Lecture 75 Types of subordination of subordinate clauses

This lecture discusses the main types of complex sentences with several subordinate clauses.

Types of subordinate clauses

This lecture discusses the main types of complex sentences with several subordinate clauses.

Lecture outline

75.1. Consistent subordination of subordinate clauses.

75.2. Homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses.

75.3. Parallel subordination of subordinate clauses.

75.1. Consistent subordination of subordinate clauses

In lectures 73 and 74 we talked about complex sentences and different types of subordinate clauses, but mostly we paid attention only to sentences with one subordinate clause. Much more often in texts there are sentences of three or more parts in which several subordinate clauses are used.

Depending on how these subordinate clauses are attached to the main clause, complex sentences (CSS) are divided into:

1) SPP with sequential subordination of subordinate clauses;

2) SPP with homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses;

3) SPP with parallel subordination of subordinate clauses;

4) SPP with various types subordination of subordinate clauses.

Let's analyze the proposal:

We use arrows to show where exactly we are asking the question to the subordinate clause (from the end of the previous part, from the beginning or from the middle). In this sentence, we ask a question to both subordinate clauses from the end of the previous part.

Let's look at a few more sentences with sequential subordination of subordinate clauses.

From this diagram it is clear that the second part breaks the first, since the question is asked from the middle of the main sentence.

I would like to draw attention to another type of complex sentence with sequential subordination of subordinate clauses. This case is quite complicated, so pay special attention to it.

[I thought] 1, (that later it would be difficult for me to free myself from his guardianship) 2, (if at this decisive moment I did not argue with the old man) 3.

Now try to draw diagrams of several sentences yourself. To do this, you need to drag various elements from the bottom field into the table.

1) She wrote to him that she decided to speed up her departure from Dresden, because her aunt’s health had completely improved.

2) Mechik could not believe that Levinson was really the way Chizh portrayed him.

3) She looked at him as one looks at a person in whom they saw something that they had long expected.

75.2. Homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses

About homogeneous we say subordination of subordinate clauses if in a complex sentence all subordinate clauses

• refer to the same word of the main part,
• are of the same type,
• are connected by a non-union or coordinating connection.

Let's look at a few examples.

In other cases, the homogeneous nature of the subordinate clauses may not be so obvious:

[She went with him, pleased] 1, (that she pleased him) 2 and (now she can stay on the shore and take a break from the babysitting of the bored Pavlik) 2.

Between homogeneous subordinate clauses there is a connecting conjunction, but in the second subordinate clause the conjunctive means (the conjunction THAT) is omitted, but it can easily be restored:

[For the medieval reader it is primarily important] (what the work is dedicated to) and (by whom it was created).

Now try to assemble complex sentences with uniform subordination of subordinate clauses from scattered simple sentences. Pay attention to the meaning of the sentence.

75.3. Parallel subordination of subordinate clauses

Parallel (non-uniform) subordination of subordinate clauses occurs in two cases:

• if subordinate clauses are attached to one word of the main part, but are different in semantics;
• subordinate clauses are the same in meaning, but refer to different words of the main part.

Let's look at both cases with examples.

(Since we never kept birds) 1, [then I realized] 2, (that this cage belongs to the new tenant) 3.

In this sentence, the main part is the second part, both subordinate clauses depend on the same word, but at the same time they are different in meaning: part 1 is a subordinate clause of reason, and part 3 is an explanatory clause. Let us now depict this proposal schematically.

Please note that the scheme is very similar to the scheme of a complex sentence with homogeneous subordinate clauses, but the questions asked are different.

Now consider a sentence with subordinate clauses that are identical in meaning, but refer to different words of the main part.

Both subordinate clauses in this sentence are explanatory, connected by the same conjunctions, but at the same time depend on different words.

Indicate the numbers of complex sentences with parallel subordination of subordinate clauses. If the answer is incorrect, be sure to read the pop-up comment.

Date: 2010-05-22 10:47:52

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The section of the science of our language devoted to the structure of sentences is fraught with a lot of interesting things, and syntactic analysis can be a fascinating activity for those who are well versed in the rules of the Russian language. Today we will touch on the syntax and punctuation of a complex sentence, in particular the case when there is not one subordinate clause, but several. What types of subordination are there and why is a sentence with parallel subordination of subordinate clauses interesting? First things first.

Complex sentence and its parts

A complex sentence (S/P) is a complex sentence in which one can distinguish the main part (it carries the main semantic load) and the subordinate part (it is dependent on the main part, you can ask a question about it). There can be two or more subordinate parts, and they can be attached to the main, main part in different ways. There are sequential, homogeneous, heterogeneous, parallel subordination of subordinate clauses. To find out the type of subordination, you need to pay attention to whether the dependent parts answer the same question or to different ones, whether they refer to the same word in the main part or to different ones. We will consider the material in more detail in the next section.

Types of subordination of subordinate clauses

So, there are four types of subordination.

• Sequential subordination - subordinate parts depend sequentially on each other, and one of them depends on the main one. I know (about what?), what to do (for what?) to get to (where?) where I need to go.
• Homogeneous - subordinate clauses answer the same question and refer to the same word. I asked (about what?) what time it was, where we were and how to get to the airport. This sentence has three subordinate (dependent) parts, all of them relate to the word “asked” and answer the question “about what?”
• Heterogeneous subordination - subordinate clauses also refer to the same word, but different questions are asked to them. I have to go to this city (why should I?) to accomplish everything I have planned, (why should I?) because there are a lot of things to do.
• Parallel subordination of subordinate clauses - dependent parts refer to different words of the main sentence and answer completely different questions. (For what?) To catch the train, I have to leave home early for the train station (which one?), which is located in another part of the city.

Parallel subordination of subordinate clauses

What's the difference between various types subordination, we found out. By the way, in some sources, heterogeneous parallel subordination of subordinate clauses is distinguished as one type. This occurs because in both cases the questions to the dependent parts are posed differently.

If the sentence is complex with parallel subordination of subordinate clauses, then most often one dependent part is located before the main one, and the second - after.
You need to highlight the main, main part of the sentence, determine the number of subordinate clauses and ask questions about them. Only in this way will we be convinced that what we have before us is truly a parallel subordination of subordinate clauses. If the questions are different, and we ask them from different words, then the subordination is truly parallel. When I went outside, I suddenly remembered that a long time ago I was going to visit my friend. In this sentence from the predicate of the main part "remembered" we ask a question "When?" to the first subordinate clause, and from the complement "About" ask a question "about what?"to the second. This means that in this case a parallel method of subordination is used.

It is necessary to be able to determine the boundaries of the parts of a sentence and correctly ask questions from the main part in order not to make mistakes when placing punctuation marks. We remember that subordinate clauses are separated from the main clause by commas, which are placed before the conjunction or allied word connecting the parts of a complex sentence.

Let's sum it up

Parallel subordination of subordinate clauses is one of four types of subordination in the Russian language. To determine the type of subordination, you need to select simple sentences as part of a complex subordination, determine the main part and ask questions from it to the dependent ones. If the question is the same, then this is homogeneous subordination, if different from the same word - heterogeneous, if unequal questions from different words - parallel, and if the question can be asked only to one subordinate clause, and from it to another, and so on, then What we have before us is consistent subordination.

Be literate!

In this chapter:

§1. Types of subordination in NGN with several subordinate clauses

An IPP can have more than one subordinate clause. In this case, it is important to understand how all the parts of a complex sentence are related to each other, what obeys what. Three types are possible:

1) consistent submission,
2) parallel subordination,
3) homogeneous subordination.

Consistent submission

With sequential subordination, a chain of sentences is formed: the first subordinate clause is subordinate to the main clause, the second subordinate clause is subordinate to the first subordinate clause, etc. With this type of subordination, each subordinate clause is the main one for the subsequent subordinate clause.

I'm afraid that Anna will be late for the exam, which is scheduled to start early in the morning.

Scheme: [...], (union What...), (conjunctive word which…).

With sequential subordination, the subordinate clause related to the main one is called a subordinate clause of the first degree, and the next subordinate clause is called a subordinate clause of the second degree, etc.

Parallel subordination

If one main clause includes subordinate clauses different types, then parallel subordination is formed. With this type of subordination, both subordinate clauses belong to the same main clause. It is important that these clauses are of different types and they answer different questions.

When the teacher came in, the kids stood up to greet her.

Scheme: (conjunctive word When…), [ … ], (union to …).

Homogeneous Subordination

If subordinate clauses are sentences of the same type and refer to the same member of the main sentence or the entire main sentence as a whole, then a homogeneous subordination is formed. With homogeneous subordination, subordinate clauses answer the same question.

I suddenly felt how the tension subsided and how light my soul became.

Scheme: [...], (union How...) and (union How …).

Subordinate explanatory clauses are similar to homogeneous members of the sentence; they are connected to each other by the conjunction And. Both subordinate clauses refer to the main clause of the sentence. There is no comma between them.

It is important that with homogeneous subordination, conjunctions or allied words can be omitted, which is typical for sentences with several subordinate clauses.

Test of strength

Find out your understanding of this chapter.

Final test

1. Is it true that an IPP can have more than one subordinate clause?

2. What is subordination called when the first subordinate clause is subordinated to the main clause, the second to the first, etc.?

   • consistent submission
   • homogeneous subordination
   • parallel subordination

3. What is subordination called when subordinate clauses of different types are attached to one main clause?

   • consistent submission
   • homogeneous subordination
   • parallel subordination

4. What is subordination called when subordinate clauses are sentences of the same type and refer to the same member of the main sentence or the entire main sentence as a whole?

   • consistent submission
   • homogeneous subordination
   • parallel subordination

5. When the performance ended, the children clapped so that the artists felt their gratitude.?

   • consistent submission
   • parallel subordination
   • homogeneous subordination

6. What is subordination in a sentence: I think that in the next episode the hero will save the girl he is in love with.?

   • consistent submission
   • parallel subordination
   • homogeneous subordination

7. What is subordination in a sentence: I heard the door slam and people talking in the hallway.?

   • consistent submission
   • parallel subordination
   • homogeneous subordination

8. What is subordination in a sentence: I think that my brother will be happy with my gift and that I made a very good choice.?

   • consistent submission
   • parallel subordination
   • homogeneous subordination

Only in the third quarter do ninth-graders become familiar with the topic “Types of subordination of subordinate clauses in complex sentences,” but they prepare for the exam from the beginning of the school year.

Let's try to figure out task 13 in the test part of the OGE. To observe, let us turn to the story of A.P. Chekhov's "Dear Lessons".

Let us recall the wording of this task: “Among the sentences___, find a complex sentence chomogeneous subordination. Write the number of this offer." Instead of words highlighted in bold style, there may be the following words: “ with heterogeneous (parallel) subordination" or " with sequential subordination».

Let’s define the conventions that will help us in analyzing the structure of a complex sentence (abbreviated SPP). To highlight the main part we use square brackets, for the subordinate part - round brackets (). We will begin to draw up both linear and vertical proposal diagrams.

First, let's practice drawing up IPS diagrams with one subordinate clause. Please note that the position of the subordinate clause can be different: preposition, interposition and postposition. The prefixes in the word "position" already contain an indication of the place of the subordinate clause in the sentence.

Let's look at examples.

1. Preposition of the adverbial clause of the goal: (To make it easier to breathe) 1, [he always works in a nightgown] 2.

2. Interposition of the adverbial subordinate tense: [The next day in the evening, (when the clock showed five minutes to seven) 2, Alisa Osipovna came] 1.

3. Postposition of the adverbial subordinate tense: [Vorotov felt this strongly] 1, (when, having left the university with a candidate’s degree, he took up small scientific work) 2.

In the first example, we found the subordinate clause at the beginning of the sentence, in the second - in the middle, in the third - at the end of the sentence.

Let us explain that complex sentences in the text can have various cases complications, and if you don't recognize them, you can get confused, so we will explain these complications in each example. Thus, in the third sentence, the subordinate clause is complicated by a separate circumstance, expressed by the participial phrase (abbreviated DO).

Determine whether there are any types of complications in the following three examples. What position does the subordinate clause occupy in them?

2) Her facial expression was cold, businesslike, like that of a person who came to talk about money.

3) If this strange proposal had been made to a minor, she would probably have gotten angry and shouted.

You should have noticed that in the first two sentences the subordinate clause is in postposition, and in the last example it is in preposition.

So, let's test our powers of observation.

2. [The expression on her face was cold, businesslike, like a person] 1, (who came to talk about money) 2.

3. (If this strange proposal had been made to a minor) 1, [then, probably, she I'd be angry And shouted] 2 .

Linear diagrams are very convenient.

Now let's find out what types of complications we encountered here. The first sentence has a separate application, expressed by a proper noun, and homogeneous predicates. In the second - a separate circumstance, expressed by a comparative phrase, and homogeneous definitions are in the main part. And finally, the third sentence has an introductory word and homogeneous predicates in the main part.

We will not introduce all of these complications into the diagrams, since only homogeneous predicates play the main role in the structure of the IPP, but we will still keep them in mind.

Now let's get acquainted with the types of subordination in NGN, which have several subordinate parts.

It is difficult to say exactly which type is more common; most likely, various combinations and mixed cases are possible, when several types of subordination can be in one SPP. But you won’t see such examples on the exam.

Let's analyze the proposal:

And he also asked her if she wanted tea or coffee, if the weather was good outside.

In this sentence, from the main part to two explanatory subordinate clauses we ask the same question “about what?”, these subordinate clauses can easily be swapped with each other, they are very similar to homogeneous members of the sentence and are connected to the main part using the conjunction LI.

[And he also asked her] 1, (would she like tea or coffee) 2 , (is the weather good outside) 3 .

To compare the two types of schemes, we offer both: linear and vertical.

SPP SCHEME with homogeneous subordination:

This method of subordination is usually called homogeneous. If there were more than two subordinate clauses with a similar structure, then one of the LI conjunctions would be omitted to avoid repetition. But it is very easy to restore it.

Let's consider another proposal:

Now we find the main and subordinate parts and draw up diagrams.

[One winter afternoon, (when Vorotov sat in my office and have worked) 2, the footman reported] 1, (that some young lady was asking him) 3.

SPP SCHEME with heterogeneous (parallel) subordination:

Here, from the main part, we ask two different questions: the footman reported “when?” and “about what?” The subordinate parts are no longer homogeneous, they have different meaning: one of them is adverbial tense, the other is explanatory. This method is called parallel.

Now let's look at the last example.

Only once did bewilderment flash across her face when she learned that she had been invited to teach not children, but an adult, fat man.

We come to the conclusion that subordinate clauses also answer different questions: there was a flash of bewilderment “when?”, she found out “about what?”. We ask these questions not from the main part, but sequentially: from the first subordinate clause to the second subordinate clause.

[Only once did bewilderment flash across her face] 1, (when she found out) 2, (that she was invited to teach not children, A adult, fat man) 3 .

NGN SCHEME with sequential subordination:

This method of submission is called sequential.

For self-examination, we offer five suggestions. Please be aware that you may encounter mixed type subordination if there are more than two subordinate parts.

Self-test

1) Alisa Osipovna, with a cold, businesslike expression, answered him that she had completed a course at a private boarding school and had the rights of a home teacher, that her father had recently died of scarlet fever, her mother was alive and making flowers...

2) She apologized and said that she could only study for half an hour, since she would go straight from class to the ball.

3) And Vorotov, looking at her embarrassment, realized how dear the ruble was to her and how hard it would be for her to lose this income.

4) She, apparently, did not want her gentlemen to know that she had students and that she gave lessons out of necessity.

Clue!

Here the conjunctions are highlighted in color, and all complications are in italics:

1. [Alice Osipovna with cold, businesslike answered him with an expression] 1, (that she completed a course in a private boarding school) 2 and (has the rights of a home teacher) 3, (that her father recently died of scarlet fever) 4, (her mother is alive ) 5 and (makes flowers) 6...

2. [She apologized And said] 1, (that he can only study for half an hour) 2, (since he will go straight from class to the ball) 3.

3. [And Vorotov, looking at her embarrassment, understood] 1, (how dear the ruble was to her) 2 and (how hard it would be for her to lose this income) 3.

4. [Hey, apparently, didn’t want] 1, (for her gentlemen to know) 2, (that she has students) 3 and (that she gives lessons out of necessity) 4.

Now let's re-read the entire story.

A.P. Chekhov

Dear Lessons

For an educated person, ignorance of languages ​​is a great inconvenience. Vorotov felt this strongly when, having left the university with a candidate’s degree, he began doing small scientific work.

It's horrible! - he said breathlessly (despite his twenty-six years, he is plump, heavy and suffers from shortness of breath). - It's horrible! Without tongues I am like a bird without wings. Just quit your job.

And he decided at all costs to overcome his innate laziness and study French and German languages and began to look for teachers.

One winter afternoon, when Vorotov was sitting in his office and working, the footman reported that some young lady was asking him.

Ask,” said Vorotov.

And a young woman entered the office, latest fashion, an exquisitely dressed young lady. She introduced herself as a teacher French, Alisa Osipovna Anket, and said that she was sent to Vorotov by one of his friends.

Very nice! Sit down! - said Vorotov, gasping and covering the collar of his nightgown with his palm. (To make it easier to breathe, he always works in a nightgown.) - Pyotr Sergeich sent you to me? Yes, yes... I asked him... I'm very glad!

While negotiating with mlle Anket, he looked at her shyly and curiously. She was a real, very graceful Frenchwoman, still very young. Judging by her pale and languid face, short curly hair and unnaturally thin waist, she could be given no more than 18 years old; looking at her broad, well-developed shoulders, beautiful back and stern eyes, Vorotov thought that she was probably at least 23 years old, perhaps even 25; but then again it began to seem that she was only 18. The expression on her face was cold, businesslike, like that of a person who had come to talk about money. She never smiled, did not frown, and only once did bewilderment flash across her face, when she learned that she had been invited to teach not children, but an adult, fat man.

So, Alisa Osipovna,” Vorotov told her, “we will study every day from seven to eight in the evening. As for your desire to receive a ruble per lesson, I have nothing to object to. According to the ruble - so according to the ruble...

And he also asked her if she wanted tea or coffee, whether the weather was good outside, and, smiling good-naturedly, stroking the cloth on the table with his palm, he friendly inquired who she was, where she graduated from her course and how she lived.

Alisa Osipovna, with a cold, businesslike expression, answered him that she had completed a course in a private boarding school and had the rights of a home teacher, that her father had recently died of scarlet fever, her mother was alive and making flowers, that she, Mlle Anket, was studying in a private school until lunchtime. boarding house, and after lunch, until the evening, walks around good houses and gives lessons.

She left, leaving behind a light, very delicate smell of a woman's dress. Vorotov did not work for a long time afterwards, but sat at the table, stroking the green cloth with his palms and thinking.

“It’s very nice to see girls earning a piece of bread for themselves,” he thought. - On the other hand, it is very unpleasant to see that poverty does not spare even such graceful and pretty girls as this Alisa Osipovna, and she also has to fight for existence. Trouble!..”

He, who had never seen virtuous French women, also thought that this elegantly dressed Alisa Osipovna, with well-developed shoulders and an exaggeratedly thin waist, in all likelihood, was doing something else besides her lessons.

The next day in the evening, when the clock showed five minutes to seven, Alisa Osipovna came, pink from the cold; She opened the Margot, which she had brought with her, and began without any preamble:

French grammar has twenty-six letters. The first letter is called A, the second B...

“I’m sorry,” Vorotov interrupted her, smiling. - I must warn you, mademoiselle, that for me personally you will have to slightly change your method. The fact is that I know Russian, Latin and Greek well... I studied comparative linguistics, and it seems to me that we can, bypassing Margot, directly start reading some author.

And he explained to the French woman how adults learn languages.

“One of my acquaintances,” he said, “wanting to learn new languages, put the French, German and Latin gospels in front of him, read them in parallel, and painstakingly parsed every word, and so what? He achieved his goal in less than one year. We will do the same. Let's take some author and read.

The Frenchwoman looked at him in bewilderment. Apparently, Vorotov’s proposal seemed very naive and absurd to her. If this strange proposal had been made to a minor, she would probably have gotten angry and shouted, but since there was an adult and very fat man here, who could not be shouted at, she just shrugged her shoulders barely noticeably and said:

As you wish.

Vorotov rummaged through his bookcase and took out a tattered French book from there.

Is this any good? - he asked.

Doesn't matter.

In that case, let's get started. God bless. Let's start with the title... Memoires.

Memories,” mlle Anket translated.

Memories... - Vorotov repeated. Smiling good-naturedly and breathing heavily, he fiddled with the word memoires for a quarter of an hour and the same amount with the word de, and this tired Alisa Osipovna. She answered questions sluggishly, was confused and, apparently, did not understand her student well and did not try to understand. Vorotov asked her questions, and meanwhile he looked at her blond head and thought: “Her hair is not naturally curly, it curls. Marvelous! He works from morning to night and still manages to curl his hair.”

Exactly at eight o'clock she got up and, saying the dry, cold “au revoir, monsieur” (goodbye, sir - French), left the office, and that gentle, subtle, exciting smell was left behind. The student again did nothing for a long time, sat at the table and thought.

In the days that followed, he became convinced that his teacher was a sweet, serious and neat young lady, but that she was very uneducated and did not know how to teach adults; and he decided not to waste time, part with her and invite another teacher. When she came for the seventh time, he took an envelope with seven rubles from his pocket and, holding it in his hands, became very embarrassed and began like this:

Sorry, Alisa Osipovna, but I have to tell you... I’ve been put in a difficult situation...

Looking at the envelope, the Frenchwoman guessed what was the matter, and for the first time during all the lessons, her face trembled, and the cold, businesslike expression disappeared. She blushed slightly and, lowering her eyes, began nervously fingering her thin gold chain. And Vorotov, looking at her embarrassment, realized how dear the ruble was to her and how hard it would be for her to lose this income.

“I have to tell you...” he muttered, becoming even more embarrassed, and something sank in his chest; he hastily put the envelope in his pocket and continued:

Sorry, I... I'll leave you for ten minutes...

And pretending that he did not want to refuse her at all, but only asked permission to leave her for a while, he went into another room and sat there for ten minutes. And then he returned even more embarrassed; he realized that this departure of his a short time she could explain it in her own way, and he felt awkward.

Lessons started again.

Vorotov worked without any desire. Knowing that no good would come of the lessons, he gave the Frenchwoman complete freedom, without asking her anything or interrupting her. She translated, as she wanted, ten pages into one lesson, but he did not listen, breathed heavily, and with nothing to do, looked at her curly head, then at her neck, then at her delicate white hands, inhaling the smell of her dress...

He caught himself thinking bad thoughts, and he felt ashamed, or he was touched, and then he felt sadness and annoyance because she behaved with him so coldly, matter-of-factly, as with a student, without smiling and as if afraid that he might touch to her by accident. He kept thinking: how could he instill confidence in her, get to know her briefly, then help her, let her understand how badly she teaches, poor thing.

Alisa Osipovna once came to class in an elegant pink dress with a small neckline, and such a scent came from her that it seemed as if she was shrouded in a cloud, as if you only had to blow on her and she would fly or dissipate like smoke. She apologized and said that she could only study for half an hour, since she would go straight from class to the ball.

He looked at her neck and at her back, bare near the neck, and it seemed to him that he understood why French women have a reputation for being frivolous and easily falling creatures; he was drowning in this cloud of aromas, beauty, nudity, and she, not knowing his thoughts and probably not at all interested in them, quickly turned over the pages and translated at full speed:

“He was walking on the street and met a gentleman of his acquaintance and said: “Where are you rushing, seeing your face so pale, it hurts me.”

Memoires had long been finished, and now Alice was translating some other book. Once she came to class an hour earlier, excusing herself by saying that she had to go to the Maly Theater at seven o’clock. After seeing her off after class, Vorotov got dressed and also went to the theater. He went, as it seemed to him, only to relax and have fun, and he had no thoughts about Alice. He could not allow a serious person, preparing for an academic career, difficult to climb, to give up his job and go to the theater only to meet there with an unfamiliar, not smart, little intelligent girl...

But for some reason, during intermissions, his heart began to beat; without noticing it, the boy ran around the foyer and along the corridors, impatiently looking for someone; and he became bored when the intermission ended; and when he saw the familiar pink dress and beautiful shoulders under the tulle, his heart sank, as if from a premonition of happiness, he smiled joyfully and for the first time in his life experienced a jealous feeling.

Alice was walking with some two ugly students and an officer. She laughed, spoke loudly, apparently flirted; Vorotov had never seen her like this. Obviously, she was happy, content, sincere, warm. From what? Why? Because, perhaps, these people were close to her, from the same circle as her... And Vorotov felt a terrible gap between himself and this circle. He bowed to his teacher, but she nodded coldly to him and quickly walked past; she, apparently, did not want her gentlemen to know that she had students and that she gave lessons out of necessity.

After meeting at the theater, Vorotov realized that he was in love... During the next lessons, devouring his graceful teacher with his eyes, he no longer fought with himself, but gave full speed to his pure and impure thoughts. Alisa Osipovna’s face never ceased to be cold, at exactly eight o’clock every evening she calmly said “au revoir, monsieur,” and he felt that she was indifferent to him and would remain indifferent and his situation was hopeless.

Sometimes in the middle of a lesson he began to dream, hope, make plans, mentally composed a love declaration, remembered that French women are frivolous and pliable, but it was enough for him to look at the teacher’s face for his thoughts to instantly go out, like a candle goes out when there is a wind in the countryside. you take it out to the terrace. Once he, drunk, lost in delirium, could not stand it and, blocking her path when she was leaving the office after class in the hallway, choking and stuttering, began to declare his love:

You are dear to me! I... I love you! Let me speak!

And Alice turned pale - probably from fear, realizing that after this explanation she would no longer be able to come here and receive a ruble for a lesson; she made frightened eyes and whispered loudly:

Oh, this is impossible! Don't talk, please! It is forbidden!

And then Vorotov did not sleep all night, tormented by shame, scolding himself, thinking intensely. It seemed to him that with his explanation he had insulted the girl, that she would no longer come to him.

He decided to find out her address in the address table in the morning and write her a letter of apology. But Alice came without a letter. At first she felt awkward, but then she opened the book and began to translate quickly and smartly, as always:

- “Oh, young master, don’t tear up these flowers in my garden that I want to give to my sick daughter...”

She still walks today. Four books have already been translated, but Vorotov knows nothing except the word “memoires,” and when he is asked about his scientific work, he waves his hand and, without answering the question, starts talking about the weather.

42. The concept of a non-union complex sentence. Typology of non-union proposals

Non-union complex sentence - this is a complex sentence in which simple sentences are combined into one whole in meaning and intonation, without the help of conjunctions or allied words: [ Habit from above to usgiven ]: [ replacement happinessshe] (A. Pushkin).

The semantic relations between simple sentences in conjunctions and are expressed in different ways. In allied sentences, conjunctions take part in their expression, so the semantic relationships here are more definite and clear. For example, union So expresses the consequence because- the reason, If- condition, however- opposition, etc.

The semantic relationships between simple sentences are expressed less clearly than in a conjunction. In terms of semantic relationships, and often in intonation, some are closer to complex ones, others - to complex ones. However, it is often the same non-union complex sentence in meaning it can be similar to both a compound and a complex sentence. Wed, for example: The spotlights came on- it became light all around; The spotlights came on and it became light all around; When the spotlights came on, it became light all around.

Meaningful relations in non-union complex sentences depend on the content of the simple sentences included in them and are expressed in oral speech by intonation, and in writing by various punctuation marks (see section “Punctuation marks in non-union complex sentence»).

IN non-union complex sentences The following types of semantic relations between simple sentences (parts) are possible:

I. Enumerative(some facts, events, phenomena are listed):

[I_did not see you for a whole week], [Ihaven't heard you for a long time] (A. Chekhov) -, .

Such non-union complex sentences approach complex sentences with a connecting conjunction And.

Like the compound sentences synonymous with them, non-union complex sentences can express the value 1) simultaneity listed events and 2) their sequences.

1) \ Bemep howled plaintively and quietly], [in the darknessthe horses neighed ], [from the campswam tender and passionatesong- thought] (M. Gorky) -,,.

stirred ], [ fluttered up half asleepbird ] (V. Garshin)- ,.

Non-union complex sentences with enumerative relations may consist of two sentences, or may include three or more simple sentences.

II. Causal(the second sentence reveals the reason for what is said in the first):

[I unhappy ]: [every dayguests ] (A. Chekhov). Such non-union complex sentences synonymous with complex subordinates with subordinate clauses.

III. Explanatory(the second sentence explains the first):

1) [ Items were lost your form]: [everything merged first into a gray, then into a dark mass] (I. Goncharov)-

2) [Like all Moscow residents, yoursFather is like that ]: [ I would like he is a son-in-law with stars and ranks] (A. Griboyedov)-

Such non-union proposals synonymous with sentences with an explanatory conjunction namely.

IV. Explanatory(the second sentence explains the word in the first part that has the meaning of speech, thought, feeling or perception, or a word that indicates these processes: listened, looked, looked back and so on.; in the second case we can talk about skipping words like see, hear and so on.):

1) [ Nastya during the storyI remembered ]: [from yesterdayremained whole untouchedcast iron boiled potatoes] (M. Prishvin)- :.

2) [ I came to my senses, Tatyana looks ]: [bearNo ]... (A. Pushkin)- :.

Such non-conjunctive sentences are synonymous with complex sentences with explanatory clauses (I remembered that...; looks (and sees that)...).

V. Comparative and adversative relations (the content of the second sentence is compared with the content of the first or contrasted with it):

1) [Allhappy family looks like and each other], [eachunhappy family but in my own way] (L. Tolstoy)- ,.

2) [Rankfollowed to him]- [he suddenlyleft ] (A. Griboyedov)- - .

Such non-union complex sentences synonymous with complex sentences with adversative conjunctions a, but.

VI. Conditional-temporary(the first sentence indicates the time or condition for the implementation of what is said in the second):

1) [ Do you like to ride ] - [ love and sleighcarry ] (proverb)- - .

2) [ See you with Gorky]- [ talk with him] (A. Chekhov)--.

Such sentences are synonymous with complex sentences with subordinate clauses of condition or time.

VII. Consequences(the second sentence states the consequence of what is said in the first):

[Smallthe rain is falling since morning]- [ it's impossible to get out ] (I. Turgenev)- ^TT

44. Contaminated types of complex syntactic structures

The identification of two levels of division of complex syntactic constructions leads to the conclusion about the structural contamination of such constructions. Contaminated are complex constructions in which entire complex sentences act as constituent components. Because the subordinating connection- this is the closest connection (in comparison with the coordinating one, for example), then it is natural that a complex sentence usually acts as a single component of a complex syntactic construction, although a non-union combination of parts within a component is also possible if these parts are interdependent.

A complex sentence can be a component of a complex sentence, a non-union sentence, and, finally, even a complex sentence.

1. Complex sentence as a component complex design with a coordinating connection: Each child must experience his own, deeply individual life in the world of words, and the richer and fuller it is, the happier days and the years that we passed through a field of joys and sadness, happiness and grief (Sukhoml.). The peculiarity of the structure of this sentence is that the coordinating conjunction and (at the junction of two components of a complex structure) stands immediately before the first part of the comparative conjunction than, but attaches the entire comparative sentence as a whole, which, in turn, is complicated by a attributive clause.

In addition to the conjunction and, other coordinating conjunctions are often found in similar syntactic conditions: Our matchmaking with the countess’s house has been destroyed and cannot be restored; but even if it could, it would never exist again (Ven.); What happened is past, no one cares about it, and if Laevsky finds out, he won’t believe it (Ch.).

The following complex constructions with a coordinating connection at the first level of division are similar in structure, although they have different degrees of internal complexity:

1) Occasionally a small snowflake stuck to the outside of the glass, and if you looked closely, you could see its finest crystalline structure (Paust.);

2) We left Blok’s reading, but went on foot, and Blok was taken to the second performance in the car, and by the time we got to Nikitsky Boulevard, where the House of Press was located, the evening ended and Blok went to the Society of Lovers of Italian Literature (Past.).

2. Complex sentence as a component of a complex construction with non-union connection: For a long time, it was like this: if a Cossack was riding along the road to Millerovo alone, without comrades, then when he met the Ukrainians... he did not give way, the Ukrainians beat him (Shol.). A feature of the structure of this sentence is the presence in the first part of a synsemantic words like that, the content of which is specified by a complex sentence, in turn, complicated by a lexically non-free part worth...

3. A complex sentence as a component of another complex sentence [The absence of different types of syntactic connections in such constructions could serve as a basis for considering them in polynomial complex sentences (see § 124). However, the special structural organization of such proposals and its similarity with the constructions described in this section make it possible to place them here in order to preserve the system in presentation.].

1) Let the father not think that if a person is nicknamed Quick Momun, it means he is bad (Aitm.).

2) Everyone knows that if a fisherman is unlucky, sooner or later such good luck will happen to him that they will talk about it throughout the village for at least ten years (Paust.).

This structural type of complex sentence is distinguished by its unity of construction: the first subordinating conjunction does not refer to the part immediately following it, but to the entire subsequent construction as a whole. Most often, a complex sentence placed after a subordinating conjunction has a double conjunction holding its parts together (if...then, with what...that, although...but, etc.) or subordinating conjunctions with bonding particles (if... then, if...so, once...then, since...then, once...then, etc.). For example: Who doesn’t know that when a patient wanted to smoke, it means the same thing that he wanted to live (Prishv.); It seemed that in order to believe that the plan for the slow movement of deforestation and food consumption was his plan, it was necessary to hide the fact that he insisted on a completely opposite military enterprise in 1945 (L.T.); Baburov, during this outburst of anger, suddenly gathered the remnants of his pride and in response said loudly, with some even pompousness, that since there is an order not to let the enemy into the Crimean land, then no matter what it costs him, he will carry out the order (Sim.).

In the given examples it is observed varying degrees internal complexity, however, they are united by one common structural indicator: they are built according to the “main part + subordinate clause” scheme (usually explanatory, but causal, concessive and consequential are also possible), which is a whole complex sentence (with condition relations, reasons, time, comparison, less often - concessions and goals). This feature of contaminated complex sentences does not allow us to see here the usual sequential subordination in a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses. Such a description does not reflect the actual structure of the syntactic construction.

As can be seen from the examples given, the most common type of contaminated complex sentence is a sentence with the conjunction that (at the first level of division). However, other conjunctions are also possible, although they are much less common, for example: because, since, so, although. The following combinations of subordinating conjunctions are possible: that once... then; what if...then; what once...that; that although...but; because somehow... because once upon a time; because if...then; because once...then; because although...but; so once... then; so if...then; so once...then; so although...but; since once upon a time; since if...then; so just...that; because although...but; so as to; although if...then; although once upon a time; at least once...then; although so that etc. For example: But, probably, something had already happened in the world or was happening at that time - fatal and irreparable - because although it was still the same hot seaside summer, the dacha no longer seemed to me like a Roman villa (Cat .); I really wanted to ask where Molly was and how long ago Lee Duroc returned, because although nothing followed from this, I am naturally curious about everything (Green).

Approximately the same confluence of alliances is observed in the sentence. The second poster said that our main apartment is in Vyazma, that Count Wittgenstein defeated the French, but that since many residents want to arm themselves, there are weapons prepared for them in the arsenal (L. T.) , where the third explanatory clause (after the conjunction but) is a complex sentence.

A complex sentence can be a component of a complex polynomial sentence with several main ones: When they were driving to the logging site, it suddenly became very warm and the sun was shining so brightly that it hurt their eyes (gas).

4. A complex sentence as a component of a complex sentence: I didn’t want to think that not only the guys were not interested in this magnificent picture, but many adults were at least indifferent. A compound sentence with the conjunction not only...but also is used here as an explanatory clause.

Such sentences are possible only with gradational conjunctions, for example: not only...but also; not really...but; not so much...as much.

5. A non-union complex sentence as a component of a complex sentence: The density of the grasses in other places on Prorva is such that it is impossible to land on the shore from a boat - the grasses stand like an impenetrable elastic wall (Paust.).

48.Basics of Russian punctuation. Functional features of Russian punctuation

Russian punctuation, currently a very complex and developed system, has quite solid foundation- formal grammatical. Punctuation marks are primarily indicators of the syntactic, structural division of written speech. It is this principle that gives modern punctuation stability. The largest number of characters is placed on this basis.

“Grammatical” signs include such signs as a period that marks the end of a sentence; signs at the junction of parts of a complex sentence; signs that highlight functionally diverse constructions introduced into a simple sentence (introductory words, phrases and sentences; insertions; addresses; many segmented constructions; interjections); signs for homogeneous members of a sentence; signs highlighting postpositive applications, definitions - participial phrases and definitions - adjectives with extenders, standing after the word being defined or located at a distance, etc.

In any text one can find such “obligatory”, structurally determined signs.

For example: But I decided to re-read several of Shchedrin’s works. It was three or four years ago, when I was working on a book where real material was intertwined with lines of satire and fairy-tale fiction. I took Shchedrin then in order to avoid accidental similarities, but, having started reading, having read deeply, immersing myself in the amazing and newly discovered world of Shchedrin’s reading, I realized that the similarities would not be accidental, but obligatory and inevitable (Cass.). All signs here are structurally significant; they are placed without regard to the specific meaning of parts of sentences: highlighting subordinate clauses, fixing syntactic homogeneity, marking the boundaries of parts of a complex sentence, highlighting homogeneous adverbial phrases.

The structural principle contributes to the development of solid, commonly used rules for the placement of punctuation marks. Signs placed on this basis cannot be optional or copyrighted. This is the foundation on which modern Russian punctuation is built. This is, finally, the necessary minimum, without which unhindered communication between the writer and the reader is unthinkable. Such signs are currently quite regulated, their use is stable. Dividing the text into grammatically significant parts helps to establish the relationship of some parts of the text to others, indicates the end of the presentation of one thought and the beginning of another.

The syntactic division of speech ultimately reflects the logical, semantic division, since grammatically significant parts coincide with logically significant, semantic segments of speech, since the purpose of any grammatical structure is to convey a certain thought. But quite often it happens that the semantic division of speech subordinates the structural, i.e. the specific meaning dictates the only possible structure.

In the sentence The hut is thatched, with a pipe, the comma standing between the combinations is thatched and with a pipe, fixes the syntactic homogeneity of the members of the sentence and, therefore, the grammatical and semantic attribution of the prepositional case form with a pipe to the noun hut.

In cases where different combinations of words are possible, only a comma helps to establish their semantic and grammatical dependence. For example: Inner lightness has appeared. Walks freely on the streets, to work (Levi). A sentence without a comma has a completely different meaning: walks the streets to work (denoting one action). In the original version there is a designation of two different actions: walks the streets, i.e. walks and goes to work.

Such punctuation marks help establish semantic and grammatical relationships between words in a sentence and clarify the structure of the sentence.

The ellipsis also serves a semantic function, helping to put logically and emotionally incompatible concepts at a distance. For example: Engineer... in reserve, or the misadventures of a young specialist on the way to recognition; Goalkeeper and goal... in the air; History of peoples... in dolls; Skiing... picking berries. Such signs play an exclusively semantic role (and often with emotional overtones).

The location of the sign, dividing the sentence into semantic and, therefore, structurally significant parts, also plays a large role in understanding the text. Compare: And the dogs became quiet, because no stranger disturbed their peace (Fad.). - And the dogs became quiet because no stranger disturbed their peace. In the second version of the sentence, the reason for the condition is more emphasized, and the rearrangement of the comma helps to change the logical center of the message, draws attention to cause of the phenomenon, whereas in the first version the goal is different - a statement of the condition with an additional indication of its cause. However, more often the lexical material of a sentence dictates only the only possible meaning. For example: For a long time, a tigress named Orphan lived in our zoo. They gave her this nickname because she really was orphaned in early age(gas.). The dismemberment of the conjunction is obligatory, and it is caused by the semantic influence of the context. In the second sentence, it is necessary to indicate the reason, since the fact itself has already been named in the previous sentence.

On a semantic basis, signs are placed in non-union complex sentences, since they are the ones who convey in written speech required values. Wed: The whistle blew, the train started moving. - The whistle blew and the train started moving.

Often, with the help of punctuation marks, specific meanings of words are clarified, i.e. the meaning contained in them in this particular context. Thus, a comma between two adjective definitions (or participles) brings these words closer together semantically, i.e. makes it possible to highlight general shades of meaning that emerge as a result of various associations, both objective and sometimes subjective. Syntactically, such definitions become homogeneous, since, being similar in meaning, they alternately refer directly to the word being defined. For example: The darkness of spruce needles is written in thick, heavy oil (Sol.); When Anna Petrovna left for her place in Leningrad, I saw her off at the cozy, small station (Paust.); Thick, slow snow was flying (Paust.); A cold, metallic light flashed on thousands of wet leaves (Gran.). If we take the words thick and heavy, cozy and small, thick and slow, cold and metallic out of context, then it is difficult to discern something common in these pairs, since these possible associative connections are in the sphere of secondary, non-basic, figurative meanings that become the main ones in the context.

Russian punctuation is partly based on intonation: a dot at the site of a large deepening of the voice and a long pause; question and exclamation marks, intonation dash, ellipsis, etc. For example, an address can be highlighted with a comma, but increased emotionality, i.e. a special distinctive intonation dictates another sign - an exclamation mark. In some cases, the choice of sign depends entirely on intonation. Wed: The children will come, let's go to the park. - When the children come, let's go to the park. In the first case there is enumerative intonation, in the second - conditional intonation. But the intonation principle acts only as a secondary principle, not the main one. This is especially evident in cases where the intonational principle is “sacrificed” to the grammatical principle. For example: Morozka lowered the bag and, cowardly, burying his head in his shoulders, ran towards the horses (Fad.); The deer digs up the snow with its front leg and, if there is food, begins to graze (Ars.). In these sentences, the comma comes after the conjunction and, since it fixes the boundary of the structural parts of the sentence (adverbial phrase and subordinate part of the sentence). Thus, the intonation principle is violated, because the pause is before the conjunction.

The intonation principle operates in most cases not “ideally”, pure form, i.e. Some intonation stroke (for example, a pause), although fixed by a punctuation mark, ultimately this intonation itself is a consequence of the given semantic and grammatical division of the sentence. Wed: Brother is my teacher. - My brother is a teacher. The dash here fixes a pause, but the place of the pause is predetermined by the structure of the sentence and its meaning.

So, the current punctuation does not reflect any single, consistently followed principle. However, the formal grammatical principle is now the leading one, while the principles of semantic and intonation act as as additional, although in certain specific manifestations they can be brought to the fore. As for the history of punctuation, it is known that the initial basis for dividing written speech was precisely pauses (intonation).

Modern punctuation represents a new stage in its historical development, and a stage that characterizes a higher level. Modern punctuation reflects structure, meaning, and intonation. Written speech is organized quite clearly, definitely and at the same time expressively. The greatest achievement of modern punctuation is the fact that all three principles operate in it not separately, but in unity. As a rule, the intonation principle is reduced to the semantic, the semantic to the structural, or, conversely, the structure of a sentence is determined by its meaning. Highlight individual principles only conditionally possible. In most cases, they act inseparably, although in compliance with a certain hierarchy. For example, a period also marks the end of a sentence, the boundary between two sentences (structure); and lowering of voice, long pause (intonation); and completeness of the message (meaning).

It is the combination of principles that is an indicator of the development of modern Russian punctuation, its flexibility, allowing to reflect the finest shades meaning and structural diversity.