried out at least once a week; for training, they often use a stuffed animal made of a wolf, make slits in it and fill them with raw meat (preferably wolf, but if this is not available, any raw meat will do). The most productive way is to fill the stuffed animal's eye sockets with raw meat. Because the instincts of a predator are at work, the bird begins to forget that it was not she who killed the animal and is then ready to poison the wolf at almost any distance. A bird can be considered ready for work if it strikes a stuffed animal that the horse is dragging tied behind it at full speed. The ideal time for hunting is early morning and dusk.
Morning, because in the light of the sun the golden eagle sees and feels perfectly, twilight because at this time the birds’ hunger tends to worsen, and they better obey their predatory instincts. Before a hunt, the bird is usually not fed for several days, so that hunger will speed up its reactions. Hunters should remember that before going hunting, a bird must have a “special suit” that would protect it from the claws of a predator in case of emergency. It is possible that the wolf can simply run away from the bird, knowing the forest paths it is easier for him to hide in the wilds inaccessible to flight.
If hunting takes place in an area with dense bushes and deciduous thickets, the hunter is recommended to take hunting dogs with him. This role is ideally played by Russian greyhounds or hounds. If the wolf steals away from the bird, they will have to catch it and force it to leave the thicket. However, even here everything is not as smooth as it seems at first glance. You should know that for such a hunt, the bird and dogs must be kept in the same room so that they have the opportunity to get used to each other.
VI. Model experiment
Using a model experiment, we will prove that diamonds stick to fatty meat.
Experimental procedure
1. Use pieces of glass whose density is close to the density of diamonds as a diamond model.
3. Weigh pieces of glass - “diamond models”, and convert the mass into carats.
What person has not dreamed of borrowing money without paying anything for its use? Having understood the essence of lending, many borrowers stopped believing in such a possibility, but there were those who still hoped for a miracle. It is for such people that the so-called interest-free loan programs offered by some banks are designed. It should be noted that financial organizations are able to present these loans in such a way that not even every knowledgeable person will immediately find the catch.
Where does it “bite”?
Since an interest-free loan is mainly a marketing ploy, to make it more attractive, banks offer it directly at retail outlets, where people’s stress resistance is greatly reduced due to the proximity of the goods. It is in such conditions that citizens are more prone to spontaneous, and sometimes even illogical, decisions.It must be said that now almost all serious financial organizations have excluded interest-free loans from their lists of credit offers. Only small banks that do not occupy significant positions in the market continue to use this technology. For them, this is a way to quickly get new borrowers, luring them away from competitors with pseudo-favorable conditions.
Interest-free loan - where is the bank’s benefit “hidden”?
Often in offers of interest-free loans you will not even see the word “bank”, but, of course, in most cases it is these financial organizations that are behind such advertising. At the same time, in the loan agreement about such a “free” loan, there are often places printed in small print. It is in them that one should look for the truth about a loan without interest.Often, when the interest rate column contains the number 0, positive interest values appear elsewhere in the loan agreement. Only there they are called differently - . The bank may have several options for collecting it. Thus, it can be paid by the borrower immediately when applying for a loan (sometimes in this form it can also be called insurance), or subsequently - along with each monthly payment. Some banks may even charge a commission for processing an applicant's application.
Sometimes banks may use a combined earnings scheme. With it, they charge a certain commission immediately upon issuing the loan. The debtor will pay the loan itself for a short time (no more than six months) without interest. In fact, this interest was already paid to them in the beginning. Remember about the commission? If the borrower does not repay the debt during this time, in the future he will begin to repay it with interest, but at the same time their amount will be very large (sometimes up to 70% per annum).
Sometimes, in order to obtain benefits, banks cooperate with insurance agencies as part of interest-free lending. In this case, the borrower is obliged to buy a policy from the same company. The bank's profit will be included in the cost of the policy, which under normal conditions can cost several times less. After signing the insurance contract, the agency will begin to pay the bank a commission on each insurance paid by the borrower.
Not just banks
More than one bank came up with the idea of interest-free lending. Retail outlets themselves began to use the same technology, promising their customers installment plans for certain goods. However, not everything is fair here either. As a rule, the technology for a store to make money from these “promotions” is quite simple.A few weeks before it starts, the store raises prices on goods that are supposed to be sold in installments. Such actions of the seller, as a rule, remain “behind the scenes” for consumers - they are supposed to see only the promotion itself. Subsequently, the buyer's debt may be assigned by the store to the bank. In this case, the credit institution is given a “discount” of exactly the 15-20% by which the price of the goods had previously risen.
Municipal budgetary educational institution "School No. 42
with in-depth study of individual subjects"
urban district of Samara
Subject: Psychology, Computer Science
PROJECT
on the topic: Internet addiction...
Myth or reality?
Completed:
8th grade student
Brizinov Mikhail
Project Manager:
Technology teacher
Pavkina G.G.
CONTENT
Introduction. Description of the problem situation 3
Work plan. Goals, design tasks 3
Research on problem 4-5
The impact of Internet addiction on the health of adolescents 6-8
Results of sociological survey 8-11
Summarizing information based on research results. 11-14
Project evaluation 14
Conclusion 14
Information sources 15
Applications 16
Descriptionproblematic situation.
Is a computer safe for human health? It is very difficult today to imagine your life without a computer. Computers are used wherever possible. Is a computer safe for human health? It is necessary to find out, using various methods, the situation with computer addiction in our school among students and teachers, and determine how complex the situation is in this matter.
Work plan.
Hypothesis:
If you spend a lot of time on the Internet, you can lose the ability to control your time online, preferring virtual life to real life.
Tasks:
Using market research, find out the situation with computer addiction in our school.
Create a questionnaire to study the situation with computer addiction.
Conduct a survey on a large number of adolescents and adults.
Analyze the survey results and draw conclusions.
To study the signs by which computer addiction is determined in a person.
Find information on studying the situation with computer addiction.
Compare the results of the survey and available information and draw conclusions based on the results of the study.
Create a Power Point presentation of the work.
Create a booklet in Publisher 2013 to distribute to Project Day participants.
Research on the problem
Our generation is now concerned about many issues. What makes young people abandon an active lifestyle and spend hours on the Internet? Why does Internet addiction manifest itself in a kind of escape from reality? In my work, I tried to determine the presence of the problem of Internet addiction among students at our school, based on a questionnaire survey and sociological research.
Internet addiction was first discussed in the West back in the mid-nineties of the last century. Internet addiction is understood as an irresistible craving for being on the Internet, characterized by obsessive desires to connect and then not leave it.
The first signs of Internet addiction are many hours of “communication” in chats, ICQ, forums, “Odnoklassniki” and “Contacts”, online gambling and endless “studying” of all kinds of “educational” Internet sites.
According to experts, approximately 5-10% of global network users suffer from Internet addiction. Considering that the age of the vast majority of users is 10 - 35 years old, the problem of Internet addiction is on a par with other social problems of young people.
I chose this topic because this problem is currently relevant among teenagers. Any type of addiction in children appears very quickly, including addiction to television, the Internet and computer games.
We all depend on something or someone in our lives. Because we live in a society of our own kind and daily support our life activity with all sorts of “external” products, emotions, meanings. How does normal provision of oneself with all sorts of necessary and useful things - such as relationships with people, food, drink, the Internet - differ from the pathology of addiction?
The Internet in the USA and Western Europe is much more developed than in Russia; the experience of these countries can be indicative. Currently, the phenomenon of “Internet addiction,” or Internet addiction, is being intensively discussed and studied.
The word “addiction” means an obsessive need felt by a person and driving him to a certain activity; non-chemical dependence is an addiction where the object of addiction is a behavioral style, or psychological dependence.
Internet addiction is a mental disorder: an obsessive desire to connect to the Internet and a painful inability to disconnect from it in time.
Gaming addiction is a purported form of psychological addiction that manifests itself in compulsive involvement with computer games or gambling.
Behaviorally, Internet addiction manifests itself in the fact that people prefer life on the Internet so much that they actually begin to abandon their “real” life, spending up to 18 hours a day in virtual reality. Another definition of Internet addiction is “an obsessive desire to access the Internet while off-line, and the inability to exit the Internet while on-line.”
The discussion of this phenomenon began not so long ago: in 1994, K. Young developed and posted a special questionnaire on the website and soon received almost 500 responses, the authors of 400 of which were recognized, according to the selected criterion, as Internet addicts. In 1997-1999 Research and advisory psychotherapeutic web services on IAD issues were created. In 1998-1999 The first monographs on this problem were published (K. Young, D. Greenfield, K. Surratt).
The impact of Internet addiction on the health of adolescents
When working on a computer, a person remains motionless for a long time. But if in the normal work process an employee is distracted from the monitor, gets up, moves, then a child playing on a computer spends several hours, or even the whole day, without moving. This mode of computer use causes irreparable harm to human health, and even more so to the health of a child.
The spine and bones of an adult have already developed a certain normal state - posture, while the child's body is still quite flexible and is just beginning to develop posture. Lack of movement leads to atrophy of the muscles of the back, abdominal cavity, chest and neck, which leads to poor posture, curvature of the chest, hunchback, as well as various diseases of the spine (hernia, displaced discs). In addition, lack of movement when working on a computer leads to poor blood circulation and fatty heart. The result is strokes, heart attacks and shortness of breath.
Also, the computer has a detrimental effect not only on the health of the musculoskeletal and cardiovascular systems, but also on the visual system of a person, and especially a child.
Computer games can cause both physical and psychological harm. Physical - sleep and eating disorders, blurred vision. Psychological - separation from real life. When the time spent in isolation from real life exceeds 10% of the total time, this is dangerous.
A young, growing organism is especially susceptible to the negative effects of visual, as well as neuro-emotional stress. That is why prolonged sitting at the computer not only leads to excessive fatigue of the child’s body, but in the future can provoke serious illnesses. If in the evening a child is overly excited, irritable and even aggressive, if he has difficulty falling asleep and often wakes up at night, this is a sure sign that his communication with the computer must be strictly limited.
In general, experts have not yet clearly decided how much time a child can spend at the computer. Doctors usually recommend limiting yourself to 1 hour a day.
When children or adults are engaged in work that involves eye strain, their eyes become tired. Children are especially prone to eye fatigue because their eyes and the muscles that control them are not yet strong. Excessive reading and unlimited time sitting in front of the TV or computer require serious strain on young eyes. Most often, visual fatigue leads to children becoming lethargic and irritable.
A computer is as safe as any other household device. But as with other household appliances, there are potential health risks associated with its use. (By the way, many of these threats are related not only to computers, but also to video games). Considering the impact of computers on health, we note several risk factors.
These include:
problems of provoking epileptic seizures;
problems associated with electromagnetic radiation;
vision problems;
problems related to muscles and joints.
In each of these cases, the degree of risk is directly proportional to the time spent at and near the computer.
In childhood, gaming addiction usually develops in relation to computer games. At the same time, such a useful and necessary thing as a computer is fraught with another danger - dependence on it.
Experts in the field of Internet addiction especially highlight the hobby of communicating online with friends over the Internet. This is dangerous because it can lead to the desire to replace real life, family, and friends with a virtual life that satisfies almost any criteria.
Mental signs: the appearance of a feeling of joy, euphoria when contacting a computer or even when waiting, “anticipating” contact; lack of control over the time of interaction with the computer; desire to increase the time of interaction with the computer (“dose”); the appearance of a feeling of irritation, or oppression, emptiness, depression in the absence of contact with the computer; using a computer to relieve internal tension, anxiety, depression; emotional instability; obsessive desire to constantly check email, decreased self-esteem, etc.
Results of a sociological survey.
A survey was conducted among students in grades 5-11 to determine the dependence of students in our school on the Internet on the questions presented in Appendix No. 1: Based on the research conducted, we will analyze the results of the survey and present the data obtained in the form of diagrams. 100 students and teachers participated in the survey, 65 female and 35 male. The majority of respondents were aged from 12 to 15 years, which amounted to 65%, 24% were from 16 to 20 years old, and only 9 teachers participated in the sociological survey.
To the question: How much time a day do you spend visiting Internet sites? The following data was obtained:
The question about visiting sites looks like this in the diagram:
Everyone has different goals for being on a website:
When asked about the duration of absence from the network, respondents answered as follows:
ABOUT 
97% of recipients know that Internet addiction exists, and only 3% do not know about this factor. And they answered this about their addiction to the Internet:
Summarizing information based on research results.
In the course of summarizing information about the sociological survey, I made the following conclusions:
In general, everyone uses the Internet, more than 4 hours a day.
More than 50% of respondents use the Internet to communicate on social networks.
Based on the latest diagrams presented, we can conclude that the majority do not consider themselves addicted, although they cannot help but visit the site or the Internet every day.
Based on the above, we can state the fact that it is difficult for any person to adequately assess their behavior and therefore many, having some, even not very high, Internet addiction, cannot recognize this fact. Therefore, I can safely say that my hypothesis during the survey was confirmed and most likely if you spend a lot of time on the Internet, you can lose the ability to control your time online, preferring virtual life to real life.
Next, I analyzed information about ongoing research using various methods. According to these data, the majority of Internet addicts “sit” on the Internet for the sake of communication. Internet addiction becomes possible due to the differences between real and virtual communication. The main factor due to which the phenomenon has become widespread is the anonymity of the individual on the Internet.
The most harmful thing is that by moving away from ordinary interpersonal relationships, a person withdraws into himself and may perceive the world around him as a threat to his own safety. Therefore, you need to know the signs of Internet addiction in order to understand whether there is a danger of becoming one.
Kimberly Young lists 4 symptoms of Internet addiction:
1. Obsessive desire to check e-mail.
2. Constantly waiting for the next Internet connection.
3. Complaints from others that a person spends too much time on the Internet.
4. Complaints from others that a person spends too much money on the Internet.
Researchers note that the majority of Internet addicts (91%) use Internet services related to communication. Another part of addicts are attracted to network information services.
Internet addiction can arise as a dependence on a variety of forms of Internet use; in its manifestations it is similar to already known forms of addictive behavior (for example, as a result of using alcohol or drugs). According to various studies, about 10% of users today are Internet addicts. But here’s the question: what is the difference between face-to-face communication and online communication? There is nothing wrong with a person meeting people online, choosing new friends based on common interests. In the same way, a person sitting at a monitor with a friend or girlfriend, with whom he spends pleasant time outside the computer, cannot be called an addict. Not every gamer, contrary to popular belief, is addicted. If a teenager plays with toys with friends and then goes to play basketball with them, this is a completely healthy person. So, the basis of Internet addiction is almost always loneliness, the lack of other options for spending time.
It is noted that if traditional types of addiction take years to form, then for Internet addiction this period is sharply reduced: according to K. Young, 25% of addicts acquired addiction within six months after starting to work on the Internet, 58% - during the second half of the year , and 17% - soon after a year. Addiction is usually noticed by the addict’s relatives and friends by changes in his behavior and daily routine.
According to the results of studies by psychologists, Internet addicts most often spend time in chat rooms, forums and diaries (37%), play online games (28%), participate in teleconferences (15%), and check email (13%). And a very small percentage of people use the Internet for its intended purpose - to find the necessary information and news.
Other symptoms of Internet addiction:
Withdrawal symptoms such as depression and moodiness;
Use that affects work and study;
Lies about Internet use;
Using the Internet to escape problems;
Neglecting sleep to stay online.
IAD (Internet addiction disorder)
Gambling
General surfing
Surveys of adults revealed:
13.7% had difficulty staying offline for several days;
12.3% consider it necessary to reduce Internet use;
8.7% tried to hide their Internet use from family, friends and employers;
5.9% believe their relationships have suffered due to their online use.
I doubted that Internet addiction even existed, and that addicted people could be around us, but confirmation of this fact is that my classmate has been one for several years. All the symptoms of Internet addiction that are listed above belong to its behavioral type. Now, after studying this problem, I understand the severity of this painful addiction and I will try not to fall into the network of Internet addiction myself.
Project evaluation.
While working on the project, I learned a lot of new things, which was a revelation for me. I talked with school students during the survey and realized that the children answered the survey questions with desire, I think that everyone answered honestly. I enjoyed doing the survey. But really, which of us thinks about our future every hour or minute? More often than not, our friends and family do this for us. No one will dispute the fact of the existence of Internet addiction; the main thing is not to fall under the strong influence of the Internet and modern gadgets.
The hypothesis put forward at the beginning of the work was confirmed, according to the words: “Under the influence of technology, our society and worldview are losing humanity” (Burszta W. J.). Many may actually lose the ability to control their time online, preferring virtual life to real life.
Conclusions.
While working on the project, I learned how to conduct a questionnaire survey and process information from the survey; collect and systematize information from the Internet, analyze the collected information and draw conclusions. To design the text part of the project, I was helped by knowledge of Microsoft Word, and to create diagrams - Microsoft Excel, learned in computer science lessons. I independently mastered the Microsoft Publisher application, in which I created a booklet on the design topic of my choice. To defend the project, I prepared a multimedia presentation in Power Point.
Information sources.
Davidenko N.V. Program for psychological correction of Internet-addictive behavior using cognitive psychotherapy methods / N.V. Davidenko, M.M. Akopova. // Current problems of psychology. knowledge. - 2010. - No. 3, p. 62-66.
Loskutova V.A. Internet addiction as a form of non-chemical addictive disorders / Loskutova V.A. , Novosibirsk, 2004.
Psychology of addiction: a reader / comp. K.V. Selchenok. - Minsk: Harvest, 2007. - 592 p.
Appendix No. 1
What's your gender: Female Male
Your age: 12-15 years old 16-20 years old over 21 years old
How much time a day do you spend visiting Internet sites?
2. From 2 hours to 4 hours.
3. More than 4 hours.
Which website do you visit most often?
1. Odnoklassniki
2. VKontakte
4. Online games
For what purpose are you on the site?
1. Communications
2. Dating
4. Search for information
How long can you stay away from the site?
1. No more than 1 day
2. From 2 days to 7 days
3. More than 7 days
Do you consider yourself addicted to the site?
3. I find it difficult to answer
Have you heard anything about computer addiction?
Do you consider yourself addicted to the Internet?
Nikulitsa Elena. Gridasova Anastasia
I. Introduction 3
1. Relevance of topic 3
2. Goals and objectives of the study 4
II. Theoretical part 5
3. History of credit and its meaning for a person 5
4. Classification of loans 6
III. Practical part 9
5. Analysis of household loans 9
6. Comparative analysis of two popular loans among the population. 13
IV. Conclusion 17
7. Conclusion 17
List of used literature and sources 18
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Federal Government Reserve Agency
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution
Torzhok Polytechnic College
Scientific research work: “Loans in the life of a modern person”
Completed by: Nikulitsa E. S.
Gridasova A.S.
Teacher: N.V. Merkuryeva.
Torzhok, 2017
Sheet
I. Introduction 3
1. Relevance of topic 3
2. Goals and objectives of the study 4
II. Theoretical part 5
3. History of credit and its meaning for a person 5
4. Classification of loans 6
III. Practical part 9
5. Analysis of household loans 9
6. Comparative analysis of two popular loans among the population. 13
IV. Conclusion 17
7. Conclusion 17
List of used literature and sources 18
I. Introduction
- Relevance.
In the recent 80-90s, few of the population knew what a loan was and very few used this financial instrument. Loans were mainly used by organizations, collective farms and state farms. There was a single monopolist in the banking system - Sberbank.
There were consumer loans for the population for short periods, for example, you could get a sofa on credit for a period of 6 months. Such loans were not very popular among the population. People had no need for loans; wages were enough to live on.
In modern society, even children know what credit means. From the younger generation to pensioners, all people are “entangled” by loans and this does not surprise anyone. On the contrary, it is difficult to find a person who is not in debt. This is facilitated by a large and extensive network of various banks, financial institutions and pawnshops. Easy and “step-by-step” availability of loans.
The wide range of banking services is expanding from year to year and offers the most tempting options for the consumer. Promotions are held and prizes are given out to attract customers.
Due to the fact that the purchasing power of the population is low, and the needs are growing every day, a person can easily obtain a loan. This decision is not always fully conscious and thoughtful. Here is an example from life. Another New Year was coming, and in order to celebrate it cheerfully, there was not enough music center. And here is a promotion in a hypermarket, you can get that same center on credit. Said and done. The holidays are over, and there was a desire to repay the loan ahead of schedule; it turned out that it was possible, but with a significant overpayment. But by and large, the need for this loan was very small, and the costs were significant.
Any person, regardless of whether he is officially employed or not, can find a loan option that suits him. It is easier for a person who is officially employed to apply for a loan and choose a more profitable option. Lack of work is not an obstacle to obtaining a loan. There are different types of express loans for this purpose.
Some banks send credit cards by mail in order to attract borrowers. In this case, you don’t even need to go to the bank, just activate the card at an ATM.
It follows from this that the topic of lending in the life of a modern person is relevant not only today, but also in the future.
2. Goals and objectives
Target:
- Consider the role of credit in the life of a modern person.
Tasks:
- study the theoretical aspects of the presented topic;
- collect and analyze information about household loans;
- make a comparative analysis of two popular loans among the population;
II. Theoretical part
3. Credit history
People have been using loans since the time of King Solomon. True, back then, for untimely repayment of the debt, the debtor could be sent into slavery to the creditor. And later Solomon ordered that the borrower be responsible to the creditor not with his freedom and life, but with his property. When a person took out a loan and did not repay it on time, a special pole was driven in front of his house, on which the name of the lender was indicated, to whom all the borrower’s property was transferred. This pillar was called a mortgage, which literally means “collateral.”
At first, lenders made no money on loans. This was not a business, but rather a necessary measure for those peasants who did not have enough harvest. Such an unlucky peasant went to a wealthier neighbor to borrow grain so as not to die of hunger. Having received 1 bag of wheat, the “borrower” had to return one and a half or even two bags.
True, there was no guarantee that in a year the peasant would be luckier and would be able to repay the debt to his neighbor. If after a year the debt was not repaid, the would-be borrower went into debt slavery to his creditor.
The Church was a fierce opponent of such behavior on the part of creditors and advocated not demanding interest from borrowers and even forgiving their debts. So, in the Gospel it is written: “... lend, not expecting anything...”
Yes, such propaganda is now clearly not enough for some bank clients.
After a while, in the 17th century in England they began to provide loans at pre-agreed interest rates. In Russia, interest on loans began to be charged only in the middle of the next century, and then at a rate not higher than 6% per annum.
Historically, the predecessor of modern credit is usurious credit. The division of the primitive community during the period of its decomposition into poor and rich families, the accumulation of wealth in some hands and the need for money in others created the conditions for usurious credit. Usury capital in the ancient world was provided mainly to small commodity producers (peasants) and slave owners. Merchants and tax farmers acted as moneylenders and creditors in a slave-owning society. Temples played a significant role, for example, in Greece the Delphic Temple. Under the feudal system, usurious credit also came in two main forms: loans to small commodity producers (peasants and artisans) and feudal lords.
Under both slavery and feudalism, small producers needed money to purchase means of subsistence and pay taxes.
The need of slave owners and feudal lords (kings, nobles) for money is due to their spending enormous amounts of money on purchasing luxury goods, building magnificent houses, waging wars, etc.
Banks arose as states formed. Initially, private banks were created, for example, there was a “family bank” in medieval Veliky Novgorod, where usury flourished. With the advent of religion, states began to revive temple, monastic, state and provincial "banks". Their main activity is raising funds for the construction of buildings and structures, temples, and maintaining armies.
Approximately 4 - 5 thousand years ago taxes (in the form of tributes, gifts) and loans, financial control and “ancient audit” (in the form of advice from knowledgeable people for those not so knowledgeable) were known. They even prescribed forms of unique insurance.
Currently, loans are a financial instrument necessary for economic development.
4. Classification of loans
Loan classification | Types of loans | Definition |
1.Types of loans by security |
| They are loans without collateral - unsecured loans without guarantors or guarantors. |
| For example, if the collateral covers only part of the funds required for repayment, or the guarantor guarantees the payment of only part of the debt |
|
| A collateral that excludes the loss of funds by the lender, bank guarantees or a surety of one or more people - make lending conditions more accessible |
|
2. According to payment |
| When receiving finance in debt, the debtor pays part of the debt every period (monthly, quarterly, annually...) as well as interest on the use of funds. This type of loans is the most popular and most widespread |
| These are loans without a fixed interest rate. Depending on market fluctuations, the rate may “float”, i.e. look like a wave. In most cases applies to long-term loans |
|
| The loan is issued at a certain percentage from issue until the last payment |
|
| It contains a fixed interest rate (base), and a variable portion |
|
Often there is a similar targeted loan for a specific purchase, called an installment plan. Its principle has been slightly changed - an appropriate agreement is concluded between the bank and the seller, and the interest (sometimes very low) is paid by the seller. Almost always the seller compensates for these percentages with an inflated price. In some cases, a large seller himself becomes a creditor, and, selling goods in installments, is ready to delay receiving money |
||
| The principle is simple - upon receipt, partial or full repayment of the loan, the debtor is obliged to pay an appropriate fixed fee for use. Such deals are quite rare. |
|
3. By purpose |
| Borrowed funds may only be spent on a specific purpose specified in the loan agreement. |
1.For housing | ||
2.Car loan | ||
3. Land | ||
4.Consumer | ||
5.Educational | ||
6. Brokerage | For the turnover of securities, a loan is issued to a stock broker, the collateral is the purchased securities |
|
7.Others. | Purposes not related to those listed, but agreed upon and approved by the lender |
|
| The debtor can spend the money received at his own discretion |
|
4.Depending on the financial and social status of the borrower | This category should not be confused with the poor, or the extremely poor - this category of people often consists of those who are unable to prove income, or who have no desire. Income in this category may consist of dividends, interest, profits from the rental of housing, business, and therefore the approach to lending for each is special |
|
| Cash turnover, as well as the income of this category of people, is difficult to control, so for individual entrepreneurs there are sometimes more stringent, unique lending conditions |
|
| Often, the profitability of organizations is strictly declared; the lender can draw up a schedule and observe the development trend of the enterprise. Since incomes are high, and the word “enterprise” itself sounds like “reliability,” such loans are issued with a low interest rate and a large maximum amount |
|
| Pension credit is issued to elderly people, as well as to persons receiving a pension. The amount of this loan greatly depends on the size of social benefits, as well as the age of the borrower. Such transactions do not differ in favorable conditions, duration and amounts |
|
Students receive money on loan for food, housing, etc. |
||
Issued to people to participate in a tender, competition or auction. Constituting a small part of the prize, they require a special approach to each borrower |
||
5.Depending on the lender |
| A rare type of loan that requires very high interest rates and material collateral. Nowadays it is quite rare, in countries with an underdeveloped credit system |
Loan between family members, properly executed |
||
| The most popular loan now is when the lender is a bank or similar credit organization, and the other is an individual or legal entity |
|
| After the transaction is completed, the debtor receives funds |
|
| A plastic card is issued (often instantaneously, within 15 minutes), and the amount is transferred to it |
|
| The issued plastic card has a zero balance, but the card owner is given the opportunity to “go into the minus” by a certain amount (its maximum is called the credit limit), and the interest rate is calculated depending on the use of credit funds |
|
| Similar to the previous one, however, it has the possibility of overdraft - a short-term exit beyond the balance and credit limit. Revolving overdraft is also called revolving credit |
|
| The creditor and debtor are two or more different banks |
|
| Transaction among legal entities, or between an enterprise and an individual |
|
| A loan issued by a state bank under certain conditions that are more favorable. Often state loans are also called loans issued by banks and subsidized by the state, for example, preferential car loans, youth loans, etc. |
|
Investments from one or more states to another |
||
6.According to urgency |
| Line of credit often used by brokers |
| Interbank loan for one night |
|
Up to three months |
||
Up to a year |
||
From one year to five |
||
| Over five years |
|
7.Small loans available to the public | A prerequisite for lending is the presence of easily realizable collateral; the amount and interest rate directly depend on the collateral |
|
Issued almost instantly (often online), characterized by a high interest rate, low maximum amount and no collateral. The main condition for receiving is the absence of large debts from the recipient |
||
| Issued at places of sale of equipment, as well as supermarkets |
III. Practical part
- Analysis of household loans
Salaries are increasing more and more slowly. The needs of the population are growing. The credit policy of banks is focused on the needs of the population. Loan rates are floating. All this indicates an increase in lending volumes.
Let's analyze some data on the bank loan market.
*data in billion rubles.
As we can see from the figure, the total volume of loans as of March 1, 2017 compared to January last year increased by 33%. The volume of loans issued to the population also increased, but by 36.29% compared to the level of January 2016.
*data in billion rubles.
But the share of personal loans in the total volume of loans increased during this period by only 0.6%
What type of loans for individuals do Russians give the greatest preference? Have there been any changes in the “credit preferences” of citizens?
Let us conditionally divide personal loans into loans for construction (and purchase of real estate) and into consumer loans.
The share of construction loans in the total volume of loans to individuals during this time has decreased significantly - minus 2.47% compared to March last year or minus 1.75% compared to data as of 01/01/2016.
And since the total amount of loans issued to individuals is growing, it is reasonable to conclude that the volume of consumer lending, or more precisely “loans for the little things in life,” is increasing.
- Comparative analysis of two popular loans among the population
Today, the most popular loans are mortgage and consumer loans.
Mortgage | Consumer loan |
Definition |
|
a long-term loan provided to a legal entity or individual by banks secured by real estate: land, industrial and residential buildings, premises, structures. The most common option for using a mortgage in Russia is for an individual to purchase an apartment on credit. In this case, as a rule, newly purchased housing is mortgaged, although it is also possible to mortgage an already owned apartment. Please note that a mortgage is a public security. When real estate is mortgaged, the authorities registering the transactions make appropriate entries indicating that the property is encumbered with a pledge. Any interested person may request an extract from the State Register of Rights to Real Estate and Transactions with It. | a loan provided directly to citizens (households) for the purchase of consumer goods. Such a loan is taken not only for the purchase of durable goods (apartments, furniture, cars, etc.), but also for other purchases (mobile phones, household appliances, food). It comes either in the form of selling goods with deferred payment, or in the form of providing a bank loan for consumer purposes, including through credit cards. In this case, a fairly high percentage is charged. |
Types of loan |
|
By property:
By lending purpose:
By type of creditor:
By type of borrower:
By refinancing method. |
|
pros |
|
|
|
Minuses |
|
|
|
Required documents to obtain a loan |
|
|
Some banks now issue so-called express loans, where a certificate of income is not required; the client himself indicates the amount he receives. |
Loan terms |
|
Loan terms vary from 1 to 30 years. | The standard practice for consumer finance remains either short-term loans or loans for a period of 3-5 years. |
Rates |
|
Average mortgage rates across different companies range from 11 to 16%. | Average consumer loan rates in different companies vary from 12 to 27%. |
IV. Conclusion
7. Conclusion
Loans play a significant role in the life of a modern person, since the income of the population cannot always meet their needs.
Summing up the results of our work, we can say thatThe credit policy of banks is focused on the needs of the population. Loan rates are floating. All this indicates an increase in lending volumes.
The total volume of loans as of March 1, 2017 compared to January last year increased by 33%. The volume of loans issued to the population also increased, but by 36.29% compared to the level of January 2016. This suggests that the population is increasingly resorting to lending services, because thanks to them they can meet their needs.
The share of construction loans in the total volume of loans to individuals during this time has decreased significantly - minus 2.47% compared to March last year or minus 1.75% compared to data as of 01/01/2016. This means that a mortgage loan is no longer in demand due to high rates, but it still remains popular.
And since the total amount of loans issued to individuals is growing, it is reasonable to conclude that the volume of consumer lending, or more precisely “loans for the little things in life,” is increasing. After all, it is this type of loan that the population actively uses for large purchases, for example, such as the purchase of household appliances, telephones, computers and others. A person’s income cannot allow him to make such a purchase, but with a loan this is easy to do.
List of used literature and sources
1. https://torzhok.bankiros.ru/credits
2. http://www.banki.ru/products/credits/
3. http://www.sberbank.ru/ru/person/credits/money
4. http://pravopark.ru/grazhdanskoe/kredity-i-zajmy/potrebitelskij-kredit/
5. http://studopedia.ru/7_45351_ipotechniy-kredit.html
6. http://www.sberbank.ru/ru/person/credits/home