Metallurgical complex of Russia - the main centers of metallurgy and problems. Ferrous metallurgy of the Urals



Since childhood we know that the homeland of the mistress copper mountain- Ural. Some of the oldest mountain formations on earth store countless riches and, although non-ferrous metallurgy in the Urals has been going through difficult times in the last few decades, this region remains one of the largest centers not only in Russia, but also in the world, centers for the extraction and processing of non-ferrous metals.

A little history.

Copper, aluminum, zinc, nickel, gold are metals that have been mined and processed in the Ural region for many centuries. At the very beginning of the 18th century, the Gumeshevskoe copper clay deposit was discovered, and the first copper smelters appeared. At the beginning of the 20th century, non-ferrous metallurgy in the Urals developed at a very rapid pace, and in the 30s of the last century, the modern metallurgical complex received its foundations in the form of large non-ferrous metallurgy plants. Mechanical engineering, which developed rapidly during the first Soviet five-year plans, became the main consumer of the metallurgical industry, and nuclear energy gave a new impetus to the development of the industry. Since 1934, bauxite deposits began to be actively developed in the Urals, which served as the basis for the aluminum industry of the region. And around the same time, the development of a large nickel deposit, Lipovsky, began. Gold, silver, platinum are precious metals that have long been mined and processed in the Urals, as well as titanium, magnesium and other valuable metals.

Copper.

Copper takes the lead in non-ferrous metals in the Urals - the mining, enrichment and smelting of copper in Russia takes the leading place at Ural enterprises. These are the Mednogorsk, Krasnouralsk, Sredneuralsk, and Kirovograd plants. But at the Kashtym and Verkhnepyshtinsky electrolytic plants, the next stage of its processing after smelting blister copper is performed - refining. In total, there are 11 copper industry enterprises operating in the Urals. Since copper ores contain many components of other metals - zinc, gold, selenium, cadmium, copper factories also produce these metals.

Since the development of copper ore deposits has been going on for a long time, this moment they are quite depleted and the region's copper smelters are approximately half supplied with raw materials.

Aluminum.

The aluminum industry of the Urals has its own raw materials. The Ural aluminum smelter was built near a bauxite deposit in the village of Kamensk (now Kamensk-Uralsky). The Bogoslovsky Aluminum Plant is the largest aluminum enterprise in the Urals, producing the first metal on May 9, 1945. The plant uses raw materials from the Severouralsk bauxite mine. These bauxites have high content aluminum and relatively few impurities. But aluminum cannot be obtained directly from ore; first, alumina is produced - a fine powder with a concentrated content of aluminum oxide, and only after that it is smelted from it at very high temperatures. high temperatures metal.

However, the problem is the deep occurrence of bauxite and the energy intensity of aluminum smelting in the Urals. Therefore, enterprises in the industry must simultaneously solve the raw material problem by using raw materials from other regions and developing other deposits, as well as strengthening the energy base.

Nickel.

The first nickel deposits were discovered in the Urals at the beginning of the 20th century. Today, Ufaleysky, Orsky, Serovsky, Rezhsky and other districts in different regions of the Ural federal district are considered nickel-bearing. The largest deposit in the Middle Urals is the Serovskoye deposit, where nickel reserves amount to hundreds of thousands of tons. Nickel production, or rather its smelting without enrichment, takes place at the Rezhsky Nickel Plant - Ufaleynickel. Until recently, the largest nickel enterprise in the Urals was the South Ural Nickel Plant, which was stopped in 2012 due to unprofitable production.

Precious metals.

The Berezovskoye gold deposit near Yekaterinburg is considered the oldest and most famous in Russia; once all Russian gold was mined there. Now only about 1 percent of the country’s total gold is mined at the Berezovsky mine. In the area of ​​the rivers of the Middle and Northern Urals, platinum is mined; alluvial platinum does not require expensive processing, but the mining of nuggets causes environmental problems.

Yekaterinburg Non-Ferrous Metals Processing Plant is full complex work on the processing of precious metals and the production of industrial products from gold, silver and platinum.

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The metallurgical complex of Russia is the main synonym for the well-being and prosperity of our entire state, its confidence in the future.

First of all, it serves as the basis for all existing mechanical engineering. Understanding this, let’s find out which enterprises are included in the mining and metallurgical complex.

These are mainly those industries that mine, enrich, smelt, roll and process raw materials. The company has its own clear structure:

  1. Ferrous metallurgy - ore and non-metallic raw materials.
  2. Non-ferrous metallurgy: light metals (magnesium, titanium, aluminum) and heavy metals (nickel, lead, copper, tin).

Ferrous metallurgy

An industry with its own nuances. It is important to understand that not only metal is important for it, but also mining and subsequent processing.

Its important features are highlighted:

  • more than half of the products serve as the basis for the country’s entire mechanical engineering industry;
  • a quarter of the products are used in the creation of structures with increased load capacity.

Ferrous metallurgy is production, coking of coal, secondary alloys, production of refractories and much more. Enterprises included in the ferrous metallurgy are of the greatest importance and, in fact, are the basis of the industry of the entire state as a whole.

The main thing is that around them there are production facilities for processing various wastes, especially after cast iron smelting. The most frequent companion ferrous metallurgy consider metal-intensive mechanical engineering and electric power production. This industry has great prospects for the future.

Ferrous metallurgy centers in Russia

First of all, it should be remembered that Russia has always been and today is the absolute leader in terms of ferrous metal production density. And this primacy is without the right to transfer to other states. Our country confidently holds its position here.

The leading factories are, in fact, metallurgical and energy chemical plants. Let's name the most important centers of ferrous metallurgy in Russia:

  • Urals with iron and ore mining;
  • Kuzbass with coal mining;
  • Novokuznetsk;
  • Location of KMA;
  • Cherepovets.

The metallurgical map of the country is structurally divided into three main groups. They are studied at school and are the basic knowledge of a modern cultured person. This:

  • Ural;
  • Siberia;
  • Central part.

Ural metallurgical base

It is this that is the main and, perhaps, the most powerful in terms of European and world indicators. It is characterized by a high concentration of production.

The city of Magnitogorsk is of paramount importance in its history. There is a famous metallurgical plant there. This is the oldest and hottest “heart” of ferrous metallurgy.

It produces:

  • 53% of all cast iron;
  • 57% of all steel;
  • 53% of ferrous metals of all indicators that were produced in the former USSR.

Such production facilities are located near raw materials (Ural, Norilsk) and energy (Kuzbass, Eastern Siberia). Now the Ural metallurgy is in the process of modernization and further development.

Central metallurgical base

It includes cyclical production plants. Presented in the cities: Cherepovets, Lipetsk, Tula and Stary Oskol. This base is formed by iron ore reserves. They are located at a depth of up to 800 meters, which is shallow depth.

The Oskol Electrometallurgical Plant has been launched and is successfully operating. It introduced an avant-garde method without a blast furnace metallurgical process.

Siberian metallurgical base

Perhaps it has one peculiarity: it is the “youngest” of the existing bases today. Its formation began during the USSR period. Approximately one fifth of the total volume of raw materials for cast iron is produced in Siberia.

The Siberian base is a plant in Kuznetsk and a plant in Novokuznetsk. It is Novokuznetsk that is considered the capital of Siberian metallurgy and a leader in production quality.

Metallurgical plants and largest factories in Russia

The most powerful full-cycle centers are: Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk, Nizhny Tagil, Beloretsky, Ashinsky, Chusovskoy, Oskolsky and a number of others. All of them have great development prospects. Their geography, without exaggeration, is enormous.

Non-ferrous metallurgy

This area is occupied with the development and enrichment of ores, participating in their high-quality smelting. According to its characteristics and intended purpose, it is divided into categories: heavy, light and valuable. Its copper smelting centers are almost closed cities, with their own infrastructure and life.

Main areas of non-ferrous metallurgy in Russia

The opening of such areas entirely depends on: the economy, the environment, and raw materials. This is the Urals, which includes factories in Krasnouralsk, Kirovgrad and Mednogorsk, which are always built near production. This improves the quality of production and the turnover of raw materials.

Development of metallurgy in Russia

Development is characterized by high rates and volumes. Therefore, huge Russia is in the lead and is constantly increasing its exports. Our country produces: 6% iron, 12% aluminum, 22% nickel and 28% titanium. Read more about thisIt is reasonable to look at the information in the production tables presented below.

Map of metallurgy in Russia

For convenience and clarity, special maps and atlases have been produced. They can be viewed and ordered on the Internet. They are very colorful and comfortable. The main centers with all divisions are indicated in detail there: copper smelters, places for the extraction of ore and non-ferrous metals, and much more.

Below are maps of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy in Russia.

Factors for locating metallurgical plants in Russia

The fundamental factors influencing the location of plants across the country are literally the following:

  • raw materials;
  • fuel;
  • consumption (this is a detailed table of raw materials, fuel, small and large roads).

Conclusion

Now we know: there is a clear division into ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. This distribution of mining, enrichment and smelting depends directly on the main components: raw materials, fuel and consumption. Our country is a European leader in this area. The three main geographical pillars on which it stands are: the Center, the Urals and Siberia.

Ural.
Ferrous metallurgy. It is based on its iron ore resources; there is not enough coal - it is brought from the Kuznetsk basin. Metal is used for largest enterprises Ural (produce tanks, tractors, agricultural machinery, equipment for resource extraction) and supply them to the central regions of the country (European part). centers: Chelyabinsk, Magnitogorsk, Asha, Chusovoy, Serov, Nizhny Tagil, Kyshtym.
Non-ferrous metallurgy.
Copper ore smelting (Karabash, Kamensk-Uralsk, Verkhnyaya Pyshma, Kirovograd, Revda, Krasnouralsk), aluminum smelting (Krasnoturinsk, Yekaterinburg), nickel - Orsk, lead, zinc - Chelyabinsk. Color metallurgy is based on its resources. The smelted metals are used at local machine-building enterprises.
European Center. Ferrous metallurgy is mainly of the conversion type (scrap metal is smelted in Elektrostal, Vyksa, Moscow, Orel), full-cycle, the largest plants in Tula, Stary Oskol, Lipetsk work on imported raw materials - coal from Siberia, Donbass, the Komi Republic; iron ores are brought from the Kursk magnetic anomaly (our own).
Non-ferrous metallurgy - copper ores are smelted in Moscow.
All products of metallurgical enterprises are used in the central regions for the manufacture of machine-building complex products (combines, cars, buses, wagons, railway electric locomotives, diesel locomotives, trolleybuses, river and sea vessels, etc.)
European North. ferrous metallurgy in Cherepovets is one of the largest Russian enterprises for iron smelting, works on imported raw materials.
The metal is sent to the central regions, to the European North and to St. Petersburg for mechanical engineering and marine shipbuilding. Particle metallurgy in St. Petersburg.
Non-ferrous metallurgy operates on its own raw materials. Aluminum is smelted in Nadvoitsy, Kandalaksha, Volkhov, Boksitogorsk; copper - Veliky Novgorod, Monchegorsk, nickel - Mochegorsk. Melted ores are sent to machine-building plants in the central and southern regions of Russia.
Siberia.
Ferrous metallurgy - Belovo. Non-ferrous metallurgy. Specializing in the smelting of aluminum ores - Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk, Sayanogorsk, Achinsk, Belovo, Shelekhov - use their own resources and cheap energy from hydroelectric power stations. Lead and zinc are smelted in Novokuznetsk, copper and nickel in Norilsk. All enterprises use local raw materials; smelted metals are exported to enterprises in the Urals and central regions.
Far East - a metallurgical base is being formed. This area mainly contains mining and processing plants. Mined: tin, lead, zinc, gold. Lead and zinc are smelted in Dalnegorsk, and iron ore is smelted in Komsomolsk-on-Amur. Products are exported to China, Japan, South Korea and to the European part of Russia.

3. Ferrous metallurgy of the Urals.

The metallurgical complex is the basis of the industry. It is the foundation of mechanical engineering, which, together with the electric power industry, provides chemical industry development of scientific and technological progress at all levels National economy countries. Metallurgy is one of the basic sectors of the national economy and is characterized by high material and capital intensity of production. Ferrous and non-ferrous metals account for more than 90% of the total volume of structural materials used in Russian mechanical engineering. In the total volume of transport traffic Russian Federation Metallurgical cargo accounts for over 35% of total cargo turnover. The needs of metallurgy consume 14% of fuel and 16% of electricity, i.e. 25% of these resources are spent in industry.

The state and development of the metallurgical industry ultimately determine the level of scientific and technological progress in all sectors of the national economy. The metallurgical complex is characterized by the concentration and combination of production.

The complex geological history of the Urals has determined the exceptional wealth and diversity of its subsoil resources, and the long-term processes of destruction of the Ural mountain system have identified these riches and made them more accessible for exploitation.

The Urals are a treasure trove of metals and chemical raw materials. In terms of its wealth and diversity of natural resources, it has no equal in the world. In total, about 1000 minerals and more than 12 thousand mineral deposits have been discovered here. The Urals rank first in Russia in reserves of bauxite, chromite, platinum, potassium, asbestos, magnesite and magnesium salts. There are large reserves of iron, copper and nickel ores, oil and natural gases. There are manganese ores, coal, peat, and various building materials.

The iron ore base of the Urals is characterized by two features. Firstly, despite the fact that iron ore deposits have a wide range of thicknesses, the bulk of proven reserves are concentrated in the Kachkanar titanium-machistite deposits. Secondly, ores are characterized, as a rule, relatively low content main component and the environmental efficiency of their development is determined by the complexity of the use of extracted raw materials.

Iron ore deposits, the total recorded reserves of which exceed 20 billion tons. located on the territory of the Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk and Orenburg regions, Bashkortostan. The UER includes 1.2 billion tons of balance sheet iron ore, which includes reserves of individual ore bodies and small deposits, the development of which is recognized in modern conditions inappropriate for technical and economic reasons. Taking into account social and economic factors when assessing the feasibility of developing pulpwood ores can, in some cases, change previously established ideas about the ineffectiveness of their exploitation.

The main deposits: Bakalskoye, Vorontsovka, Kachkanarskoye, Magnitogorskoye, Novorudny, Orsko-Khalilovskoye, Pokrovsk-Uralsky, Severny, Sibay, Tagilo-Kuvshinovskaya group.

Chromites. Deposits and ore occurrences of chromium ores are found throughout the Ural mineral resource base. The main explored reserves are concentrated in the Saranovsk group of fields. IN last years a new chromite-bearing area will be explored in the Polar Urals. The most studied mineralization of the Rai-Iz massif.

Manganese. Manganese ore reserves in the North Ural basin are estimated at 125 million tons, including balance reserves of 41 million tons. The ores are predominantly carbonate, the content of harmful impurities is low. Research has shown the practical possibility and economic feasibility the use of local manganese raw materials in open-hearth and converter production, as well as in ferroalloy production at Ural metallurgical plants. Considering that more than 140 thousand tons of manganese raw materials are imported annually into the Sverdlovsk region alone, the development of local manganese ores seems quite justified.

Copper ore resources. The Urals have very significant resources of copper ore raw materials. The Urals ranks first in the country in copper mining. However, the depletion of the bulk of reserves at a number of mines led to Lately to a sharp reduction in ore production. Now about 70% of copper ore reserves are concentrated in the Orenburg region and Bashkortostan.

In the Urals (about 90%) copper pyrite ores predominate. Deposits of other types (skarn, copper-iron-vanadium, copper sandstones) are of subordinate importance. Copper pyrite ores are complex, they contain up to 25 valuable components. Copper is accompanied by zinc, lead, sulfur, cobalt, selenium, tellurium, etc. The main deposits are: Gai, Krasnouralsk, Levikha, Mednogorsk.

Bauxite. The need of the aluminum industry of the Urals for mineral raw materials is fully satisfied by local reserves - the Severouralsk bauxite mine and the Yuzhnouralsk bauxite mine. The raw material base in general in the Urals seems to be quite reliable. The areas where reserves of exploited deposits can be increased or new industrial deposits identified include: Severouralsky, Ivdelsky, Yuzhnouralsky districts. The main deposit is Suleya.

Nickel ores. The raw material base for nickel production in the Urals is unfavorable. The Lipovskoye deposit will be developed in the coming years. To change the situation, the task has been set to further explore small local deposits. The base of both the Regievsky and Ufaleysky plants will also be the Serovskoye field. The Yuzhuralnickel plant is provided with balance local reserves of nickel ores for no more than 10-12 years. It is necessary to search for new and re-evaluate known deposits.

Main deposits: Upper Ufaley, Regi.

Main deposits: Berezniki, Verkhnekamsk basin, Solikamsk.

The Urals largely determine the pace and proportions of development of the unified national economic complex, which is facilitated by the accumulated production and scientific potential, highly qualified and socially active specialists, diverse Natural resources, significant areas of fertile land in the southern part of the region, favorable economic-geographical and transport position. Actively participating in the internal Russian territorial division of labor, UER occupies an important place among 11 economic regions Russian Federation in foreign trade. His distinctive feature – high level concentration of production and development of territories. With only 4.83% of the country's territory and 13.88% of the country's population, this region produces about 15% of the gross domestic product (1996), incl. industrial production is 17.95% of the all-Russian total, and the share Agriculture The economic efficiency of the country's agricultural production is 13.75% (1996).

In the all-Russian territorial division of labor, the Urals specializes in the production of heavy industry products and the production of commercial grain. The leading position here is occupied by the engineering and metallurgical complexes, as well as fuel and energy, chemical forestry, construction, agro-industrial, and communications. Currently, the Urals are distinguished by the production of heavy, transport, mining, metallurgical, chemical, construction and road, energy and electrical equipment, powerful drilling rigs, excavators, and earth-moving machines.

UER is an area of ​​developed metallurgical production. Its share in the sectoral structure of the Urals industry is 25%. The complex includes 10 sub-sectors of ferrous and 11 sub-sectors of non-ferrous metallurgy. Favorable physical and chemical characteristics of Ural ore, either pure without any other impurities (Bakal ores), or with impurities useful substances– manganese, chromium, nickel, vanadium, etc. (Alapaevsky, Khalilovsky ores), make it possible to obtain high-quality cast iron and steel, including alloyed metal, directly in blast furnaces and open-hearth furnaces. The Ural ferrous metallurgy remains highly dependent on iron ore supplies from other regions (KMA, Karelia, Murmansk region, Kazakhstan). Main centers: Ural, Magnitogorsk, Nizhny Tagil, Chelyabinsk, Chusovoy, etc. (28 in total).

The region's non-ferrous metallurgy produces a significant portion of the country's industrial output. Most types of rolled non-ferrous metals are produced only in UER. The leading industries are copper (Gaisky GOK, Karabash, Mednogorsk, Krasnouralsk, Revda, etc.), nickel (Verkhny Ufaley, Orsk), zinc (Chelyabinsk), aluminum (Kamensk-Uralsky, Krasnoturinsk). The development of the industry in the region is determined by the regional specifics of the raw material base, which differs complex composition ore Associated components are extracted from all types of non-ferrous metal raw materials, but the predominant part of them is used in the copper sub-industry. In addition to copper, another 18 valuable components of raw materials are extracted and processed into 22 types of by-products. The raw material base of the industry in the Urals has been actively exploited since the time of the Great Patriotic War without proper compensation for retired capacities, therefore, enterprises in the copper, aluminum, and nickel sub-sectors operate in conditions of a shortage of their own raw materials.

The products of the Ural ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy go to all regions of the country, but mainly to its western part (about 70%). In exchange with the European part of the country, there are still large counter flows of rolled products, pipes, billets and other types of metal products.

Modern stage The development of the country, including UER, is characterized by a whole set of problems, the solution of which requires urgent measures. First of all, it is necessary to overcome the structural crisis in the economy, the decline in production volumes, reduce the unemployment rate, and restore lost economic ties with the former Soviet republics, i.e. participating countries CIS, enterprises need to find new markets for raw materials and sales of their products both within the country and abroad. Urgent measures, upon resolution, require a whole “tangle” of social problems. The problems of improving the demographic situation, especially increasing the birth rate, reducing mortality, the aging of the population, and its employment are important.

Along with the general ones, there are also some problems specific to the Urals. They are associated, for example, with the improvement production structure, which is especially important for coal cities in connection with the development of coal deposits. Many cities are experiencing acute shortage water, some are limited in territorial reserves for growth.

All problems are closely intertwined. The problems of the population are closely intertwined with production, social, resource, and environmental problems. Projecting a set of these problems onto the territory, we can talk about a hierarchy of territorial zones. At its “upper” level, it is proposed to identify the largest territorial formations of the Urals - “belts” with a predominance different types problems:

reconstruction of industrial, urban areas (“technobelt”).

improvement of agricultural production and rural settlement (“agro-belt”).

preservation of ecologically clean, untouched territories of the Urals, their use for conservation, scientific, and recreational purposes (“eco-belt”).

It is also of interest to specify these problems and analyze them at the lower levels of the territorial hierarchy. These problems include:

formation of the TPK at the interregional, interdistrict level;

implementation on an interactive basis of rational territorial cooperation and specialization of the regions and republics of the Urals;

development of unified comprehensive plans, concepts, and forecasts for the development of large territorial zones of the region with similar development problems;

development and respecialization of fuel production complexes on the western slope of the Urals;

a unified strategy and tactics for the use of forest resources in the northern part of the region;

reconstruction of the UER mining strip;

development of agriculture in the Non-Chernozem Strip;

comprehensive development of the Ural Black Earth Region.

Solution large number various problems will contribute to the creation of the most favorable conditions life of the population, improving living standards. Development prospects are determined by the intensification of industrial and agricultural production, further development of peripheral territories, acceleration of the solution of housing and other socio-economic problems, development of the scientific base, and implementation of scientific and technical progress.

Thus, it should be noted that the general direction of development of economic development for the coming period should be a qualitative transformation of all aspects of the life of the population on the basis of social, economic, and environmental transformations in the course of structural and technological renewal of the economy. Already now, reforming the economy and other spheres of life brings certain positive results, but so far against the backdrop of many negative consequences and still unresolved problems.

Bibliography

A.I. Alekseev, V.V. Nikolina. “Population and economy of Russia”, 1995

V.P. Maksakovsky. “Geographical picture of the world”, 1996

I.A. Rodionova. "Economic Geography of Russia", 1998 ( tutorial).

4. Regional economy. Ed. prof. T.G. Morozova: M., 1995


Non-ferrous metals are divided into groups:

heavy- copper, lead, tin, zinc, nickel;

lungs- aluminum, titanium, magnesium;

precious(noble - gold, silver, platinum;

rare- tungsten, molybdenum, uranium, germanium.

2.1. Features of the raw material base of non-ferrous metallurgy

The location of non-ferrous metallurgy is influenced by many natural and economic conditions, among which raw materials and energy factors play a special role.

    extremely low quantitative content of useful components in raw materials (copper 1% -5%; lead-zinc 1.5% -5.5%; tin 0.01% - 0.7%; molybdenum from 0.005 to 0.04 %);

    exceptional versatility of raw materials;

    huge fuel and electrical capacity of raw materials during its processing (for nickel production - up to 55 tons of fuel per 1 ton finished products; blister copper - up to 3.5 tons of fuel; aluminum - up to 17 thousand kWh. electricity; 1t-titanium-20-60 thousand kWh).

At the same time, raw materials and energy factors have different effects on individual sectors of the non-ferrous metallurgy. Even in the same industry, their role is different depending on the stage of the technological process (for example, the production of alumina gravitates to the areas of raw material extraction, and the smelting of aluminum from alumina to the areas where energy resources are located (energy bases).

2.2. Ural base of non-ferrous metallurgy

Ural economic region specializes in the production of zinc (65% of total production in Russia), copper (40%), aluminum, nickel, cobalt, lead, gold and a number of rare metals.

Copper industry Due to the low quality of concentrates, it gravitates (with the exception of blister copper refining) to sources of raw materials. Deposits of copper ores in the Urals: located in the Sverdlovsk region (Degtyarskoye, Krasnouralskoye, Kirovogradskoye, Revdinskoye); Orenburg region Sibayskoe. Gayskoye, Blavinskoye; Chelyabinsk region (Karabashskoye).

At the same time, the Urals are characterized by the predominance of metallurgical processing (Krasnouralsk, Kirovograd, Revda, Mednogorsk, Karabash, Kyshtym) over mining and enrichment, as a result of which it is forced to use imported concentrates and semi-finished products (from Kazakhstan).

Copper refining how final stage its production is located where there is metallurgical processing, forming specialized enterprises (Verkhnyaya Pyshma, Kyshtym), or in areas of mass consumption of finished products.

Aluminum industry The Urals are represented by bauxite deposits in the Sverdlovsk region (Severouralskoe); in the Chelyabinsk region

(Yuzhnouralskoe). The aluminum industry of the Urals is provided with its own raw materials, on which aluminum smelters operate; Bogoslovsky (Krasnoturinsk); Uralsky (Kamensk-Uralsky). Further development of the aluminum industry in the Urals is associated with strengthening its energy base, because Aluminum smelting is a very energy-intensive production.

Nickel-cobalt industry The Urals are concentrated in ore mining areas: the Southern Urals (Orsk, Rezh, Verkhniy Ufaley), Orenburg region (Buruktal deposit), Chelyabinsk region (Cheremshan deposit). Ore from Kazakhstan is used.

Lead-zinc industry Ural uses both local raw materials and imported raw materials. A major center of the zinc industry is Chelyabinsk. The lead-zinc industry is located mainly in areas where polymetallic ores are distributed.

Titanium-magnesium industry The Urals are represented by the Bereznikovsky titanium-magnesium plant and the Solikamsk magnesium plant, which are based on carnallites of the Verkhnekamsk salt-bearing basin.

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