What are spiritual and moral guidelines of a person? What is their role in human activity? Spiritual guidelines of the individual: morals, values, ideals

OPTION 1.

1. The main task of spiritual and theoretical activity is

2) preservation of spiritual benefits

2. Culture in the broadest sense of the word means

1) the level of education of an individual

2) lifestyle and standards of behavior of a group of people

3) material and spiritual benefits created by humanity

4) a collection of works of fine art

3. Are the following statements true?

A. Where knowledge is impossible for one reason or another, a wide field of activity often opens up for faith.

B. Beliefs are inherent in a person with any type of worldview, but their sources are different.

4. The science of morality is

1) ethics;

2) existence;

3) aesthetics;

4) eclectic.

5. Which of the following definitions is not part of the definition of morality?
1) the form of information-evaluative orientation of the individual, communities in command and spiritual life, mutual perception and self-perception of people;
2) legalized justice, a means of civilized resolution of contradictions;
3) a system of norms and rules governing communication and behavior of people to ensure the unity of public and personal interests;
4) a form of social consciousness in which the ethical qualities of social reality are reflected and consolidated.

6. An unconditional, compulsory requirement (command), not allowing objections, mandatory for all people, regardless of their origin, position, circumstances, is called
1) categorical imperative
2) “the golden rule of morality”
3) scientific worldview
4) spiritual need.

7. Are the following statements true?

A. The creation, preservation and dissemination of spiritual values are aimed at satisfying the spiritual needs of people.

B. Fashion does not have any great influence on spiritual consumption.

1) only A is correct

2) only B is correct

3) both judgments are correct

4) both judgments are incorrect

8. Are the following statements true?

A. Spiritual production is carried out, as a rule, special groups people whose spiritual activity is professional.

B. Spiritual production along with professional activity includes activities that are constantly carried out

by the people.

1) only A is true 2) only B is true

3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect

9. Perfection, the highest goal of human aspirations, the idea of the highest moral requirements

1) ideal; 2) value; 3) law; 4) religion.

10. Concepts are central to ethics
1) general and specific;
2) good and evil;
3) absolute and relative;
4) ideal and material.

Part B.

IN 1. You are presented with institutions that contribute to the preservation and dissemination of spiritual values, but one of them is an exception to this list.

Archive, museum, administration, school, media, library.

AT 2. Perform the correlation.

Term

Definition

1. Spiritual consumption

A. Personal adherence to moral values, personal awareness of the need to unconditionally fulfill moral requirements.

2. Values

B. Approval or condemnation of human activity from the standpoint of those requirements that are contained in the moral consciousness of society, ethnic group, a social community of people, certain individuals.

3. Debt

B. What is most dear is sacred for the individual, for the community of people.

4. Moral assessment

D. Perfection, the highest goal of human aspirations, ideas about the highest moral requirements, about the most sublime in man.

5. Ideal

D. The process of satisfying people's spiritual needs

AT 3. What meaning do social scientists give to the concept of “morality”? Using knowledge from the social science course, compose two sentences containing information about morality.

Questions

Everyday worldview

Religious worldview

Scientific worldview

Character traits

AND.

Strength

Weak side

IN.

AND.

Possible answers:

Part C.

<...> <...> <...> <...>

(S.E. Krapivensky)

C1. Name three elements of the spiritual realm public life, highlighted by the author.

C2.

C3.

The spiritual world of man and activity.

OPTION 2.

Part A: Choose the correct answer.

1. The main task of spiritual and practical activity is

1) production of spiritual goods

2) changing people's consciousness

3) consumption of spiritual values.

4) distribution of spiritual values

2. Are the following judgments true?

A. Worldview is a person’s view of the world as a whole.

B. Worldview is a person’s attitude towards the world around him.

1) only A is true 2) only B is true

3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect

3. The science of morality is

1) ethics; 2) existence;

3) aesthetics; 4) eclecticism.

4. The quality of spiritual consumption depends on

1) culture of the subject of activity;

3) research by sociologists

4) organization of leisure

5. The concept of “personal spiritual culture” includes

1) established standards of behavior in political life in society;

2) a person’s ideas about himself, about his purpose in the world;

3) religious beliefs and rituals that distinguish one faith from another

4) scientific knowledge accumulated by humanity over the entire period of its existence.

6. Are the following statements true?

A. It is necessary to approach a moral assessment based on the specific conditions in which human activity takes place.

B. Self-education in the sphere of morality is, first of all, self-control, presentation high requirements to the very

yourself, in all types of your activities.

1) only A is true 2) only B is true

3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect

7. Personal responsible adherence to moral values, personal awareness of the need to unconditionally fulfill moral requirements in ethics is determined by the category

1) debt; 2) conscience;

3) honor; 4) advantages.

8. Choose a definition that corresponds to the concept of “morality”:
1) perfection, the highest goal of human aspirations, the idea of the most sublime in a person;
2) the individual’s conscious need to act in accordance with his value orientations;
3) the form of information-evaluative orientation of the individual, communities in command and spiritual life, mutual perception and self-perception of people;
4) legalized justice, a means of civilized resolution of contradictions.

9. The concept of the categorical imperative was formulated

1) D. Diderot;

3) G.F. Hegel;

2) I. Kant;

4) K. Kautsky

10. Are the following judgments true?

A. Without conscience there is no morality.

B. Conscience is an internal judgment that a person administers to himself.

1) only A is true 2) only B is true

3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect

Part B.

IN 1. You are presented with a classification of worldview types, but one of them does not belong to this classification. Write down the extra term as an answer.

Theocentrism, sociocentrism, anthropocentrism, sociocentrism, worldcentrism.

AT 2. Perform correlation

Term

Definition

1. Spiritual production

A. The system-forming beginning of moral concepts.

2. Ideal

B. The conscious need of the individual to act in accordance with his value orientations.

3. Welcome

B. People's activities to create spiritual values.

4. Persuasion

D. The totality of all the results of knowledge, their assessment on the basis of previous culture and practical activity, national consciousness, personal life experience.

5. Mentality

D. Perfection, the highest goal of human aspirations, ideas about the highest moral requirements, about the most sublime in man.

AT 3. What meaning do social scientists put into the concept of “worldview”? Drawing on knowledge from the social science course, compose two sentences containing information about worldview.

AT 4. Fill in the blanks in the table. Write the answer in the form

Questions

Everyday worldview

Religious worldview

Scientific worldview

Character traits

AND.

Strength

Weak side

IN.

AND.

Possible answers:

1.based on a person’s direct life experience.

2. man has not yet taken a dominant place in the scientific worldview.

3. intolerance towards other positions in life, insufficient attention to the achievements of science

4. the basis is the religious teachings contained in the monuments of world culture: the Bible, Koran, Talmud, etc.

5. makes little use of the experience of other people, the experience of science and culture, the experience of religious consciousness as an element of world culture.

6. based on scientific picture world, on the generalized results of the achievements of human knowledge

7. arises spontaneously as a result of practical human activity

8. close connection with world cultural heritage.

9. validity, realism, connection with production and social activities of people.

Part C.

Read the text and complete tasks C1-C3.

“The spiritual sphere appears before us as the most sublime<...>Here spiritual needs are born, from the most basic to the most sophisticated.<...>; this is where the production of ideas takes place<...>; This is where their consumption largely takes place.<...>

For the sake of satisfying spiritual needs, spiritual production is carried out; the single, general goal of spiritual production is the reproduction of social consciousness in its integrity.

Among the functions of spiritual production, we will highlight, first of all, spiritual activity aimed at improving all other spheres of social life (economic, political, social).

However, the process of spiritual production cannot be considered complete as soon as new ideas, applied and fundamental, are obtained. Here everything is the same as in material production: the product of labor must reach the consumer, that is, go through the stages of distribution and exchange, which in spiritual production take on a specific appearance. In this regard, we can talk about the function of producing knowledge about these ideas and disseminating (broadcasting) this knowledge. This function is carried out by general education and higher schools, cultural and educational institutions, and the media.

There's another one important function spiritual production - production public opinion. It is not difficult to guess that this function is inseparable from the function of production and dissemination of knowledge, as if woven into it, while highlighting it as relatively independent, we emphasize the important fact that the ideological aspect is more clearly expressed in it.”

(S.E. Krapivensky)

C1. Name three elements of the spiritual sphere of public life highlighted by the author.

C2. Based on the content of the text, name the goal and any two functions of spiritual production.

C3. Give one example of spiritual activity aimed at improving the economic, social and political spheres of public life.

The problem of moral education of the younger generation today worries the public all over the world and in our country in particular. Therefore, the spiritual education of young people should be facilitated by a qualitative improvement in all educational work. In accordance with the Standards, at the levels of primary general and basic general education, the spiritual and moral development and education of students is carried out, providing for their acceptance of moral norms, ethical guidelines, and national values. The program for spiritual and moral education of students is a component Educational programs all schools in Russia. Among the personal results of mastering the programs, the first place is the formation of the foundations of Russian civic identity, a sense of pride in one’s Motherland, the Russian people and the history of Russia, awareness of one’s ethnicity and nationality; formation of values and moral culture of multinational Russian society.

And the stimulation by teachers and parents of students’ own efforts for self-improvement plays a particularly significant role in this regard. Even a figurative thought has long become popular: the student is not a vessel filled with knowledge, but a torch that needs to be lit with the noble fire of self-improvement.

It is known that from time immemorial the backbone of public morality has been religious moral postulates and moral commandments. That is why the cultural study of religion today in itself gives a lot in improving the moral world of people. Issues related to the introduction into the school curriculum of information about the fundamentals of Orthodox culture, considered within the framework of the cultural approach, are important today also because the nature of a secular school is determined, among other things, by its relations with the social environment, religious associations, and recognition of freedom of religion and worldviews of participants in the educational process.

Moral culture allows a person not only to enter the rich spiritual world of thoughts and feelings, but also helps him to become free and independent from those stereotypes, primitive patterns of hoarding, envy, vanity, which, unfortunately, are common among morally indifferent and evil people.

Of course, in individual moral improvement, much depends on the work of the intellect of the individual himself and his awareness of the moral meaning of life. You can argue with the old “rule”: work on purifying your thoughts, and if you don’t have bad thoughts, you won’t have bad actions. And yet there is some truth in it. It is no coincidence that the conclusion of A. Chekhov, a writer who so deeply showed many moral problems: “Everything in a person should be beautiful - his face, his clothes, his soul, and his thoughts.” And in his letter to his brother, he writes: “In order to be educated and not stand below the level of the environment in which you find yourself, it is not enough to read only Pickwick and memorize a monologue from Faust... It requires continuous day and night work, eternal reading, study, will " Those. The writer considers a person’s work on himself to be one of the important moral guidelines for self-improvement. And Anton Pavlovich Chekhov especially emphasized the decisive role of faith in values human personality: “A person must either be a believer or seeker of faith, otherwise he is an empty person...” At the same time, he views faith as an ability of the spirit that is available only to “high organizations.” It is human faith and moral commandments, according to A.P. Chekhov are the defining spiritual guidelines for self-improvement.

What does a moral culture, the basis of which is humanism, moral duty, conscience, dignity and honor, give a person? First of all, the ability to experience noble, moral, kind feelings that enlighten human life. It is the ability to lead a truly human life and not be confined to biological needs. It is precisely the human treasures of the soul that begin where a person is included in the world of moral thoughts and feelings.

It is known that these noble feelings are largely instilled in a person as a result of exposure to art and literature, which, without exaggeration, can be called great teachers of moral language. The fact is that most clearly, in a concentrated form, a person is included in an atmosphere of empathy, an emotional assessment of good and evil in art and literature. A good play, a movie, a work of art, especially one that shocked a person, all of this, like a spotlight, highlights noble human feelings and thoughts in a more vivid form. And many people who, perhaps, in the hustle and bustle of everyday life, do not pay attention to moral problems, now, led by a talented writer, director, artist or novelist, penetrate into the essence of phenomena and experience ennobling feelings.

But life is richer than any thick book... And the ability to see, understand and experience noble humane feelings, emotions of satisfaction, pleasure and joy from doing a good deed help a person become happier.

Of course, not every person understands the world of moral relations and can be happy by doing good, humane deeds. In the minds of some people, a person’s personal happiness is limited, and even opposed to the interests of other people. Sometimes it may seem this way because a person has not thought deeply about himself, his experiences, and has not compared his joys with the good that he has done to people. This may be hindered by a kind of moral deafness. Let's imagine that a person who has no ear for music and is also not musically educated comes to a concert to listen to complex symphonic music. Even if he feigns attention out of politeness, he is bored, he does not experience the pleasure that others experience when they find themselves in the world of music, emotional states, aesthetic feelings. Likewise, the world of moral feelings, subtle and sublime experiences, noble human aspirations is accessible different people not to the same extent. Therefore, callous indifferent people, without understanding this, they seem to deprive and impoverish themselves, extremely limiting themselves in their world of petty thoughts, in their smug confidence that selfishness, isolation, material acquisitions are the meaning and happiness of human life.

The desire to become original and interesting with the help of external signs, the thoughtless pursuit of fashion, and acquisitions impoverish a person’s spiritual world and lead to the loss of individual identity. Materialism and blind acquisition suppress, undermine the spiritual values of a person, making him very stereotyped and limited. He doesn’t even notice how he depersonalizes and impoverishes himself. As a result, the psychology of such a person begins to be characterized not only by indifference to moral relationships, to other people, mental callousness, but also by a certain aggressiveness in achieving one’s acquisitive goals and cowardice, fear of losing what has been acquired, “ advantageous position" in life. An egoist, a morally poor person essentially loses a lot of what is actually spiritual and human. This side of human losses was noted by V. Belinsky: “It’s good to be a scientist, a warrior, a legislator, but it’s bad not to be a human being!” .

Of course, even morally developed people can have certain shortcomings. And every person, in principle, is capable of further improving and perfecting his spiritual world, and being included in the system of moral relations. To do this, you need to master the language of moral experiences and moral thoughts, and first of all expand the range of good human feelings. The basis of mastering the language of moral emotions is the desire and attitude not only to experience one’s successes and achievements, but also to experience joyful, kind feelings for other people, for one’s loved ones, friends, and comrades. This ability and desire to do good deeds, experience inner satisfaction from humane actions, participate in the experiences of others, and rejoice with them is another important guideline for self-improvement.

IN psychological basis Such moral improvement lies in a feeling of empathy, mental and emotional transference. This ability is especially evident in family relationships. It is rare to find a person who did not empathize with his loved ones, did not mentally put himself in their position, did not feel their emotions, did not rejoice at their successes. And not only to loved ones. Probably everyone empathizes not only with their comrades and relatives, but also with the heroes of works of art and the heroes of films. Let us remember how subtly and knowledgeably Chekhov, Dostoevsky, Leo Tolstoy included in the world of the heroes of their works, with what sympathy for people they described the experiences of sometimes invisible and at first glance uninteresting people. The world of spiritual experiences of the “little man”, deeply revealed in literature, evokes the deep sympathies of the reader. Why don’t people sometimes show such sensitivity towards their acquaintances, comrades, relatives and others?! There are no assistants: a writer, director, artist who open the inner world of a person more visibly in work of art. And yet everyone himself can become a “poet and artist” of the human soul. Here you need to take a closer look at the other person, imagine his concerns, needs, interests, experiences. How to mentally transform into someone else. This helps a person fulfill his moral duties not so much because he is required and can be punished for non-fulfillment or he expects a reward for this, but because it will give him joy and inner satisfaction. As M. Gorky noted: “How good it is to treat a person humanely, cordially.” On the contrary, forced virtue loses its value. “Good by decree is not good,” Turgenev believed. These thoughts are probably clear to all of us.

And how important it is to promptly notice the good shoots of the best and at least the first attempts of a person to do something good. After all, it is so important to rely on the positive in a person! In this case, they even use “moral advances,” rewards beyond merit, as if with an advance for the future. This is a kind of expression of trust in the individual that she will justify it in the future. Let us recall an instructive episode from the “Pedagogical Poem”. Makarenko, a wonderful teacher, entrusted the former repeat offender Karabanov with a significant amount of money. This was not only great trust and recognition of the correction, but also a powerful incentive to believe in oneself, to truly start a new, honest life. Karabanov fulfilled his teacher’s instructions well and became his faithful assistant.

It's no secret that moral foundations are laid, first of all, in the family. Helpful in raising children specialized knowledge and skills, you need a personal example from your parents. It makes me happy when parents bring spirituality to their children, and there is confidence that they will grow up moral people. Mistakes in raising a child, quarrels between parents over issues of approach and requirements for him can make family life joyless, and the result of such upbringing is most often rudeness and bad behavior of young children and the callous ingratitude of growing children.

Unfortunately, parents sometimes simply do not understand what consequences their rash actions or even just words can have. For example, it seems abnormal to a mother that her child is so happy about a ray of sunshine, an elegant moth, or green grass. She does not accept this, in essence, wise childish cheerfulness and allows herself to make a remark to the child: “Why are you laughing, why are you happy, did you find the money?!” At the same time, we must not forget that the task of cultivating joyful feelings in children does not mean, of course, that we must indulge children’s whims. As Pierre Buast noted: “Do not make an idol out of a child; when he grows up, he will demand sacrifices” [wikiquote].

We must not forget about the influence of positive examples from life famous people. Let us recall the example of a courageous attitude to life by Irina Trius, the author of the book “It’s Worth Living.” Bedridden by illness, Irina graduated from the second institute, studied five languages, began working as a researcher, and joined the Union of Journalists. As L. Grafova rightly wrote about her in Komsomolskaya Pravda, Irina’s main merit is that she did not become a gloomy person, and we are grateful to her for the fact that we need her more than she needs us. People come to her for lessons in optimism. Irina Trius herself believes: “I still believe that a person’s happiness lies in himself. And it depends... first of all, on what the person himself and his inner world are.”

Thus, given the deep crisis in the upbringing of children and youth, the revival of morality must, first of all, be taken care of by both parents and school teachers. I would like to hope that the Russian people will gain spirituality and faith. And I am deeply convinced that a significant word in the moral revival of the people belongs to the teacher.

Literature

Belinsky V. Articles about Russian literature, M.: Vlados, 2008, p.239.
Buast P. Wikiquote.
Grafova L. Against your anger // Komsomolskaya Pravda dated May 22, 1973.
Makarenko A. Pedagogical poem / Comp., intro. Art., note., explanations S. Nevskaya - M.: ITRK, 2003. - 736 p.
Turgenev I. S. Turgenev. Complete collection of works and letters in thirty volumes. T. 10. M.: "Science", 1982. (Prose poem Egoist)
Felitsyna V.P., Prokhorov Yu.E. Russian proverbs, sayings and idioms: Linguistic and regional dictionary. Under. ed. EAT. Vereshchagina, V.G. Kostomarova. - 2nd ed. - M.: Rus.yaz., 1988. - 272 p.
Chekhov A.P. Uncle Vanya, Complete works and letters in thirty volumes. Works in eighteen volumes. Volume thirteen. Plays (1895 - 1904). - M.: Nauka, 1986. (words by Astrov).
Chekhov A.P. Letters to my brother, PSS, M., Ogiz - Gihl, 1948, vol. XIII, p. 194.

Any person does not live on his own, he is surrounded by other people. He must live in society, obeying established requirements. This is necessary for the survival of humanity, the preservation of the unity of society and the reliability of its improvement. But society does not require a person to sacrifice his own material interests for his sake, because principles have been established that are designed to uphold the needs and benefits of the individual. The moral foundations and spiritual guidelines of the individual are paramount.

Spirituality of human life

The maturation of people coincides with their awareness of themselves as individuals: they try to evaluate personal moral qualities and develop a sphere of spiritual passions, including erudition, beliefs, emotions, sensations, desires and inclinations. Science defines the spirituality of human society as the full range of emotions and intellectual achievements of humanity. It concentrates knowledge and research of all perceived human society spiritual traditions and creative creation of new values.

An individual who is spiritually developed is distinguished by significant subjective characteristics and strives for lofty spiritual goals and plans, which determine the nature of his initiatives. Scientists consider spirituality to be an ethically oriented endeavor and human consciousness. Spirituality is seen as understanding and life experience. People who are weakly or completely unspiritual are not able to perceive all the diversity and splendor of what surrounds them.

The advanced worldview considers spirituality to be the highest stage of formation and self-determination of an adult individual, when the basis and vital essence are not personal desires and attitudes, but the main universal priorities:

good;
mercy;
beautiful.

Mastering them forms a value orientation, a conscious readiness of society to change life in accordance with these principles. This is especially important for young people.

The Origin of Morality and Its Study

Morality means a set of customs and canons that regulate the contacts and communication of people, their actions and manners, and also serve as the key to the harmony of collective and personal needs. Moral principles have been known since ancient times. There are different points of view on the sources of the emergence of moral norms. There is an opinion that their primary source was the practice and sermons of the greatest mentors and religious teachers of mankind:

Christ;
Confucius;
Buddha;
Muhammad.

Theological manuscripts of most beliefs contain a textbook principle that later became the highest law morality. He recommends that a person treat people the way he would like to be treated. Based on this, the basis of the primary regulatory ethical prescription was laid in the culture of hoary antiquity.

An alternative point of view argues that moral principles and canons are formed historically and are borrowed from numerous everyday experiences. Literature and education contribute to this. Reliance on existing practice has allowed humanity to form key moral guidelines, prescriptions and prohibitions:

do not shed blood;
do not kidnap someone else's property;
do not deceive or bear false witness;
help your neighbor in difficult circumstances;
keep your word, fulfill your covenants.

In any era the following were condemned:

greed and stinginess;
cowardice and indecision;
deceit and double-mindedness;
inhumanity and cruelty;
treachery and deceit.

The following properties have received approval:

decency and nobility;
sincerity and integrity;
selflessness and spiritual generosity;
responsiveness and humanity;
diligence and diligence;
restraint and moderation;
reliability and loyalty;
responsiveness and compassion.

The people reflected these qualities in proverbs and sayings.

Remarkable philosophers of the past studied spiritual and moral human guidelines. I. Kant derived the formulation of a categorical requirement of morality, which coincides in content with the golden principle of morality. This approach states the personal responsibility of the individual for what he has done.

Fundamental Concepts of Morality

In addition to directly regulating the course of action, morality also contains ideals and values - the embodiment of all that is best, exemplary, impeccable, significant and noble in people. An ideal is considered a standard, the height of perfection, the crown of creation - something to which a person should strive. Values are what is especially valuable and revered not only for one person, but for all of humanity. They show the individual's relationship with reality, with other people and with himself.

Anti-values reflect negative attitude people to specific manifestations. Such assessments are different in different civilizations, among different nationalities, in different social categories. But on their basis, human relationships are built, priorities are established, and the most important guidelines are identified. Values are divided into the following categories:

legal, or legal;
state legal;
pious;
aesthetic and creative;
spiritual and moral.

Primary moral values form a complex of traditional and moral orientation of a person associated with the concept of morality. Among the main categories are good and evil, virtue and vice, correlated in pairs, as well as conscience and patriotism.

Accepting morality in thoughts and activities, an individual must control actions and desires and place increased demands on himself. Regular implementation of positive deeds strengthens morality in the mind, and the absence of such actions undermines humanity’s ability to make independent moral decisions and take responsibility for its actions.

Spiritual guidelines of the individual: morals, values, ideals. Morality is a system of norms and rules governing the communication and behavior of people, ensuring the unity of public and personal interests. " Golden Rule“morality: “Do unto others as you would have others do unto you.” The categorical imperative is an unconditional compulsory requirement that does not allow objections, obligatory for all people, regardless of origin, position, circumstances. The philosopher I. Kant formulated the categorical imperative of morality: “Always act in such a maxim, the universality of which as a law you can at the same time desire.”

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Philosophy 10th grade

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