Infinitive with suffix and examples. The infinitive of a verb in Russian is a complex phenomenon

Infinitive translated from Latin language means "uncertain". It is more common to hear and use the term indefinite form verb. The infinitive of a verb in Russian is an interesting and complex phenomenon.

Linguistics about the infinitive

The infinitive denotes the action of the verb and always answers the questions what to do? (nesov. v.) or what to do? (Soviet century).

From linguists different opinions about the functions and use of the infinitive. The final ones cause debate. Some argue that it is a suffix, while opponents call it an ending.

The word in this form also denotes an action, but without relation to person, number, grammatical tense and mood. In the infinitive it is impossible to determine these inconsistent features. But there are constant grammatical features, they are determined. This is aspect, transitivity, conjugation.

Any verb in the dictionary is represented by the infinitive form. Just as the initial form of a noun is the nominative case, so the initial form of a verb is the infinitive.

IN linguistic dictionary you can find out that historically this is not a verb form, but a form of a noun of the 3rd declension in the indirect case (to know - to know, to become - stati, stove - ovens). Linguistic scientists are almost unanimous on this.

In syntax, the infinitive also shows originality. Nominal origin allows you to appear in a sentence different members offers.

Infinitive - subject and predicate

The infinitive subject in a two-part sentence usually takes a position before the predicate. It can easily be replaced with a verbal noun.

Example.

Smoking is prohibited here. (Wed. Smoking is prohibited here.)

Smoking is harmful to health. (Smoking is harmful to health.)

The infinitive can be part of a simple verbal predicate (future complex tense, indicative tense). Lexical meaning expresses an imperfective verb in an indefinite form, and grammatical meaning- conjugated verb to be.

Example.

I will talk to the whole world.

Smoke will curl up by the river.

In a compound verbal predicate, the infinitive is an indispensable component that contains the lexical meaning.

Example.

I couldn't look around for a long time.

I was ready to love the whole world.

Infinitive as an object

This word form can denote an action as an object of someone’s activity.

Example.

The rain started forcing us to return to the tent.

My father asked me (about what?) to put the kettle on.

The object should not be confused with the predicate. Actions are performed by different objects. (Father asks, but I will put the kettle on).

Infinitive as a definition

Often a verb in the indefinite form refers to a noun and is an inconsistent modifier.

Example.

The regiment received an order (what?) to cross the river.

Infinitive as adverbial

The indefinite form acts in a sentence as an adverbial adverbial goal. She explains the predicate with the meaning of movement, answers questions about the circumstances of the goal. The adverbial clause can be easily converted into a subordinate clause.

Example.

I went out into the air (why?) to freshen up. (I went out into the air to freshen up).

The doctor came to arrange a vacation. (The doctor came in to arrange a vacation.)

The infinitive is the main member of a one-part sentence.

I like to sleep sweetly, but I’m ashamed to get up late. (Definitely personal).

Listen, you need to know the honor. (Impersonal).

Our language keeps many secrets; the infinitive of a verb in Russian is not the last mystery.

Infinitive (from Latin infinitivus - indefinite), indefinite form verb, - form verb, naming an action or procedural state (watch, read, be) without indicating the time of the action, its relationship to reality, the number of subjects of the action, as well as whether the subject of the action is talking face, interlocutor or third party. I. does not express the meanings of tense, mood, number and person. It expresses only the meanings of aspect (write - write), voice (build - be built), transitivity and intransitivity (paint, lie). Like the form of the name for names, I. is the original form of the verb, which is given in dictionaries; I. consists of a stem and a suffix. Most verbs in I. have the suffix -t, following the final vowel of the stem: weaken, crush, prick, blow. In several verbs, this suffix is ​​found after the consonants s or s: spin, put, mouth, sit, eat, gnaw, climb (the same for prefixed verbs with the same roots). Some verbs have the suffix -ti: go, carry, crawl, graze, save, grow, lead, dawn, bloom, weave, revenge, carry, oppress, pronounce, wander, row, scrape, guard, rake (book) , shake, prefixed verbs with the same roots, as well as the verb get out (used in Literary language along with get out). The suffix -ti is always stressed; the exception is verbs with the prefix you-, which have an emphasis on this prefix: grow, fade, etc. Some of the verbs with the suffix -ti have parallel forms with the suffix -t, characteristic of common speech, for example: weave - weave, bring - bring . Forms with the suffix -т were common in lit. 19th century language along with forms in -ti, cf.: “Saving the honor of my native land, I will, without a doubt, have to outweigh Tatyana’s letter * (Pushkin); “She seemed like a true shot of Du comme et faut. (Shishkov, forgive me: I don’t know how to translate)* (Pushkin).
Some verbs have the suffix -ch in I.: burn, lie down, clothe, attract, entertain, bake, adverb (obsolete), utter (obsolete and simple), doom (high), guard, flog, flow , neglect, cut, overtake (along with overtake), overtake (along with overtake), achieve (along with achieve), comprehend (along with comprehend), drag, pound, be able, and also in prefixed verbs with the same roots: ignite , lie down, bake, etc.
In common speech and dialects there are forms with the repetition of the suffix -t after -ti: ittit, find, walk. These forms do not comply with the norms of lit. language, in which there is only one verb with such repetition: to disappear.
In the vast majority of verbs, the stem of the I. coincides with the stem of the past. time. The exceptions are: 1) verbs, in which the stem I. ends in -well, and the stem is past. time -well may be absent, for example: perishing, perishing and perishing; fade, fade and fade; 2) verbs with the suffix -ch, in which the stem I. ends in a vowel, and the stem is past. time, this vowel is followed by a back-lingual consonant k or g, for example: take care - take care, moch - could, attract - attracted, bake - bake; 3) verbs in which the stem I. ends in -e or -i, and the stem is past. time, these vowels are absent: ter-t - ter, peret - per (simple), measure - mer, stretch - stretch, mistake - mistake, etc.; 4) verbs in which the stem I. ends in -s, and the stem is past. time -s alternates with -b: scrape - scrape, comb - row, or is cut off: smear - chalk, plait - plait, clas - cla-l, swear - swear , is - e-l.
In a sentence, I. performs the syntactic functions of the subject (Smoking is harmful), a simple verbal predicate (“And the queen laughs, And shrugs her shoulders...”, Pushkin; The main thing is not to worry), the main member of the infinitive sentence (Open to him?; Line up! ), the connecting part of a complex verbal predicate (He wants to leave; I began to read), addition (I ask you to speak loudly), inconsistent definition (“Impatient to get to Tiflis took possession of me *, Pushkin), circumstances of the goal (“The moon rose majestically in the sky shine good people and to the whole world *, Gogol).
I. also appears as part of the form bud. difficult time: I will write. I., subordinated in a sentence to the personal form of the verb, can be subjective or objective. Subjective I. denotes an action, the subject of which coincides with the subject of the personal form of the verb (He began to write). Objective I. denotes an action, the subject of which is the object of the personal form of the verb (He recommended that I write an article).

The infinitive, or indefinite form of the verb, refers to the non-finite forms of the verb and combines the properties of the verb and the noun. The infinitive answers the questions “what to do?”, “what to do?”: to read - read, to write - write, to learn - learn, to remember - remember, to promise - promise etc.

The formal sign of the infinitive is the particle to, which comes before it. In some cases the to particle is omitted.

The Indefinite Infinitive Active is the only simple form of the infinitive.

I want to play chess.
I want to play chess.

All other forms are complex, as they are formed using the auxiliary verbs to be, to have and participle.

Rules for the formation and use of the infinitive in English

1. Indefinite Infinitive Active is formed from the stem of a verb with the particle to (for example, to write) and is used to express an action that occurs simultaneously with the action expressed by the predicate verb, in the present, past and future tense or regardless of the time of its occurrence.

I am glad to hear it. I'm glad to hear that.
He wanted to play chess. He wanted to play chess.
I shall hope to see you tomorrow. I hope to see you tomorrow.
To swim is pleasant. It's nice to swim.

Indefinite Infinitive Passive is formed with the help auxiliary verb to be + 3rd form of the verb (Participle II) (for example, to be written) and is used to express an action simultaneous with the action expressed by the predicate verb.

Didn't want her article to be translated.
He wanted her article to be translated (= to have her article translated).

2. Continuous Infinitive Active is formed using the auxiliary verb to be + Participle I of the semantic verb (for example, to be writing) and is used to express a long-term action that occurs simultaneously with the action expressed by the predicate verb. This form is often used after verbs to seem, to appear - seem and after auxiliary verbs.

Doesn't seem to be writing much. He seems to write a lot.
Doesn't seem to be waiting for us. It seems (that) he is waiting for us.

3. Perfect Continuous Infinitive Active is formed using the auxiliary verb to be in the Perfect Infinitive (to have been) + Participle I of the semantic verb (=ing form) - (for example, to have been writing) - and expresses long action, preceding the action expressed by the predicate verb.

He is reported to have been writing a new novel.
It is reported that he is writing a new novel. (They are reporting now, but he started writing a new novel before that, so the verb to write is used in the Perfect Continuous Infinitive Active.)

4. Perfect Infinitive Active is formed using the auxiliary verb to have + Participle II of the semantic verb (for example, to have written).

Perfect Infinitive Passive is formed using the auxiliary verb to be in the Perfect Infinitive (to have been) + Participle II of the semantic verb (for example, to have been written).

Perfect Infinitive (Active, Passive) is used:

1. To express an action preceding an action expressed by a predicate verb.

Not said to have won the Olympic Gold (medal).
He is said to have won a gold medal at the Olympic Games.

She seems to have forgotten about our request.
It seems she forgot about our request.

2. After modal verbs should, would, ought to, could, might to express an unfulfilled moral duty, obligation.

Not should have helped her.
He should have helped her but he didn't).

You ought to have congratulated him with the defense of his thesis.
You should congratulate him on defending his dissertation.

3. After was, were to express unfulfilled plans and contracts.

The school was to have been ready by the 1st of September, but it is still only half finished.
The school was supposed to be ready by September 1, but it is still only half ready.

4. After the modal verbs must, may to express assumptions, conclusions.

Not must have read this book. He must have read this book.
She may have married. She may have gotten married.
He must have come this way. Here are his footprints.
He must have come this way. Here are his traces.

5. After verbs to hope ( hope), to expect ( expect), to want ( want), to intend ( mean) to express an action that, contrary to hope and expectation, did not take place.

She hoped to have met a good man.
She hoped to meet good man (but didn't meet).

He intended to have put up an advertisement yesterday.
He intended to make the announcement yesterday ( but didn't).

Infinitive with the particle to

1. The infinitive is usually used with the particle to: to read, to write, to work. But if in a sentence there are two infinitives next to each other, connected by the conjunction and or or, then the particle to is usually omitted before the second infinitive.

She decided to go and buy something for supper.
She decided to go and buy something for dinner.

2. The particle to is sometimes used at the end of a sentence without a verb. This is done to avoid repeating the same verb in the same sentence. This use of the particle to usually occurs after the verbs to wish - want, to want - want, to try - try, to allow - allow, to have to - be to and etc.

I didn’t want to take a taxi but I had to(take one) as I was late.
I didn’t want to take a taxi, but I had to (take a taxi) because I was late.

He wished to go but he wasn’t able to.
He wanted to go, but was not able (could not go).

Did you get a ticket? -Did you get a ticket? -
No, I tried to, but there weren’t any left.
No. I tried, but there was not a single ticket left.

3. After verbs to be, to have used as modal verbs, the particle to is added.

I am to meet him here.
I must meet him here.

Not has to do it in September.
He should do this in September.

4. After the words the first, the second… the last, the only.

He loves parties: he is always the first to come and the last to leave.
He loves parties: he is always the first to arrive and the last to leave.

Infinitive without particle to

1. After auxiliary and modal verbs.

Not can play chess. He plays (can play) chess.
We shall go by foot there. We'll go there on foot.

2. After the verbs to make - force, to let - allow and sometimes after to help - to help.

She made him give up smoking. She made him quit smoking.
I let him read this book. I allowed him to read (read) this book.

3. After the verbs to see - see, to hear - hear, to feel - feel, to watch - observe, to make - force and some others in the phrase “Objective case with infinitive”.

I heard her leave the house.
I heard her leave the house.

They made us work all night long.
They made us work all night.

BUT: If the verbs listed in the 2nd and 3rd paragraphs are used in the passive voice, then the infinitive that follows them is used with the particle to.

Children encounter for the first time primary school, more detailed study begins in fifth grade. This topic is usually easy to master, but some aspects may be difficult even for an adult. Which? Let's look at it in this article.

The infinitive is an indefinite or, as it is otherwise called, It has the meaning of action, but at the same time does not specify it, that is, it does not have the signs of person, tense, number and mood.

Question about the indefinite form of the verb in modern Russian language for a long time remained controversial in the circles of domestic linguists. The classical point of view is opposed to the opinion that the infinitive is a special part of speech. However, the vast majority of scientists are inclined to believe that this is the basic form of the verb.

The formative suffixes “t” and “ti” act as a formal indicator of the infinitive. Some textbooks treat them as inflections. The suffix “t” is productive; with its help, all new verbs are formed in the Russian language.

In a small group of words, the indicator of the infinitive is “whose” (to lie down, help, guard, cut), which is part of the root and is preserved in derivative forms.

Morphological characteristics

It is not difficult to understand what an infinitive is in Russian. Much more difficulties arise when determining the part-verbal features of the initial form of the verb.

To perform correctly morphological analysis infinitive, it must be remembered that this is an unchangeable word. This means that it does not have unstable features that are characteristic of verbal forms: number, gender, person, tense, mood.

Of the constant features of the infinitive, the following categories can be identified: aspect, conjugation, reflexivity and transitivity.

How to determine type and recurrence?

The indefinite form of a verb can be perfect or imperfect. In the first case, the infinitive answers the question: “What to do?” (sing, dance, read, dig, hang), in the second - “What to do?” (travel, draw, examine, sing, wash).

Return is a constant sign that indicates that the action is directed at its performer. The formal indicator is the postfix “xia”. If it is present in the word, the infinitive is reflexive (swim, worry, laugh), if not, it is irrevocable (grind, believe, do).

Determining the conjugation

The infinitive can belong to the I or II conjugation, be differently conjugated, or be part of the exceptions.

Verbs of the first conjugation in the initial form can end in “yat”, “et”, “ut”, “at”, “ot”, “yt”. II conjugation - only with “it”. When changing the infinitive in persons and numbers, words of the first type have the endings: -у (-у), -ест, -ет, -ем, -ет, -ут (-ут). The second type: -u (-yu), -ish, -ite, -im, -it, -at (-yat).

The conjugation of the infinitive of a verb in Russian is determined according to a standard plan, the observance of which will allow you to avoid mistakes:

1. First you need to put emphasis on the word.
2. If the vowel located before the formal indicator of the infinitive is in a strong position, the conjugation is established according to it.
3. When it is in an unstressed position, the word is changed according to persons and numbers and looks at which letter is at the end.

The indefinite form of the heteroconjugated type includes words such as “want” and “run”. When changing by person and number, endings of both types can be observed.

The verbs “to give” and “to eat” are conjugated in a special way. They are called isolated because in the first person singular endings appear that are not typical for other words.

Transitivity

The transitivity of an infinitive is determined by the ability of a word to combine with a direct object, which can be represented by a noun or pronoun:

1. In the accusative case without a preposition.
2. In the genitive case, if there is an indication of a part of the whole or is used together with the negative particle “not”.

The stem of the infinitive acts as a basis for the formation of new words: verbs and past participles, but this is not the only function.

In Russian, the infinitive in a sentence can be any member:

1. Predicate (“It’s best to say it right away”).
2. Subject (“To find out what the meaning of life is is the main goal for many philosophers”).
3. Addition (“The king ordered the guest to be brought to him”).
4. Circumstance (“They come here to look for better life from different cities").
5. Inconsistent definition (“He was often visited by the same thought - to quit his boring job”).

We answered the question: “What is an infinitive in Russian?” We also looked at the difficulties that may arise when studying this topic. Now you can easily find the indefinite form of a verb in a sentence, and then determine what morphological features it has. This knowledge will help not only to use the infinitive correctly, but also to avoid mistakes in subsequent word formation.

In russian language

In Russian, the verb in the infinitive takes the following endings:

• -th(if the ending is preceded by a vowel sound, which is usually a suffix); for example: do, prick, bend, accept.
• -ty(if the ending is preceded by a consonant sound, which is most often part of the root); for example: go, carry, carry. However, if the ending is unstressed, even in the indicated case it is reduced to -th: climb.

In verbs ending in -ch (oven, protect, guard) -whose is not an ending, but a part of the root, which is confirmed when conjugating verbs: bake - oven yeah, take care - coast yeah, guard - guard yeah.

Origin

Historically, the Russian infinitive, which, as now, expressed “the very name of the action,” goes back to verbal nouns in the forms of the dative and accusative cases (dynamically directed cases), but, unlike nouns, had no declension. The case forms of verbal nouns indicate that these nouns denoted “substantivized actions as an object of the dynamic orientation of the subject.” After the complete verbalization of nouns, which seems possible to explain as a desire to represent the verbal action itself as a detached object, the infinitive that emerged from them retained the original function of its source and expanded the scope of functional application.

Question about the Russian infinitive

Some researchers recognize the infinitive as a name with a verbal base due to the fact that it does not belong to the number of either predicative or attributive forms of the verb: a custom in modern languages naming a verb in the dictionary using an infinitive “is paradoxical because to designate a verb it is illogical to resort to a form that is not a verb. It is harmful because it instills and propagates the false idea that the infinitive is a verb.” Other linguists have emphasized that the infinitive in modern Russian is a “verbal nominative”, the original form of the verb, which potentially contains a relation to the person: the indefinite form of the verb, due to its abstractness, appears to us as a simple bare expression of the idea of ​​action, without the complications that are introduced into it all other verb categories.

In German

In English

"Naked" infinitive(English) bare infinitive) is the traditional name in English grammar for a type of infinitive without a preceding particle “to”.

The standard form of the infinitive in English language formed using the base (dictionary) form of the verb, which is preceded by a particle to. In a limited number of cases, however, the infinitive is used without it. It happens:

• after an auxiliary verb do and most modal verbs ( can, may, shall, will and others);
• in constructions with verbs of perception ( see, watch, hear, feel and others); in these constructions, instead of a “naked” infinitive, a gerund can be used;
• with a number of verbs of permission and encouragement ( make, bid, let, have).

In French

Main article: Infinitive in French

The infinitive is a timeless voice because it is not conjugated. When used with other verbs, the first indicates the tense and the second indicates the infinitive form.

In Esperanto language

In the planned international language Esperanto, the infinitive is always indicated by the ending - i. For example: est i(to be), hav i(have), password i(speak).

Notes

Literature

• N.I. Pushina NON-PERSONAL FORMS OF VERB IN ONOMASIOLOGICAL AND COGNITIVE ASPECTS

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See what “Infinitive” is in other dictionaries:

Indefinite form of the verb Dictionary of Russian synonyms. infinitive noun indefinite form (verb)) Dictionary of Russian synonyms. Context 5.0 Informatics. 2012… Synonym dictionary

- (from Latin infinitivus indefinite) (indefinite form of the verb, obsolete indefinite mood), impersonal form of the verb, representing an action (state, process) regardless of the categories of person, number and mood; calls... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

INFINITIVE, infinitive, husband. (lat. infinitivus) (ling.). A form of a verb denoting an action without regard to person, tense or mood, e.g. write, carry; the same as the infinitive form of the verb. Dictionary Ushakova. D.N. Ushakov. 1935… Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

INFINITIVE, a, husband. In grammar: the same as the indefinite mood of the verb. | adj. infinitive, aya, oh. Infinitive sentence (with the structural basis of the infinitive). Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

Infinitive- INFINITIVE, or indefinite form of the verb, is erroneously called. "indefinite mood". Verb form, denoting the same verbal feature (action or state), which is indicated by other forms of the same verb, but without a relation... ... Dictionary of literary terms

infinitive- a, m. infinitif m., German. Infinitive lat. infinitivus (modus). Same as the infinitive form of the verb. Infinitive stem. BAS 1. Infinitivity and, g. Infinitive aya, oh. Infinitive construction. BAS 1. Lex. Ush. 1934: infinity/in; BASS 1:… … Historical Dictionary Gallicisms of the Russian language

Infinitive- (from Latin infinitivus indefinite) (indefinite form, obsolete indefinite mood) non-finite form of the verb (verboid), existing in inflectional and agglutinative languages ​​(see Typological classification of languages) and used for ... ... Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary

- (lat. modus infinitivus indefinite way). The original form of the verb, denoting an action without connection with its subject, that is, regardless of person, number, tense and mood. The infinitive is characterized by specific differences (C^elable to do), ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

Unconjugated (lit. indefinite - from Latin infinitivus) form of the verb. Denotes an event without indicating the circumstances of its occurrence (person, time). Therefore, it serves as the initial form of a verb and is given in dictionaries. The indicator of the infinitive is… … Literary encyclopedia

- (lat. infinitivus (modus)) eram, indefinite form of the verb. New dictionary foreign words. by EdwART, 2009. infinitive infinitive, m. [Latin. infinitivus] (lingual). A form of a verb denoting an action without relating it to person, time and... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

Books

• Italian verb. Non-personal forms. Infinitive, participle, gerund. Textbook, A. R. Goryachkin. This manual is intended for students of language universities, for people working in the field of interlingual and intercultural communication, as well as for anyone who is seriously interested in Italian...