What does an incentive sentence mean? Incentive offer

A sentence is the smallest semantic unit, which is a series of words that are related grammatically and in meaning. A sentence, even consisting of one word, has a complete meaning and is characterized by a certain intonation. Essentially, a sentence is a communicative unit.

What are the offers? This depends on the point of view from which the proposals are viewed.

Conducting parsing, these are defined in Russian.

1. According to the purpose of the statement, proposals are divided into:

Narrative, the purpose of which is ordinary (The flame shot up into the sky, showering the guys with a whole fireworks of golden sparks.)

Interrogative. Their goal is to formulate a question (How long can you repeat? When will summer come?)

Incentive. (Be equal! Attention! Sing me a song.) An incentive sentence expresses an order, a request, an incentive to action.

The incentive sentence differs from the others not only in its special intonation, but also in the way of expressing the predicate. It can be expressed

Most often the verb is in the imperative mood. (Tell me about the journey. Sing!)

A verb in an indefinite (infinitive) form (Sing! Break this building!)

Verbs in different forms, but expressing the will of the speaker (I demand immediate submission!)

Without a predicate. This incentive offer can use different speeds.

A construction that begins with the conjunction “so that” and conveys a categorical order (So that your spirit is not here!)

Such an incentive expression is usually used for exhortation (You should go to the sea).

An incomplete sentence without a predicate (Newspaper! Be silent!)

Intonationally, an incentive sentence differs from others in a higher tone.

2. Intonation (based on emotional coloring) distinguish between exclamatory and non-exclamatory sentences (I love the beginning of spring so much! I love the beginning of spring).

3. Depending on whether there is both a subject and a predicate, any types of sentences can be two-part (with or one-part (with one main member) (Examples of two-part: Summer has come. The days have become unbearably hot).

The species is determined by the presence of the main member.

Nominative (or nominative) sentences have only a subject (Darkness. Silence. Romance).

Impersonal sentences have only a predicate, in which there cannot be a subject within the meaning (My head is ringing from high temperature. It's getting dark. It's getting colder).

Definitely personal ones also do without a subject. Their basis is a verb of 1-2 persons, acting as a predicate. In such sentences, it is clear to whom exactly the speaker is addressing (Shut up! Give me a book. Now I’ll start drinking).

Generalized-personal constructions denote actions that everyone performs (Chickens are counted in the fall. Once you’ve done the job, go for a walk).

Indefinite personal, where the predicate (3rd person verb, standing in plural) indicates that the action in this construction is more important than its producer (Outside the window they sang loudly and beautifully about love).

4. According to the number of minor members, sentences are divided into unextended and widespread (I stand. I look. The sky. (unextended) I look into the blue sky. (extended)).

5. Sentences are divided into complete and incomplete, depending on whether all the necessary members are present (I carefully read the geography textbook (complete). My mother works in a hospital. My father is at school. (Incomplete)).

6. Finally, suggestions could be:

Complex (I love life, but it doesn’t seem to spoil me).

Difficult to subordinate (Swifts were flying in the sky, scared away by a cannon shot).

Difficult non-union (The teacher left the class, a hubbub immediately began).

When classifying proposals, all characteristics are indicated. For example: I'm reading a book. Sentence: narrative, non-exclamatory, two-part, common, complete, simple.

You don’t need to look far for examples of incentive offers. All of us make dozens of incentive sentences a day: “It’s time to get up!”, “Hurry up, have breakfast!”, “Do your homework first!”, “Vasya, go home!” The intonation of the sentence will be exclamatory or interrogative; in both cases, you persuade the other person to fulfill your freedom. In order to do this grammatically correct, let’s take a closer look at what incentives are. offers .

It turns out that if you were approached with an incentive sentence (“Vasya, hurry home!”), you will never confuse its intonation with a narrative one (“Vasya is already at home”) or with an interrogative one (“Is Vasya home?”). But attention! If the sentence is formulated like this: “Isn’t it time for you to go home, Vasenka?” or “Vaska, are you coming?” – then this example belongs to the category of “interrogative-motivating sentence”. Such offers contain two types of intonation at once. If there is a predicate in the incentive sentence, then it will most likely be in the imperative mood: “Go away, Petya!” (Well, how much more can one persuade poor Vasya!) There are also predicates in the form subjunctive mood: “Wouldn’t you go away!” And even in the form of the indicative mood: “Go away!” The latter does not sound very respectful, but issues of etiquette are not discussed in this article. If an infinitive is used as a predicate: say, the stern “No smoking!” - something like that offers are called “negative-incentive”. Correct helpers of incentive offers– special particles. Scientifically, they are also called modal-volitional. They are all beautifully familiar to us: “Let it go!”, “Let it go!”, “Give!”, “Let’s go!”, “Come on!”. And the easily necessary particle “would”. But sometimes just one noun in the nominative case is enough for the sentence to become motivating. If you hear: “Fire! Fire!" – you’ll instantly figure out what the speaker wanted to encourage you to do. “Run! Save yourself! Call “01”! So let the tasks with determining incentive offers be unknown to you from now on! And let these offers sound to you not in the form of orders and prohibitions, but extraordinarily in the form of respectful and sensitive requests. Let's say: “Should we have some tea?” Or “Honey, will you marry me? Your Vasya..."

“Infinitivus” means “indefinite” in Latin. In dictionaries published before the 70s of the 20th century, “ infinitive" was defined as "the indefinite inflection of the verb." What does the slope have to do with it, and what positive definition at infinitive A? Does it even exist?

Modern dictionaries interpret infinitive easily - " indefinite form verb" (words such as "run", "fly" with inflection "-t"). The fact that form is intelligible, but since language is a physical representation, does it have infinitive and the table of contents? This question still causes heated debate: someone calls infinitive zero form (and with no table of contents), someone insists on returning the previous formulation - “indefinite slope”. There are also followers of the “zero voice” (that is, neither active nor passive; neither energetic nor passive - again in the old custom or in the traditions of other languages, say, English). The most paradoxical version - infinitive has nothing to do with verbs at all, but rather with particles (expressing modality, phase, etc.). It's hard to say whether it has zero slope or zero collateral. infinitive ah, but the fact that particles could not be part of the predicate is true. The infinitive, on the contrary, can be part of predicates (verbs). Let’s say, expressing the same modality (desirability): “he stopped wanting to learn,” where there is actually modal verb(“to want”) and the reflexive verb “to learn.” By the way, reflexive verbs some prospectors are also considered to be infinitive Well, it’s true that this judgment seems false, because the postfix – xia (itself) already carries within itself a certain semantic content, and infinitive- an indefinite form - still cannot have such a detailed meaning (teach oneself). The question with “-t” remains unresolved to this day. Some scientists are still inclined to believe that this is an inflection (that is, a morpheme that combines a word with other members of a sentence), others - that it is a formative suffix infinitive and, not responsible for the connections in the sentence. Speaking about the predicate, it is necessary to note that in colloquial speech infinitive can, in sentences with the meaning of message, movement, speech, direction, beginning or continuation, perform the function of a zero predicate. Let’s say, “We’re having dinner,” “It’s time to go,” “Children, go to bed!”

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Inclination refers to the non-constant morphological sign of the verb, present in the conjugated forms and expressing the relationship of the action to reality by contrasting the forms of the imperative, indicative and subjunctive mood.

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How are the offers different? Of course, they can be simple or complex. They can even consist of one word. Every time we put words together, we make a sentence for a specific purpose and put a certain meaning into it. Thus, the sentence finds its own. According to this criterion, sentences are divided into narrative, incentive and interrogative. In addition, the proposals also have different emotional connotations. How is the purpose of the statement related to emotional coloring? Let's deal with everything in order.

Example of declarative sentences in Russian

Declarative sentences are used very often in everyday speech. They talk about something, simply When a person shares some events that happened, during the story he makes up narrative sentences. In writing they usually end with a period. But other punctuation marks are also possible, but more on that in another paragraph. Let's look at an example of declarative sentences:

We were in Park. The day was sunny and warm. We bought ice cream and walked along the shady alleys.

From this example of narrative sentences, it is clear that this type is used to talk about some events and facts. Such sentences are often found in everyday speech and in literature. It's worth opening any piece of art, and many examples of declarative sentences can be found.

Incentive

Incentive sentences are used when you need to ask for something or even order something. That is, to induce the listener to take some action. Examples:

Please bring me some water. Call me when you arrive. Do it immediately!

Interrogative sentences

This is the third and final type of sentence based on the purpose of the statement. Already from the name it is clear that interrogative sentences are used when you need to ask about something or get certain information. Examples:

How much does it cost? When is the best time for me to call? How many apples should I buy?

This type of sentence ends with a question mark.

However, it does not always express a direct question that requires an answer. This category also includes rhetorical questions that are asked with a bit of irony and do not require an answer.

Suggestions for emotional coloring

According to this criterion, sentences are divided into two types: exclamatory and non-exclamatory.

At the end of exclamatory sentences on the letter it is placed. It shows that when reading it is necessary to put certain emotions, greater expressiveness and brightness into the voice.

Non-exclamatory sentences imply that the phrase does not have any obvious emotional connotation. Such sentences are pronounced quite calmly and neutrally. And most often they end with a period.

It is worth noting that all types of sentences depending on the purpose of the statement can be exclamatory in their emotional connotation.

Exclamation marks

Sentences with different purposes can also express different emotions. Consider an example of a declarative exclamatory sentence:

Today was such a good day!

There is an exclamation point at the end of this sentence. It becomes clear that when reading aloud, certain emotions need to be invested in this phrase. And since this sentence tells about some event, it must be classified as a narrative sentence. If there was a period at the end of the sentence, it would be non-exclamatory and would be pronounced with a more neutral intonation:

Today was such a good day.

A sentence acquires a certain emotional connotation not only thanks to the exclamation mark, but also thanks to certain vocabulary. For example, the use of interjections, certain types of adjectives and adverbs adds more emotion. Compare:

Today is a good day./Ah, today is just a delightful day!

An incentive sentence can also be an exclamation. Compare:

Please bring me a book./Bring me water quickly!

In this case, certain vocabulary can also add emotional overtones. Also, the tone of the statement itself matters. A simple request sounds more neutral than an order.

And, of course, an interrogative sentence can also be an exclamation point. Example:

Will I have time?/Well, how can I manage everything?!

In this case, vocabulary also plays a significant role. Moreover, it is worth noting that in interrogative sentences the exclamation mark is placed after the question mark, because the sentence, first of all, expresses a certain question.

Let's summarize briefly. Sentences according to the purpose of the statement are divided into three types. In terms of emotional coloring - two. Using examples of narrative, imperative and interrogative sentences, it became clear that emotional coloring depends on the choice of vocabulary and certain punctuation marks. All types of sentences, according to their purpose of expression, can be either exclamatory or non-exclamatory.

The meaning of the linguistic term “incentive sentence” is easy to understand even on an intuitive level - from the name it is clear that we are talking about a linguistic unit that encourages action. But how does it do this, what is its significance and what forms does it take? Motivation can be expressed in different ways, and all its features are studied in 3rd grade.

Features and forms of incentive offers

The desire for a certain action in incentive sentences can be expressed in very different ways. This can be either a prayer or a request, or an order, a ban, or even a protest. An invitation, a wish, a parting word - all these are forms of encouragement.

Many people think that incentive and exclamatory sentences are the same thing. But this is not entirely true - in fact, depending on the nature of such a sentence, it may have different intonation.

Examples of incentive sentences with different intonation

Thus, motivation can take the soft form of a plea, request, advice or wishes, as well as parting words. In this case, from an intonation point of view, it will be closer to a narrative sentence.

Incentive offer in soft form will be pronounced calmly and evenly, and at the end of such a syntactic unit there will be a period, not an exclamation point.

Here are some examples.

Sleep well, my darling- This is a parting sentence.

Come visit us in the summer, we'll go to the beach- This is an invitation offer.

Protest, prohibition, order - in these cases, the incentive sentence takes an exclamatory form. This means that an incentive sentence has two forms: exclamatory and non-exclamatory.

Thus, non-exclamatory sentences are pronounced calmly. they lack a pronounced emotional coloring. At the same time, there are forms of motivation that are impossible without expression.

Exclamatory sentences not only express an incentive to action, they are also emotionally charged. It is the emotional background that gives such syntactic units the form of an exclamation.

In such an incentive sentence, an exclamation point is placed at the end.

There are several ways to help express motivation. And the main one is grammatical basis, which uses a verb in the form imperative mood. Modal and formative particles such as “come on”, “let”, “yes” and so on help in expressing motivation. In this case, the incentive offer can be either one-part or two-part.

What have we learned?

Incentive sentences necessarily express an incentive to take some action, but in different forms. If we are talking about a soft form of motivation, then a period is placed at the end of the sentence, and it is pronounced with a calm intonation. If the incentive sentence is emotionally charged, then the intonation of its pronunciation is exclamatory, and at the end, accordingly, an exclamation point is placed.

Narrative are called sentences that contain a message about some fact of reality, phenomenon, event, etc. (affirmed or denied). Narrative sentences are the most common type of sentences; they are very diverse in their content and structure and are distinguished by the completeness of thought, conveyed by specific narrative intonation: a rise in tone on a logically highlighted word (or two or more, but one of the rises will be the largest) and a calm fall tones at the end of a sentence. For example: The carriage drove up to the porch of the commandant's house. The people recognized Pugachev's bell and ran after him in a crowd. Shvabrin met the impostor on the porch. He was dressed as a Cossack and grew a beard(P.).

Interrogative are sentences that are intended to encourage the interlocutor to express an idea that interests the speaker. For example: Why do you need to go to St. Petersburg?(P.); What will you tell yourself now to justify yourself?(P.).

The grammatical means of forming interrogative sentences are as follows:

1) interrogative intonation - raising the tone on a word with which the meaning of the question is associated, for example: Did you invite happiness with a song?(L.) (Cf.: Is it did you invite happiness with a song? - Did you invite happiness with a song?);

2) word arrangement (usually the word with which the question is associated is placed at the beginning of the sentence), for example: Not Is the hostile city burning?(L.); But Will he return soon with a rich tribute?(L.);

3) interrogative words - interrogative particles, adverbs, pronouns, for example: Not better can you get behind them yourself?(P.); Is there really no woman in the world to whom you would like to leave something as a keepsake?(L.); Why are we standing here?(Ch.); Where does the glow come from?(L.); What were you doing in my garden?(P.); What do you want me to do?(P.).

Interrogative sentences are divided into proper interrogative, interrogative-impellative and interrogative-rhetorical.

Proper interrogative sentences contain a question that requires a mandatory answer. For example: Have you written your will?(L.); Tell me, does my uniform fit me well?(L.).

A peculiar type of interrogative sentences, close to proper interrogatives, are those that, being addressed to the interlocutor, require only confirmation of what is stated in the question itself. Such sentences are called interrogative-affirmative. For example: So are you going? (Bl.); So it's decided, Herman?(Bl.); So, to Moscow now?(Ch.).

Interrogative sentences, finally, can contain the negation of what is being asked; these are interrogative-negative sentences. For example: What might you like here? It doesn't seem particularly pleasant(Bl.); And if he spoke... What new can he tell?(Bl.).

Both interrogative-affirmative and interrogative-negative sentences can be combined into interrogative-declarative ones, since they are transitional in nature from a question to a message.

Interrogative sentences contain an incentive to action expressed through a question. For example: So, maybe our wonderful poet will continue the interrupted reading?(Bl.); Shouldn't we talk about business first?(Ch.).

Interrogative rhetorical sentences contain an affirmation or a negation. These sentences do not require an answer, since it is contained in the question itself. Interrogative rhetorical sentences are especially common in fiction, where they are one of the stylistic means of emotionally charged speech. For example: I wanted to give myself every right not to spare him if fate had mercy on me. Who has not made such terms with his conscience?(L.); Desires... What good is it to wish in vain and forever?(L.); But who will penetrate into the depths of the seas and into the heart, where there is melancholy, but no passions?(L).

Plug-in constructions can also take the form of an interrogative sentence, which also do not require an answer and serve only to attract the attention of the interlocutor, for example: The prosecutor flies headlong into the library and - can you imagine? - does not find either a similar number or the same date of the month of May in the Senate decisions(Fed.).

Question in interrogative sentence may be accompanied by additional shades of a modal nature - uncertainty, doubt, distrust, surprise, etc. For example: How did you stop loving her?(L.); Don't you recognize me?(P.); And how could she let Kuragin do this?(L.T.).

Incentive sentences are those that express the will of the speaker. They can express: 1) an order, a request, a plea, for example: - Be silent! You! - Survivor exclaimed in an angry whisper, jumping to his feet.(M.G.); - Go, Peter! - the student commanded(M.G.); - Uncle Grigory... bend your ear(M.G.); - And you, my dear, don’t break it...(M.G.); 2) advice, proposal, warning, protest, threat, for example: This Arina is an original woman; Please note, Nikolai Petrovich(M.G.); Pets of windy fate, tyrants of the world! Tremble! And you, take heart and listen, rise up, fallen slaves!(P.), Look, my hands are washed more often - beware!(M.G.); 3) consent, permission, for example: Do as you wish; You can go wherever your eyes take you; 4) a call, an invitation to joint action, for example: Well, let's try with all our might to defeat the disease.(M.G.); My friend, let’s dedicate our souls to our homeland with wonderful impulses!(P.); 5) desire, for example: Give him Dutch soot with rum(M.G.).

Many of these meanings of incentive sentences are not clearly differentiated (for example, supplication and request, invitation and order, etc.), since this is expressed more often intonationally than structurally.

The grammatical means of forming incentive sentences are: 1) incentive intonation; 2) predicate in the form of the imperative mood; 3) special particles that add an incentive to the sentence ( come on, come on, come on, yeah, let it go).

Incentive sentences differ in the way they express the predicate.