What an event in our history. Historical dates of Russia and the years of the reign of the Tsars. The USSR could easily have won the Cold War

Interesting historical facts attract with their diversity. Thanks to them, humanity has unique opportunity understand what happened in a given period of development of a nation, society and states. Facts from history are not just what we were told at school. There is a lot that is classified in this area of ​​knowledge.

1. Peter the Great had his own method to combat alcoholism in the country. Drunkards were awarded medals that weighed approximately 7 kilograms and could not be removed.

2.During the times Ancient Rus' Grasshoppers were called dragonflies.

3.The anthem of Thailand was written by a Russian composer.

5.Those who urinated in the pond were executed during the time of Genghis Khan.

7. Braids were a sign of feudalism in China.

8.The virginity of English women in Tudor times was symbolized by bracelets on their arms and a tightly tightened corset.

9.Nero, who was an emperor in ancient Rome, married his male slave.

10. In ancient times in India, ear mutilation was used as a punishment.

11.Arabic numerals were not invented by Arabs, but by mathematicians from India.

13.Binding feet was considered an ancient tradition of the Chinese people. The essence of this was to make the foot smaller, and therefore more feminine and beautiful.

14.Morphine was once used to relieve cough.

15.The ancient Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamun had a sister and brother.

16. Gaius Julius Caesar had the nickname “boots”.

17.Elizabeth the First covered her own face with lead white and vinegar. This is how she hid traces of smallpox.

18.The symbol of the Russian tsars was precisely the Monomakh cap.

19. Pre-revolutionary Russia was considered the most non-drinking country.

20.Until the 18th century, Russia did not have a flag.

21. Since November 1941, the Soviet Union had a tax on childlessness. It amounted to 6% of the entire salary.

22.Trained dogs provided assistance in clearing mines during World War II.

23. Almost no earthquakes were recorded during the large-scale nuclear tests of 1960-1990.

24. For Hitler, the main enemy was not Stalin, but Yuri Levitan. He even announced a reward of 250,000 marks for his head.

25.The Icelandic “Saga of Hakon Hakonarson” talked about Alexander Nevsky.

26. Fist fights have long been famous in Rus'.

27. Catherine the Second abolished flogging for the military for same-sex contacts.

28. Only Joan of Arc, who called herself a messenger of God, managed to expel the invaders from France.

29.The length of the Cossack seagull, which we remember from the history of the Zaporozhye Sich, reached approximately 18 meters.

30. Genghis Khan defeated the Keraits, Merkits and Naimans.

31. By order of Emperor Augustus, houses that were taller than 21 meters were not built in Ancient Rome. This minimized the risk of being buried alive.

32.The Colosseum is considered the bloodiest place in history.

33. Alexander Nevsky had military rank"Khan".

34.During the time of the Russian Empire, it was allowed to carry edged weapons.

35.Soldiers in Napoleon's army addressed the generals on a first name basis.

36. During the Roman war, soldiers lived in tents of 10 people.

37. Any touching of the emperor in Japan before World War II was blasphemy.

38.Boris and Gleb are the first Russian saints who were canonized in 1072.

39. A Red Army machine gunner named Semyon Konstantinovich Hitler, who was Jewish by nationality, took part in the Great Patriotic War.

40. In the old days in Rus', to clean pearls, they were given to a chicken to peck at them. After this, the chicken was slaughtered and the pearls were pulled out of its stomach.

41. From the very beginning, people who cannot speak Greek were called barbarians.

42. In pre-revolutionary Russia, name days for Orthodox people were a more important holiday than birthdays.

43.When England and Scotland came to a union, Great Britain was created.

44.After Alexander the Great brought cane sugar from one of his Indian campaigns to Greece, it immediately began to be called “Indian salt.”

45. In the 17th century, thermometers were filled not with mercury, but with cognac.

46.The first condom in the world was invented by the Aztecs. It was made from a fish bladder.

47. In 1983, not a single human birth was registered in the Vatican.

48.From the 9th to the 16th centuries in England there was a law that every man must practice archery daily.

49.When the Winter Palace was stormed, only 6 people died.

50.About 13,500 houses were destroyed during the great and famous fire of London in 1666.

"History of State and Law of the USSR", edited by S.A. Pokrovsky, part I, Moscow, 1959
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Continuation of the book...

CHRONOLOGY

Beginning of the 1st millennium BC e. - transition of the peoples of Transcaucasia to the slave system.
Mid-1st millennium BC e. - the emergence of slave relations in Central Asia. Formation of the Albanian (Azerbaijani) slave state. Mid-9th century BC e. - formation of the state of Urartu in Transcaucasia.
Mid-8th century BC e. - the rise of the state of Urartu.
VIII century BC e. - the fall of the Armenians under the rule of the state of Urartu.
XIII-VII centuries BC e. - formation of a union of Scythian tribes in the Azov and Northern Black Sea regions.
Around 612 BC e. - the Armenians gained independence and formed their own state.
VII-VI centuries BC e. - formation of the first large political union in Central Asia - Bactria.
Around the 6th century. BC e. - formation of a slave state in Khorezm.
Around 590 BC e. - the fall of the state of Urartu under the rule of the Media and the cessation of its existence.
VI-IV centuries BC e. - transformation Greek colonies on the northern and eastern shores of the Black Sea into slave-owning city states (polises).
480 BC e. - formation of the Bosporan kingdom.
Mid-IV century BC e. - the emergence of the first Scythian slave state.
316 BC e. - formation of the kingdom of Airarat and the kingdom of Lesser Armenia.
Around the 3rd century. BC e. - formation of the Scythian kingdom in Crimea.
250 BC e. - the emergence of an independent slave state of Bactria.
220 BC e. - formation of Great Armenia.
130 BC e. - the fall of Bactria under the pressure of nomadic tribes.
I century - the unification of Bactria and Sogda under the rule of the Kushan tribe, the formation of the Kushan kingdom. Transformation of Iberia into an established slave state.
End of the 2nd century - slave uprising under the leadership of Savmak.
End of the 3rd century - liberation of Khorezm from the rule of the Kushan kingdom.
III century - collapse of the Kushan Empire.
387 - conclusion of an agreement between Rome and Persia on the division of Greater Armenia.
481-484 - Armenian uprising against Rome and Persia.
485 - restoration of internal self-government in Eastern Armenia.
End of the 5th century - the liberation war of the Georgian people under the leadership of King Vakhtang Gorgasar against the Sasanians.
Beginning of the 6th century - uprising of the Central Asian peoples under the leadership of Mazdok.
Mid-6th century - formation of the Turkic Khaganate.
563-567 - defeat of the Euphalite Empire by the Turkic Khaganate.
571 - separation of Georgia and most of Armenia from Persia.
80s of the 6th century. - uprising of the poor in the Turkic Kaganate under the leadership of Abruy.
End of the 6th century - the second partition of Armenia between Persia and Byzantium.
Mid-7th century - transition of Georgia under the rule of Byzantium. Formation of an independent Khazar state.
VII century - migration of the “Serbian Bulgarians” from the Azov region to the Middle Volga region, the formation of the Volga-Kama Bulgarian state.
Beginning of the 8th century - establishment of the rule of the Arab Caliphate over Armenia. Conquest of Transcaucasia by the Arabs. Conquest of Central Asia by the Arabs.
Mid-8th century - fall of the Western and Eastern Khaganates.
776 - Anti-feudal uprising in Central Asia led by Hashim ibn Hakim ("Mukkana Movement").
783 - defeat of the “Mukkana movement” by Arab troops.
Beginning of the 9th century - the beginning of the formation of the Old Russian state.
882 - the campaign of the Novgorod prince Oleg to Kyiv, his capture of Kiev.
9th century - victory of the Armenian people over the Arabs and restoration of the independence of Armenia.
End of the 9th century - unification of Russian lands into the Old Russian (Kiev) state.
IX-X centuries - the fall of Central Asia from the Arab Caliphate.
907 - Prince Oleg's campaign against Byzantium. Uprising in Khorasan under the leadership of Abu Bilal. The first agreement between Rus' and Byzantium.
911 - Second treaty between Rus' and Byzantium.
945 - Third treaty between Rus' and Byzantium.
10th century - fall of the Khazar Kaganate. Formation of four independent kingdoms in Armenia: Shirak, Vaspurakan, Syunik, Taron. Conquest of Armenia by Byzantium.
971 - The fourth treaty between Rus' and Byzantium.
997 - formation of the independent Ghaznavid state. The emergence of the Karakhanid state.
Beginning of the 11th century - the end of the process of uniting the scattered principalities of Georgia into a single whole after liberation from the Arab yoke.
1040 - formation of the Seljuk Turkic state.
1068 - uprising in Kyiv.
70s XI century - uprising of the smerds of the Rostov land.
1097 - recognition of the independence of the princes by a feudal congress in the city of Lyubech.
End of the 11th century - creation of the Brief edition of “Russian Pravda”.
1113 - uprising against moneylenders in Kyiv.
1136 - a major uprising in Novgorod of the city's trade and craft lower classes.
Beginning of the 13th century - the emergence of the Mongol state of Genghis Khan.
1207 - major uprising of the urban lower classes in Novgorod.
1221 - Mongol conquest of Central Asia.
1228 - major uprising of the urban lower classes in Novgorod.
First half of the 13th century. - conquest of Livonia by German feudal lords.
1230 - major uprising of the urban lower classes in Novgorod.
1237-1240 - invasion of Rus' by the Tatar-Mongols.
1242 - Alexander Nevsky defeats the German knights.
1262 - massive popular uprising in Rus' against the Tatars. Conquest of Georgia by the Mongols.
1327 - massive popular uprising in Rus' against the Tatars.
1348 - establishment of political independence of Pskov from Novgorod.
1380 - victory of the Russian people under the leadership of Dmitry Donskoy over the Tatars on the Kulikovo field.
1385 - conclusion of the Krevo Union of Poland and Lithuania.
1348 - Publication of the first privilege in Lithuania.
End of the 14th century - devastation of Georgia by Timur's troops.
Beginning of the 15th century - creation by Timur of a huge empire centered in Samarkand.
1410 - defeat of the German order by Polish-Lithuanian-Russian troops near Grunwald.
October 1413 - conclusion of the Gorodel Union of Poland and Lithuania.
1421 - convening of the first Livonian Landtag in Valka.
First half of the 15th century - emergence of the Uzbek Khanate.
1440 - liquidation of the Gorodel Union.
Mid-15th century - approval of the Novgorod judicial charter.
1447 - publication of a privilege in Lithuania, which formalized the privileges of feudal lords and expanded the rights of the gentry.
Mid-15th century - the emergence of the first early feudal states in Kazakhstan.
Approximately 1467 - approval by the veche of the Pskov Judgment Charter.
February 29, 1468 - publication of the Code of Laws of King Casimir Jagiellovich.
1480 - liquidation of the Tatar yoke.
80s of the 15th century. - formation of a single centralized Moscow state.
1497 - publication by Ivan III of the first all-Russian Code of Law.
End of the 15th century - the gentry received the right to have their representatives in the Sejms.
First decade of the 16th century. - formation of the Bukhara Khanate.
1529 - First Lithuanian Statute.
Around the middle of the 16th century. - the emergence of the Zaporozhye Sich.
1547 - Ivan IV assumed the royal title. The uprising of the urban lower classes in Moscow.
February 28, 1549 - Ivan IV issues a decree freeing nobles from the jurisdiction of governors.
1550 - publication of the Tsar's Code of Law.
1555 - abolition of the “feeding” system.
1557 - publication by the Grand Duke of Lithuania of the “Charter on Portages”.
1558 - Livonian War.
1561 - Ivan IV issued a Decree prohibiting debtors from being turned into complete slaves for debts to creditors.
1562 - Ivan the Terrible decree limiting the disposal of the “princely” estates.
1565-1566 - equalization of the political rights of the gentry and lords and the formation of a single gentry class.
1566 - adoption of the Second Lithuanian Statute.
Summer 1569 - Union of Lublin between Lithuania and Poland. Formation of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
1581 - publication of a decree on “reserved years”.
1588 - Third Lithuanian Statute.
1591-1593 - uprising in Ukraine under the leadership of Kosinski.
1592 - conducting a census of the land and the peasants living on it.
1594-1596 - uprising in Ukraine under the leadership of Nalivaiko.
1595 - acceptance of the Kazakh Khan Tevekkel into the citizenship of the Russian state.
1596 - Brest Church Union.
February 1597 - publication of a law changing the status of indentured servants.
1597 - the government of Boris Godunov issued a decree on searching for fugitives within five years and returning them to their owners.
End of the 16th century - death of Khan Tevekkel, collapse of the Kazakh state into three zhuz.
1605-1606 - Peasant war led by Ivan Bolotnikov.
1613 - election of Mikhail Romanov to the throne by the Zemsky Sobor. 1
628 - with the equalization of the honored estates to the ancestral ones.
1630 - uprising of the Ukrainian people under the leadership of Taras Fedorovich.
1635 - uprising in Ukraine under the leadership of Ivan Sulima.
1637-1638 - uprising in Ukraine under the leadership of Pavlyuk, Yakov Ostryanin, Karp Skidan and Guni.
1646 - publication by the ruler Vasily Lupu of the “Rules”, which prohibited serfs from moving, legally formalized serfdom in Moldova and the class privileges of feudal lords.
1648 - uprising of the urban lower classes in Moscow. Revolt of the population in Rus'. The uprising of the Ukrainian people under the leadership of Bohdan Khmelnytsky.
1649 - approval by the Zemsky Sobor of the Cathedral Code of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich.
1650 - uprisings in Pskov and Novgorod.
October 1, 1653 - the Zemsky Sobor adopted a decision on the reunification of Ukraine with Russia.
January 8, 1654 - the “open” council in Pereyaslavl adopted a decision on reunification with Russia.
March 1654 - the signing of the “March Articles” by the hetman and the Russian government, which determined the position of Ukraine.
Mid-17th century - an appeal from the Moldavian rulers Vasily Lupu and George Stefan to the Tsar with a request to include Moldova in the Russian state.
1657 - creation of the Accounting Order.
Around 1658 - establishment of the Secret Order.
1662 - uprising of the Moscow suburb.
1663 - removal of control over the hetman's administration from the Posolsky Prikaz and assigning it to the Little Russian Prikaz.
1667 - abolition of the Monastic Order. Conclusion of the Truce of Andrusovo between Poland and Russia. Condemnation and deposition of Patriarch Nikon by the spiritual council. Publication of the “New Trade Charter”.
Beginning of 1669 - uprising in the Solovetsky Monastery.
1689 - publication of “New Decree Articles” on tateb, robbery and murder cases.” April 1670 - Stepan Razin's march on the Volga, the beginning of the second peasant war in Russia.
Third quarter of the 16th century. - separation from the Boyar Duma of the Chamber of Execution to replace the Duma on current affairs of government. Elimination of tarhan letters.
1677 - publication of the “New Decree Articles” “On estates and estates”.
1677-1678 - replacement of land taxation with household taxation.
1679-1681 - taxation of household taxes on householders.
January 1, 1682 - abolition of localism.
1686 - publication of the “New Decree Articles” “On the Chernoslobod and Belomesttsovo courts.”
1697 - publication of a decree introducing a search process in all cases.
1699 - establishment of burmister chambers and zemstvo huts in cities.
Beginning of the 18th century - publication of “The Laws of King Vakhtang”.
1700 - creation of the Admiralty Order. Creation of a commission to compile the New Book.
1701 - Mazepa published a generalist about the production of “brute force” of Cossacks for “elective and vile partnership.”
1705-1706 - Astrakhan uprising.
1706 - publication by Hetman Mazepa of a universal about repressions against peasants who fled from their masters.
1707-1708 - uprising on the Don.
1708 - Assignment of the name of the Council of Ministers to the Boyar Duma.
December 18, 1708 - publication of a decree dividing Russia into eight provinces.
1709 - appointment of a Russian resident under the hetman.
1710 - Entry of Estland and Livland into the Russian Empire.
March 2, 1711 - Establishment of the Senate.
March 23, 1714 - Decree on unified inheritance.
1714 - separation of independent Nizhny Novgorod and Astrakhan provinces from the Kazan province.
1716 - Military regulations.
1718 - creation of the post of Chief of Police in St. Petersburg.
1720 - General Regulations.
1721 - conclusion of the Nystadt Peace Treaty.
January 16, 1721 - Regulations of the Chief Master. Education of the Chief Master.
November 18, 1721 - Decree on the purchase of villages for factories.
October 22, 1721 - Peter I received the title of emperor.
April 27, 1722 - Decree “On the position of the Senate.”
February 5, 1722 - Decree on the succession to the throne.
1722 - Table of Ranks. Publication of the General Regulations. Establishment of the position of Prosecutor General under the Senate. Liquidation of the Audit Board.
1722-1723 - Caspian campaign of Peter I, annexation of the Caspian coast to Russia.
November 5, 1723 - Decree “On the form of the court.”
1723-1724 - reorganization of zemstvo huts in major cities- to magistrates, and in others - to town halls.
February 8, 1726 - Decree on the formation of the Supreme Privy Council.
1727 - reform of local administration in Russia.
February 24, 1727 - publication of a decree allowing the release of some officers and soldiers from the nobility from military service to their villages for farming.
1729 - abolition of the Preobrazhenskaya Chancellery.
1730 - Cancellation of the decree on unified inheritance. Khan Abulkhair's appeal to the Russian government with a request to accept him, together with the Junior Zhuz, into Russian citizenship.
1731 - creation of a special military educational institution (gentry corps) for nobles. Issuance of a decree prohibiting the release of peasants to farms and contracts. Formation of the Office of Secret Investigation Cases. Conclusion of an agreement on the acceptance of Khan Abulkhair into Russian citizenship with the Junior Zhuz.
1735 - capture of Georgia by Iranian troops of Nadir Shah.
1736 - the establishment of compulsory military service in Russia instead of lifelong.
1743 - presentation by a special commission for the codification of Ukrainian law of a draft Ukrainian code entitled “Rights by which the Little Russian people are judged.”
1745 - publication by the ruler Constantine Mavrocordato of a law prohibiting “free peasants from crossing.
1752 - uprising of working people at Demidov factories.
1753 - publication of a new Customs Charter.
1754 - publication of survey instructions.
1756 - creation of the Conference at the highest court.
1761 - deprivation of peasants' right to be obligated on bills of exchange and to be guarantors.
February 18, 1762 - Manifesto on the granting of liberty and freedom to the entire Russian nobility.
March 21, 1762 - Decree on the secularization of church lands.
1763 - development by the Military Collegium and special instructions commanders of military commands about the suppression of peasant unrest.
1763 - Judicial reform in Ukraine. Satisfying the gentry's demand that the courts consist only of elected members of the gentry.
1764 - Razumovsky’s refusal from the hetmanship at the request of Catherine II.
February 26, 1764 - publication of a decree on the secularization of church and monastic property in Russia. Landowners gain the right to send peasants to hard labor.
1765-1766 - adoption in the Baltic states of local parliaments of resolutions limiting corvée labor.
60s of the XVIII century. - abolition of the tax farming system.
1766 - publication of the “General Institution on the Recruitment of Recruits.”
August 22, 1767 - publication of a decree prohibiting peasants from complaining about landowners.
1768-1774 - Russian-Turkish warrior.
1769 - the first issue of paper notes in Russia.
Second half of the 18th century. - widespread use of the so-called tax farming system. The beginning of the process of stratification of the peasantry. Clarification of the issue of imputation of crimes based on age. Widespread exile to Siberia. A clear distinction in civil law forms of transactions: domestic, private, serf.
1772 - withdrawal to Russia for the first partition of Poland, Latgale and the eastern part of Belarus.
1773-1775 - Peasant war under the leadership of Pugachev.
March 17, 1775 - liberation of the merchants from the poll tax.
1775 - “Institution for the administration of the provinces of the Russian Empire.”
1780 - landowners received the right to exile their peasants to Siberia for settlement. Introduction of the Regulations on the Provinces of 1775 in Left Bank Ukraine, abolition of its division into regiments.
June 28, 1782 - publication of a decree recognizing the rights of land owners to the subsoil and to all “growth”.
1782 - Publication of the Charter of the Deanery. Creation of the Kyiv, Chernigov and Novgorod-Seversky governorates in Ukraine under the control of governors general.
1783 - Ukrainian petty officers received officer ranks and became part of the Russian nobility. Transformation of Cossack regiments in Left Bank Ukraine into regular pikemen regiments. Extension of the 1775 Regulations on Governorates to the Baltic States.
1783 - conclusion of a treaty with Russia by Heraclius II, according to which the Georgian king recognized the supreme power of the Russian emperor.
May 3, 1783 - Catherine II issued a decree that finally formalized serfdom in Ukraine and extended all Russian laws to Ukraine.
1783-1797 - a powerful anti-feudal uprising led by Batyr Syrym in Kazakhstan.
April 21, 1786 - publication of the law on city regulations. Certificate of rights, liberties and advantages of the noble Russian nobility.
1786 - abolition of the Justice College and the Economy College. Secularization of church and monastic property in Ukraine.
80s of the 18th century. - introduction of conscription in Ukraine.
80-90s XVIII century - an appeal by the Azerbaijani khans to the Russian government with a request for Azerbaijan to join Russia.
1793 - withdrawal of the central part of Belarus to Russia.
1795 - annexation to Russia as a result of the third partition of Poland of Lithuania, the Duchy of Courland and the western part of Belarus.
1797 - establishment of the order of succession to the throne according to the principle of unity of inheritance and primogeniture.
1797 - creation of a department of appanages to manage the palace peasants.
The end of the 18th century - the first decades of the 19th century. - annexation of Moldova to Russia.
January 1, 1801 - approval of the State Council in Russia.
January 1801 - annexation of the East Georgian Kingdom to Russia.
1801 - voluntary annexation of Georgia to Russia.
1801-1803 - the period of activity of the “Unofficial Committee”.
1802 - Approval of the Regulations on the Governing Senate.
September 8, 1802 - establishment of the first eight ministers, formation of the Committee of Ministers.
803 - Decree on “free cultivators”.
1804 - annexation of Imereti and Mingrelia to Russia.
1804-1813 - accession of Azerbaijan to Russia.
1807 - formation of the Duchy of Warsaw.
1808-1809 - annexation of Finland to Russia.
1809 - M. M. Speransky drafted a project for state reforms - “Introduction to the Code of State Laws.” Establishment in Finland of the Finnish Government Senate as the highest administrative and judicial body. Abkhazia and Guria annexed to Russia.
1811 - publication of the “General Establishment of Ministries”.
1811-1848 - life of V. G. Belinsky.
1812-1870 - life of A.I. Herzen.
1812 - creation of the Tsar's Own Office. The Patriotic War of the Russian people against the Napoleonic invasion.
1815 - creation of the “Holy Alliance” of the Russian, Austrian and Prussian monarchs. The annexation of most of Poland's lands to Russia.
November 27, 1815 - Alexander I signed the “Charter of State Establishments”, which secured the autonomy of Poland while maintaining the dominant position of the gentry.
1816 - renaming of the Finnish Government Senate into the Senate.
First quarter of the 19th century - acceptance of Russian citizenship by Kazakhstan.
XIX century - accession of Armenia and Azerbaijan to Russia.
1822 - approval by the tsarist government of the draft “Charter on the management of foreigners” prepared by Speransky. Division of the Middle Zhuz of Kazakhstan into two districts governed by district orders.
1824 - publication of the law on guilds, which secured the privileges of guild merchants and limited the activities of peasants and townspeople in the field of industry and trade. Dividing the territory of the Small Zhuz into three parts headed by the sultans.
December 14, 1825 - Decembrist uprising.
1826 - the elimination of the khan's power in Azerbaijan by the tsarist government.
1828-1889 - life of N. G. Chernyshevsky.
1829 - liberation of Armenia from the Shah's yoke under the Turkmanchay Peace Treaty with Iran and its annexation to Russia.
1830 - introduction of land tax from appanage peasants.
April 1, 1830 - publication of the Complete Collection of Laws prepared by Speransky.
Summer 1830 - military uprising in Sevastopol.
November 1830 - uprising in Poland.
July 1831 - uprising of twelve grenadier regiments.
1831 - massive “cholera riots” in Lithuania, Belarus and the center of Russia.
February 14, 1832 - publication of the “Organic Statute”, which abolished the coronation of Russian emperors to the Polish throne, destroyed the Sejm and created in its place the “Council of Administration of the Kingdom of Poland” under the governor of the emperor.
1832 - publication of the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire. Establishment of honorary citizenship.
1833 - the first railway in Russia was opened between St. Petersburg and Tsarskoye Selo.
January 1, 1835 - the “Code of Laws of the Russian Empire” came into force.
1836-1861 - life of N. A. Dobrolyubov.
1837-1838 - reorganization of management of state peasants (“Kiselev’s reform”).
1838 - unrest of Armenian and Azerbaijani peasants.
1839 - publication of the twelve-volume Code of Military Regulations.
1840 - the spread of administration that existed in the internal provinces of Russia to the Transcaucasian region.
1841 - anti-serfdom uprising of the peasants of Western Georgia.
1841 - 1845 - unrest of state peasants.
1842 - Decree on the “duties of peasants.”
August 15, 1845 - approval of the draft “Code of Criminal and Correctional Punishments.”
May 1, 1846 - the “Code on Criminal and Correctional Punishments” came into force.
1849 - the government prohibited the creation of a number of industries in Moscow.
1853-1856 - Crimean War.
1857 - the beginning of the second edition of the Complete Collection of Laws.
1859-1861 - revolutionary situation in Russia.
February 19, 1861 - signing of a manifesto approving the “Regulations on peasants emerging from serfdom.” Peasant reform, which abolished serfdom in Russia.
1861 - establishment of a new supreme government body in Russia - the Council of Ministers.
1861-1863 - activities of the revolutionary society “Land and Freedom”.
January 1863 - an uprising in Poland, spreading to Lithuania, Belarus and a number of regions of Ukraine, led by Kastus Kalinowski.
April 17, 1863 - publication of the Decree “On the abolition of corporal punishment.”
1863 - proposal to the Tsar by the Minister of Internal Affairs Valuev to convene a congress of state councilors at the State Council for a preliminary discussion of legislative issues before submitting them to the State Council.
January 1, 1864 - approval by Alexander II of the “Regulations on provincial and district zemstvo institutions”, the beginning of zemstvo reform in Russia.
October 20, 1864 - publication by Alexander II of the manifesto on the implementation of judicial statutes. Judicial reform in Russia.
1864 - publication of the “Charter on punishments imposed by justices of the peace.”
1865-1885 - Russian conquest of the feudal states of Central Asia: the Kokand and Khiva khanates and the Bukhara Emirate.
1867 - introduction of the General Part of the new Military Regulations on punishments.
1868 - the introduction into force of the Special Part of the new Military Regulations on punishments.
1870 - creation of a commission under the leadership of Minister Ignatiev to develop a general hiring law for all types of hired labor. Convening the first trade and industrial congress in St. Petersburg.
June 16, 1870 - publication of the “City Regulations”, the beginning of the so-called urban reform in Russia.
1871 - the final abolition of the use of spitzrutens in Russia.
1873 - the tsarist government concluded treaties with Khiva and Bukhara, which consolidated the colonial position of these countries. Transformation of the Bessarabia region into a province with a Russian governor at its head.
1874 - held military reform, which replaced conscription with universal conscription.
1875 - the emergence of the first workers' organization, the South Russian Union of Workers, in Odessa. Revision of the Military Regulations on Punishments.
December 6, 1876 - demonstration at the Kazan Cathedral in St. Petersburg.
Second half of the 70s. XIX century - the emergence of a revolutionary situation in Russia.
1877 - Trial of the 50 in the Senate.
1878 - formation of the “Northern Union of Russian Workers”.
January 1881 - “the most comprehensive report of the Minister of Internal Affairs, General Loris-Melikov, presented to Alexander II, on the need for “representative forms in Russia.”
March 1, 1881 - assassination of Alexander II by Narodnaya Volya.
1881 - publication by the government of the “Regulations on measures to protect state and public peace,” which granted the Council of Ministers the right to declare any area of ​​the empire under a state of enhanced or emergency protection. Transfer of competence of the Third Department of the Tsar's Office to the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
1883 - the appearance of the first Russian Marxist group “Emancipation of Labor”, created in Geneva by G. V. Plekhanov.
1885 - Morozov strike. Adoption of a new criminal code, replacing the “Code on Criminal and Correctional Punishments” of 1845.
June 3, 1886 - publication of a law on fines in Russia.
1886 - creation of a sugar factory trust in Russia.
July 12, 1889 - establishment of the Institute of Chiefs.
1892 - replacement of the “City Regulations of 1870” with a new “City Regulations”. Supplement to the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire, Volume XVI. Formation of a syndicate of kerosene producers in Baku.
1893 - abolition of punishment of women with whips and rods.
1895 - creation by V.I. Lenin in St. Petersburg of the “Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class.”
June 2, 1897 - publication of a law on reducing the working day in factories and factories and establishing holiday recreation.
1900-1903 - industrial crisis in Russia.
1901 - “Obukhov Defense”
December 1901 - publication of the first issue of Lenin's newspaper Iskra.
Winter 1901-1902 - general strike of students.
Spring and what 1902 - mass protests of peasants in the Poltava and Kharkov provinces and in the Volga region.
1902-1904 - a wave of mass political strikes in Russia, Ukraine, and Transcaucasia.
March 22, 1903 - the tsar sanctioned the new Criminal Code.
1903 - the emergence of the Bolshevik-Leninists at the II Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Party.
January 27, 1904 - creation of security departments in St. Petersburg, Moscow and Warsaw. Beginning of the Russo-Japanese War.
1904 - abolition of lashing punishments.
December 12 (25), 1904 - Nicholas II issued a decree to the Senate, expressing the tsar’s will to preserve the autocracy unshakable.
December 20, 1904 - fall of Port Arthur.
January 9, 1905 - execution in Petrograd of workers who went with a petition to the Tsar (“Bloody Sunday”).
February 18, 1905 - Nicholas II issued a rescript addressed to the Minister of Internal Affairs Bulygin about his intention to establish the State Duma.
1905 - abolition of farm payments from peasants for land.
August 6, 1905 - Nicholas II publishes a manifesto on the establishment of the State Duma and the “Establishment of the State Duma.”
1905-1907 - the first Russian revolution.
October-December 1905 - the emergence of the Council of Workers' Deputies.
October 13, 1905 - formation of the Council of Workers' Deputies in St. Petersburg.
October 17, 1905 - signing by Nicholas II of the “Manifesto on the improvement of public order.”
October 19, 1905 - publication of a decree to the government sentu “On measures to strengthen unity in the activities of Ministers and Main Directorates.”
November 24, 1905 - publication of the decree “On temporary rules on time-based publications.”
December 11, 1905 - publication of a new electoral law.
December 16, 1905 - approval of the resolution of the Council of Ministers “On prohibiting military personnel from taking part in political parties and meetings.”
February 13, 1906 - approval of the decision of the State Council “On establishing criminal liability for the dissemination of false information about the activities of government institutions and officials.”
February 21, 1906 - manifesto “On changing the Establishment of the State Council and on revising the Establishment of the State Duma,” which turned the State Council into the upper chamber.
March 4, 1906 - decree “On temporary rules on societies and unions.”
March 18, 1906 - decree “On amendments and additions to the temporary rules on the periodical press.”
March 18, 1906 - approval by Nicholas II of the opinion of the State Council “On measures to reduce the time of production of the most important criminal cases.”
March-April 1906 - elections to the State Duma.
April 23, 1906 - approval by the tsar of the “Code of Basic State Laws” in a new edition. Abolition of the Committee of Ministers.
April 26, 1906 - publication of the decree “On temporary rules for the time-based press”, which lifted censorship from it.
August 5, 1906 - publication of a decree extending the “State of Exception” of August 14, 1881.
August 18, 1906 - approval of the Regulations of the Council of Ministers, which increased responsibility for the dissemination of anti-government propaganda among the troops.
August 19, 1906 - approval of the decision of the Council of Ministers on the establishment of military courts.
November 9, 1906 - publication of a personal decree to the Governing Senate “On the addition of certain resolutions current law relating to peasant land ownership and land use."
June 1, 1907 - a closed meeting of the State Duma, at which the Chairman of the Council of Ministers demanded the removal from the Duma and the arrest of members of the Social Democratic faction.
June 3, 1907 - publication of a manifesto and a personal decree on the dissolution of the State Duma.
June 14, 1910 - publication by the Third State Duma of a law approving Stolypin’s policy.
July 20, 1914 - Russia's entry into the First World War.
July 28, 1914 - publication of a decree on the termination of all benefits and advantages provided to subjects of enemy states by treaties or on the basis of reciprocity.
July 30, 1914 - formation of the All-Russian Zemstvo Union for helping the sick and wounded.
August 8, 1914 - formation of the Union of Cities.
August 19, 1914 - publication of the Regulations, which granted the chief commanders of military districts and persons enjoying the same power to establish in war time courts, equal in power to regimental courts, at all military units and institutions of the military department.
November 9, 1914 - approval of changes and additions to the rules on military courts.
February 2, 1915 - a law prohibiting Austrian, Hungarian, German and Turkish subjects from acquiring ownership and ownership of real estate within Russia.
March 1915 - approval of the institute of government inspectors to supervise the activities of joint-stock companies and commercial and industrial enterprises owned by citizens of the warring states living in Russia.
August 17, 1915 - publication of the law on the formation of Special Meetings.
August 27, 1915 - publication of the Regulations on Military-Industrial Committees.
August 29, 1915 - adoption of a new Regulation on the State Council, which established five permanent commissions under this body.
October 26, 1915 - publication of a decree transforming the Main Directorate of Land Management into the Ministry of Agriculture.
Autumn 1915 - elections of Military-Industrial Committees in Petrograd.
September 1, 1916 - publication of the Regulations, according to which the Minister of Internal Affairs or his authorized persons could close any meeting.
December 9, 1916 - the government closes the congresses of the Unions of Cities and Zemstvos.
February 27 (March 12), 1917 - the beginning of the activities of the Petrograd Soviet of Workers' Deputies. Formation by liberal deputies of the State Duma in collusion with the Menshevik leaders of the Provisional Committee of the State Duma. The decision of the Petrograd Soviet on the need to organize a workers' militia.
March 1 (14), 1917 - invitation to representatives of the Socialist-Revolutionary-Menshevik majority of the Petrograd Soviet to join the work of the Provisional Committee of the State Duma. The merger of the Petrograd Soviet of Workers' Deputies with the Soviet of Soldiers' Deputies. Publication by the Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies of Order No. 1 regarding the garrison of the Petrograd District.
March 2 (15), 1917 - Nicholas II abdicated the throne in favor of his brother Mikhail. The creation of the Provisional Government by the Provisional Committee of the State Duma, headed by the Octobrist Prince Lvov.
March 3, 1917 - telegram from Commander-in-Chief Alekseev with an order to shoot all agitators at the front.
March 3, 1917 - Michael's abdication of the throne.
March 4, 1917 - the establishment by Minister of War and Navy Guchkov of a commission chaired by General Polivanov to develop military reforms.
March 9, 1917 - publication of a decree establishing the National Food Committee.
March 6, 1917 - appointment of a commissar to the commander of the Petrograd Military District, General Kornilov.
March 16, 1917 - the Petrograd Soviet recognized the need to appoint commissars to headquarters, to the Military and Naval Ministry and to front commanders.
March 21, 1917 - the Petrograd garrison recognized the Petrograd Soviet as its sole and supreme leader.
March 22, 1917 - creation of the Legal Conference under the Provisional Government.
March 23, 1917 - the Provisional Government issued a decree on the formation of a “Special Meeting on Local Reforms” under the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
March 29 - April 3, 1917 - work of the All-Russian Conference of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies.
April 7, 1917 - publication by the Ivanovo-Voznesensk Council of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies of a resolution on the introduction of an 8-hour working day in factories and plants of the city.
April 12-17, 1917 - work of a meeting of representatives of peasant organizations and Soviets of Peasant Deputies, dedicated to preparations for the convening of the All-Russian Congress of Peasant Deputies and the creation of local Councils of Peasant Deputies.
April 16, 1917 - legalization of company, regimental and army committees and disciplinary courts.
April 18, 1917 - Miliukov’s note, confirming the aggressive policy of the Provisional Government.
April 19-21, 1917 - political crisis of the bourgeois Provisional Government.
April 17, 1917 - publication of the “Temporary Regulations on the Police”.
April 21, 1917 - publication of the resolution “On the establishment of land committees.”
April 1917 - general meeting of front and rear deputies.
April 27, 1917 - a meeting of deputies of all four State Dumas, which spoke in favor of maintaining the organization of Duma members to influence the Provisional Government.
May 1, 1917 - the Provisional Government abolished the position of members of the State Council by appointment.
May 5, 1917 - creation of the second coalition Provisional Government. Declaration of the new Provisional Government. Publication by the Provisional Government of a decree on the formation of ministries: labor, food, post and telegraphs, state charity. An institution under the Ministry of Trade and Industry. Meetings on the development of the country's productive forces.
End of May 1917 - citywide Petrograd conference of workers' militia.
June 1-2, 1917 - conference of representatives of trade and industry.
June 3 (16) - July 7, 1917 - work of the First All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Peasant Deputies.
June 4, 1917 - congress of Ukrainian military organizations.
June 1917 - the Provisional Government issued a resolution on crimes against state peace.
June 18, 1917 - the Provisional Government issued an order to launch an offensive at the front. Demonstration of the revolutionary masses in Petrograd protesting against the policies of the Provisional Government.
June 28, 1917 - arrival of Kerensky, Tereshchenko, Tsereteli in Kyiv with the aim of conspiring with the Rada.
July 3-5, 1917 - a spontaneous peaceful uprising of workers and soldiers of Petrograd against the Provisional Government, which grew into an armed political demonstration under the slogan “All power to the Soviets!”
July 12, 1917 - the Provisional Government restored the death penalty in the army and navy.
July 18, 1917 - the Provisional Government issued a manifesto dissolving the Finnish Sejm and calling new elections for this body on September 18-19.
July 25, 1917 - establishment by the Provisional Government of the post of military commissars under the commanders-in-chief of the armies.
July 28, 1917 - the Provisional Government granted the Minister of War and Navy the right to close all meetings and congresses.
August 12, 1917 - convening of the State Conference in Moscow.
August 30, 1917 - defeat of the counter-revolutionary Kornilov conspiracy by armed workers and revolutionary soldiers.
August 31, 1917 - speech of the Petrograd Soviet for the policy of the Bolshevik Party.
September 5, 1917 - the transition of the Moscow Council to the side of the Bolsheviks.
September 12, 1917 - convening of the All-Russian Democratic Conference of representatives of socialist parties, compromise Soviets, trade unions, zemstvos, commercial and industrial districts and military units, which created the Provisional Council of the Republic - the Pre-Parliament.
September 19, 1917 - approval by the Provisional Government of the draft Regulations on Commissars developed by the “Special Meeting on Local Reforms” at the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
October 6, 1917 - the Provisional Government, under pressure from the revolutionary masses, decided to dissolve the IV State Duma.
October 24, 1917 - forced consent of the Provisional Government to the autonomy of Finland.

History is rich in interesting facts, many of which are little known. So, a little excursion into history.

Tobacco enema. This picture shows the "tobacco enema" procedure, which was very popular in Western Europe in the 18th and early 19th centuries. Like smoking tobacco, the idea of ​​blowing tobacco smoke through the anus for medicinal purposes was adopted by Europeans from North American Indians.

One of the weight units of antiquity was the scruple, approximately equal to 1.14 grams. It was mainly used to measure the weight of silver coins. Later, scruple was used in the pharmaceutical system of measures. Today it is not used, but is preserved in the word "scrupulousness", which means extreme precision and accuracy in detail.

Fifty years ago, English referee Ken Aston was driving home, thinking about some of the problems of international communications. He
stopped at a traffic light and then it dawned on him - this is how yellow and red cards appeared in world football.

Count Potemkin proposed to Catherine II to order convicts from the English government for the development of the Black Sea steppes. The queen was seriously interested in this idea, but it was not destined to come true, and English convicts began to be sent to Australia.

Caesar's resourcefulness. When invading Africa, the army of Julius Caesar suffered setbacks from the very beginning. Strong storms scattered ships in the Mediterranean Sea, and Caesar arrived on the African shores with only one legion. While leaving the ship, the commander tripped and fell face down, which was a strong sign for his superstitious soldiers to return back. However, Caesar was not at a loss and, grabbing handfuls of sand, exclaimed: “I hold you in my hands, Africa!” Later he and his army triumphantly conquered Egypt.

The Russian scientist Vasily Petrov, who was the first in the world to describe the phenomenon of an electric arc in 1802, did not spare himself when conducting experiments. At that time there were no instruments such as an ammeter or a voltmeter, and Petrov checked the quality of the batteries by the sensation of electric current in his fingers. And in order to feel very weak currents, the scientist specially cut upper layer skin from fingertips.

Children tried to shoot the actor who played Superman to test his invulnerability. American actor George Reeves became famous for playing the lead role in the television series The Adventures of Superman in the 1950s. One day, Reeves was approached by a boy holding his father's loaded Luger in his hands - he intended to test Superman's superhuman capabilities. George barely escaped death, managing to persuade the boy to give him the weapon. The actor was saved by the fact that the boy believed that the bullet could bounce off Superman and hit someone else.

In the 1950s and 1960s, American aircraft often violated Chinese airspace for reconnaissance purposes. The Chinese authorities recorded every violation and each time sent a “warning” to the United States through diplomatic channels, although no real action they were not followed, and such warnings numbered in the hundreds. This policy has given rise to the expression “China's final warning,” meaning threats without consequences.

Berdashi. In almost all Indian North America there were so-called berdashes, or people with two souls, who were classified as the third gender. Berdash men often performed only female functions - cooking, farming, and Berdash women took part in hunting. Due to the special status of the berdashes, men who had sexual intercourse with them were not considered homosexuals, but the berdashes themselves were not allowed to build relationships with each other. In some tribes they were given cult status, since it was believed that they were closer than ordinary people to the world of spirits and gods, so berdashes often became shamans or healers.

In Sparta, after the death of the king, two institutions were closed for 10 days - the court and the market. When the Persian king Xerxes learned about this custom, he declared that such a custom would be impossible in Persia, since it would deprive his subjects of his two favorite activities.

In 1913, 19-year-old student Terry Williams invented eye mascara by mixing soot with Vaseline. His discovery was first used by a sister named Maybelle, after whom the first and most popular mascara in the history of cosmetics was named.

Previously, the monument to Minin and Pozharsky stood in the center of Red Square. When the Mausoleum was built, the monument pointed specifically to it. One night, someone wrote on the monument: “Look, Prince, what scum has appeared within the Kremlin walls!” After this incident, the monument was moved.

We offer a fascinating selection of historical facts about Russia and Russian people. Educational and interesting:

The origin of the name of our country is unknown

Since ancient times, our country was called Rus', but where this name came from is not known for certain. But it is known how “Rus” turned into “Russia” - this happened thanks to the Byzantines, who pronounced the word “Rus” in their own way.

After the collapse of Rus', its individual regions began to be called Little Rus', White Rus' and Great Rus', or Little Russia, Belarus and Great Russia. It was believed that only all these parts together constitute Russia. But after the revolution of 1917 and the Bolsheviks coming to power, Little Russia began to be called Ukraine, and Great Russia - Russia.

In Rus', grasshoppers were called dragonflies.

A long time ago, in the times of Rus', grasshoppers were indeed called dragonflies, but this name in no way directly refers to the flying insect dragonfly; the grasshopper received the name “dragonfly” because of the sounds it made, which sounded like chirping or clicking.

Foreign invaders were able to conquer Russia only once

Many tried to conquer Russia, and these attempts repeatedly failed. Only the Mongols were able to conquer Rus', and this happened in the 13th century. The reason for this was that Rus' at that time was divided into many principalities, and the Russian princes were unable to unite and jointly repel the conquerors. From then to this day, it was the stupidity and greed of the rulers, internal conflicts that were and remain the main source of problems for our country.

Corporal punishment in Russia

August 11, old style (24 new style), 1904 Russian Empire Corporal punishment was abolished for peasants and young artisans. This was the last social group for which different kinds physical impact. A little earlier, in June of the same year, corporal punishment was abolished in the navy and army.

Corporal punishment was divided into three large groups:

1) self-mutilating (mutilating) – deprivation of a person of any part of the body or its damage (blinding, cutting out the tongue, cutting off an arm, leg or fingers, cutting off ears, nose or lips, castration);

2) painful - causing physical suffering by beating with various instruments (whips, whips, batogs (sticks), spitzrutens, rods, cats, molts);

3) disgraceful (disgraceful) - the most important is the disgrace of the punished (for example, being put in a pillory, branding, imposing shackles, shaving the head).

The upper strata of the population were sensitive to the ban on corporal punishment. In July 1877, the St. Petersburg mayor Trepov, in violation of the law of 1863, ordered the political prisoner Bogolyubov to be flogged with rods. The educated Bogolyubov went crazy and died from such an insult, and the famous Vera Zasulich avenged him by seriously wounding Trepov. The court acquitted Zasulich.

Since 1917, official Soviet pedagogy has considered corporal punishment of children unacceptable. They were banned in all types educational institutions, but remained a frequent occurrence in the family. In 1988, journalist Filippov conducted an anonymous survey of 7,500 children aged 9 to 15 years in 15 cities of the USSR, 60% admitted that their parents used corporal punishment against them.

Cuban Missile Crisis and Black Saturday

What we call the Cuban Missile Crisis, Americans call the Cuban Crisis, and the Cubans themselves call the October Crisis. But the whole world calls the most important day in the Cuban Missile Crisis with one name - “Black Saturday” (October 27, 1962) - the day when the world was closest to a global nuclear war.

Russia has repeatedly helped the United States in its formation and strengthening

If it were not for Russia, the United States would not have arisen at all, much less become a superpower. During the war of independence with England, the English king repeatedly turned to Russia for help in suppressing the uprising. Russia, however, not only did not help, but also founded a league of armed neutrality, which was soon joined by other countries that traded with the United States despite the protests of England. During the American Civil War, Russia actively supported the northerners, sending squadrons to New York and San Francisco, while England and France wanted the collapse of the United States and took the side of the southerners. Finally, Russia ceded California and the Hawaiian Islands, where it had colonies, to the United States, and then sold the United States and Alaska for a ridiculous price. However, in the 20th century, the United States, having become a world power, responded to Russia with black ingratitude.

The USSR could easily win cold war

After the end of World War II, there were two superpowers left in the world, facing a global confrontation - the USA and the USSR. Despite the worst starting conditions, the USSR in the 60s took the lead in many respects, and many believed that it would win the fight against the capitalists. In the 70s, the capitalist world was struck by a severe crisis provoked by rising oil prices, and the US economy was on the verge of collapse. However, the Soviet leadership not only did not take advantage of the situation, but, on the contrary, actually saved its enemy by concluding disarmament agreements and agreeing to sell oil for dollars. The United States, on the contrary, relied on the collapse of the USSR and victory in the Cold War, which, in the end, they were able to achieve 20 years later, with the complicity of traitors among the Soviet leadership.

The first Japanese in Russia

The first Japanese to come to Russia was Denbei, the son of a merchant from Osaka. His ship washed up on the shores of Kamchatka in 1695. In 1701 he reached Moscow.

In the winter of 1702, after an audience on January 8 with Peter I in the village of Preobrazhenskoye, Denbey was ordered to become a translator and teacher of the Japanese language in the Artillery Prikaz. Denbey personally told Peter I what he could about Japan and thereby gave impetus to Russian efforts to explore Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands and attempts to open trade with Japan.

Since 1707, Denbey lived at the palace of the prince and at one time the governor of the Siberian province Matvey Gagarin. It is known that at the insistence of Peter I's associate Jacob Bruce, Denbey was baptized and took the name Gabriel Bogdanov (which blocked his return to Japan, where Christianity was prohibited). The school of Japanese translators he founded operated in Moscow until 1739, after which it was transferred to Irkutsk, where it existed until 1816.

Before Denbey, only one Japanese person in Russia is known. During the reign of Boris Godunov, a Japanese Christian visited Russia. He was a young Catholic from Manila who, together with his spiritual mentor Nicholas Melo of the Order of St. Augustine, traveled to Rome along the route Manila - India - Persia - Russia. But Time of Troubles It turned out to be tragic for them: they were captured as Catholic foreigners, and Tsar Boris Godunov exiled them to the Solovetsky Monastery. After six years of exile, he was executed as a supporter of False Dmitry I in 1611 in Nizhny Novgorod. In Russia he was considered Indian, not Japanese.

Favorite commander of Catherine II

Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov was the favorite of Empress Catherine. She celebrated and showered the Russian Macedonian with awards, and he sometimes allowed himself to do things that were not permissible to others, knowing in advance that Catherine would always forgive any trick or eccentricities of the great commander. Here are some interesting cases:

Once at a court ball, Catherine decided to show Suvorov attention and asked him:
- What should I treat my dear guest with? - Bless, queen, with vodka! - But what will my ladies-in-waiting say when they talk to you? - They will feel that the soldier is talking to them!

Once in a conversation, the Empress said that she planned to send Suvorov to serve in Finland in the future. Suvorov bowed to the empress, kissed her hand and returned home. Then he got into the postal carriage and left for Vyborg, from where he sent Catherine a message: “I am waiting, mother, for your further commands.”

It is known that Suvorov dressed very lightly even in severe frosts. Catherine II gave Suvorov a fur coat and ordered him to wear it. What to do? Suvorov began to take the donated fur coat with him everywhere, but kept it on his lap.

After the Poles were pacified in 1794, Suvorov sent a messenger with a message. The “message” is as follows: “Hurray! Warsaw is ours! Catherine’s response: “Hurray! Field Marshal Suvorov! And this was at a time of lengthy reports about the capture of cities. How I sent the text message. But, nevertheless, he failed to outdo Field Marshal Saltykov in lapidarism, who, after the battle with the Prussians at Kunersdorf during the Seven Years' War, simply sent to St. Petersburg the hat of the Prussian king, found on the battlefield.

Kutuzov is not a pirate, he doesn’t need an eyepatch!

In recent years, images of the commander-in-chief of the Russian army in 1812, Field Marshal General, His Serene Highness Prince M.I. Golenishchev-Kutuzov, with a bandage on his right eye, have begun to be widely circulated. “One-eyed” Kutuzov can be seen on the covers of books and magazines, in paintings contemporary artists and on various souvenir items, as well as on busts and monuments.

Such images do not correspond to historical accuracy, since Kutuzov never wore an eye patch. There is not a single memoir or epistolary evidence from Kutuzov’s contemporaries describing the field marshal with a bandage on his right eye. Moreover, Kutuzov had no need to hide his eye under a bandage, since he saw with this eye, although not as well as with his left.

“Fate appoints Kutuzov to something great,” said the chief surgeon of the Russian army, Massot, with amazement, who examined Kutuzov’s “fatal wound” in the head in 1788 near Ochakov. The bullet went straight from temple to temple behind both eyes. The doctors' verdict was clear - death, but Kutuzov not only did not die, but did not even lose his sight, although his right eye was slightly distorted. The surprise of the doctors and the whole world that Kutuzov survived and after 6 months was back in service was boundless, just like 14 years before, when he was first “mortally wounded.” In 1774, near Alushta, as well as near Ochakov, Kutuzov was wounded in the head, and the bullet passed in almost the same place. At that time, doctors throughout Europe considered Kutuzov’s recovery a miracle, and many believed that the news of the general’s injury and recovery was a fairy tale, because it was impossible to survive after such a wound.

Actually, in early XIX V. It was not customary to wear an eye patch after the wound had healed (even if the eye was completely missing). The “one-eyed” Kutuzov first appeared in 1944 in feature film"Kutuzov". Then the bandage was put on Kutuzov’s right eye by the directors of the musical comedy film “The Hussar Ballad” (1962) and the play of the same name (1964) and ballet (1979).

The image of Kutuzov, brilliantly played by Igor Ilyinsky, gave rise to a persistent legend that Kutuzov wore a bandage on his injured eye. The replication of this legend has become so widespread in recent years that it has begun to lead to a distortion of historical reality.

Jesters of Empress Anna Ioannovna

The niece of Peter I ruled the Russian Empire for 10 years. The harsh disposition of the Russian landowner did not prevent her from having fun.

It is known that Empress Anna Ioannovna was very fond of jesters and dwarfs. There were six of them at her court. Three of them were demoted aristocrats. So, she forced princes Mikhail Golitsyn and Nikita Volkonsky, as well as Count Alexei Apraksin, to play the role of a jester. The illustrious clowns had to make faces in the presence of the empress, sit astride each other and punch each other until they bled, or imitate hens and cluck. IN Last year During her reign, the empress arranged a wedding for her jesters - 50-year-old Prince Golitsyn and the ugly Kalmyk Anna Buzheninova, who received her surname in honor of the empress's favorite dish. Representatives of different nationalities of both sexes were recruited from all over the country to participate in wedding celebrations: Russians, Tatars, Mordvins, Chuvashs, etc. They were supposed to dress up in their national clothes and have musical instruments. It was winter. By order of Anna Ioannovna, an Ice House was built on the Neva, in which everything - walls, doors, windows, furniture, dishes - was made of ice. The wedding celebration took place here. Many candles were burning in ice candlesticks, and even the wedding bed for the “young” was arranged on an ice bed.

Peter I and the guards

In winter, slingshots were placed on the Neva to prevent anyone from entering or leaving the city after dark. One day, Emperor Peter I decided to check the guards himself. He drove up to one of the sentries, pretended to be a merchant who had been on a spree and asked to let him through, offering money for the passage. The sentry refused to let him through, although Peter had already reached 10 rubles, a very significant amount at that time. The sentry, seeing such stubbornness, threatened that he would be forced to shoot him.

Peter left and went to another guard. The same one let Peter through for 2 rubles.

The next day, an order was announced for the regiment: to hang the corrupt sentry, and drill the rubles he received and hang them around his neck.

Promote a conscientious sentry to corporal and reward him with ten rubles.

Thai national anthem

The Thai national anthem was written in 1902 by Russian composer Pyotr Shchurovsky.

Nicholas I gave his officers a choice between a guardhouse and listening to Glinka's operas as punishment.

On November 27, 1842, the first performance of M. I. Glinka’s opera “Ruslan and Lyudmila” took place, which brought the author a number of sensitive griefs. The public and high society did not like the opera; Emperor Nicholas I, after Act IV, defiantly left without waiting for the end. He didn’t like the music of the opera so much that he ordered, as punishment, the capital’s officers who had committed a fine to choose between the guardhouse and listening to Glinka’s music. Thus, the emperor additionally expressed his dissatisfaction with the composer’s work. Such were the customs, alas. Thank God that Nikolai did not send the composer himself to the guardhouse.

“Thank God that you are Russian”

In 1826, a “Russian contemporary” described the appearance of the sovereign - Emperor Nicholas I: “Tall, lean, had a wide chest... a quick look, a clear voice, suitable for a tenor, but he spoke somewhat patter... Some kind of genuine severity was visible in his movements.” .

“Genuine severity”... When he commanded troops, he never shouted. There was no need for this - the king’s voice could be heard a mile away; the tall grenadiers looked like children next to him. Nicholas led an ascetic lifestyle, but if we talk about the luxury of the court, the magnificent receptions - they stunned everyone, especially foreigners. This was done in order to emphasize the status of Russia, which the sovereign cared about incessantly.

General Pyotr Daragan recalled how, in the presence of Nikolai Pavlovich, he spoke French, grazing. Nikolai, suddenly putting on an exaggeratedly serious expression, began repeating every word after him, which brought his wife into a fit of laughter. Daragan, crimson with shame, jumped out into the reception room, where Nikolai caught up with him and, kissing him, explained: “Why are you burring? No one will mistake you for a Frenchman; Thank God that you are Russian, and being an ape is no good.”

Almost all peoples, nations and countries have historical facts. Today we want to tell you about various interesting facts that happened in the world, which many people know, but it will be interesting to read again. The world is not ideal, just like people, and the facts about which we will tell will be bad. It will be interesting to you, since every reader will learn something educational within the framework of their interests.

After 1703, Poganye Prudy in Moscow began to be called... Chistye Prudy.

During the time of Genghis Khan in Mongolia, anyone who dared to urinate in any body of water was executed. Because water in the desert was more valuable than gold.

On December 9, 1968, the computer mouse was introduced at an interactive devices show in California. Douglas Engelbart received a patent for this gadget in 1970.

In England in 1665-1666, the plague devastated entire villages. It was then that medicine recognized smoking as beneficial, which supposedly destroyed the deadly infection. Children and teenagers were punished if they refused to smoke.

Only 26 years after the founding of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, its agents received the right to bear arms.

In the Middle Ages, sailors deliberately inserted at least one gold tooth, even sacrificing a healthy one. For what? It turns out that it was for a rainy day, so that in case of death he could be buried with honor far from home.

First in the world mobile phone This is a Motorola DynaTAC 8000x (1983).

14 years before the sinking of the Titanic (April 15, 1912), a story by Morgan Robertson was published that foreshadowed the tragedy. It is interesting that according to the book, the Titan ship collided with an iceberg and sank, exactly as it actually happened.

DEAN - The leader over the soldiers in the tents in which the Roman army lived, 10 people each, was called the dean.

The most expensive bathtub in the world is carved from a very rare stone called Caijou. They say that it has healing properties, and the places of its extraction are kept secret to this day! Its owner was a billionaire from the United Arab Emirates, who wished to remain anonymous. Le Gran Queen price is $1,700,000.

The English admiral Nelson, who lived from 1758 to 1805, slept in his cabin in a coffin that was cut out of the mast of an enemy French ship.

The list of gifts for Stalin in honor of his 70th birthday was published in advance in newspapers more than three years before the event.

How many types of cheese are produced in France? The famous cheese maker Andre Simon mentioned 839 varieties in his book “On the Cheese Business.” The most famous are Camembert and Roquefort, and the first appeared relatively recently, only 300 years ago. This type of cheese is made from milk with the addition of cream. After only 4-5 days of ripening, a crust of mold appears on the surface of the cheese, which is a special fungal culture

The famous inventor of the sewing machine, Isaac Singer, was simultaneously married to five women. In total, he had 15 children from all the women. He called all his daughters Mary.

27 million people died in the Great Patriotic War.

One of the unusual records for traveling by car belongs to two Americans - James Hargis and Charles Creighton. In 1930, they traveled over 11 thousand kilometers in reverse, traveling from New York to Los Angeles and then back.

Even two hundred years ago, not only men, but also women took part in the famous Spanish bullfights. This took place in Madrid, and on January 27, 1839, a very significant bullfight took place, because only representatives of the fairer sex took part in it. The Spaniard Pajuelera received the greatest fame as a matador. Women were banned from bullfighting in the early 20th century, when Spain was ruled by fascists. Women were able to defend their right to enter the arena only in 1974.

The first computer to include a mouse was the Xerox 8010 Star Information System minicomputer, introduced in 1981. The Xerox mouse had three buttons and cost $400, which corresponds to almost $1,000 in 2012 prices adjusted for inflation. In 1983, Apple released its own one-button mouse for the Lisa computer, the cost of which was reduced to $25. The mouse became widely known thanks to its use in Apple Macintosh computers and later in the Windows OS for IBM PC compatible computers.

Jules Verne wrote 66 novels, including unfinished ones, as well as more than 20 novellas and short stories, 30 plays, several documentaries and scientific works.

When Napoleon and his army headed for Egypt in 1798, he captured Malta along the way.

During the six days that Napoleon spent on the island, he:

Abolished the power of the Knights of Malta
-Reformed the administration with the creation of municipalities and financial management
-Abolished slavery and all feudal privileges
-Appointed 12 judges
-Layed the foundations of family law
-Introduced primary and general public education

65-year-old David Baird ran his own marathon to raise money for research into prostate and breast cancer. In 112 days, David traveled 4,115 kilometers, while pushing a car in front of him. And so he crossed the Australian continent. At the same time, he was on the move every day for 10-12 hours, and during the entire time he ran with a wheelbarrow, he covered a distance equal to 100 traditional marathons. This courageous man, having visited 70 cities, collected donations from Australian residents in the amount of about 20 thousand local dollars.

Lollipops appeared in Europe in the 17th century. At first, they were actively used by healers.

The group “Aria” has a song called “Will and Reason”, few people know that this is the motto of the Nazis in fascist Italy.

A Frenchman from the town of Landes, Sylvain Dornon, traveled from Paris to Moscow, walking on stilts. Setting off on March 12, 1891, covering 60 kilometers every day, the brave Frenchman reached Moscow in less than 2 months.

The capital of Japan, Tokyo, on this moment- most Big city in the world with a population of 37.5 million people.

Rokossovsky is a marshal of both the USSR and Poland.

Despite the popular belief that the transfer of Alaska to the United States of America was carried out by Catherine II, Russian empress has nothing to do with this historical deal.

One of the main reasons for this event is considered to be the military weakness of the Russian Empire, which became obvious during the Crimean War.

The decision to sell Alaska was made during a special meeting that took place in St. Petersburg on December 16, 1866. It was attended by the entire top leadership of the country.

The decision was made unanimously.

Some time later, the Russian envoy in the US capital, Baron Eduard Andreevich Stekl, proposed to the American government to buy Alaska from the Republic of Ingushetia. The proposal was approved.

And in 1867, for 7.2 million gold, Alaska came under the jurisdiction of the United States of America.

In 1502–1506 Leonardo da Vinci painted his most significant work - a portrait of Mona Lisa, the wife of Messer Francesco del Giocondo. Many years later, the painting received a simpler name - “La Gioconda”.

Girls in Ancient Greece got married at the age of 15. For men, the average age for marriage was a more respectable period - 30 - 35 years. The father of the bride himself chose a husband for his daughter and gave money or things as a dowry.

The most interesting historical facts about different things updated: September 4, 2018 by: website