Which of these historical figures was the Generalissimo? Generalissimos of Russia and the whole world - who are they?
The military rank of Generalissimo is an honorary military title or the highest military position in many countries around the world. This rank has always been considered higher than field marshal and other five-star ranks. The name itself comes from the Italian word generalissimo and means “the highest rank of all generals.” IN different countries and at various times such a high and honorable title was awarded to commanders-in-chief for the duration of hostilities, and was given as an honorary title for life to military leaders, persons of noble blood, or prominent political figures.
The very first generalissimo was in 1569 the last French king from the Valois dynasty, Henry III (1551-1589). This high title, along with the title of Duke of Auvergne, was awarded to his elder brother Charles IX when Henry was heir to the throne. And after that, with light hand French, a similar practice became widespread in countries such as the Holy Roman Empire, Sweden, Spain, Mexico, Japan, and China.
The famous Russian Generalissimo A. Suvorov
In Russia, Voivode Shein (1652-1700) became the first generalissimo in 1696. The high title was awarded to him by Peter I for the brilliantly conducted military operation near Azov. In 1727, Alexander Menshikov (1673-1729) received such an honorary title. He received it from Peter II, but Peter the Great apparently did not consider Menshikov worthy of such a title. But, without any doubt, the real generalissimo was Alexander Suvorov (1730-1800). He became one in 1799 by order of Paul I.
It should be said that in Russia under Peter I there was also the rank of generalissimo of the amusing troops. The Tsar awarded it to Fyodor Romodanovsky (1640-1717) and Ivan Buturlin (1661-1738) in 1694. Officially, the highest military rank was introduced in the Russian Empire in 1716. Thus, neither Romodanovsky, nor Buturlin, nor Shein can legally be considered holders of the highest title. They received it only by the will of the emperor, but without any legislative act.
The high military rank of Generalissimo with the prefix " Soviet Union"received by Joseph Stalin (1879-1953) on June 27, 1945. But the leader himself was absolutely indifferent to the highest award. This is indicated by the fact that they did not even come up with a shoulder strap for the title approved by the Presidium of the Supreme Council. Stalin wore marshal's shoulder straps when he put on his military uniform.
Generalissimo of the Soviet Union I. Stalin
There are many other names famous people, awarded the highest and honorable military rank. Here we can name Chiang Kai-shek (1887-1975). This is an outstanding political figure in China. From 1946 until his death, he served as President of the Republic of China, located on the island of Taiwan and a number of other smaller islands. It should not be confused with the People's Republic of China, which occupies most of the area South-East Asia. Chiang Kai-shek received the honorary title in 1935.
George Washington (1732-1799) should also be named. He was promoted to the highest rank posthumously on January 19, 1976. During his lifetime he held the rank of army general, and 177 years after his death he became generalissimo. This practice is widespread in some countries.
We cannot ignore the leader of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Kim Il Sung (1912-1994). This leader of the Korean people received the highest title in 1992. And his son Kim Jong Il (1941-2011) received a similar title posthumously in 2012.
Kim Jong Il also received the title of Generalissimo
The outstanding French Marshal Maurice Gamelin (1872-1958) was also awarded the highest military rank in 1939. He commanded the armed forces of France during the Second World War. True, Gamelin lost the Battle of France (May 10 - June 22, 1940), but this did not affect the honorary title.
French General Maxime Weygand (1867-1965) also received an honorary military title in 1939. This man participated in both the First and Second World Wars. Already in old age was appointed supreme commander of the French army after the resignation of Maurice Gamelin. He was dismissed in 1941. In 1942 he was imprisoned in Dachau.
There are many more names of worthy people who bore the military rank of generalissimo. All of them served their countries faithfully and devotedly and had either military or political careers. The glorious deeds of these citizens are inscribed in history to serve as an example for posterity to follow..
The list of which you will see below most often received this rank as recognition of military merit. The acquisition of office was often an episode of a political career and was associated with military victories.
Generalissimos of Russian history
The word generalissimo can be translated from Latin as “most important” or “most important.” In many countries in Europe and later Asia, this rank was used as the highest military rank. The generalissimo was not always a great commander, and the best of them won their greatest victories before gaining a high-profile position.
In the history of Russia, five commanders were awarded this highest military rank:
- Alexey Semenovich Shein (1696).
- Alexander Danilovich Menshikov (1727).
- Anton Ulrich of Brunswick (1740).
- Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov (1799).
- Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (1945).
Who was the first?
Alexey Semenovich Shein in historical literature most often called the first generalissimo in the history of our country. This man lived a short life and was one of the associates of Peter I at the beginning of his achievements.
Alexey Shein came from a noble boyar family. His great-grandfather, Mikhail Shein, was a hero of the defense of Smolensk in Time of Troubles, and his father died during the war with Poland in 1657. Alexey Semenovich began serving in the Kremlin. He served as a steward under Tsarevich Alexei Alekseevich, then as a sleeping steward for the Tsar himself.
In 1679-1681 A.S. Shein was a governor in Tobolsk. Under his leadership, the city, which had burned down in a fire, was rebuilt. In 1682, Alexey Semenovich received the rank of boyar. In 1687, the boyar took part in the Crimean campaign, and in 1695 - the first campaign against Azov.
In 1696, he led Russian troops during the second campaign against the Azov fortress. It was then that A.S. Shein received the title “Generalissimo”, unusual for Russia. However, researchers of his biography N.N. Sakhnovsky and V.N. Tomenko questioned this fact. In their opinion, the tsar ordered Shein to be called generalissimo only during the campaign, and the name indicated only the powers of Alexei Semenovich as commander-in-chief of the ground forces. After the end of the campaign against Azov A.S. Shein did not retain the title of Generalissimo, given to him during the fighting. If we accept this point of view, A.D. should be recognized as the first generalissimo. Menshikov.
Alexander Menshikov went down in history as the closest ally of the first Emperor of Russia and one of the greatest commanders of his time. He took a direct part in the military transformations of Peter I, starting with the amusing troops. And in 1706, he defeated the Swedes in the Battle of Kalisz, and participated as one of the military leaders in the victorious battles of Lesnaya and Poltava. For his military services, Alexander Menshikov rose to the rank of president of the Military Collegium and field marshal.
For the first time, the commander tried to claim the highest military rank during the reign of Catherine I, when he had exclusive power. He was able to receive the rank of generalissimo under her successor Peter II, when he still had influence on the tsar.
The Saxon ambassador Lefort recalled the staging of this action. The young emperor entered the chambers of his Serene Highness and, with the words “I destroyed the field marshal,” handed him a decree appointing him generalissimo. At that time Russian empire did not wage wars, and the prince did not have the opportunity to command armies in a new capacity.
The conferment of military rank was one of a whole series of awards that rained down on His Serene Highness the Prince and his family that year. The most important thing was the betrothal of his daughter to the emperor. But already in September 1727, Menshikov lost the fight for the monarch’s favor and lost all awards and ranks, including the title of generalissimo. IN next year ally of Peter I was exiled to Berezova, where he died in November 1729.
Anton Ulrich was the second son of the Duke of Brunswick and nephew of the famous King Frederick II. In 1733 he was summoned to Russia, and a few years later became the husband of Anna Leopoldovna, niece of the Empress of Russia.
In 1740, after the death of Empress Anna Ioannovna, Anton Ulrich's young son became emperor. A temporary worker from the previous reign, Biron became regent under the infant ruler, and Anton Ulrich was actually removed from making serious government decisions.
Biron feared for his position and, fearing a conspiracy, subjected the emperor's father to public interrogation. Anton Ulrich was forced to admit that he wanted to remove the temporary worker from power. Then Biron pointedly offered the highest dignitaries a choice between the prince and himself, and they preferred the current regent. Head of the Secret Chancellery A.I. Ushakov threatened the emperor’s father that, if necessary, he would treat him like any other subject. After this, Anton Ulrich lost all military positions.
On November 7, 1740, Field Marshal Minich organized a coup and arrested Biron. Contemporaries wrote that Minich, who had previously supported the regent, hoped to receive the rank of generalissimo. But under the new regime, the best Russian commander of his time again did not receive the highest military rank.
Two days later, on November 9, a new manifesto was released on behalf of Ivan Antonovich. It reported that Biron had been removed, inter alia, for the insults and threats he made to the emperor’s father. The powers of the regent were received by Anton Ulrich's wife, Anna Leopoldovna, and the German prince himself was declared co-ruler and generalissimo.
Anton Ulrich remained Generalissimo until the next palace coup, who brought Empress Elizabeth to power. During the year he was in the highest rank, the prince did nothing. He only quarreled with Minikh, who was counting on this rank himself and later retired.
After the coup on November 25, 1741, Anton Ulrich lost all his ranks and found himself in the position of a hostage. He lived with his wife and children in the northern provinces of the country. In 1744 he was separated from his son, the emperor, and transferred to live in Kholmogory. In 1746, his wife died, and he and his remaining children continued to live as an exile. In 1774, the old and blind former generalissimo died. A few years later, Empress Catherine allowed his children to leave Russia and provided them with an allowance.
Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov became famous as the greatest Russian commander of his time and one of the greatest in Russian history. For my long military career he successfully fought the rebel Poles, Ottoman Empire, revolutionary France. He received the highest military rank less than a year before his death, after his last military campaign.
In November 1799, after completing the difficult Swiss campaign, Alexander Suvorov was awarded the highest military rank by the Emperor of Russia as a reward for his service and leadership skills. From now on, the military board had to send messages to the commander not decrees.
The Generalissimo withdrew his troops from Switzerland by order of the emperor and returned with them to Russia. When the army was on Polish territory, Suvorov went forward to the capital. Along the way, the Generalissimo fell ill and went to his estate. His condition changed for the better, then worsened. And in May 1800, Generalissimo Alexander Suvorov died.
The decree introducing the highest military rank of generalissimo in the USSR appeared on June 24, 1945. A day later, at the proposal of the Politburo, I.V. received this rank. Stalin. The title of Generalissimo was a sign of recognition of the services of the Secretary General during the war. In addition to the highest military rank, Joseph Vissarionovich received the title of “Hero of the Soviet Union” and the Order of “Victory”. According to the recollections of contemporaries of the events, the leader of the USSR several times refused to introduce this rank.
The rear service of the Soviet army developed uniforms and insignia new position. They were not approved during the lifetime of the Secretary General, who, if necessary, wore the uniform of a USSR general with marshal shoulder straps. One of the options for the Generalissimo's dress uniform was rejected by Stalin, who considered it too luxurious.
The military regulations of the USSR after the death of Joseph Vissarionovich allowed for the possibility of someone accepting the rank of generalissimo, but no one else was awarded this rank. The 1975 Charter allowed for the award of the title of Generalissimo for special services to the country related to the leadership of all armed forces in war time. The title of generalissimo was not introduced into the military regulations.
Military and ordinary citizens of the USSR have repeatedly made proposals to give the title of Generalissimo to the current general secretaries - N.S. Khrushchev and L.I. Brezhnev. But they did not receive an official move.
Not all the generalissimos of Russia and the USSR, the list of which was above, became famous as major commanders. But for all of them (except Shein), the title of generalissimo was nothing more than an additional award or a sign of recognition of military merit.
Despite the history of our country, rich in military events, the title of generalissimo did not become widespread in Russia; almost every production in it was extremely politicized, which in fact gives special historical significance and increased interest to this extraordinary highest honorary military rank.
"Generalissimo" translated from Latin - general, the most important in the army. In the dictionary V.I. Dahl interprets this word as “commander-in-chief, chief of all military force states."
The title of Generalissimo was first granted by the French King Charles IX in 1569. to his eighteen-year-old brother Henri (later King Henry III). There was no uniformity in the assignment of the highest military rank: in some cases they became generalissimos for life, and in others - only for the period of a particular military campaign. The Venetian commander Morosini, for example, held the title of generalissimo four times - in 1678, 1681, 1684 and 1694, and Archduke Charles of Austria - twice. The word “generalissimo” was introduced into the Russian language by foreign commanders during the reign of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich when they addressed the governor of the Great Regiment.
In Russian history, he became the first Russian generalissimo in 1696. comrade-in-arms of the young Tsar Peter, boyar Alexei Semenovich Shein, who commanded all the troops in the second Azov campaign.
The second Russian generalissimo was the closest associate of Peter I, His Serene Highness Prince Alexander Danilovich Menshikov (1673-1729). Many victories in the Russian-Swedish Northern War (1700-1721) are associated with his name. On the field of the Poltava victory in 1709. triumphant Peter promoted his favorite and comrade-in-arms to field marshal general. However, the highest rank of A.D. Menshikov received only after the death of Peter the Great under the following circumstances. The latter's grandson, Emperor Peter II, May 12, 1727. declared: “Today I want to destroy the field marshal!” Everyone present looked at each other in bewilderment. Then the emperor handed Menshikov a signed patent for the rank of generalissimo. But soon the Most Serene Prince, involved in court intrigues, was exiled to Siberia to the city of Berezov.
Along with the largest commanders, one of the members of the imperial dynasty also had the title of generalissimo in Russia. Anna Leopoldovna (mother of the non-reigning infant emperor John VI) during her short reign on November 11, 1740. awarded this rank to her 26-year-old husband, Prince Anton-Ulrich of Brunswick, who had virtually no military merit.
October 28, 1799 The great Russian commander Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov (1730-1800), who victoriously completed his legendary Swiss campaign in 1799, became the generalissimo of the Russian land and naval forces. Emperor Paul I, erecting A.V. Suvorov to the rank of generalissimo, wrote: “Now, rewarding you according to my gratitude and placing you at the highest level of honor and heroism, I am confident that I will elevate you to the most famous Commander of this and other centuries.” Suvorov took part in six major wars, was wounded six times in battle, made 20 campaigns, fought 63 battles and did not lose a single one, and his army outnumbered the enemy only three times.
After the October Revolution, the rank of generalissimo was abolished along with other military ranks.
In the USSR, the military rank of Generalissimo of the Soviet Union was introduced after the victorious end of the Great Patriotic War by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated June 26, 1945. For outstanding services to the Soviet Motherland in the leadership of all armed forces of the state during the Great Patriotic War, this title was awarded on June 27, 1945. was assigned to Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin.
In 1993 Together with other military ranks of the Soviet Army, the title of Generalissimo of the Soviet Union was formally abolished.
On June 26, 1945, by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the highest military rank was introduced - “Generalissimo of the Soviet Union”. There was this rank in military system Tsarist Russia. True, only a few have been awarded this honorary title over three centuries. Some for military exploits, others for belonging to the imperial family. Today we will remember who these chosen ones were.
Peter I, as a teenager, produced his associates Fyodor Yurievich Romodanovsky And Ivan Ivanovich Buturlin into the “Generalissimos of the Amusing Troops.” These titles were used during the king's amusements and were not taken seriously.
Despite the fact that the title of generalissimo appears only in the Military Regulations of 1716, the title of “most important in the army” was first awarded in 1696. He became a comrade-in-arms of Peter I, a boyar Alexey Semenovich Shein. In the Azov campaigns, he first commanded the Semenovsky and Preobrazhensky regiments, and then all the ground forces. After the capture of Azov, Peter I elevated Shein to the rank of generalissimo for his military merits.
Another close associate of Peter I, Prince Alexander Danilovich Menshikov. Major victories of Russian troops in the Northern War are associated with his name. However, despite the favor of the ruler, it was not Peter I, but his grandson Peter I who promoted Field Marshal Menshikov to generalissimo. 1727. “Today I want to destroy the field marshal!” said the emperor, shocking the audience. And then he handed the prince a patent for the highest military rank.
Along with the largest commanders, a member of the imperial dynasty who had no military merit was also awarded the highest military rank. Princess Anna Leopoldovna (mother of John VI) during her short reign awarded the title of Generalissimo to her husband, Duke Anton Ulrich of Brunswick. The highest military rank was not for long the privilege of Anna Leopoldovna's husband: after Elizabeth Petrovna came to power, the Duke of Brunswick was stripped of all ranks and sent into exile.
The only generalissimo who truly deserved the highest military rank was Alexander Vasilievich Suvorov. Having become famous during the Italian and Swiss campaigns, he is rightfully considered a great commander. “Fight not with numbers, but with skill,” said Suvorov and always followed this rule. It is not for nothing that most of his victories were won when the enemy was outnumbered.
« Military thought" No. 9. 2004 (pp. 72-75)
CRITICISM AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
Generalissimos of the world (or once again about the ranking of commanders)
Reserve Colonel O.N. KALINOVSKY,
Candidate of Technical Sciences
Retired Colonel V.A. KULIKOV,
Doctor of Historical Sciences
Ahead of the celebration of the 60th anniversary of the victory of our people in the Great Patriotic War a wide variety of publications appear in the press devoted to this historical event. One of them is the article “Tournament of Warlords. Rating of commanders of the Second World War." An unusual rating of the commanders of the main countries who took part in the war is offered to the attention of military and civilian readers, built “in accordance with their merits during the war within the framework of the countries and armies in which they acted.” These merits are assessed by such indicators as the scale of military operations led by commanders, the strength of the enemy opposing them, the degree of complexity of the military tasks they solved and their mastery of the art of war.
It is impossible not to notice that assessments of the merits of commanders can undergo significant changes over time, depending on the personal attitude towards them on the part of historians, politicians, and especially military leaders. In our opinion, in order to increase confidence in such ratings, the awards and military ranks they received during the war should also be taken into account as indicators of the merits of commanders. Let us remember, for example, that A.V. Suvorov was awarded the highest military rank of “Generalissimo” for the successful leadership of large-scale actions of Russian troops during the Italian campaign (1799), in which the armies of the French generals Joubert, Moreau, MacDonald were defeated in the battles of Novi and Italy was cleared of enemies in four months, and also for the successful outcome of the Swiss campaign in the fall of the same year, during which the 26,000-strong Russian army was able to break through the St. Gotthard Pass and connect with the allies.
The published rating of the commanders of the Second World War, of course, reflects the subjective, exploratory nature of the research of its compilers, and it will undoubtedly be further refined. At the same time, of course, one should not make such annoying mistakes as, for example, distorting the name and patronymic of artillery marshal Vasily Ivanovich Kazakov (1898-1968), called “Nikolai Nikolaevich” (p. 4). Apparently, it would also be advisable to more accurately follow the target setting of the rating, i.e. indicate which military ranks and for what merits during the Second World War were received by the commanders listed. For example, A.A. Grechko, K.S. Moskalenko was awarded the title of Marshal of the Soviet Union in 1955, N.I. Krylov in 1962, I.S. Isakov the rank of Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union in 1955, etc.
In further developing a rating of commanders of this level, significant assistance could be provided by Scientific research other authors, including, for example, the book “Generalissimos of the World”. This work is unique in its content and level of generalization of historical sources. In its preparation, the authors used numerous publications of the 18th-19th centuries, including foreign ones, which for the most part are practically inaccessible to the average reader. The information material contained in this book will certainly help both military and civilian readers understand the frequently changing military ranks, and the authors of publications will avoid many inaccuracies such as those mentioned above. In addition, when re-issuing various scientific reference and encyclopedic publications, significant clarifications may be made to such articles as “Army General”, “Generalissimo”, “Military Ranks”, “Marshal of the Soviet Union”.
This biographical dictionary, in particular, contains evidence that the title of “Generalissimo” was awarded to eighty, not seventy, military and statesmen, as stated in the latest edition of the Russian “Military Encyclopedia” (1994. Vol. 2. P. 378). In our opinion, the published list of names of people who were awarded this highest military rank requires clarification.
The reader learns from this book that the title of “generalissimo” (from the Latin qeneralissimus - the most important) in different times and had different content in different countries. Firstly, it was an honorary title assigned to persons of the reigning dynasties and the most prominent statesmen (which took place in France in the 16th century). XVII centuries), regardless of whether they command any troops or have nothing to do with the army. Secondly, the generalissimo was the name given to the commander-in-chief of the active army (during war) or all the troops of the state. This was the case, for example, in the Austrian Empire, Sweden and England. And finally, in some countries the highest military rank was assigned by the supreme power of the state for life (for example, in Russia in the 18th century).
Thus, in the 16th-20th centuries, “generalissimo” was both a title and the position of commander-in-chief, and the highest military rank. However, in the Middle Ages, the concepts of “military title”, “official rank”, “military rank” practically did not differ, as in more late period(XX century). Therefore, this biographical dictionary includes all persons who had the rank of generalissimo, regardless of whether they were generalissimo by title, position or rank.
Having found out the background of the title “Generalissimo”, the authors for the first time give the most complete answer to the question about the number of people awarded it throughout its existence. In particular, they referred to an article published in 1987 by A.S. Zubarev and V.A. Egorshin, which listed the names of all the generalissimos. It is valuable that A.S. Zubarev and V.A. Egorshin included in their list only those persons for whom there was supporting information in at least two sources, mainly encyclopedic ones. Their list included 75 people.
In the journal “Questions of History” (1988, No. 5), N. Tomenko published an article in which he argued, citing data from two sources, that the first Russian generalissimo was Prince M.A. Cherkassky. P.P. Ganichev in his book “ Military ranks» calls Prince F.Yu. the first Russian generalissimo. Romodanovsky, who became one in 1694, i.e. a year before M.A. Cherkassky. Until the 1980s, domestic encyclopedic publications indicated that the first Russian generalissimo was A.S. Shein (1696). However, D. Bantysh-Kamensky did not include in his famous dictionary “Biographies of Russian Generalissimos and Field Marshals” either A.S. Sheina, nor F.Yu. Romodanovsky, nor M.A. Cherkassky. And this is quite understandable: the rank of generalissimo was introduced somewhat later by official state acts as a lifelong highest military rank. At the end of the 17th century, this rank existed in Russia in the form of the highest official military rank, assigned for the duration of hostilities, i.e. for a limited time. F.Yu. Romodanovsky, A.S. Shein, M.A. Cherkassky were generalissimos by position, being the commander-in-chief of the troops during military operations. HELL. Menshikov was such by rank, which is why D. Bantysh-Kamensky considers him the first Russian generalissimo.
Thus, the list of A.S. Zubarev and V.A. The authors supplement Egorshin with three more persons - Kim Il Sung, F.Yu. Romodanovsky and M.A. Cherkassky. In addition, they consider it possible to include several more names of generalissimos in this list. One of them is the Chinese Liu Lichuan, the leader of the Shanghai Uprising of the 19th century. According to historian B.C. Kuzes, there are a number of documents indicating that Liu Lichuan held the rank of generalissimo. In another little-known source - the book by G.Z. Aliyev “Turkey during the reign of the Young Turks” (1972) - it is noted that Enver Pasha received the title of Generalissimo during the First World War. From "Essays" modern history Turkey" A.F. Miller and the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (2nd edition) it follows that Enver Pasha was vice generalissimo. In a letter to one of the authors of the short bibliographic dictionary A.S. Zubarev and V.A. Egorshin write that “the available contradictory data do not yet provide grounds for including Enver Pasha in the list of generalissimos.” However, the fact that in three sources the name of Enver Pasha is somehow associated with the rank of generalissimo allows the authors of the dictionary (albeit with reservations) to include him in the list of persons who held this rank.
In various publications, D.S. is also called generalissimo. von Wurmser (XVIII century), Joseph Poniatowski (XIX century), A. Yamagata (XIX century) and other persons - more than 130 names in total. However, most of them are so named as a result incorrect translations With foreign languages or mistakes of the authors. For this reason, it seems correct, according to the authors, to include in the list only those persons whose information is supported by at least two sources. Based on such strict criteria, it can be argued that the list of generalissimos of all times and peoples includes 75 persons mentioned by A.S. Zubarev and V.A. Egorshin, as well as Kim Il Sung, M.A. Cherkassky, F.Yu. Romodansky, Liu Lichuan and Enver Pasha, i.e. between 1569 and 1992, the title of generalissimo was awarded to 80 military and government officials.
The biographical dictionary indicates that out of 80 generalissimos, 18 belonged to the ruling dynasties, 22 had the titles of princes, counts, dukes (the so-called non-dynasty aristocracy). A significant part came from less titled nobility, although in general the majority of holders of this rank belonged to the noble class and received this title for outstanding military merit in the leadership of military operations on at least a regional scale.
In conclusion, I would like to note that the work done by the authors of the dictionary deserves respect and recognition. On the eve of the celebration of the 60th anniversary of the Great Victory, a reminder of how and to whom military ranks were and are awarded for services in military operations to protect the Fatherland, especially roads. The accessibility of the presentation of the material allows us to recommend this dictionary as an auxiliary teaching aid on the history of military art for military institutes, universities, academies and other military educational institutions.
Temirbulatov-Khatuev R.T., Urusov K. S-B. Generalissimos of the world. Brief biographical dictionary. Cherkessk, 1996
Military Encyclopedia: In 8 volumes. T. 2, 3. 4. M.: Military Publishing House, 1994-2001; Naval encyclopedic Dictionary. 2nd ed., rev. u additional M.: Voenizdat, 2003; and etc.
Even earlier, the book by P.P. was published. Ganichev “Military Ranks” (Moscow, 1989), which can be considered one of the most authoritative sources for subsequent researchers
For obvious reasons, Kim Il Sung, who received this title in 1992, was not included in the list.
Bantysh-Kamensky D. Biography of Russian generalissimos and field marshals. St. Petersburg, 1940.
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