If the pressure is constantly high. What to do with high pressure? Systolic and diastolic pressure

According to statistics, every second inhabitant of the Earth is hypertensive. Those who suffer from high blood pressure need treatment with antihypertensive drugs, but sometimes it does not bring the expected result. In this situation, doctors talk about the so-called secondary hypertension, which arose on the basis of one of the pathologies that we want to talk about today.

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Violation of vascular tone

This is the case when hypertension is considered an independent disease (primary hypertension). Examination of a patient complaining of pressure surges includes an electrocardiogram, a clinical examination of blood and urine, a biochemical blood test, and, if necessary, an ultrasound examination of the internal organs and a chest x-ray.

If, as a result, a specific violation of vascular tone characteristic of hypertension is detected, drugs are prescribed that maintain blood pressure at an optimal level. In addition, the patient is selected diet and exercise regimen, which will gradually strengthen the walls of blood vessels.

kidney disease

Violation of the urinary system very often causes an increase in pressure. This occurs when urination is difficult or when the kidneys do not cope with their functions.

Hypertension of renal origin is characterized by the formation of soft areas of swelling on the face, hands and lower legs. In parallel, there is pain or burning during urination, frequent urges with minimal release of fluid. Blood and urine tests show the presence of an inflammatory process.

In older men, attacks of hypertension can occur with an exacerbation of prostatitis.

In any of these cases, treatment with antihypertensive drugs alone is ineffective. The patient needs treatment for the underlying ailment.

Hormonal disorders

Improper functioning of the endocrine glands leads to metabolic disorders, which, in turn, cause water-salt imbalance. The patient's blood composition changes, the load on the vessels increases.

An increase in blood pressure occurs when:

Itsenko-Cushing's disease (damage to the adrenal cortex, causing excessive release of cortisol and ACTH);
pheochromocytoma (a benign tumor of the adrenal glands that provokes an increased release of norepinephrine and adrenaline);
Conn's syndrome (a tumor located in the area of the adrenal glands that produces the hormone aldosterone);
acromegaly (a congenital pathology accompanied by excessive production of the so-called growth hormone);
hyperthyroidism (elevated levels of thyroid hormones);
hypothyroidism (deficiency of thyroid hormones);
diabetic glomerulosclerosis (a pathological change in the kidney tissue caused by diabetes mellitus).

Each of these conditions has characteristic signs that occur in parallel with attacks of hypertension.

Taking certain medications

Any drug that enters the body not only creates the expected therapeutic effect, but also causes changes in the work of almost all organs and systems. Some of these changes are manifested by a deterioration in well-being. No wonder they say that "medicines cure one thing, and cripple another."

The cause of high blood pressure may be the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and cough medicines. Complaints of attacks of hypertension are not uncommon in people taking appetite suppressants.

Some common drugs weaken the therapeutic effect of antihypertensive drugs, so hypertensive patients should be careful while taking drugs for various diseases.

Improper nutrition

The list of foods that increase blood pressure is long. It includes not only salted vegetables, fish and lard, but also food saturated with the so-called hidden salt: smoked sausages, some types of cheeses, almost all canned food, semi-finished meat products. It is very easy to overload the body with salt and cause fluid stagnation by regularly eating chips, snacks, crackers, fast food is also very dangerous in this regard.

An increase in pressure is provoked by coffee, beer, strong alcohol, sweet soda, energy drinks. The opposite effect is caused by drinks that have a natural (without the addition of synthetic organic acids) sour taste: light dry wine, berry fruit drinks, tea with lemon.

Problems with the spine

High blood pressure can be caused by problems in the upper spine. Cervical osteochondrosis or the consequences of back injuries often cause an increase in muscle tone, which, in turn, leads to vasospasm; the blood supply to the brain suffers and attacks of hypertension appear. The main pathology in this case is easy to detect by making an x-ray of the spine.

Similar problems arise in healthy people who are forced to spend a lot of time in an improperly organized workplace. This is usually a sedentary job that requires excessive tension in the muscles of the neck and eyes. In such a situation, the pressure rises in the evening and decreases on its own during a night's rest.

Primary (independent) hypertension is a disease of adults. In patients over the age of 40, it develops in 90% of cases. In the group from 30 to 39 years, primary hypertension is diagnosed in 75% of patients. Among hypertensive patients who have not crossed the 30-year mark (including among children and adolescents), patients suffering from primary hypertension are almost never found.

According to the standards developed by the World Health Organization, a person is considered hypertensive if his blood pressure regularly exceeds 140/90 mm Hg. Art. However, these parameters cannot be taken literally: the characteristics of each organism are individual and the indicators of “working” (that is, optimal) pressure differ. In any case, you must be attentive to your health and consult a doctor if the pressure rises suddenly, dizziness, nausea, and unpleasant heaviness in the back of the head occur. You can’t joke with such symptoms: they can be signs of a rapidly developing cerebrovascular accident.

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Hypertension is a serious chronic disease that claims thousands of lives every year. High blood pressure is often overlooked, the disease progresses slowly, the consequences are devastating and irreversible.

Statistics note that hypertension occurs in every third person over 35 years of age, in every second over 55 years. Leads to heart attack, stroke, pulmonary edema, visual impairment up to blindness.

Why the pressure in a person rises, what are the causes of GB - these issues require a thorough study. Without paying the required attention to the causes, it is difficult to find the right way to get rid of pathology.

Why does SD and DD rise sharply, what causes a sudden jump? What symptoms accompany the increase, and what to do in this situation?

The etiology of the increase

The norm of arterial indicators for middle-aged people is 120/80 - ideally. In fact, variability up to 139/89 mmHg is acceptable. An increase of one millimeter indicates hypertension of the 1st degree.

Indicators of SD and DD normally depend on the age of the person, slightly on gender. For women, the allowable values are slightly lower than for men. And only after 55 years the parameters are equalized.

An exact single cause leading to chronic pathology has not been established. At the same time, the provoking factors, which together lead to the lability of the numbers on the tonometer, are fully considered.

The main prerequisites for the development of hypertension:

Sleep deprivation, excessive physical activity.
Salt abuse, bad eating habits.
High concentration of cholesterol in the blood.
Stress, nervous experiences, neuroses.
Hypodynamia (inactive lifestyle)
Alcohol, smoking, drugs.
Pathology of the kidneys, heart.

Low water intake leads to thickening of the blood, it moves more slowly through the vessels, the load on the heart increases, as a result, blood pressure increases. Against this background, left ventricular hypertrophy occurs, the pulse quickens.

Patients suffering from arterial hypertension often complain of fluctuations and jumps in blood pressure. This is usually due to emotional lability and the state of the nervous system.

For example, if there is a history of neurosis and various kinds of neurasthenia, or simply a weak psyche, jumps in SD and DD are inevitable.

When there has been no act of defecation for a long time, but a person continues to eat in the same mode, this circumstance can lead to a jump in arterial parameters.

What causes high blood pressure in women? Diabetes mellitus, pregnancy, obesity, birth control pills, menopause are to blame.

Clinical manifestations

The causes of a sharp increase in blood pressure are multifaceted. Many of them can be excluded - correctable factors, while others are not - genetic predisposition, etc.

The danger of the pathological condition lies in the fact that the patient can live for years with increased blood pressure up to 150/100, without being aware of it. The body has adapted to the increase, no symptoms are observed. At the same time, all internal organs and systems include compensatory capabilities, work for wear, and, accordingly, wear out faster.

A stressful situation or shock leads to an even greater rise, for example, up to 200/160 mm Hg, a hypertensive crisis is detected - a threat to life. It can lead to irreversible damage, disability, death.

Rising SD and DD causes symptoms:

Dizziness, migraine.
Nausea (sometimes vomiting).
Heartache.
Anxiety and irritability.
Rapid heartbeat and pulse.

Many patients with a history of hypertension complain that sleep is disturbed, most often they suffer from insomnia. If the signs are observed regularly, it is necessary to visit a doctor, pass the appropriate tests, and make a cardiogram of the heart.

Indicators of 140/90 are considered high, they are accompanied by a flush of heat to the face, this symptom is more often detected in women after the age of 50. The patient may "shake" from the cold, while there is excessive sweating.

If blood pressure tends to jump periodically, then shortness of breath joins, blood circulation is disturbed, and intracranial pressure increases. Critical values on the tonometer deliver not only unpleasant sensations, but provoke disorders in the functioning of internal organs, including those of an irreversible nature.

With parameters of 100/200, pathologies of the kidneys and adrenal glands are suspected. To establish the causes, a comprehensive diagnosis is required, which allows the appointment of targeted and effective therapy.

The treatment regimen is determined by the etiology and intensity of symptoms, the initial level of blood pressure, and includes medications and lifestyle changes.

Therapy of hypertension

The main goal of treatment is to reduce the risk of complications from the cardiovascular system. In order to level the likelihood of negative consequences, it is necessary to reduce the indicators of blood pressure.

The fight against high blood pressure begins with lifestyle changes - this is a prerequisite. Its non-observance, even against the background of the best medicines, will not give the required therapeutic effect.

It is necessary to treat the disease comprehensively. It is important to stop drinking alcohol, smoking, follow a diet, lead a healthy lifestyle, play sports in the absence of medical contraindications.

If the pressure continues to rise, home methods do not help solve the problem, the head is still spinning, and the numbers on the tonometer are high, the doctor prescribes drugs. They are recommended individually after a complete diagnosis.

Groups of medicines for GB:

Diuretic tablets are prescribed at the beginning of therapy. They help lower sodium concentration and fluid levels in the body. A side effect is that they flush out potassium, which leads to cramps and fatigue. Not recommended for diabetes.
Beta-blockers reduce the workload on the heart and heart rate. Well tolerated.
Calcium antagonists reduce the force of contractions of the heart, have a vasodilating effect, as a result of which blood pressure will fall.

If hypertension is caused by kidney failure, traumatic brain injury, problems with the spine, then the treatment is aimed at eliminating the source. Taking drugs only for pressure makes it difficult to diagnose, blurs the clinical picture and increases the risk of complications in the near future.

With a sharp jump in blood pressure, the patient has a hypertensive attack. The numbers for each clinical picture are individual. The patient experiences a whole range of anxiety symptoms, may lose consciousness.

Content

High blood pressure is common, especially in women over 40. This problem must be taken seriously, ignoring it leads to a heart attack, stroke, the development of heart and kidney failure, and blindness. However, people who hear about such a danger rarely have a question about what causes a person's blood pressure to rise. This is a must-know to avoid major risk factors.

What is high blood pressure

From the school bench it is known that the cardiovascular system consists of vessels through which blood circulates. The movement of blood provides the heart. Vessels are exposed to blood. This effect is called arterial blood pressure, which consists of two values - upper and lower. The maximum or systolic occurs when the heart muscle contracts, and the minimum or diastolic occurs at rest. When the pulse is disturbed, diastolic or systolic hypertension is distinguished.

The conducted studies have deduced the average value of blood pressure (BP), however, it is important to take into account the individual characteristics of the human body. The World Organization has established a range of normal indicators that vary within the following atmospheric pressure limits:

The lower indicator is 100-110/70
The upper indicator is 120-140/90.

To understand why a person's blood pressure rises, you need to understand the disease itself. There are two types of hypertension: essential hypertension and symptomatic arterial hypertension. The first type is a chronic process, the causes of high blood pressure in which doctors cannot explain to this day. As for symptomatic hypertension, doctors note that the cause of an increase in pressure in a person may be one of the following: an unbalanced diet, stress, a sedentary lifestyle, bad habits, and overweight.

Causes of a sharp increase in blood pressure

Patients note that sometimes the pressure rises not gradually, but sharply. The reasons:

the use of strong alcoholic beverages, coffee;
smoking;
taking certain medications;
visiting baths, saunas;
great physical activity.

Among women

If you look at the risk group, you can see that it includes women after 40 years. This situation is due to the climax. At this age, a complete restructuring of the hormonal system occurs, which negatively affects blood pressure. Therefore, with the onset of this period in life, it is necessary to carry out the prevention of heart disease and regularly measure blood pressure with a tonometer.

In men

High blood pressure in men is diagnosed according to statistics closer to 50 years. Typical male habits can influence the development of this problem:

alcohol consumption;
excessive consumption of salty and fatty foods;
smoking;
little physical activity that comes with age.

What diseases cause high blood pressure

Sudden or persistent high blood pressure is not a disease in itself, it is one of the symptoms. Therefore, if you find that your pressure is starting to rise, you need to see a doctor for an examination. Common causes of disruption of the circulatory system are such diseases:

diabetes;
kidney disease, such as pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis, urolithiasis, polycystic disease, and others;
heart defects;
dysfunction of the thyroid gland.

All these diseases account for 5% of the total number of causes. The rest of the share falls under essential hypertension, the causes of which are the above factors: unhealthy diet, alcohol, sedentary lifestyle, etc. For diagnosis, you must go to the hospital, where they will conduct an examination, including a blood test, urine test, electrocardiogram, ultrasound.

Factors contributing to the increase in pressure

Consider each cause of AD separately:

Stressful situations, experiences. The modern way of life dictates to people the need for vigorous activity. Loads lead to constant tension, tension leads to stress. If your life is like this, you need to find an "outlet" for yourself.
High intake of saturated fatty acids. If you often eat products with added oil, as well as animal fats, then you are at risk.
Excessive salt intake. Salt affects the vessels, they become brittle, lose their elasticity. Give preference to fresh natural products with a high content of potassium and magnesium.
Alcohol consumption. It is mistakenly believed that alcoholic beverages lower blood pressure. There is indeed a short-term similar effect from small doses of spirits. However, from a large amount of alcohol consumed, the heartbeat accelerates, on which blood pressure depends.
Sedentary lifestyle. The absence of sports in the life of young people has led to a "rejuvenation" of hypertension - doctors have ceased to be surprised when diagnosing this disease in young men and women.

Hypertension is dangerous because in the early stages it is asymptomatic. Anxiety, mild nausea, dizziness, insomnia may indicate violations of blood pressure. Later, the heart "connects", while the patient feels interruptions in the work of the heart muscle, pain in the chest. Later, sweating, darkening of the eyes, reddening of the face, “throwing” into the heat, impaired coordination appear. All this is accompanied by a headache due to vasoconstriction of the brain. In the later stages, a person begins to complain of such hypertensive symptoms: shortness of breath, swelling.

Treatment

Doctors say: high blood pressure should be treated, even if the disease is at the very first stage. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle will be of great benefit at this stage. The patient is advised to make a menu with a minimum amount of fatty and salty dishes. Alcohol, coffee and strong tea should be excluded from the diet with high blood pressure. Walking in the fresh air, exercising will help improve health, but remember that blood pressure rises from heavy physical exertion.

If the disease progresses, the doctor will prescribe medication. Tablets should be taken if the blood pressure is kept in the region of 160/90. People who have diabetes mellitus, kidney failure and other diseases should start drug treatment at a mark of 130/85. To lower blood pressure, the following groups of drugs are prescribed:

Thiazide diuretics and sulfonamides. These include Hypothiazid, Cyclomethiazide, Indapamide, Noliprel, Chlortalidone.
Beta blockers. These are Oxprenolol, Carvedilol, Bisoprolol, Atenolol, Metoprolol, Betaxolol and others.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. This includes Kapoten, Alkadil, Zokardis, Lotensin, Edith, Enap, Enalapril, etc.
Sartans. It can be Vazotens, Blocktran, Lorista, Lozap, Teveten, Atakand, Tvinsta and others.
Calcium channel blockers. These include Amplodipine, Diltiazem, Kordipin, Verapamil.
Antihypertensive drugs of central action. These are Moxonidine and Clonidine.

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Attention! The information provided in the article is for informational purposes only. The materials of the article do not call for self-treatment. Only a qualified doctor can make a diagnosis and give recommendations for treatment, based on the individual characteristics of a particular patient.

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On the eve of World Hypertension Day, we decided to compile a reminder about what provokes the development of hypertension and how to prevent it.

Factor one. Heredity

This factor plays an important role in the development of arterial hypertension. Especially if it is an inheritance along the line of the first degree of kinship (father, mother, grandmother, grandfather, siblings). The risk of developing hypertension increases even more if two or more relatives have high blood pressure.

What to do: If you are at risk, keep your finger on the pulse! Measure your blood pressure regularly and, if it increases systematically, contact your doctor as soon as possible.

Factor two. Floor

The vast majority of hypertensive patients are representatives of the strong half of humanity: male sex hormones stimulate the rise in blood pressure. In addition, unlike women, they have more body weight (including muscle), which means the volume of the vascular bed and the blood circulating in it, which creates favorable conditions for a higher level of pressure.

Over the years, the chances of earning hypertension among the representatives of the strong and weak half of humanity are equalized. After the onset of menopause, the natural hormonal protection of the cardiovascular system in women is reduced to nothing.

What to do: Closer to 40 years to think about yourself. Both men and women. And if necessary, contact an endocrinologist and start taking hormone replacement therapy.

Factor three. stress

The stress hormone adrenaline makes the heart beat faster, pumping more blood. If stress continues for a long time, such a chronic load wears out the vessels and increased blood pressure becomes chronic.

What to do: Learn to manage your emotions. Change your attitude towards problems. After all, any event, even the most terrible at first glance, can be viewed both from the negative and from the positive side.

Don't take on more than you can handle. It has been proven that those who spend more than 41 hours a week at work have a 15% increased risk of developing hypertension.

Factor four. Alcohol abuse and smoking

Daily use of hard liquor increases blood pressure by 5-6 mm Hg. Art. per year, and the components of tobacco smoke, getting into the blood, cause vasospasm. In addition, people who smoke increase the oxygen starvation of tissues and the brain.

What to do: Gradually give up bad habits. The most that is allowed for hypertension is 60 ml of strong alcohol per week and 200 g of dry wine. The same applies to coffee and strong tea. Limit their consumption to at least a cup a day. Not to mention cigarettes. Even about the lungs (with a low content of nicotine and tar). They are just as bad as they are strong.

Factor five. Hypodynamia

Sedentary lifestyle. Experts have calculated that people who lead a sedentary lifestyle are 20-50% more at risk of developing hypertension than those who are actively involved in sports or physical labor.

An untrained heart copes worse with stress. Whereas regular exercise can work wonders. They help to increase the elasticity of the walls of blood vessels, help to reduce excess weight, reduce blood sugar and reduce the level of bad low-density cholesterol. Established: regular exercise reduces by 5-10 mm Hg. Art.

What to do: Gradually increase daily physical activity. Get in the habit of taking short walks. Loads in small portions strengthen the walls of the arteries better than a regular physical activity, keeping them flexible and elastic. If you decide to go in for sports, give preference to exercises aimed at training endurance (breathing exercises, swimming, skiing). But don't get carried away: strenuous exercise increases systolic (upper) pressure, so it's best to exercise a little (30 minutes) every day, gradually increasing the load - from light to moderate.

Factor six. Overweight. Obesity

Doctors emphasize this circumstance. And no wonder: in people with increased body weight, fat metabolism is disturbed, the elasticity of blood vessels is lost, which, like corrosion, are affected by atherosclerosis. It is known for certain: when overweight, it increases by 6 (!) Times, and every extra 500 g increases blood pressure by one. For our country, this problem is more than relevant. About 30% of our population suffers from obesity and overweight, catching up with the United States and a number of other developed countries in these indicators.

What to do: Watch your weight. Reasonable physical activity and a low-calorie diet is the best option. At the same time, nutritionists recommend: in the morning, consume 20-25% of the daily volume of food, at lunch - 50-60%, and in the evening - 15-20%, dividing the meal into 4 times a day and trying to eat at the same time, not later than 2 hours before bedtime.

Gradually replace butter, cheeses, sausages, sour cream, bacon with additional vegetables and fruits, vegetable oil and lean fish from your diet. Prefer low-fat dairy products. Thus, you can control the content of cholesterol in the blood and normalize weight. Look for foods rich in two types of fiber. In this sense, brown rice, oatmeal, bran bread are just as good as vegetables and fruits.

Factor seven. Excess dietary sodium (salt) in food

Excess salt leads to fluid retention in the body, promotes swelling of organs and tissues, which also affects blood vessels.

What to do: Change to a low-salt diet that limits salt to 5g (1 teaspoon) per day. At the same time, it should be taken into account that many products (cheeses, smoked meats and pickles, sausages, canned food, mayonnaise) themselves contain a lot of salt.

check yourself

Often, hypertension is hidden. At the same time, a person can feel quite normal and not suspect that he is standing at the fatal line. Meanwhile, hypertension has symptoms. Signs that indicate its presence include regular:
headaches with a feeling of "hoop", heaviness or bursting in the back of the head;
dizziness;
weak or rapid heartbeat;
pain in the region of the heart that occurs at rest or during emotional stress that does not go away after taking nitroglycerin;
shortness of breath that occurs first during exertion, and then at rest;
swelling of the legs and puffiness of the face in the morning;
memory impairment;
fog, shroud, flies before the eyes.

If you have counted at least two of the risk factors for developing hypertension mentioned above, take care of its prevention. And check your blood pressure regularly. To determine how it differs from the norm, this table will help.