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To be honest, we are only at the beginning of the journey. A person has the ability to activate the brain so that the signals associated with it can be more "heard" on the surface of the skull. As a result, people are paralyzed, their mind is able to move with mechanical legs or wheelchairs. Similarly, a person with a well-functioning brain is able to communicate with his surroundings even by writing on the screen, even when he is completely paralyzed. Thoughts on letters and they are displayed on the corresponding device.

Similarly, in the future it might look like mobile phone or any other device. One of the difficulties is that, at least today - in order for impulses to be registered, the electrode must be applied to the scalp. Or, using the human interface, it is necessary to wear a special cover with sensors. But in the future, there may be enough sensors in glasses?

The glasses in which the camera will be installed will display Additional information about glasses. Brain interface. The computer receives signals from the surface of the skin, records them and interprets them. Is it possible to send information in the opposite direction, that is, from any device to the brain? This is much more difficult than collecting electrical potential from the surface of the skull. At some point, this barrier may be crossed, and then we will have access to unlimited information not through additional devices such as computers, tablets or smartphones.

But it's not too fast. Not because of the electronics itself, but because of our brain. It is widely believed to be the most sophisticated and complex system we know of. Not only on Earth, but in general. “How is it that these people don’t get sick?” he thought, seeing how the Hindu bathers and drinking water from the Ganges. More! All indications are that they are healthier!

Bacteria are becoming more and more dangerous to us. Increasingly, they don't even offer state-of-the-art antibiotic therapies. The situation requires the adoption of non-standard methods. Or, on the contrary, is a return to the source required? Then came the young British biochemist and bacteriologist Ernest Hanbury Hankin. He has one goal - the fight against cholera, which is taking on epidemic proportions. There is little to no success, and his despair is exacerbated by the fact that the rules he learned in England do not seem to work in India.

The young researcher notes that cholera is very rare among those who bathe in the Ganges. For Hindus, the matter is obvious, the water of the river is sacred, and everyone who bathes in it is "protected." For a scientist, the matter is difficult to understand. This place should be the source of the problem, not the cure. To the dismay of most Europeans and, of course, those with medical or biological backgrounds, Hindu water from the Ganges drank. The British scientist believed that there must be something in the river that makes drinking water immune to it. This phenomenon was not only the water in the Ganges, but also other rivers, as well as polluted.

However, the work was not noticed. After 20 years, this factor was discovered. Two teams of researchers, British and French, have discovered bacteriophages, which are viruses that destroy bacteria. The name bacteriophage literally means "eater bacteria". Actually, viruses don't eat bacteria. Further research have shown that virtually every bacterium has its own phage, a virus that can handle it without too much trouble.

Puzzle: find the boy's head in the trash. The first name for bacteriophage was used by a Canadian working in Paris, Felix d'Herelle. This is not entirely accurate, because it suggests that viruses are ingesting bacteria. In fact, viruses don't eat anything. They are not living organisms, so they do not need energy to meet their needs. Bacteriophages, like all viruses, live as organisms. Viruses are capsules containing genetic material. They cannot move. However, they have "keys" to living cells.

Every living cell has receptors in its wall. This is a kind of door lock. Whoever holds the key can go inside. Viruses have keys, that is, proteins that fit into receptors. When a virus molecule is in close proximity to a cell, it is highly likely that it will be adsorbed. A moment later penetration. A special needle was inserted inside the bacteria, into which its genetic material was injected. The cell does not know that it is infected. After all, the virus had "legitimate keys".

When the genetic material is in the middle, it comes to the so-called. genome replication. The cell replicates the virus at such a rate that it soon becomes - literally - torn apart by their accumulation in its interior. It takes no more than 30 minutes from the moment you “insert the key into the lock” until the bacteria are destroyed! Each infected cell will produce several dozen viruses. And everyone is ready to attack a new bacterium.

IN vivo a balance is established between bacteria and viruses, but if such antibodies should be multiplied and considered as the most available antibiotics? Viruses were treated before anyone knew what "invisible" bacteria killers were. today concept viral therapy comes back more and more. Antibiotics seem to be effective, but only in the short term. Bacteria are immune to them. In Poland, one third of pneumoconiosis strains are resistant to penicillin. Phages cannot be immune because they mutate as fast as the bacteria themselves.

Poland has one of two research centers in the world that treats bacteriophages. Scientists from Wroclaw do it more than 80 percent. Compared with antibiotic therapy, phages are cheaper and certainly no less effective. In addition, phage treatment does not cause side effects because the effects of the virus are highly targeted and selective. This bacteriophage attacks only one type of bacteria.

Thus, after phage therapy, these " good bacteria» are preserved, for example, from the inside digestive tract. Meanwhile, antibiotics cannot. - Sometimes a person suffering from an infection takes several hours to get rid of the trouble. Since they have so many benefits, why aren't bacteriophages commonly treated? Formally, prior to commercialization, therapy must be registered and even preceded clinical trials. And there are formal problems here. Phage therapy is not unified, as it is effective for each patient separately.

However, this procedure avoids the norms set by lawyers and officials. It is important to note that pharmaceutical industry benefits from the production of antibiotics. Cheaper and in many cases more effective phage treatments can be seen as undesirable competition. “Phage therapy is still experimental from a formal point of view, and it takes time to accept the novelty,” said the professor. Nothing has changed since then.

The second - outside of Poland - phage treatment center is located in the capital of Georgia, Tbilisi. This ardent communist worked in the Soviet Union until his death. The Georgian Institute is not subject to European and American legislation, so it has more freedom of action than the center in Wroclaw.

A few years ago, the Georgian Institute set up a branch in Mexico, where US law does not apply and rich Americans are much easier to get to than in Georgia. You can speak differently. Anatomical atlases or textbooks on biochemistry or anthropology are described. The book "Man" is not an atlas describing every particle human body. There is also no textbook that talks about the biochemical reactions that take place in human cells. This is an attempt to answer three short questions.

Where are we, who are we and where are we going? It is easy to ask such questions, it is much more difficult to find answers to them. After Space, it's time for Man, the second part of my trilogy. A story about where we are, who we are and where we are going. Human body"cosmically" complex, and that's why it's so unusual. I had an interview with a neuropsychologist before. My intuition told me that not much. This answer is surprising only apparently.

In science, very often, with the increase in knowledge, the awareness of our ignorance increases. Scientists and passionate people all over the world rule not by what is known, but by what is secret. This book is full of my excitement and passion and tries to find answers to the questions that are troubling me. The book was divided into three parts. In each of them, in addition to my text, there is a fascinating interview with a scientist. Each reader will learn about himself. From the universe through the galaxies and planetary systems, as well as on the planets, on this planet Earth ends.

In Switzerland, a sensor that is implanted under the skin is able to simultaneously monitor several vital important features. It is the size of a small fingernail and does not require battery replacement. It is charged by induction through the skin. Everything that is checked and measured will be sent wirelessly to a smartphone. This is probably the first device of its kind to be used commercially in patients. The previous constructs were not great, but they had a huge drawback - they tested only one parameter, only one variable.

At the same time, he registers several of them. The sensor in question is part of the development of a field called nanotechnology. Although nano-devices are much, much smaller, but very fast race for miniaturization, we owe it to nanotechnology. The father of this field is considered the brilliant physicist Richard Feynman. He participated in the construction of the first atomic bomb, and after the war he worked in the best American universities. He studied quantum field theory and gravity, particle physics and superconductivity.

Feynman repeatedly pointed out that the future will be nano, that understanding what is happening in the nanosphere, the world at the level of individual particles and atoms, will be crucial for our future development. Of course, it is difficult to say exactly when nanotechnology actually originated, but there is no doubt that many industries are increasingly looking to turn their heads towards extreme miniaturization. One area they do is often medicine. Nanomedicine is currently developing in two directions.