Incentive sentences in Russian. Classification of proposals. An incentive sentence as a type of sentence for the purpose of the statement

Every day a person says very a large number of words combined into sentences. Naturally, we speak with different emotional tones and, accordingly, with different intonation. We say some things in a calm tone, and sometimes by increasing the volume of our voice we focus attention on some important words. In written speech, all changes in meaning and tone are recorded with punctuation marks. We list the main ones:

period (placed at the end of a declarative sentence);
question mark (placed at the end) interrogative sentence);
exclamation mark (written at the end of the incentive sentence).

A declarative sentence will be called if it is pronounced by a person in a calm tone. It is this type of sentence that people most often use in life when they have conversations, talk, or tell each other about something. The second type of sentences is interrogative. These sentences are also common in our everyday speech. People use them when they ask a question to another person. The most interesting type of offers are incentive ones. They will be discussed by me below.

About incentive offers

Incentive sentences in writing are highlighted with an exclamation point. Almost always in everyday speech, incentive sentences are pronounced louder than declarative sentences. The peculiarity of incentive sentences is expressed in the fact that they are used to indicate wide range expressions of will. For example, these sentences help express a request, order, threat, protest, call, invitation to joint action, warning, and others. Incentive sentences got their name precisely because they encourage a person to take some action and are always pronounced with a raised (incentive) intonation. Sometimes you can find this type of sentence without an exclamation mark, but with a period at the end. In such cases, the motivating connotation of the sentence lies in particles and interjections. For example: “let”, “let”, “come on”, etc.

Incentive offer

A sentence expressing the will of the speaker (order, request, warning, protest, threat, call, invitation to joint action, etc.).

Grammatical means of forming incentive sentences:

1) incentive intonation. The general on duty quickly!(L. Tolstoy). To the barrier!(Chekhov);

2) predicate in the form imperative mood, infinitive, subjunctive mood, indicative mood combined with incentive intonation. Don’t sing, beauty, in front of me you sing the songs of sad Georgia(Pushkin). Keep the fire going!(Ketlinskaya). May I never hear from you again!(Griboyedov). You should have left, Nastya(Leonov). Get out of the way!(Bitter);

3) special particles that add an incentive tone to the sentence. May our heart not freeze, may our hand not tremble!(Isakovsky). Let him walk around and look in(Bitter). Let's kiss you (Makarenko). Well let's go in(Panova).

Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .

See what an “incentive sentence” is in other dictionaries:

incentive offer- A sentence with the meaning of expression of will, motivation to action; The predicate of an incentive sentence is usually expressed by a verb in the imperative mood. P.p. can be used in different styles. In journalistic speech, incentives... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

Incentive offer - functional type sentences expressing an impulse addressed to the interlocutor to perform the named action. The form specifically used to express motivation is the imperative mood (imperative); Wed: Come quickly! Don't do... ... Russian humanitarian encyclopedic dictionary

See interrogative sentence...

This term has other meanings, see Sentence. A sentence (in language) is the minimum unit of language, which is a grammatically organized combination of words (or a word) that has semantic and intonation... ... Wikipedia

A sentence expressing a question (cf. other types of sentences according to the purpose of the statement: declarative sentence, incentive sentence). They differ: a) the actual interrogative sentence, to which an answer is actually expected. You are far away... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

A sentence (in language) is the minimum unit of human speech, which is a grammatically organized combination of words (or a word) that has semantic and intonation completeness. (“Modern Russian language” by N. S. Valgina) ... Wikipedia

Those are the incentive offers... Dictionary of linguistic terms

A sentence in which the expression of the content of a thought is accompanied by an expression of the speaker's feelings. The constructive elements of exclamatory sentences are interjections, emotional particles, and exclamatory intonation. An exclamation point can... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

You don’t need to look far for examples of incentive offers. All of us make dozens of incentive sentences a day: “It’s time to get up!”, “Hurry up, have breakfast!”, “Do your homework first!”, “Vasya, go home!” The intonation of the sentence will be exclamatory or interrogative; in both cases, you persuade the other person to fulfill your freedom. In order to do this grammatically correct, let’s take a closer look at what incentives are. offers .

It turns out that if you were approached with an incentive sentence (“Vasya, hurry home!”), you will never confuse its intonation with a narrative one (“Vasya is already at home”) or with an interrogative one (“Is Vasya home?”). But attention! If the sentence is formulated like this: “Isn’t it time for you to go home, Vasenka?” or “Vaska, are you coming?” – then this example belongs to the category of “interrogative-motivating sentence”. Such offers contain two types of intonation at once. If there is a predicate in the incentive sentence, then it will most likely be in the imperative mood: “Go away, Petya!” (Well, how much more can one persuade poor Vasya!) There are also predicates in the form of the subjunctive mood: “Wouldn’t you go away!” And even in the form of the indicative mood: “Go away!” The latter does not sound very respectful, but issues of etiquette are not discussed in this article. If an infinitive is used as a predicate: say, the stern “No smoking!” - something like that offers are called “negative-incentive”. Correct helpers of incentive offers– special particles. Scientifically, they are also called modal-volitional. They are all beautifully familiar to us: “Let it go!”, “Let it go!”, “Give!”, “Let’s go!”, “Come on!”. And the easily necessary particle “would”. But sometimes just one noun in the nominative case is enough for the sentence to become motivating. If you hear: “Fire! Fire!" – you’ll instantly figure out what the speaker wanted to encourage you to do. “Run! Save yourself! Call “01”! So let the tasks with determining incentive offers be unknown to you from now on! And let these offers sound to you not in the form of orders and prohibitions, but extraordinarily in the form of respectful and sensitive requests. Let's say: “Should we have some tea?” Or “Honey, will you marry me? Your Vasya..."

“Infinitivus” means “indefinite” in Latin. In dictionaries published before the 70s of the 20th century, “ infinitive" was defined as "the indefinite inflection of the verb." What does the slope have to do with it, and what positive definition at infinitive A? Does it even exist?

Modern dictionaries interpret infinitive easily - " indefinite form verb" (words such as "run", "fly" with inflection "-t"). The fact that form is intelligible, but since language is a physical representation, does it have infinitive and the table of contents? This question still causes heated debate: someone calls infinitive zero form (and with no table of contents), someone insists on returning the previous formulation - “indefinite slope”. There are also followers of the “zero voice” (that is, neither active nor passive; neither energetic nor passive - again in the old custom or in the traditions of other languages, say, English). The most paradoxical version - infinitive has nothing to do with verbs at all, but rather with particles (expressing modality, phase, etc.). It's hard to say whether it has zero slope or zero collateral. infinitive ah, but the fact that particles could not be part of the predicate is true. The infinitive, on the contrary, can be part of predicates (verbs). Let’s say, expressing the same modality (desirability): “he stopped wanting to learn,” where there is actually modal verb(“to want”) and the reflexive verb “to learn.” By the way, reflexive verbs some prospectors are also considered to be infinitive Well, it’s true that this judgment seems false, because the postfix – xia (itself) already carries within itself a certain semantic content, and infinitive- an indefinite form - still cannot have such a detailed meaning (teach oneself). The question with “-t” remains unresolved to this day. Some scientists are still inclined to believe that this is an inflection (that is, a morpheme that combines a word with other members of a sentence), others - that it is a formative suffix infinitive and, not responsible for the connections in the sentence. Speaking about the predicate, it is necessary to note that in colloquial speech infinitive can, in sentences with the meaning of message, movement, speech, direction, beginning or continuation, perform the function of a zero predicate. Let’s say, “We’re having dinner,” “It’s time to go,” “Children, go to bed!”

Video on the topic

Inclination refers to the non-constant morphological sign of the verb, present in the conjugated forms and expressing the relationship of the action to reality by contrasting the forms of the imperative, indicative and subjunctive mood.

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In order to correctly read a sentence, correctly understand its meaning and correctly place punctuation marks, you need to understand what sentences are based on the purpose of the statement. It is also very important to be able to determine their species. What kinds of proposals are there for the purpose of the statement? In the Russian language, there are several classifications of these syntactic units, including those regarding the purpose of the utterance, as well as the specifics of pronunciation.

Types of sentences by purpose of utterance and intonation

Let us clarify that intonation implies the emotional design of a sentence. According to the purpose of making proposals, there are:

Narrative.
Interrogative.
Incentive.

In turn, any of them can be either exclamatory or non-exclamatory - depending on the intonation with which the speaker pronounces it (calm or emotional).

Declarative sentences

The most common sentences for the purpose of the statement are, of course, narrative ones. Their task is to communicate information that can either be affirmed or denied.

A narrative sentence expresses a complete thought, conveyed using special intonation: the main word from a logical point of view is emphasized by the voice, and at the end of the phrase the tone lowers and becomes calmer.

You don’t need to look far for examples of narrative sentences - they are at every step: “Mom bought bread”, “Spring came and brought warmth with it”, “At Mitya’s - best score in class!".

Interrogative sentences

Sentences regarding the purpose of the statement are also interrogative. Their semantic task is to convey a question. Questions can be different, which determines the subtypes of this type of proposal. Depending on the purpose of the question and the nature of the intended answer, the following are distinguished:

There are interrogative sentences different types also by its nature. This:

The means of achieving the goal of interrogative sentences are special intonation in oral speech, a question mark in writing, as well as question words (what, how, why, etc.), particles (is it really possible) and a certain word order: (“Adults go to work?”, “Who goes to work?”, “Where do adults go?”).

Incentive offers

Types of sentences based on the purpose of the statement have one more, third, type - incentive. These are sentences that contain a certain expression of the will of the author of the phrase. Their main task is to induce the addressee to take some action, and the incentive can be expressed in different forms.

Prayers: “I beg you, let me look at my son at least once!!!”
Requests: “Please give me a pencil.”
Order: “Shut up immediately!”
Wishes: “Get well soon, be kind.”

The incentive to action in sentences of this type is expressed using a special (motivating) intonation, the form of the imperative mood of the predicates and some particles such as “let”, “come on”, “come on”, etc.

Non-exclamatory sentences

Thus, what kinds of sentences there are regarding the purpose of an utterance is now clear. As for intonation colors, the vast majority of them are non-exclamatory. They are pronounced calmly, without emotional strain or special feeling. Most often they represent a narrative message or question, less often - an incentive.

Examples: “The hot tea spread warmth throughout my whole body,” “Where did this boy come to us from?”, “Please take your mother’s hand.”

Exclamatory sentences

Sentences pronounced in a special tone and with a special feeling are called exclamatory. Most often, phrases containing motivation require such intonation, but any other type can have an exclamatory coloring.

Sentences regarding the purpose of the statement and intonation are:

Narrative exclamations: “Summer has come - how great it is!”
Interrogative exclamations: “Will you never accept the truth?!”
Incentive exclamations: “Give me my toy immediately!”

Highlighting in writing

The punctuation marks in them depend on what kind of sentences there are for the purpose of the statement and intonation.

The end of a non-exclamatory declarative sentence is indicated by a period: “That’s how this strange story ended.”
A non-exclamatory interrogative sentence ends with a question mark: “Has your father left yet?”
A non-exclamatory incentive sentence also has a period at the end: “Give up this dirty business.”
At the end of a narrative, motivating or interrogative sentence with exclamatory intonation, a corresponding (exclamation) mark is placed (in the latter case, after the question mark). If emotions are especially intense, then there may be three such signs. “And he went home!”, “Stupid, get away from the edge!”, “Will you let me go?!”, “Beware!!!”
If there is a hint of incompleteness, there can be an ellipsis at the end of any type of sentence. For example: “Sadness...”, “Well, you’re back, what next?..”, “Run, run quickly!..”.

According to the purpose of utterance, sentences are, as we found out, of three types. The Russian language is rich and diverse. This article provides information about what sentences regarding the purpose of the statement and intonation are found in the Russian language. It is a must for anyone who wants to speak and write correctly to study and master it.