Architectural layout of the house. What is an architectural project

We often encounter misconceptions among customers about the composition of the Architectural Detailed Design (called AR). Many have a general idea of its composition, some have the opinion that this architectural section of the project is just “plans, facades, sections...”, there are also those who consider it an unnecessary waste of time and money.

Our opinion is that this is not entirely true, or rather, it is not at all true :). this is an integral, important and full-fledged part of the entire project; in most cases, the structural section (CR) is closely related to the AR and most of the sheets in the RC section refer specifically to the architectural section. They complement, clarify each other, and only both sets of AR and KR can be called a full-fledged working project for the construction of a private house. Today we want to show with a specific example what a detailed architectural working design for the construction of a private house. And as an example, we will take our project, which was developed this spring and is currently being implemented. The price of an architectural project for a private house depends on the area of the house, the complexity of the technical specifications and the required time frame for developing the project - check it out in advance.

We must say that this project is not a standard one and it is difficult to say that the number and composition of drawings in AR projects can be typical, since each project has its own nuances and its own characteristics, depending on this it can be supplemented with various kinds of diagrams and drawings.

Title page of the project.

It gives a brief description of the project
Project visualization.

3D renderings that give an understanding of the appearance of the house
Common data.

This is a table that lists all the drawings as part of the project, gives general instructions and a couple more statements.
General instructions for masonry

On this sheet, the architect describes what materials the house will be built from, how the walls are laid, and what nuances the customer should pay special attention to.
Insolation scheme

A diagram showing how and for how long this or that side of the house will be illuminated.
General plan or diagram of the planning organization of the relief.

One of the most important drawings of the project. Gives an understanding of how the house is tied to the boundaries of the site in accordance with the standards and how the relief will be organized after construction. The same drawing is included in the construction passport for obtaining a construction permit. In particular, in this project we dealt with complex terrain on a slope and worked out a 3D view of the terrain to make it clearer for builders
Masonry floor plans.

Almost all builders use this part of the project at a construction site, but most of the time it belongs to masons who lay walls, partitions, chimneys and channels. All dimensions, partitions are indicated here, windows and doors are linked, notes and symbols are given.
Marked floor plans.

This drawing is similar to the masonry plan, but it is on the marking plan that window and door openings, types of floors are indicated and marked, the area of the premises and the table-list of premises are given.
Roof plan.

The drawing shows the overall dimensions of the roof, reference to the axes. Gives an understanding of the main elevations of the characteristic parts of the roof: ridges, valleys, overhangs, gables, etc. Sometimes our design team includes in this sheet a 3D diagram with marks and slopes of the roof, so that customers and builders can more easily grasp the essence.
House facades.

Well, everything is clear here without explanation. This is the face of the house, on the facade drawing, all levels and marks are visible; the mason always works with the masonry plan and facade. This is how a complete understanding of which pier begins where and to what level the masonry is carried out is achieved.

Usually there are at least three or four of them and they also clarify the understanding of the overall picture inside the house.

Details of walls or sections along walls.

In fact, these are sections only on a larger scale and there are much more than 2-3 of them. Since the scale of such sections is usually 1:20, 1:30, here you can see the “order” of the masonry - that is, the height of the row with the mortar joint and understand how many rows of masonry there will be, for example, under the window and above the window. Information is also given on how the masonry is reinforced, how decorative elements are arranged, etc.
Ventilation ducts and chimneys.
Explication of walls and material consumption sheet.

The material consumption specification gives the customer an understanding of what wall materials he needs to purchase and in what quantities. This, by the way, is one of the most asked questions by customers :)
Scheme of window blocks and doors.

Diagrams of windows and doors are presented. Information is given on the number and sizes of windows and doors per floor and the total number for the entire house.

The floors of the house, their composition and area are schematically presented.

With this post, our project team wants to provide understanding for customers who have not yet encountered construction and do not know what information they should receive . We would also like to protect our future customers from dishonest and incompetent designers. Knowing how much information you will receive when ordering an architectural project, it will be more difficult to deceive you. Demand from architects and designers that AR give answers to all questions about construction, and not be something like “planks and facades with sections” :) Or just contact us - we love complex and interesting tasks!

The American architectural style is a descendant of the old European one. Emigrants from Europe, and primarily from England, brought the architectural trends of their countries to North America, where they introduced and developed them. A feature of this style is, of course, the desire of the early settlers to demonstrate the scale and richness of the house. Hence the feeling of the house as a whole architectural complex.

American architecture is distinguished by spaciousness, symmetry, numerous cascades of roofs, columns, many large windows, often with shutters, sometimes spiers, a high central staircase, horizontal extent, a minimum of relief details, and light plaster as a finish. With all their appearance, these projects of houses and cottages demonstrate the successful life of the owners in new uninhabited lands.

English style

English style is a combination of aristocracy and restraint, refined taste and expensive materials. This architectural style in our country is more often defined by the general term “English style”, but in reality it represents two interrelated styles - Georgian and Regency style, the names of which were given by historical eras. In the modern sense, an English house is a mixture of these styles.

They were formed under the influence of mainland Europe, but were rethought here in their own way. Features of the English style: rectangular, symmetrical plan; uniform distribution and size of all windows; brick, sparsely decorated walls; low entrance with portico; medium-height roof slopes; minimal extension of the roof over the walls; five windows on the main façade; paired pipes; pilasters on the sides of the door; doors with panels.

The house in true English style is built exclusively from red brick. The facade of an English house is quite strict and only in rare cases are small decorations allowed. A mandatory attribute is the presence of a lawn and flower beds.

Style F.L. Wright (prairie style)

Born June 8, 1867, Frank Lloyd Wright is the world's greatest architect, most prolific, controversial and inspiring.

Wright disliked the intricate details and fussiness of existing architectural styles. He advocated cleanliness and simplicity of lines, and believed that well-built buildings complement their surroundings.

The prairie style spread to the midwestern United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The prairie style is characterized by pronounced and emphasized horizontal lines, flat or hipped roofs with wide overhangs, windows combined into horizontal stripes, and maximum integration of the building into the landscape. The style's name comes from the long horizontal lines that evoke prairie landscapes.

This style is also characterized by minimalist decoration of facades and the central location of the fireplace room as a symbol of the family hearth. Complicating the geometry of the house is achieved with the help of glazed galleries, balconies, parapets and flower beds. The boundary between the interior and the terrace is lost. Common areas look like halls.

Gothic style

Gothic is a period in the development of medieval art, covering almost all areas of material culture and developing in Western, Central and partly Eastern Europe from the 12th to the 15th centuries. The Gothic style mainly manifested itself in the architecture of temples, cathedrals, churches, and monasteries. It developed on the basis of Romanesque, or more precisely, Burgundian architecture. Gothic style is characterized by arches with pointed tops, narrow and high towers and columns, a richly decorated façade with carved details (vimpergi, tympanums, archivolts) and multi-color stained glass lancet windows. All style elements emphasize verticality. The neo-Gothic architectural style is characterized by adapted Gothic elements: pointed arches, high elongated pediments, towers with light-frame construction, internal columns, high narrow windows with traditional frames.

European style

One of the most popular architectural styles today is European. Based on the architectural traditions of the past, conservative, it harmonizes well with nature.

European-style houses are distinguished by regular geometric shapes, often complicated by bay windows. When designing, as a rule, the shape of a square or close to a square is used.

The base is usually finished with stone or tiles. The roof is made of two or four slopes. Traditionally, red natural tiles were used as roofing, which are now being replaced by metal ones. The door is decorated in a color that contrasts with the color of the walls. Windows are usually small, rectangular or arched. When planning the interior space, much attention is paid to its efficiency, so that everything you need can be placed in a relatively small area.

Italian style

The Italian style in architecture has been formed over the centuries, which largely determines its truly unique character.

The Italian style is sometimes called neo-Renaissance. It originated in England at the beginning of the 19th century. The founder is considered to be the English architect John Nash. The Italian style combined the architectural finds of Italian architects of the 16th century with elements of Palladian and neoclassicalism.

The Italian style in architecture is the choice of people who value quality, tradition and natural beauty. This direction in design and architecture is characterized by the use of natural materials, tradition, comfort and simplicity. Italian-style wood and stone are combined with wrought iron elements. The walls are most often covered with decorative plaster and decorated with stucco decoration or mosaics.

An Italian-style house is characterized by almost flat roofs with low slopes, barely visible from the ground, brackets supporting the roof eaves, a tower or bell tower, and a belvedere.

Classic style

In architecture, classicism is understood as an architectural style common in Europe in the 18th - early 19th centuries, the main feature of which was an appeal to the forms of ancient architecture. The architecture of classicism is characterized by regularity of layout and clarity of form, symmetrical axial composition, and restraint of decoration.

Classic-style cottages are characterized by strict adherence to the principles of proportionality and harmony. Spatial solutions are laconic, focused on the predominance of rectilinear and clear outlines in the plans with the dominance of symmetrical axial planning systems.

The decoration uses façade plaster, pitched tiled roofs, marble and gypsum for columns and balustrades, iron and cast iron for gratings, balconies and fences.

Despite the advantages of trendy architectural styles, classic motifs remain popular. After all, adherence to the classics is a sign of the thoroughness and subtle taste of the owner of the house.

Minimalism

Minimalism appears in the 60s of the 20th century in the USA. The main idea of minimalism in architecture is the desire to leave only the essentials; each element should perform the maximum number of functions. Characteristic features of minimalism: the greatest possible conciseness, adherence to composition, the use of natural materials, maximum functionality and attention to detail, strict lines and geometry, a single color scheme, attention to lighting design, the use of light colors.

Much attention is paid to the selection of materials and their quality. Priority is given to natural materials such as stone, wood, glass or marble.

Minimalism is widely used in public buildings, offices, shopping centers, and private homes.

Minimalism is ideal for lovers of simplicity, tranquility and rigor. Minimalist spaces exude calm and quiet. It is a “purified” style, but in turn elegant and innovative in shapes and finishes.

Modern

Art Nouveau was born at the turn of the 20th century. in European architecture as a movement to create the style of its era. Art Nouveau is characterized by the rejection of mandatory symmetrical forms, silhouettes and ornaments that stylize plant shapes in smooth, curving lines. The facades are distinguished by the rounded contours of the openings, the use of forged metal grilles and glazed ceramics. Particular attention is paid to the design of window openings with ornate patterns of bindings and stained glass windows.

The emergence of the principle of constructing buildings “from the inside out” and, in connection with this, the openness of compositions and diversity of form. The interior forms the core of the house and determines its appearance. In terms of plan, buildings most often tend to be square, with rooms grouped around a hall.

Art Nouveau style develops mainly in the architecture of city mansions and expensive apartment buildings, country villas and summer cottages. Modernism promotes individuality. Just like a century ago, a house in this style provides comfort, coziness and bright, memorable architecture.

German style

A style based on practicality, economy and rationality. This is manifested in everything - in the layout, design, choice of materials and design features. The shape of the houses tends to be square.

The windows in traditional German houses are small, rectangular or arched, divided by sash. Windows often have shutters. Frames are usually massive. The doors are made of wood and painted in a color that contrasts with the color of the house wall. The basement part is finished with facing tiles “like natural stone”. There are almost always bay windows or balconies. A bay window is often the highlight of a home. The roof is often gable, but can also be four-sloped. Roof covering - bitumen or metal tiles, shades of red. The features of the layout come down to making the house as economical and rational as possible. German-style houses most often have one or two floors plus an attic. In order to save space, the layout is designed in such a way that the house has a minimum of corridors.

Norwegian style

A Norwegian house is a variant of a Scandinavian style house. The Norwegian house is a continuation of the historical Viking longhouse style. Norwegian houses are elongated, gently sloping houses, most often on one floor, red, brown or black, with natural roofing materials. The hallmark of a Norwegian home is an inversion green roof

The earliest true log houses in Norway and Sweden date back to the 11th century. AD, while in Rus' log houses were known already from the 8th-9th centuries. AD The technology was probably brought by Varangian mercenaries returning from service in Rus'. Later, Russian log house was used in Norway only for non-residential buildings, such as wells, ryazhi, bridge piers, and haylofts for grazing. And already in the 11th century. In Norway, a fundamentally different method of felling is known with a self-jamming lock, which prevents cracks from opening when the tree dries out. The Norwegian cutting technique in its modern form appeared already in the 13th century.

Provence

Provence is one of the historical regions in the south of France. The features of a house in the Provence style are considered to be the sophistication and peculiar romantic tenderness of the external exterior of the house. A special place belongs to details. Such a house has practically no basement and such a house naturally does not have the porch that is familiar to us. The garden path just ends at the front door. The walls of the house must be made of brick or stone. Most often, the walls are covered with light-colored plaster. In some places, the plaster can expose the brick wall, and this gives the house a unique character. Balconies with balustrades can be located on the second floor. The windows on the first floor are narrow and must have blinds. On the second and third floors the windows are larger. The roof is multi-pitched, high, under tiles. The roof is decorated with numerous towers with dormer windows. For a house in Provence style, an important detail is the doors. They must be massive with forged hinges and have a viewing window.

Traditionally, various extensions are added to the house: a summer kitchen, a summer outbuilding or a garage.

Rococo

Rococo - from French. rococo, from fr. rocaille - decorative shell, shell, rocaille). The architectural (decorative) style of Rococo appeared in France (1715-1723) and reached its apogee under Louis XV, moved to other European countries and dominated it until the 1780s. The Rococo style was a continuation of the Baroque style. He did not introduce any new structural elements into the architecture.

Rococo architecture strives to be light, welcoming, and playful. In the creations of this architecture, straight lines and flat surfaces almost disappear; established orders are modified; the columns are sometimes lengthened, sometimes shortened and twisted in a helical manner; their capitals are distorted by coquettish changes, cornices are placed above the cornices; the roofs are surrounded along the edges with balustrades; the pediments represent breaking convex and sunken lines, crowned with vases and sculptural figures. In the frame of windows, doors, walls inside the building, in the lampshades, intricate stucco ornamentation is used, consisting of curls reminiscent of plant leaves, flower garlands and shells.

Russian estate

The first estates appeared in the distant past. Moscow was once also just an estate. Carved facades, classical forms, small turrets, windows with patterns - wooden Russian estates amaze with their beauty.

Skillful artistic wood carving was a characteristic and original decoration of Russian wooden buildings - and this is one of the few traditions that have been preserved among the people to this day. The carving can be relief or through. The top of the roof - the “ridge”, it was often made in the form of a horse’s head, the porch canopy, shutters and window casings - were necessarily decorated. The decoration of the roof was dominated by an animalistic pagan style, dating back to the Scythian nomads. Symbolic animal amulets were depicted, including horses, birds, roosters, and snakes.

The concept of a family nest in a Russian estate acquires great value. Russian style emphasizes the status of the owner of the house, who is proud of his history and origin. A Russian estate is a place of residence, as well as an opportunity to preserve and pass on one’s history, family name and traditions to descendants.

Northern modern

In Russian modernist architecture, the most prominent direction was northern modernism. The style received its main development in St. Petersburg at the beginning of the 20th century under the influence of Swedish architecture, as well as the Finnish architectural school of national romanticism. This was facilitated by economic and cultural ties with the Finnish and Swedish states, where national romanticism was the main movement in art.

Characteristic features of northern modernism are a combination of artificial and natural finishing materials, cladding the base of the building with Finnish granite, covering the upper floors with finishing bricks or textured plaster. The shape of buildings built in the Northern Art Nouveau style is massive and free of small decoration. Rustication, ornaments and bas-reliefs on themes of Russian folklore were widely used. The architectural decor is massive, the color is minimalist, the color scheme is austere in a northern way.

Scandinavian style

The countries of the Scandinavian Peninsula - Sweden, Norway and historically and geographically related Denmark and Finland had similar conditions for the development of architecture.

A Scandinavian house is simple, but by no means primitive, compact, but not cheap. It was created to protect its inhabitants from unpleasant climatic influences and provide them with maximum comfort.

Scandinavian style houses are one- and two-story buildings, laconic and restrained. Traditionally, houses were made of wood that was stained or varnished. The windows in Scandinavian-style houses are quite large, sometimes panoramic. The emphasis is on massive wooden frames. There are no basements or basements in Scandinavian-style houses. The roof is covered with tiles, metal - painted or “natural”, or various polymer materials. It can be either sloped or flat, but sloped is more common. A porch with a wooden staircase and carved railings, or a terrace is usually built in front of the front door.

Modern style

A house in a modern style implies openness to nature, large spaces, panoramic glazing. In modern style, they are often combined with rooms - for example, a living room with a fireplace, a kitchen with a dining room.

The credo of modern architecture is contained in the name itself - this is something that would correspond to today, a fundamental focus on the novelty of architecture, both constructive and planning ideas, and external forms.

The basic principles of modern architecture: the use of the latest building materials and structures, a rational approach to solving internal spaces (functional approach), the absence of decorative tendencies, a fundamental rejection of historical elements in the appearance of buildings. The following can be used in finishing facades: facade plaster, facing brick, wood, stone, porcelain stoneware. As a rule, owners of modern-style houses are active, dynamic people who travel a lot and are familiar with different cultures first-hand.

Mediterranean (Mediterranean) style

The Mediterranean includes Greece, Spain, Italy, France, Turkey, Egypt, Morocco and other countries that contributed to the formation of the architectural style called Mediterranean. In this style, you can find miniature houses with tiled roofs, immersed in lush vegetation, and luxurious snow-white villas on the coast.

Such buildings are characterized by plastered walls, flat or low tiled roofs, and the use of terracotta tiles and stone in decoration. The walls can be decorated with ornaments. Balconies and windows are decorated with wrought iron railings. The roof extension is quite large and is decorated with a cornice. The buildings must have large balconies or spacious covered terraces.

A characteristic feature of a Mediterranean house is the presence of a courtyard, a secluded patio, hidden from prying eyes. This technique may be very relevant for Russians who are forced to build country houses almost right next to each other. Functional and practical comfort is created with improvised means, not without ingenuity, adherence to tradition and love of creativity.

Medieval

Castle architecture is born of the Romanesque style, which dominated Europe from about 1000 AD. and before the emergence of Gothic art in the 13th century. The earliest structures copied Roman military camps. The construction of gigantic stone structures began with the Normans, and classical castles appeared in the 12th century.

The castle type of country house is characterized by large forms, massive and high walls, the presence of balconies, bay windows, terraces and towers, and an intricate composition in plan and facade. To decorate the facade of the house, facing brick, stone, and plaster can be used. In houses of this style there are no architectural excesses; noble simplicity creates a feeling of monumentality and stability. The windows have an arched shape, or a rectangular shape, but with an interesting finishing shape. Doors can be of any shape, have many decorative elements - a canopy, a frame made of forging or stucco, stained glass, mosaic. Facades are often asymmetrical. The shape of the roof in such cottages is always complex, since the house often consists of several parts.

Half-timbered

Fachwerk - from the German Fachwerk, Fach - panel, section, Werk - structure. This is one of the oldest building structures, widespread in Europe during the Middle Ages. Such houses were built in different countries, but most of them were in Germany - about 2.5 million.

Half-timbered houses were built everywhere in Germany already in the 12th century. The heyday of the half-timbered style came in the 16th century. Half-timbered buildings were influenced by fashionable architectural trends: Gothic, Baroque, Renaissance.

Half-timbered houses have a rigid wooden frame made of posts, beams and braces. The space between the wooden beams, called panels, was filled with a mixture of clay and reeds. The panels were then plastered and painted in light colors, while the frame itself, made of dark beams, remained visible. It was he who divided the facade into separate cells of various shapes and gave the house that unique originality, which became the main architectural feature of the half-timbered style. The wooden beams of the structure of half-timbered houses have many different motifs: crosses, figures, flowers, geometric patterns.

High tech

Hi-tech comes from the English hi-tech, from high technology - high technology. This is the architectural and design style of the late 20th - early 21st centuries. The style promotes the aesthetics of the material. The main features of high-tech are the most functional use of space and discreet decor. The style is characterized by swift, straight lines, protruding structural elements, silver-metallic color, and the widespread use of glass, plastic and metal. High-tech refers to ultra-modern styles; it uses designs typical of industrial buildings. The materials used are glass, metal, natural wood.

The style arose from the architecture of industrial premises, where all elements of the furnishings are subject to a functional purpose. At first it was more of an approach to architecture than a specific style. Elements of industrial aesthetics moved into the living space, where they were further developed: a mixture of high technology and constructivism emerged.

The high-tech style is very popular now among people who live with the times and are young at heart.

Chalet

The chalet style originated in Savoy, a province in southeastern France. It has absorbed the rich history of the Alpine mountains and local traditions. Translated from French “chalet” means shawl; warm; and, in fact, a Swiss house in the mountains. Initially, an alpine chalet is a dwelling reliably built from massive timber, protecting shepherds from bad weather in the mountains.

Chalets are reliable and practical accommodation. A chalet is a house with a sloping roof, the slopes of which protrude strongly above the main walls. This roof structure served to protect the house and surrounding area from snow and bad weather. Spacious terraces also appeared for practical reasons. With their help, the usable area of the house is significantly increased. An open terrace is an integral part of the chalet, which may not have a fence and be considered as part of the local area.

Chalet-style houses are usually chosen by people who strive not only to create a cozy home, but also care about the environmental friendliness of their home. A feeling of unity with nature arises in everyone who enters the chalet.

Swedish style

Swedish style is a variation of the Scandinavian approach to architecture. Red and white cottages fit perfectly into both the winter and summer Swedish landscape and are a landmark of this country. The traditional Swedish cottage is a simple house, paneled and painted red, with corners, windows and doors usually white. Swedish housing at all times was mainly wooden (or half-timbered in areas poor in forests). The estate complex includes a residential building and outbuildings united around a courtyard. Swedish architecture is characterized by strict simplicity and sparse decoration.

Functionality and simplicity, commitment to natural materials, restrained color combinations are characteristic of the Swedish style as well as Scandinavian architecture in general. Wooden houses made of light wood with wide window openings look like a natural addition to the landscapes of Sweden and beyond.

Dutch style

The Dutch country house style is a variation of colonial design that offers a simple layout behind the main façade. The appearance of such buildings has developed a distinctive style, distinguished by both practicality and decorativeness. A house in the Dutch style is characterized by a large, sharp gable roof with hips, simple windows, and an asymmetrical façade. Traditionally, the base of the house is finished with stone, and the facades are made of light-colored plaster. The house has a symmetrical layout. The central entrance leads into the hallway, around which the rooms are located. The lifestyle of the diligent, neat, hardworking Dutch is reflected in the interior of a Dutch house, demonstrating prosperity, modesty and convenience. Dutch country houses look solid, but at the same time cozy. Suitable for families looking for peace and comfort behind a modest façade.

Roman style

The Romanesque style in medieval Europe preceded the Gothic. The term itself appeared in the 12th century, when historians established that European architects widely used many elements of the ancient Roman style. The main objects of the architects were monasteries and castles, more reminiscent of fortresses. The appearance of the buildings is full of calm and solemn power. Characteristic features of Romanesque buildings were massive walls, the heaviness and thickness of which was emphasized by narrow window openings and stepped friezes. The main features of the style are circular or semi-circular arches and stone vaults. The facade cladding is made of brick, there is an abundance of brick decor on the pediments, friezes, windows and doors. Ceramic tiles are used as roofing. Romanesque buildings fit into the landscape, their compact forms and clear silhouettes follow the natural topography.

Czech style

The Czech Republic is one of the most cultural and beautiful countries not only in Europe, but also in the world. The cultural heritage of the Czech Republic is so extensive that sometimes it is very difficult to simply describe the places where you have been; the greatest contribution to the cultural heritage is still made by Czech architecture. The architecture of this country has been created over centuries. The Czech style of cottages has common features with European and German styles. A house in the Czech style is characterized by regular geometric shapes, high multi-pitched roofs covered with tiles, sometimes straw, the base is made of natural stone, and arched windows and doors are often used. A squat house in the Czech style will fit perfectly into the landscape and will not stand out in the landscape.

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1 . Objects of architectural and urban planning activities

So what does an architect do? His professional activity is the creation of architectural objects. Once upon a time, their list included palaces, temples, fortifications, carriages, and ships.

At A.K. Burov in his book “On Architecture” there is a parable: ... In the warm waters of the prehistoric ocean, inhabited by various creatures, gradually improving and adapting to the surrounding conditions, ichthyosaurs “came to first place.” They were the strongest, most agile, resilient and were armed with terrible teeth. Numerous attempts to attack ichthyosaurs ended in the inevitable death of the attackers. The attempts became less and less frequent and soon stopped altogether. The mere sight of these formidable monsters inspired fear. Fear of ichthyosaurs has become a hereditary instinct in all reptiles. At the same time, the hereditary instinct of ichthyosaurs was the feeling of their invulnerability and superiority. Centuries have passed...

And then, one day, some reptile, whose hereditary respect had apparently eroded, risked attacking the ichthyosaur. She swam up, turned around, and... bit. Enraged, stunned by the audacity, the ichthyosaur rushed at the enemy with an open mouth in which ... there were no teeth. The teeth have atrophied.

Ichthyosaurs were destroyed."

Likewise, architecture included all the knowledge that humanity possessed. Architecture was called, as was said, the construction of cities and acropolises, and ships, and temples, and dwellings, and fortresses, and military vehicles (catapults, rams), and canals and bridges.

In its centuries-long development, architecture lost its possessions step by step. Architects have not been designing ships and combat vehicles for a long time. Nowadays, design is slowly taking away our interior, decorative art...

Currently, architectural objects include:

· territories within the administrative boundaries of the country, regions, districts, etc.;

· interconnected groups of settlements;

· inter-settlement spaces (industrial hubs, recreation areas, national parks, etc.);

· settlements (cities, towns);

· fragments of settlements (residential and industrial areas, microdistricts, neighborhoods, public centers, etc.);

· complexes of buildings, structures, monuments;

· open areas in settlements (parks, streets, squares, boulevards, public gardens, areas of public buildings, residential courtyards, etc.);

· building;

· fragments of buildings (sections, blocks, apartments);

· structures (dams, cooling towers, television towers, etc.);

· small architectural forms;

· interiors of premises and elements of building equipment.

All architectural objects are divided into: architectural and urban planning (planning and territorial), architectural and landscape and architectural and construction (“volumetric”).

Architectural and construction objects include buildings, structures, monuments, fragments of buildings, and interiors.

Architectural and landscape objects are undeveloped (open) or lightly built-up areas of various purposes and scales - from extensive inter-settlement recreation areas to small recreational or commercial sites.

Architectural and urban planning objects - settlement systems, administrative-territorial entities, settlements, fragments of settlements. Architectural and urban planning objects are complex material and spatial systems, within the boundaries of which architectural, construction and architectural and landscape objects are combined into an inextricable whole.

Within the main types of architectural objects, many types and subtypes are distinguished. For example, buildings - residential, public, industrial, agricultural; villages - small, medium, large, large.

In what follows, the term “typology” will be used. Typology is the classification of objects or phenomena according to the commonality of any characteristics.

2 . Complex architectural design.The concept of "project"

The creation of architectural objects “in kind” is preceded by the development of design documentation (project). What is a project? A project is a performing model of an object that does not yet exist.

The law “On the Fundamentals of Architectural and Urban Planning Activities in the Republic of Belarus” provides the following formulation: a project is a system of interrelated documents that are developed in accordance with regulatory documentation and provide an idea of the material image of a habitat object, its location, physical parameters and aesthetic qualities. In modern conditions, the project includes drawings, texts, calculations, graphs that determine the main characteristics of future buildings, territories, and settlements.

Architectural objects have many different properties: weight, size, convenience, durability, aesthetic expressiveness, cost, etc. Because of this, their design is always complex. As a rule, project development is currently carried out by creative teams, which include various specialists: architects, design engineers, process engineers, transport engineers, surveyors, economists, ecologists, etc. Moreover, each of them is responsible for their own characteristics of the future architectural object, performs their part of the work, and has their own subject of design. Thus, the designer provides the necessary strength, stability, durability of buildings and structures, the technologist - modern technology and labor organization. Moreover, various specialized firms and organizations are involved in the design, performing individual work with the development of accompanying drawings.

For example, a design institute, which included architects, designers, technologists, estimators, plumbers and electricians, worked on the project for the socio-cultural center of PSU. And the Vetraz company, before making stained glass windows, developed special drawings based on the drawings of the architects who were the authors of the project. Also, the Rekor company, before work, developed a technology for making suspended ceilings designed by architects. A foreign company that won a tender for the supply of kitchen equipment revised the technological drawings before installing it.

This entire process should be led by an architect, namely an architect who participates in the comprehensive design of an architectural object.

First of all, by and large, the immediate responsibilities of the architect include determining the two main characteristics of objects. The architect determines:

· firstly, spatial characteristics, i.e. location, actual dimensions, shape, order of division into parts and other design objects,

· secondly, visual characteristics, its external and internal appearance, i.e. visible dimensions, shape, detailing, texture, color, lighting, etc.

In other words, the subject of architectural design is the spatial and visual characteristics of architectural objects.

They do not exist on their own, but are interconnected with all other characteristics of these objects. An architect cannot be free from structural, technological, transport, financial, energy, geotechnical, environmental and other problems of integrated design. (Example, PSU dormitory, reaction of the author of the project Yu.V. Shpit). He either participates in their decision himself, or takes into account decisions made by related specialists, integrating them into his creative plan.

Now let's look at a number of important definitions, information and concepts related to the theory of the social essence of architecture.

Question No. 3. The concepts of “social”, “society”, “ecumen”. Components of society, their mutual correspondence.

Among the many prerequisites for an architectural solution, social ones occupy a special place. The term “social” has several meanings:

Non-individual, relating not to one person, but to many, to a group (social security, social psychology);

Relating to people and the relationships between them, but not to things and objects (social and technical elements of the productive forces, the social and physical environment of man);

Related to the non-productive, non-economic, non-economic sphere (economic and social development plan, social development of the village, social infrastructure).

All these meanings are widely used in the architecture literature. In the course “Social Foundations of Architectural Design,” the word social, in addition to those listed, is given another, broader meaning: “social” means public, i.e. Everything that relates to society is considered social (from the Latin “socialis” - social, connected with the life and relationships of people in society).

The concept of "society" is also ambiguous; it is used in various meanings: a society of hunters and fishermen, high society, civil society, etc. This term has the broadest meaning in philosophy, where “society” is considered as a part of the objective world relatively isolated from nature, which functions and develops under the influence of man. The primary reason for the separation of society from nature is human activity. In this sense, the social is “non-natural”, more precisely “formerly natural, transformed by human activity.” It is this interpretation that is most important for this course.

As a part of the objective world isolated from nature, society includes many different phenomena and processes. People and relationships between them, production, science, culture, machines, household items, arable land, parks, domestic animals, i.e. everything that is involved in the orbit of human activity is society.

The main components of society can be identified:

· population of the Earth;

· human activity, i.e. processes of direct interaction between the population and the environment;

· human environment, i.e. all those things, substances, beings, energy fields, processes that form the material conditions of human existence and with which people interact.

Society is deployed in the space where humanity lives. The Greek word ecumene (or ecumene) is used to designate this social space. The boundaries of the ecumen currently include most of the earth's surface.

The components of society form an inextricable unity, an integral system: if people live somewhere, it means that there are also processes of their life activity, environment and space of their habitat. The components of this unity mutually influence each other. Humanity, through its vital activity, constantly transforms the environment and space of its habitat and at the same time itself develops under the influence of this activity, together with its habitat.

3 . Material levels (spheres) of society

When studying society, three levels (sides, spheres) are usually distinguished: biological, economic and sociocultural.

The population of the Earth is one of the many biological species existing on our planet. Homo sapiens. The life of any of them takes place in a habitat with certain properties - in the ecological niche of the species. An ecological niche contains such means of life (food, bioclimatic regime) that correspond to the characteristics of a given species, and does not contain those forms of matter and energy that are detrimental to it. She is able to “feed” her owner and at the same time absorb waste from his life, including them in the natural circulation of matter and energy. A biological species cannot move to an arbitrarily chosen environment: terrestrial plants do not live under water, anaerobic bacteria do not live in the air, herd animals die or degrade alone, etc. The biological species itself, its life processes and ecological niche form an integral, indivisible, bioecological system (bioecosystem).

Humanity also exists only in a certain ecological niche: in the air, in a warm or temperate climate, in the absence of toxins and the constant neutralization of waste. Humanity itself, its life processes and ecological niche form the biological (bioecological) level of society.

The material benefits and conditions of existence that nature provides to man do not satisfy him. It also produces new benefits, a new anthropogenic habitat (anthropo... is the first component of complex words, meaning: related to a person. Anthropogenic means related to human activity, an artificially created habitat). The production of material goods (material production) forms the economic, or economic, level of society, at which the population appears as a collective labor force, human activity as the creation and use of material goods, and the habitat as a set of material goods. In contrast to the bioecological level, the economic level is actually social: in the animal world there is nothing similar to the economy.

The sociocultural level of society is formed by culture. At this level, humanity acts as a creator and carrier of information, human life activity - as a process of comprehending nature and accumulating information, habitat - as a set of material means of creating, recording, storing, and transmitting information.

Now about culture in more detail.

4 . The concept of "culture". TOeveryday and special culture

By interacting with their environment, deliberately changing it, people reveal the secrets of reality and try to transform it.

Interacting with each other, they transmit to each other information about the discoveries made, inventions and experience gained, which is gradually consolidated, first of all, in signs that have a certain meaning and significance for everyone. Sign systems can be either natural (facial expressions, gestures, intonation, etc.) or created in the process of transforming reality (speech, writing, conventional light, sound, graphic signals and signs, symbols, the “language” of things, rites and rituals, specific “languages” of religion, art, science, etc.). Sign systems allow you to consolidate a variety of information, organize it, give it a compact form that is convenient for transmission, storage, and relatively quick understanding and development. Information obtained by one generation is passed on to subsequent generations in the form of “ready-made” knowledge, which creates a springboard for deeper penetration into the mysteries of existence.

Culture is information accumulated over many generations, collective (social) experience. The ability to unlimitedly accumulate sociocultural experience, to increasingly deeper and more fully disclose and master reality, i.e. to the unlimited development of culture - the main thing that makes a person human, distinguishes him from the animal world.

Culture can be divided into ordinary and special.

Everyday culture permeates the daily life of every person, every group of people. It is embodied in everyday knowledge, skills, habits, traditions, beliefs, myths, legends, customs, traditions, norms and rules of behavior, beliefs, worldview, worldview, properties of things used by people in everyday life.

The main purpose of a special culture is to receive, consolidate, store, and transmit information. Special culture is art, science, religion, education, mass communications and other areas of human activity.

5 . Hierarchy of levels of society

The initial, directly natural, “lowest” level is considered to be the bioecological level of society. Sociocultural, on the contrary, is classified as a target, actually human, “higher” one. The economic level occupies an intermediate position.

All levels of society are interconnected, interdependent, intertwined with each other. Culture actively influences the course of life processes and the efficiency of social production. Both economy and culture can exist only because people are representatives of a biological species. In the process of production, humanity reveals the secrets of nature, expands the boundaries of knowledge, and acquires new sociocultural experience. Economic development determines the possibilities of satisfying the natural biological needs of people, maintaining their health and preserving life. It is economic growth, despite all the difficulties and contradictions of the historical process, that leads through the accumulation of material wealth to an increase in life expectancy for the majority of individuals and opens up for them the possibility of active inclusion in a special culture.

How is the theory about levels of society used?

architectural planning urban planning complex

6 . Usageinformation about the components and levels of society in architectural design

Architectural design must take into account all three levels of society. At the same time, bioecological, economic and sociocultural characteristics, as well as information about all components of society: the population of human activity, the habitat, are considered simultaneously and in interconnection. An architectural object is designed both as an element of a biological niche, and as a material benefit, and as a cultural phenomenon, a material carrier of information. Let's take any building as an example: it provides people with shelter from the weather (biological level), is itself a material benefit and organizes space for activities to create and use material goods (economic level). In addition, any building contributes to the organization of activities in accordance with certain cultural canons, and its appearance “says” a lot to those who see it. It attracts or repels a person, creates a certain mood in a person (sociocultural level).

In this case, changing the properties of an object at one level inevitably changes its properties at others. So, say, large windows, designed for beauty or fashion, they can worsen or improve the microclimate of the premises (biological level), increase or decrease the cost of construction and operation of the building (economic level).

As mentioned, architectural design also uses information about all components of society: about the population, groups of people, an individual, human activity, the environment and habitat. When designing any architectural object - from a fountain to a settlement system - the architect takes into account who will use this object, what these people will do, what kind of subject and climatic environment the object's consumers will need, and in what place of the ecumen the object will be built.

Information about society as a whole, its components, the bioecological, economic, sociocultural characteristics of these components is used by architects to justify spatial and visual decisions. The totality of such information forms social prerequisites, or the social foundations of architectural design, i.e. subject of this discipline.

When determining social prerequisites, the architect does not have direct assistants - design sociologists, sociopsychologists, ethnographers, teachers. He himself predicts the future social reality and ensures that the spatial and visual characteristics of the designed architectural objects comply with this forecast. Its decisions determine the living conditions of future consumers and thereby influence social processes. For this impact to be positive, the architect must foresee the social consequences of his decisions and make those that contribute to the achievement of the goals of proper social development. This requires extensive and varied knowledge about society as a whole, about the functioning and development of specific social systems, and the ability to obtain social information (from relevant specialists or independently).

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What's happened architectural design of a house?

The architectural design of a house is not only its 3D model with real dimensions and references, but also a detailed internal layout, drawn facade, floor plans, all necessary sections, construction plans for walls, roofs, specifications of windows and doors, etc.

An architectural project is necessary to obtain permission to build a house, and on the basis of it the remaining parts of the project documentation will be developed - structural and engineering projects.

Why do you need an architectural design for a house?

Thanks to the architectural project you will receive:

General concept of the house

Working documentation

Construction budget

Safety

Calculation of utilities

An architectural project will allow you to see what the house will look like in the future after construction is completed. You will receive a 3D model of your house in photographic quality, color drawings of the facade, options for the interior layout of the house with the arrangement of furniture and plumbing.
In addition to 3D visualization, after completing the design, you will have in your hands a whole set of working documentation - drawings, plans, sections necessary to begin construction and further develop the structural and engineering parts of the project.
Development of the structural part of the project will help with determining the construction budget. Using the attached specifications of building materials, it will be possible to derive their exact cost and determine the scope of construction work.
The structural part of the project involves the calculation of all kinds of loads (wooden structures, reinforced concrete and metal structures), and this affects the safety of the house and its durability.
When calculating engineering systems, individual design of ventilation, heating, water supply, sewerage, and electrical supply of the house is carried out. As a result, you receive all the necessary calculations, connection diagrams, equipment and materials specifications.

The architectural design of the house will help you not only better imagine what the house will look like after construction is completed, but also provide for all the nuances associated with the convenience and safety of your stay in it. In addition, an architectural project will save you a lot of time and money!

What does an architectural project consist of?

An architectural project is a whole album of drawings, 3D views and specifications. In our company, the standard project kit usually includes the following documentation:

3D visualization of a house in Archicad;
Drawings of the building facade (with actual dimensions in color);
Floor plans;
Internal layout of the house (with furniture and plumbing);
Construction plans of walls (with actual dimensions, materials);
Roof plan (with actual dimensions);
Floor covering plan (area, composition, materials);
Specification of doors and windows (dimensions, quantity);
Specification of decorative elements (dimensions, articles).

In addition to the architectural project, at the request of the customer, two more albums are developed - the structural part of the project and the engineering one.

How much does an architectural project cost?

The cost of the project depends on the total area of the house and on the composition of the architectural project itself. So, if you order a project with a standard composition, then its cost can be calculated based on the calculation of 600 rubles/sq.m. If you additionally want to order a structural or engineering part, then focus on the same amount: 600 rubles/sq.m.

You can learn more about the cost and composition of the technical documentation included in each of the albums in the Cost of Work sections:

Procedure if you need an architectural project

Leave your request on the website Using the feedback form at the bottom of this page, our architect will promptly contact you to clarify the details. You can also call us by phone: 8 499 638-22-40 or contact us in any other way specified in the Contacts section.
The meeting with the architect takes place either at your site or in our office. During the meeting, you discuss all the nuances of our future cooperation.
Enter into a contract services can be provided already at the first meeting with the architect.
After concluding the contract, the architect prepares technical specifications for the creation of an architectural project and proceeds to its development. In the process of working on a project, you first receive sketches, which can be adjusted as necessary. Then, after agreeing on the draft part of the project, detailed elaboration and drawing up of a working draft begins.
After agreeing on all parts of the project with you, the architect designs it properly. When the project is ready, an act of provision of services is signed, and you receive an album with a full set of drawings, 3D visualizations, specifications, etc.

Our architectural design work:

Many of the projects presented by us were assembled by their skillful hands.

We produce drawing products in compliance with the rules and regulations. It belongs to the architectural part.

Engineering sections, if calculations are required, must be performed by specialists in these areas.

To ensure a high-quality result and to avoid errors, work on site should begin after the agreed album of working drawings has been handed over to the construction team.

A very important and necessary stage of cooperation with the architect occurs already during construction. This architectural or architectural supervision. On it, if we want to remove or add something, we can competently make permissible changes.

COMMON MISTAKES!

As an example of problems that arise due to non-compliance with the sequence of work, the following can be cited: first the foundation is cast, and only then an architect is invited. Do not forget - the foundation is no less important part of the house than the walls and roof; it is better to plan it together in mutual connection with the entire volume.

In the case of the interior or construction of a house, it is of course possible to invite an architect already during the construction process, but it will not be as cost-effective as if it is done on time. In this case, the likelihood of errors increases, and the object may become ill-conceived. It would be more correct to formulate the concept of the future building in advance and develop drawings. Builders can wait, there is no need to respond to the provocation: “we will start, while you write...”.

Architectural layout of the house. What is an architectural project

Title page of the project.

Project visualization.

Common data.

General instructions for masonry

Insolation scheme

General plan or diagram of the planning organization of the relief.

Masonry floor plans.

Marked floor plans.

Roof plan.

House facades.

Details of walls or sections along walls.

Ventilation ducts and chimneys.

Explication of walls and material consumption sheet.

Scheme of window blocks and doors.