The largest agricultural enterprises. Agriculture of the regions of Russia. Agriculture of Russian regions located in the Siberian Federal District

The number of agricultural organizations in Russia from 2006 to 2016 decreased from 59.2 thousand to 36.4 thousand, according to the first preliminary results of the 2016 agricultural census published by Rosstat. Thus, over 10 years their number has decreased by 39%.

According to official statistics, by 2016, out of the total number of agricultural enterprises, 15.2 thousand objects were large, medium and small organizations, which were taken into account jointly in the last census, another 17 thousand objects belonged to micro-enterprises (in 2006 there were 27.8 thousand large and medium-sized agricultural enterprises and 20.4 thousand - small and micro-enterprises). The number of auxiliary agricultural enterprises in 2006 in the country was 11 thousand, by 2016 their number decreased by more than 2.5 times, to 4.1 thousand enterprises.

The average area of land per agricultural organization, according to preliminary census data, also decreased, although not as much. If in 2006 it was 6.93 thousand hectares, then in 2016 it was 6.018 thousand hectares (large, medium and small organizations now account for an average of 12.1 thousand hectares of land, 1.6 thousand hectares - for micro-enterprises, 1.75 thousand hectares - for auxiliary agricultural enterprises).

The number of peasant (farmer) households (PFHs) over 10 years in the country decreased from 253.1 thousand to 136.6 thousand, the number of individual entrepreneurs, on the contrary, increased from 32 thousand in 2006 to 38 thousand in 2016. At the same time, the average land area of a peasant farm has more than doubled over the past decade, from 103 hectares in 2006 to 240.9 hectares in 2016. The land area of individual entrepreneurs also increased, from 106.2 hectares in 2006 to 140 hectares in 2016.

There are currently 18.2 million personal subsidiary plots (PSP) and other individual farms of citizens (in 2006 - 22.8 million), including in rural settlements - 15 million (in 2006 - 14.8 million). ), in urban districts and urban settlements - 3.2 million (in 2006 - 8 million). As in peasant farms, the average area of land per household plot has grown slightly over the past 10 years, from 0.4 hectares in 2006 to 0.7 hectares in 2016.

The number of non-profit associations of citizens over the decade decreased from 79.8 thousand in 2006 to 76.3 thousand in 2016. Of these, 67.2 thousand are currently horticultural associations, 3 thousand - horticultural associations, 6.1 thousand - dacha associations. One non-profit association of citizens currently accounts for an average of 14.6 hectares (in 2006 - 15.1 hectares).

The All-Russian Agricultural Census was conducted from July 1 to August 15, 2016. In remote and hard-to-reach areas, with which transport communication was difficult during this period, the census is conducted from September 15 to November 15, 2016. The last time such a census was conducted was in 2006. In addition to the number of agricultural objects, the results of the census will have to show employment in the agricultural sector, the availability, use and structure of land resources, livestock, production infrastructure, technical means and technologies used by manufacturers.

On the territory of the Moscow region, agriculture is carried out, represented by both crop production and animal husbandry. About 40% of the territory of the Moscow region is used in agriculture; the northern, eastern and western outlying areas are the least developed by agriculture. In the southern part of the region, especially south of the Oka, more than 50% of the land is used for agriculture. Agriculture has a predominantly suburban specialization. Plant growing is typical mainly for the southern part of the region. Most of the sown area (over 3/5) is occupied by fodder crops. Large areas are allocated for grain crops: (wheat, barley, oats, rye). Potato growing plays a significant role in the crop production of the region. Greenhouse vegetable growing is widespread, for example, in the city of Moscow there is the largest greenhouse complex in Europe. Flowers, mushrooms (champignons, etc.) are also grown. Animal husbandry prevails over crop production; and is mainly focused on the production of milk and meat. In addition to cattle, pigs and chickens are bred everywhere.

The crisis of the 1990s dealt a painful blow to agriculture, from which the region still cannot get out. Many lands previously occupied by crops and pastures are now out of circulation. The volume of production in the agricultural sector has declined sharply. In particular, in the 2000s, compared with the 1970-80s, grain production fell by more than 3 times, potatoes - by 2.5 times, vegetables - by a third, livestock and poultry for slaughter - by 30%. , milk - 2 times, eggs - 4 times.

Fish farming is widespread in the reservoirs of the region, the largest farms are located in the Yegoryevsky district on Tsninskiye ponds, on the Biserovsky ponds in the Noginsk district, Narskiye ponds in Odintsovsky, and in the Dmitrovsky district in the village of Rybnoye there is a fishery institute breeding both fish and live eggs and larvae.

The region's agriculture is characterized by the volume and index of agricultural production.

The volume of agricultural products produced by the region shows the level of development of agriculture. The presence of a large volume of agricultural products in comparison with the volume of industrial production indicates the low development of the region and the relatively low standard of living in the region.

The output of agricultural products in the Moscow region by all agricultural producers (agricultural enterprises, households, farmers) in 2004 amounted to 20 billion rubles, which is 5.3% of the region's industrial output.

In terms of agricultural production, the region ranks 5th in Russia and 1st among the regions of the Central Federal District.

Agriculture in the Moscow region has a suburban specialization. Animal husbandry is the leading branch of agriculture, and includes dairy and dairy-beef cattle breeding, pig breeding, and poultry farming. In the total volume of potato production, the share of private households of citizens is 80%, for milk - 46%, for vegetables - 35%, for meat - 31%.

The index of agricultural production determines the dynamics of the income of the population employed in agriculture. Since the needs of this population group are still quite undeveloped, with the growth of the income of this population group, there is great potential for the development of needs, and accordingly, for the growth of markets that meet these needs.

The volume of agricultural production in the Moscow region in 2004 amounted to 97.5% of the previous year. In 2003, the growth rate of agricultural production amounted to 99.5% compared to the same period in 2002. The decline in the growth rate of agricultural production in 2004 compared to 2003 was caused by a significant decrease in the volume of production for the main types of agricultural products (decrease in crop production - by 7.5%, livestock - by 0.1%).

The decrease in the volume of agricultural production in 2004 compared to 2003 also means a decrease in the incomes of people employed in agriculture.

Moscow region continues to be the largest potato producer. The industry is designed to provide products to about 18 million people - residents of the Moscow region and the city of Moscow. 25 specialized potato growing organizations supply 90% of the potatoes produced in the region. The most advanced technologies are currently used in the potato complex. The availability of high-performance machinery makes it possible to fully mechanize the cultivation of this crop.

In 2008, 710 thousand tons of potatoes were produced in all categories of farms, including 327 thousand tons in personal subsidiary farms, 36 thousand tons in peasant (farm) farms and 347 thousand tons in agricultural organizations. Significant results obtained in potato growing were facilitated by the creation of integrated entities - agricultural holdings ("Dmitrovsky vegetables", "Malino", "Dashkovka", etc.), where the entire technological chain is concentrated, from planting a crop to supplying washed, packaged products to the trading network. .

The Moscow region stands out not only for its production, but also for its powerful processing of potatoes.

The first plant in Russia for the production of popular chips "Lays" and "Cheetos" was built in our region. And Frito-Lay Manufacturing, part of the PepsiCo, Inc. group, is known for its strict quality standards.

An important aspect of successful potato production is the provision of agricultural enterprises with modern equipment. And here we also have good positions, which is largely facilitated by both the presence of the domestic production enterprise CJSC "Kolnag" (Kolomna), and the Russian representative office of the world leader in the production of equipment for potatoes - LLC "Grimme-Rus" (Dmitrovsky district) .agro-industrial productivity profitability

Efficient production of quality potatoes is impossible without providing quality shifts. Seven elite seed-growing agricultural organizations of the region annually produce more than 7 thousand tons of elite seed potatoes.

About 3 thousand tons are sold outside the region. For carrying out variety change and variety renewal, 3,000 tons of elite seed potatoes of new promising varieties are purchased. It is in the Moscow region that the State Scientific Institution All-Russian Research Institute of Potato Farming named after A.G. Lorkh has been working for many years - the largest scientific and methodological center in Russia on potato growing problems. The creation of new, highly productive varieties of potatoes for various household purposes, resistant to common diseases and pests, the production of super-elite and elite seed material for the public and private sectors of potato growing - this is not a complete list of activities of the leading research institute of the potato industry.

An analysis of the work of agricultural enterprises in potato growing in 2008 shows that a high level of agricultural technology, well-organized treatments against diseases, pests and weeds, as well as timely irrigation gave positive results. The yield and volume of potato production were at a high level. The total area of potato cultivation in agricultural enterprises amounted to 14,715 hectares, the yield was 236 centners per hectare, and the gross harvest was 347,000 tons. More than half of the volume of potatoes (183.8 thousand tons) was produced in Dmitrovsky and Kolomensky districts, and about two thirds of the volume (234.6 thousand tons) is concentrated in five districts: Dmitrovsky, Kolomensky, Ozersky, Zaraisky and Kashirsky.

What has been achieved in recent years in the potato industry:

The yield of potatoes from the harvested area in the last four years has increased significantly and reached the level of 213.9-252 c/ha. For comparison: in 1996-2000, the average yield was at the level of 117.7 c/ha. The profitability of potatoes over the past four years has varied from 29 to 42.5%;

Specialized farms have been preserved;

The process of formation of large agricultural holdings in the field of production, storage and sale of potatoes continues;

The creation of our own storage base in the places of production continues. Manufacturers become wholesalers at the same time;

Commodity refinement and pre-sale preparation of products sold (washing, packaging, branded packaging, labeling, etc.) continue to be introduced. This allows manufacturers to enter the prestigious market - hyper- and supermarkets.

The long-term target program "Development of agriculture in the Moscow region for the period 2009-2012" provides for the achievement of the target indicators in the potato industry for all categories of farms (Table 2).

Challenges facing the potato industry:

Lack of labor resources. In this regard, the need to address issues of attracting labor from other regions.

Feeding the market by importing potatoes from other regions at dumping prices.

The selling price is unstable, and in some years it is quite low, which negatively affects the development of production.

DEVELOPMENT OF SH MO 2010-2012

Farmland in farms of all categories, according to the All-Russian Agricultural Census as of July 1, 2006, amounted to 1357 thousand hectares, or 30% of all land in the region, arable land - 908 thousand hectares, or 20%. Leading areas of agriculture: crop production with a predominance of the production of vegetables, potatoes, dairy and meat livestock; developed pig and poultry farming.

In 2010, the volume of agricultural production will reach 73.5-73.7 billion. rubles, which will exceed the level of 2009 by 11.6 - 11.9 percent. In the structure of the gross regional product, crop production occupies 53.0%, the share of livestock production is 47.0 percent.

Agriculture is a branch of the country's economy, which not only produces the most necessary products for a person, but is also a kind of catalyst indicating the economic development of the state. A high share of the agricultural sector in the country's GDP, as a rule, is characteristic of developing and industrially backward countries. The share of agriculture in Liberia's GDP is 76.9%, in Ethiopia - 44.9%, in Guinea-Bissau - 62%.

In economically developed countries, the share of the agricultural industry in GDP is a few percent. But this does not mean that these countries are experiencing food problems. Quite the contrary, modern technologies used in agriculture by developed countries make it possible to obtain excellent results with relatively little investment.

In the Russian Federation, agriculture occupies just over 4% in the structure of gross value added. At the end of 2014, the volume of agricultural production amounted to 4,225.6 billion rubles. Today, more than 4.54 million people work in the country's agrarian sector, which is 6.7% of all Russian workers.

2014 was one of the most successful years for Russian farmers in recent history. A record harvest of vegetables was obtained - 15.5 million tons. In addition, for the second time, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, it was possible to harvest grain crops, more than 100 million tons. Last year, this indicator was equal to 105.3 million tons, which is almost 14% more than in 2013 and 9% more than the target of the State Program "Development of agriculture and regulation of agricultural products, raw materials and food markets for 2013 - 2020 ".

The structure of Russian agriculture includes two main segments: crop production and animal husbandry. Moreover, their share in the money turnover is almost the same - crop products account for 51%, livestock products - 49%. In addition, there are three main categories of farms:

Agricultural organizations;
Households of the population;
Farms.

The main share of production falls on agricultural organizations and households, but recently there has been a rapid growth of farms. Compared to 2000, the turnover of farms in the Russian Federation has increased almost 20 times. And in 2014 it amounted to 422.7 billion rubles.

In the field of crop production, agricultural organizations and households have equal indicators of cash turnover, but in animal husbandry, agricultural organizations have an advantage, which is achieved by reducing the share of farms.

The enterprises of the agricultural sector, according to the results of 2014, had good financial performance. Out of 4,800 enterprises in the agricultural sector, 3,800 organizations ended the reporting year with a profit. In percentage terms, this amounted to 80.7%. The total profit received amounted to 249.7 billion rubles. This amount is almost double what it was in 2013.

If we evaluate the activities of agricultural enterprises with the help of sustainability coefficients, then there is a picture close to ideal. Thus, the current liquidity ratio, which is the ratio of the actual value of current assets held by organizations to the most urgent obligations of organizations, is on average 180.1 for the industry, with an ideal value of 200. The autonomy coefficient, which indicates the share of own funds in the total value sources of funds of the organization is 44.2% with an ideal value of 50%.

crop production

Today, the Russian Federation has about 10% of all arable land in the world. The total sown area of fields in Russia is 78,525 thousand hectares. At the same time, in relation to 1992, the total area of arable land in Russia decreased by 32%.

70.4% of all arable land is owned by agricultural organizations. In numerical terms, this is 55,285 thousand hectares. Farms account for 19,727 thousand hectares, which is 25.1% of the total. The national economy owns only 3,513 thousand hectares, which is equal to 4.5% in percentage terms.

All crops grown in Russia are divided into the following categories:

Cereals and legumes (wheat, rye, barley, oats, corn, millet, buckwheat, rice, sorghum, triticale);
Industrial crops (fiber flax, sugar beet);
Oilseeds (sunflower, soybeans, mustard, rapeseed);
Vegetables (cabbage, cucumbers, tomatoes, table beets, carrots, onions, garlic, zucchini, eggplant, etc.);
Potato
Forage crops (forage root crops, fodder corn, annual and perennial grasses)

The largest sown areas in 2014 were allocated for cereals and leguminous crops. In percentage terms, the sown area of these crops was 58.8%. The second place in terms of area under crops is forage crops - 21.8%, and oilseeds close the top three, their share in the total amount was - 14.2%.

If we consider statistics by categories of farms, then the trend remains only for agricultural organizations and farms. The share of sown cereals and legumes was 58.18% and 66%, respectively. In the national economy, the share of cereal crops accounted for only 16.6% of the sown areas. And the potato was the leader in sowing, it accounted for more than 71% of all arable land of the national economy.

The main areas of crop production in Russia are the Volga region, the North Caucasus, the Urals and Western Siberia. About 4/5 of all arable land in the country is located here. If we consider the percentage of enterprises engaged in the field of crop production to the total number of agricultural enterprises, then the following data will be available for the federal districts:

Southern Federal District - 67.1%
Far Eastern Federal District - 61.9%
North Caucasian Federal District - 53.2%
Central Federal District - 50.7%
Volga Federal District - 48.3%
Crimean Federal District - 45.9%
Siberian Federal District - 42.7%
Ural Federal District - 41.5%
Northwestern Federal District - 37.4%

Among the regions, the largest percentage of crop enterprises to the total number is in the Jewish Autonomous Region - 80.2%, while the main regions for growing crops have an average ratio of 70%.

Krasnodar Territory - 71.9%
Amur region - 71.7%
Primorsky Krai - 71.5%
Stavropol Territory - 69%
Volgograd region - 68.6%
Rostov region - 68.4%

The cultivation of grain and leguminous crops occupies a leading role not only in the crop production of the Russian Federation, but also in the entire agro-industrial complex of the country. Wheat and meslin (a mixture of wheat and rye in proportions of 2 to 1) are the main agricultural commodities exported by Russia. In addition, grain crops wheat, rye, barley, corn, rice are exchange goods and are traded on commodity exchanges.

At the end of 2014, grain and leguminous crops were sown on a total area of 46,220 thousand hectares. The total harvest amounted to 105,315 thousand tons. The average yield per hectare was 24.1 centners.

The most important grain crop is wheat. About 700 million tons of wheat are consumed annually in the world. Most wheat is consumed by the EU countries - about 120 million tons, China is in second place - about 100 million tons, and India is in third place - about 75 million tons.

Russia is among the top five wheat producers in the world. In 2014, 59,711 thousand tons of this cereal were grown in Russia. This is the third indicator in the world after China and India. The average wheat yield in 2014 was 25 centners per hectare. This is the highest figure in recent history. Even in 2008, when a record harvest was harvested, the yield per hectare was 24.5 centners.

The second most important cereal for the Russian Federation is barley. It is used in large quantities in the brewing industry and in the production of barley and barley groats. More than 70% of barley is used for feed purposes.

In 2014, 20,444 thousand tons of barley were grown in the Russian Federation, the average yield per hectare was 22.7 centners.

Corn is the most consumed cereal in the world. In recent years, about 950 million tons of corn have been used in the world. The main producer is the United States of America, they account for about 1/3 of the corn grown in the world. In total there are 6 species of this plant, but only one is cultivated - sweet corn.

At the end of 2014, 11,332 thousand tons of corn for grain and 21,600 thousand tons for feed purposes were harvested in Russia. The yield of this cereal was 43.6 centners per hectare.

Rice is the most fertile cereal. Its average yield is about 60 centners per hectare. About 480 million tons of rice are consumed annually in the world, and the main consumers are the countries of Southeast Asia. China is in the lead, the Chinese consume about 220 million tons of rice per year, India is in second place, with a significant margin, about 140 million tons, and Indonesia is in third place - about 70 million tons.

In 2014, rice yields were below the world average, but for Russia, 53.6 centners per hectare is one of the best in post-Soviet history. In total, 1,049 thousand tons of rice were harvested last year.

Other grain cereals, following the results of the 2014 agricultural year, had the following indicators:

Rye - 3,281 thousand tons were harvested with a yield of 17.7 centners per hectare;
Oats - 5,274 thousand tons were harvested with a yield of 17.1 centners per hectare;
Millet - 493 thousand tons were harvested with a yield of 12.3 centners per hectare;
Buckwheat - 662 thousand tons were harvested with a yield of 9.3 centners per hectare;
Sorghum - 220 thousand tons were harvested with a yield of 12.4 centners per hectare;
Triticale (a hybrid of wheat and rye) - 654 thousand tons were harvested with a yield of 26.4 centners per hectare.

The leaders in grain harvesting in 2014 are the southern regions of the country: Krasnodar Territory - 13,161 thousand tons, Rostov Region - 9,363 thousand tons and Stavropol Territory - 8,746 thousand tons.

Oilseeds - as their name implies, they are used to produce various vegetable oils. Three oilseed crops are cultivated in Russia - sunflower, soybean and mustard. In addition, oilseeds include rapeseed, which is used in the production of biodiesel.

In 2014, oilseeds were sown in Russia on an area of 11,204 thousand hectares. The total crop yield was 13,839 thousand tons, the average yield was 13.4 centners per hectare. Most of all sunflower seeds were sown and harvested. 6,907 thousand hectares were allocated for this crop, and the harvest amounted to 9,034 thousand tons.

Oilseed or annual sunflower is a type of sunflower that is grown to produce vegetable oil. Sunflower oil is the most popular type of vegetable oil in Russia and Ukraine. These two countries are the world leaders in the production of this product. In total, the world produces about 12 million tons of sunflower oil annually, and more than 60% of this amount falls on these two countries. Sunflower oil ranks fourth in world consumption, accounting for 8.7% of the world production of vegetable oils.

Soybean oil - ranks second in the world in terms of production. And in Russia, this crop is the second most important oilseed after sunflower. Of all vegetable oil produced in the world, soybean oil makes up 27.7%. In 2014, 2,597 thousand tons of soybeans were grown in the Russian Federation, the average yield was 13.6 centners per hectare. 10 years ago, soybean cultivation volumes were 8 times less than today, and the yield was lower by an average of 25-30%.

In 2014, the largest mustard crop was harvested in Russia - 103 thousand tons. This culture is used to make mustard oil, which is widely used in medicine, cooking, and perfumery. Compared to other oilseeds, mustard has a low yield. In 2014, it amounted to 6.6 centners per hectare.

Rapeseed is a herbaceous plant of the cruciferous family. It gained great popularity after the invention of biofuels. Rapeseed oil is used to make this energy carrier. In Russia, the volume of rapeseed grown over the past 10 years has increased more than 10 times from 135 thousand tons in 1999 to 1,464 thousand tons in 2014. The yield of this crop last year amounted to 17.6 centners per hectare of winter rapeseed and 12.5 centners from hectares - spring.

2014 was the most productive year for vegetables, in total, 15,458 thousand tons of vegetable crops were harvested. Also this year, a record number of cabbage, tomatoes, carrots, garlic and pumpkins were harvested. The total number of harvested vegetables for each type:

Cabbage - 3,499 thousand tons;
Tomatoes - 2,300 thousand tons;
Bulb onion - 1,994 thousand tons;
Carrot - 1,662 thousand tons;
Cucumbers - 1,111 thousand tons;
Table beet - 1,070 thousand tons;
Table pumpkin - 713 thousand tons;
Zucchini - 519 thousand tons;
Garlic - 256 thousand tons;
Other vegetables - 979 thousand tons

The average yield of vegetable crops in 2014 was 218 centners per hectare.

Forage crops are grown for the needs of animal husbandry, and in the Russian Federation this type of crop is sown in large volumes. In 2014, 17,127 thousand hectares were allocated for fodder crops. This is the second indicator after grain crops. Over the past year, about 62,000 thousand tons of various feeds were collected.

Most of the agricultural land was given over to perennial grasses. In 2014, 10,80 thousand hectares were sown with them. The resulting crop - 39,133 thousand tons was used as green fodder - 30,388 thousand tons (77.6%), and 8,745 thousand tons (22.4%) was harvested for hay.

Annual grasses were sown on an area of 4,582 thousand hectares. The harvest of 2014 - 21,650 thousand tons was distributed as follows: 10.6% was used for hay, and the remaining 89.4%, that is, 19,356 tons were used for making haylage - grass dried to a moisture content of 50%, preserved in special hermetic containers.

Sugar beet is the most important industrial crop for Russia. It is one of the two main world crops that are used to produce sugar. On average, the world produces about 170 million tons of sugar per year. At the same time, about 37% of all sugar is produced from sugar beets. The leaders in growing this crop are China, Ukraine, Russia and France.

In order to produce 1 kg. Sugar needs a little less than 5 kg. sugar beets. In 2014, 33,513 thousand tons of beets were harvested in Russia. The yield was 370 centners per hectare. It should be noted that this indicator is 16.2% lower than last year, when a record yield was recorded.

Another industrial crop - fiber flax is used for the production of natural fiber. Linen fiber is 2 times stronger than cotton and is the basis of the Russian textile industry. In addition, flax seeds are used to produce linseed oil. In 2014, 37 thousand tons of fiber flax fiber and 7 thousand tons of seeds of this plant were harvested in the Russian Federation.

The potato is the most common edible root vegetable in the world. More than 350 million tons of potatoes are grown annually in all countries. The leaders in potato production are China, India, Russia, Ukraine and the USA. On average, every year there are about 50 kg per inhabitant of the earth. this product. And the leader in potato consumption is Belarus - 181 kg. per year per capita.

Potato is the most popular crop grown in households. In 2014, 31,501 thousand tons were harvested in the Russian Federation, while 80.3% - 25,300 thousand tons were grown in households. Last year was also marked by the highest potato yield, on average it amounted to 150 centners per hectare.

animal husbandry

Animal husbandry is a branch of agriculture that supplies the country's food and light industry with raw materials. The main activity of animal husbandry is raising livestock for slaughter. About 260,000 tons of meat are consumed annually in the world. In developed countries, the consumption rate is on average 70 - 90 kg. meat per person per year, and in developing countries this figure barely reaches 40 kg. in year. The United States is the leader in meat consumption - about 120 kg. per person per year.

In Russia, meat consumption averages about 70 kg. per person per year. Although Russians prefer pork of all types of meat, they eat poultry meat (mainly chicken) most of all. This is primarily due to the high cost of pork.

As for the consumption of eggs, Russia is on the same level with countries such as Germany and Italy. On average, the inhabitants of these countries consume about 220-230 eggs per year. But in terms of consumption of milk and dairy products, Russians are significantly inferior to residents of European countries and the United States. In Russia, the annual consumption of these products is about 220 kg. per year, while in France and Germany, which occupy the first places in the list, the consumption of dairy products is at the level of 425 kg. per person per year.

Animal husbandry in Russia is represented by 4 main industries:

Cattle breeding - raising cattle for the purpose of obtaining meat and milk;
Sheep breeding - raising livestock for meat and wool;
Pig breeding;
Poultry farming - raising poultry for meat and eggs.

The main part of the livestock is grown in large agricultural organizations. Parity is maintained only in cattle breeding. The number of heads of cattle in households and agricultural organizations is approximately the same - 8,672 and 8,521 thousand heads, respectively. At the same time, more cows are kept in the households of the population - 4,026 thousand heads, while agricultural organizations have a livestock of 3,431 thousand heads. In poultry farming, the share of agricultural organizations accounts for 81% of the livestock, and in pig farming - 79.9%.

Cattle breeding is the most important branch of Russian animal husbandry, it accounts for 60% of the gross turnover. Dairy, meat and meat and dairy breeds of cattle are bred on the territory of the country. The breeding of a particular breed depends on the feeding conditions, therefore, in different regions of the Russian Federation, animals are grown that are most adapted to local conditions.

Dairy breeds of cows are bred in areas located in the forest and forest-steppe zone. First of all, these are the Northern, Northwestern, Volga-Vyatka and Ural regions. The Vologda region is a region where dairy cattle breeding is most developed, it is not for nothing that this region is famous throughout Russia for its dairy products. Dairy cattle breeding accounts for more than 70% of all agricultural products in the region.

Meat and meat-and-milk breeds of cows are bred in the steppe regions and adjacent semi-deserts. The main breeding centers are the Central Black Earth region, the North Caucasus region, the south of the Urals and Siberia.

The total number of cattle at the end of 2014 amounted to 19,293 thousand heads. This is 2.2% less than in 2013 and 3.3% less than in 2012. Since 1990, the number of cattle in Russia has been decreasing; over 25 years, the number of heads has decreased by 2.5 times. First of all, this is due to the reluctance to invest in this industry, since they pay off in 8-10 years. For comparison, in poultry farming, investments pay off in 1-2 years, and in pig farming in 3-4.

But despite the reduction in livestock, Russia continues to be among the leading countries in this indicator. True, the Russian cattle population is only 5.91% of the Indian one.

Sheep breeding is a livestock industry that has become widespread in the mountainous and arid regions of the Russian Federation. The centers of sheep breeding are the North Caucasus and the semi-desert regions of the Southern Urals.

Unlike cattle breeding, the breeding of small cattle in Russia is gradually gaining momentum. Compared to 2000, the number of sheep increased by 10 million heads and at the end of 2014 amounted to 22.246 million heads.

Pig breeding is most common in the Central Black Earth, Volga-Vyatka and Volga regions of the country. That is, in areas where cereal crop production and the cultivation of fodder crops are developed. The leader in the production of pork in the Russian Federation is the Belgorod region - about 26% of the product of the total Russian volume is produced here. In Russia, 4 types of pigs are bred:

sebaceous;
Meat;
Ham;
Bacon.

The total number of pigs in the Russian Federation at the end of 2014 amounted to 19.575 thousand heads. And in total, the pig population in the world has more than 2 billion heads. About half of the livestock is in the countries of Southeast Asia (China, South Korea, Japan, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar), about 1/3 in the EU and CIS countries, and the US accounts for about 10%.

Poultry farming is the most dynamically developing branch of Russian animal husbandry. The increase in livestock began at the beginning of the 2000s and increased by 1.5 times over 14 years. Today, poultry meat is the most popular in Russia. And the livestock reaches 529 million heads.

But besides Russia, poultry meat is the most consumed in Australia, North and South America. For example, in the United States, the level of consumption of poultry meat is almost 55 kg. per person per year, which is more than 3.5 times the world average consumption.

In addition to meat, poultry farming provides the population with eggs. The average productivity of one laying hen in 2014 was 308 eggs per year. And in general, 41.8 billion eggs were produced in Russia over the past year. This performance has been maintained for several years.

Export and import of agricultural products

Compared to 2013, the export of Russian agricultural products increased by 14% and amounted to 19.1 billion US dollars. But, despite such a significant growth, the amount of imports in this sector of the economy exceeds the level of exports by more than 2 times. At the end of 2014, the export of agricultural products amounted to 40.9 billion dollars, which is 9.1% less than in the previous year.

The main share of Russian exports are crop products. About 2/3 of exports are cereals. In 2014, Russia exported over 22 million tons of wheat. This is the third world indicator after the US and the European Union.

The overall increase in wheat exports from Russia increased by 60% compared to 2013. The main grain deliveries were carried out by sea, and the rating of Russian grain exporters is as follows:

LLC International Grain Company. Share in export - 12.79%, port of shipment - Temryuk.
Trading house "RIF". Share in export - 7.78%, ports of shipment - Azov (61.33%), Rostov-on-Don (38.67%).
Outspan International. Share in export - 7.24%, ports of shipment - Novorossiysk (51.58%), Azov (26.26%), Rostov-on-Don (13.96%).
Cargill. Share in export - 6.96%, ports of shipment - Novorossiysk (66.71%), Rostov-on-Don (21.91%), Tuapse (11.28%).
Aston Company. Share in export - 5.46%, ports of shipment - Rostov-on-Don (76.38%), Novorossiysk (16.26%).

In addition to grains, Russia exports a large amount of sunflower oil. About 25% of the produced product, that is, about 1 million tons, is exported. Russia also exports exclusive goods: black and red caviar, honey, mushrooms, berries.

Most of the imported food products are meat and meat products, fruits, vegetables, fish and fish products. The decrease in imports in 2014 was due to sanctions, as well as the import substitution program. True, not all products can be replaced with domestic ones, since due to climatic conditions it is impossible to grow them in Russia. Basically, import substitution affected livestock products. In general, imports in this sector were reduced by 10%.

In 2015, it is planned to further reduce food imports. For these purposes, production facilities were put into operation in the state, specializing in the production of products that are not typical for Russia. Now Parmesan cheese is produced in Tatarstan, Camembert and mascarpone cheeses are produced in Altai, and jamon, a meat delicacy, has been launched in the Sverdlovsk Region.

Prospects for the development of the industry

Despite the excellent harvest in 2014, Russian farmers should not flatter themselves. The agricultural sector has always been one of the most difficult to develop, and given the vast territory and diverse climatic conditions, a lot of effort will have to be made to improve the agricultural sector in Russia.

First of all, it is necessary to attract investments in the agricultural sector. Now, due to the lack of equipment, a significant part of arable land is not cultivated. In some regions, there are only 2 tractors per 100 hectares of arable land. Due to low profitability, livestock breeders are forced to reduce the number of cattle, which leads to an increase in meat imports.

Another factor hindering the growth of the Russian agro-industrial complex is the high price of fuels and lubricants and problems with transportation. After all, the crop must not only be grown, but also harvested, delivered to the place of storage and stored. Depending on the type of crops, more than 40% of products deteriorate during transportation and storage.

In addition, due to the large territory of Russia, very often there are problems with the redistribution of agricultural products. For example, in the Far East in 2014, a large soybean crop was harvested, but what to do with it is not yet clear. After all, there are only two large processing plants in the region, and it is not profitable to transport the product to the European part of the country, since it is cheaper to bring soybeans from Brazil here.

The problem of highly qualified personnel is still relevant. Low wages and difficult working conditions increase the outflow of workers from this industry. There is also a lack of scientific support for this segment of the economy.

But, despite all the difficulties, the government of the Russian Federation for 2015 set the task for farmers to improve the results of 2014. To provide the country with its own agricultural products, it is necessary to increase the number of cattle by 2.3 million heads, poultry - by 11 million heads, and collect grain by 3 million tons more than was collected in 2014.

Briefly and on the case of the agricultural market, read on Answr

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Received positive results, which were obtained in most sectors of the agro-industrial complex. Thus, the gross grain harvest increased by 15.6%, the production of livestock and poultry meat - by 4.7%, the catch of aquatic biological resources - by 5%. In the production of vegetables, sugar beets and scarce greenhouses are in the lead, at the end of the year they showed an increase of 34% and 25%, respectively. Also, for the first time, the production of domestic apples was marked by a 6% increase.

It is expected that by the end of 2016, the growth in Russian agriculture will be at least 4 percent.

crop production

The total grain yield showed a 13% increase. Record figures for wheat - it was harvested by 17% more than last year, for corn - plus 7.1%, for rice - plus 6.5% compared to last year. However, the most noticeable increase is observed in legumes - by 28.2% compared to last year's level.

Record results were also obtained for oilseeds. Thus, only the soybean crop grew by 14%, updating the achievements of the latest Russian history of agriculture.

animal husbandry

By the end of 2016, the meat market stabilized and grew again. Meat production this year as a whole increased by 5.1%, in particular pork - by 9.7%, poultry meat - by 3.5%. For the first time, production advantages were recorded in the beef market - the increase in production amounted to 0.6%.

At the same time, meat imports fell by 17.5%, including pork - by 14.3%, poultry - by 21.6%, beef - by 17.5%.

Imports of raw meat and offal to Russia in 2016, according to IKAR, will range from 1 to 1.05 million tons - 10% of the market. In the structure of imports, the largest share, or 50%, will fall on beef, 30% - on pork, offal and lard, the rest - on poultry meat. The largest suppliers of meat to Russia will still be Latin American countries (Brazil - 50% of the total supply, Paraguay - 9%, Argentina - 6%) and Belarus (28%). In general, these four countries will account for 92% of all supplies.

The export of Russian meat increased by a record 55.8%: for poultry and beef - by 42.9%, for pork - 2 times.

The export of Russian meat in 2016 may reach 170,000 tons, according to the Institute for Agricultural Market Studies. This is double the level of 2015. The largest share in the structure of export deliveries will be occupied by poultry meat and by-products (65%). They are mainly bought by the EAEU countries (40%), the eastern regions of Ukraine (30-33%), Hong Kong and Vietnam (20%). Exports of pork and pork by-products may more than double by the end of the year - up to 50,000 tons. The main markets for domestic pork will be Ukraine and Belarus, and offal - Hong Kong and Vietnam.

The active development of the pig industry has allowed Russian agriculture this year to take the 5th place in the world in terms of pork production.

Experts predict the emergence of new brands in the chilled meat segment, as well as a decrease in average wholesale meat prices in the first half of 2017. Also, this year will be successful for livestock breeders in terms of compound feed, for the main components of which - grain and oilseeds - record harvests have been collected.

Dairy farming and milk production

One of the failures of the year. The market stagnation continues.

There are contradictory processes going on in the industry. On the one hand, the number of dairy herds again fell (to 8.2 million heads, or by 1.8%). The launch of dozens of dairy complexes in 2016 has not yet been able to compensate for the closure of old inefficient farms.

On the other hand, milk yields rose again. It is expected that the milk productivity of cows in 2016 will increase by 4% and will reach a record 5800 kg per year.

As a result, the production of raw milk in all categories of farms decreased to 30.6 million tons. But the shipment of milk for industrial processing, on the contrary, increased by 2% - up to 14.2 million tons.

The volume of production of butter and milk powder, according to analysts, will be reduced by 4.5-5% - to 245 and 118 thousand tons, respectively. Cheese will be produced by 2% more - 594 thousand tons.

Bye Russian agriculture still remains one of the largest importing countries of dairy products: in terms of raw milk, the ratio of imports to the volume of marketable milk is about 40%. Belarus remains the main exporter of dairy products to the Russian Federation. The share of this mill in the total volume of imports of butter in the Russian Federation accounted for 82%, cheese - 87%, powdered milk and whey powder - 85%, whole milk products - 99%.

Undoubtedly, 2017 will not be an easy year for the dairy industry. It is not known whether purchasing and commodity interventions will be launched in the market of milk and dairy products, and if they are launched, then what effect it will give.

On the other hand, high prices for raw milk, if they persist in the foreseeable future, increase the attractiveness of investing in dairy cattle. The already launched large dairy complexes and the projects announced for 2017 should stabilize the number of dairy herds and raise milk yields again.

Fishing

The catch of Russian fishermen this year increased by 4.7% and exceeded 4.4 million tons. The Far East (+8%), Baltic (+12.3%) and Azov-Black Sea (+7%) basins were noted for significant catches. At the level of last year, the catch remained in the Northern basin (+1.4) and slightly decreased in the Caspian (-0.1%). Plus, 200 thousand tons to the record catch of 2015 was provided not only by traditional fishery objects - pollock, herring, cod, haddock, but also sardines, iwasi and mackerel, which returned to Russian waters. Also successful was the salmon season with a 15% weight gain in the nets.

vegetable growing

Despite the fact that, in general, almost the same amount of vegetables was produced in the country as last year (-0.52%), the crop harvested in protected ground (+25%) was considerably "heavier". Imports, in turn, fell by a quarter.

In 2016, 160 hectares of modern greenhouses were built in Russia. This is plus 100 thousand tons of cucumbers and tomatoes in the all-Russian basket. It is stable margins and unsatisfied demand that have added acceleration to the greenhouse industry this season.

Gardening

With investments in fruit production, it is more difficult: it takes at least 10-12 years to promote a business. However, this year the production of apples in Russia has grown by 6%, as well as the harvest of all pome fruits in general. At the same time, imports of apples decreased by a record 49%.

It is obvious that in 2017 the Russian agro-industrial complex already has several strong axes of rotation - export, investment, non-commodity. Choosing the right speed and direction is the task of the new season.

Agricultural producers for the purposes of applying Chapter 25 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation are recognized as organizations that meet the criteria given in Article 346.2 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation:

organizations producing agricultural products, carrying out its primary and subsequent (industrial) processing (including on leased fixed assets), selling these products;
agricultural consumer cooperatives (processing, marketing (trading), supply, horticultural, horticultural, livestock), recognized as such in accordance with the Federal Law of December 8, 1995 No. 193-FZ "On Agricultural Cooperation".

At the same time, certain conditions must be met: in the total income from the sale of such organizations, the share of income from the sale of agricultural products produced by them, including products of its primary processing, produced by them from agricultural raw materials of their own production, must be at least 70%.

For tax purposes, agricultural producers are also recognized:

town-forming and settlement-forming Russian fishery organizations, the number of employees in which, taking into account the family members living with them, is at least half of the population of the corresponding settlement;
agricultural production cooperatives (including fishing artels (collective farms)).

In this case, these organizations must meet the following conditions:

in the total income from sales, the share of income from the sale of their catches of aquatic biological resources and (or) fish and other products from aquatic biological resources produced on their own from them is at least 70% for the tax period;
fishing is carried out on the vessels of the fishing fleet, owned by them on the basis of ownership or used by them on the basis of charter agreements.

As for peasant (farm) holdings (PFHs), they do not need to confirm the status of an agricultural producer with a 70 percent share of income from the sale of agricultural products, since it is already such by law. This is stated in

KFH is an association of citizens related by kinship and (or) property, having property in common ownership and jointly carrying out production and other economic activities (production, processing, storage, transportation and sale of agricultural products), based on their personal participation. Peasant farms are recognized as agricultural producers in accordance with the Federal Law of June 11, 2003 No. 74-FZ “On Peasant (Farm) Enterprises” and in order to obtain the status of agricultural producers, they are not required to confirm the share of income from the sale of agricultural products in the amount of at least seventy percent per calendar year.

Thus, a peasant farm, as an agricultural producer recognized by law, immediately has the right to preferential taxation of profits. But in order to apply the UAT regime, it is also necessary for peasant farms to meet the established criteria for the share (70% or more) of the share of income from the sale of agricultural products in the total income from the sale.

Features of taxation of agricultural producers

According to paragraph 3 of Article 346.1 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, UAT payers do not pay:

income tax for organizations and personal income tax for individual entrepreneurs;
property tax.

Those who opted for a zero income tax rate (Clause 1.3 of Article 284 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation) have the opportunity to present VAT to buyers who are VAT payers. Although for many types of agricultural products a reduced VAT rate of 10% is applied. They also pay property taxes.

Zero rate on profit

So, for taxpayers - agricultural producers have a choice. They can apply a special tax regime in the form of payment of the Unified Agricultural Tax or, waiving it, pay income tax at a zero rate on activities related to the sale of agricultural products produced by them, as well as the sale of produced and processed or their own agricultural products (clause 1.3 of Art. 284 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). These taxpayers must meet the criteria established by paragraph 2 of article 346.2 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation (for agriculture), or the criteria given in subparagraph 1 or 1.1 of paragraph 2.1 of the same article (for fishing organizations).

Namely: the share of proceeds from the sale of manufactured products of crop production, agriculture and forestry, livestock breeding, rearing and rearing of fish and other aquatic biological resources or their catch should be at least 70 percent of the total income from sales.

What income does the zero rate apply to?

According to paragraph 1.3 of Art. 284 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation for agricultural producers, the corporate income tax rate is set at 0% only in relation to activities related to the sale of their agricultural products, as well as the sale of their own agricultural products produced and processed. For non-agricultural activities, a general rate of 20% applies.

Note that, unlike educational or medical organizations, agricultural producers do not have the right to choose which rate - generally established (20%) or special (0%) - to apply when calculating tax on profits received from agricultural activities. This profit should be taxed only at the rate of 0%.

In relation to income from other types of activities, agricultural producers apply the tax rates established by Article 284 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. At the same time, they must keep separate records of income and expenses (clause 2, article 274 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

It should be noted that paragraph 1.3 of Article 284 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation refers not just to the sale of agricultural products, but to activities related to such sales. Therefore, it can be any kind of income, even non-operating, if they are directly related to the main agricultural activity. Then a 0 percent rate can be applied to them on the basis of paragraph 2 of Article 274 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

According to paragraph 2 of Article 274 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, the tax base for profits taxable at a rate different from the rate specified in paragraph 1 of Art. 284 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation (20 percent), is determined by the taxpayer separately. At the same time, the taxpayer must keep separate records of income (expenses) for operations for which a procedure for accounting for profit and loss is different from the general one.

Income for the purposes of Chapter 25 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation includes (Clause 1, Article 248 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation):

income from the sale of goods (works, services) and property rights;
non-operating income.

Consequently, the procedure for determining by the taxpayer the tax base for profits taxed at a rate other than 20 percent applies to all groups of income, including non-operating ones.

Based on this, such expenses, for example, as compensation for damage incurred as a result of the death of animals due to poor-quality feed, can be considered as non-operating income related to the activities for the sale of agricultural products produced by agricultural producers, as well as those produced and processed by these organizations. own agricultural products. This means that the income tax rate of 0 percent can be applied to these incomes. The Ministry of Finance of Russia drew attention to this in a letter dated February 12, 2016 No. 03-03-06/1/7737.

This conclusion can also apply to other similar incomes received by agricultural producers in the course of their activities.

Thus, income and expenses (including non-operating income and expenses) must be accounted for separately for tax purposes by types of activities taxed at different rates.

How to switch to ESHN

Agricultural producers may not use the general taxation regime, but switch to paying the unified agricultural tax. Organizations and entrepreneurs are not entitled to switch to the payment of unified agricultural tax:

in which the share of income from the sale of agricultural products and (or) fish (including products of primary processing) in the total income from the sale of goods, works or services is less than 70%. This indicator is determined based on the results of work for the year preceding the year of filing an application for the transition to the Unified Agricultural Tax;
involved in the production of excisable goods;
transferred to the payment of a single tax on imputed income for certain types of activities.

You can switch to the payment of the Unified Agricultural Tax by submitting a notification to your tax office. Persons providing services to agricultural producers in the field of crop and livestock production and who have expressed a desire to switch to the application of the Unified Agricultural Tax from January 1, 2017, notify the tax inspectorate of the transition to this regime no later than February 15, 2017.