Methodological development in the Russian language (9th grade) on the topic: Separating and emphasizing punctuation marks between parts of a complex sentence (9th grade)
Lesson topic : Separating and excretory marks punctuation between parts of a complex sentence.
Lesson type : a lesson in learning new knowledge.
Lesson Objectives :
educational:
systematize students' knowledge of syntax;
introduce students to the concepts of “sign function”, “separation function”, “excretory function”;
contribute to a correct understanding of the topic.
developing:
development of students’ communication abilities, the ability to generalize, compare, and draw conclusions;
continue the development of creative thinking among schoolchildren;
continue to develop the skill of composing complex and simple sentences to identify the level of proficiency in syntactic knowledge.
educational:
continue to cultivate an attentive attitude to words and interest in the Russian language;
continue to foster student independence;
continue to instill in students a sense of tolerance and respect for each other.
Equipment: projector, presentation, handouts, video tutorial.
Bibliography: textbook N.A. Andromonova, L.D. Umarova “Russian language. 9th grade"
Lesson plan:
1. Organizational moment (2 min.)
2.Updating the data log. (7 min.)
3. Explanation of new material (17 min.)
4. Independent work(1 min.)
5. Summing up the lesson (7 min.)
6. Explanation homework. Grading. (2 minutes.)
During the classes
StageLesson
Teacher activities
Student activity
Note
Organizing time
– Hello! Sit down! We open the notebooks and write down the date: October eighth.
– Hello!
Students greet teacher
Write the date and topic of the lesson on the board
Updating knowledge
Before moving on to studying a new topic, you need to review previously learned rules. What does syntax study?
– A sentence is the basic unit of syntax that performs a communicative function, i.e. serves as a means of communication. Sentences can be simple or complex. Please make me a simple proposal.
Prove that this sentence is simple.
– Now, make up a complex sentence and prove that it is complex?
– What are the coordinating conjunctions? And what coordinating conjunctions do you know?
– List subordinating conjunctions?
– Well done! Today we will go through new topic, which is called"Dividing and special punctuation marks between parts of a complex sentence. Intonation of a complex sentence."
– Syntax is a branch of the science of language that studies phrases and sentences.
We walked through the autumn park.
Because there is only one grammatical basis (We were walking).
– The tree crunched and a branch fell at our feet.
(Consists of 2 grammatical bases, and 2 parts).
– Connecting ( AND, NEITHER... NOR, ALSO, ALSO,
NOT ONLY... BUT ALSO, AS... SO AND, YES (=AND)), dividing ( OR, OR... OR,
EITHER, OR... OR,
THAT... THAT, NOT THAT... NOT THAT,
EITHER... EITHER), adversative ( BUT,
HOWEVER, YES (=BUT)).
–To, what, when, if, etc.
Explanation of new material
Watching a video clip . "Dividing and emphasizing punctuation marks."
The proposals are presented on the slide.
– Guys, please read these suggestions, try to answer next question: in which sentences do punctuation marks stand out, and in which do they separate parts of a complex sentence?
– Punctuation marks in a complex sentence are needed in order to convey in writing the features of semantic relationships between the parts of a complex sentence, the features of its structure and intonation.
In SSP, BSP they share simple sentences, performing a separating function, and in SPP the dependent part (subordinate clause) is isolated, performing an excretory function.
In order to understand what function a sign performs in a sentence, you need to practice the exercise.
Task in cards.
Determine the type of sentence, the function of the sign.
Well done! The topic turned out to be easy for you. And now some students work on the board, the rest in notebooks.
Listen to the task: I will dictate two sentences to you. You need to put punctuation marks in them, underline the main parts of the sentence and determine the type of sentence, make an outline.
The larks sing in clear silence and trill down to the ground from the sky.
We passed through the forest, and suddenly a river opened up in front of us.
Students watch a video lesson and write down basic information in a notebook.
A gusty wind blew. The trees rustled.
A gusty wind blew and the trees rustled (Separation function).
The brother handed over the letter. He didn't wait for an answer.
The brother, when he handed over the letter, did not wait for an answer (Excretory function).
Grandfather turned out to be right: in the evening a thunderstorm came. (BSP, separation function).
Dersu and I did not wait for the Cossacks to saddle their horses, and went forward. (SPP, excretory function).
The sun burned like yesterday, the air was still and dull. (BSP, separation function).
The forest will be filled with rustling and ringing in the morning, but for now a dark sky with bright, needle-like stars floated over the village. (SSP, separation function).
The rays of the sun brightly bathed the tops of the pines in gold, then faded one after another; the last ray remained for a long time. (BSP, separation function).
Simple sentence.
SSP[ ] , [ ] .
After watching the video lesson, the teacher comments on it in detail.
Independent work
Task: highlight grammatical basis, draw diagrams, write SSP, SPP, PP.
Sit on the shore with a fishing rod and you will feel a surge of strength. It's autumn and the leaves are falling from the trees. It was quiet in the garden, and only the sound of wheels could be heard from somewhere in the distance. She remembered that on winter evenings grandfather usually played with her. There was a snowstorm outside, the wind was howling, the shutters were shaking and knocking. When the friendly sun came out, Kolya woke up.
She heard barking from the street, and she wanted to answer it.
Under the dictation of the teacher, students write down sentences in notebooks.
Summing up the lesson.
Today we went through another topic from the complex sentence section. In the next lesson we will talk about compound sentences. Please review all the rules you have learned on the topic of syntax.
The students listen carefully to the teacher.
Homework explanation. Grading.
Know about separating and emphasizing punctuation marks between parts of a complex sentence.
Students write down their homework.
Card No. 1. Emphasize the grammatical basis of the sentences. Determine the type of sentence, the function of the sign .
1. Grandfather turned out to be right: a thunderstorm came in the evening.
2. Dersu and I did not wait for the Cossacks to saddle their horses, and went forward.
3. The sun burned like yesterday, the air was still and dull.
4. The forest will be filled with rustling and ringing in the morning, but for now a dark sky with bright, needle-like stars floated over the village.
5. The rays of the sun brightly poured gold over the tops of the pine trees, then went out one after another; the last ray remained for a long time.
Card No. 1. Emphasize the grammatical basis of the sentences. Determine the type of sentence, the function of the sign .
1. Grandfather turned out to be right: a thunderstorm came in the evening.
2. Dersu and I did not wait for the Cossacks to saddle their horses, and went forward.
3. The sun burned like yesterday, the air was still and dull.
4. The forest will be filled with rustling and ringing in the morning, but for now a dark sky with bright, needle-like stars floated over the village.
5. The rays of the sun brightly poured gold over the tops of the pine trees, then went out one after another; the last ray remained for a long time.
Card No. 1. Emphasize the grammatical basis of the sentences. Determine the type of sentence, the function of the sign .
1. Grandfather turned out to be right: a thunderstorm came in the evening.
2. Dersu and I did not wait for the Cossacks to saddle their horses, and went forward.
3. The sun burned like yesterday, the air was still and dull.
4. The forest will be filled with rustling and ringing in the morning, but for now a dark sky with bright, needle-like stars floated over the village.
5. The rays of the sun brightly poured gold over the tops of the pine trees, then went out one after another; the last ray remained for a long time.
INTRODUCTION
Punctuation marks are a necessary element of the written form of Russian speech. A modern test cannot be recorded without punctuation marks and cannot be reproduced normally. Punctuation marks provide the writer and reader with an unambiguous understanding of the sentence and text.
The purpose of punctuation marks is to convey the syntactic and semantic division of the text, as well as the main structural features of the intonation of the sentence. The transfer of intonation structure is not an end in itself; its elements insofar as they participate in the syntactic and semantic division of the text. Modern punctuation reflects structure, meaning and intonation. Written speech is organized quite clearly, definitely and at the same time expressively. As a rule, the intonation principle is reduced to the semantic, semantic to the structural.
Sometimes punctuation marks act as duplicate indicators of division in the presence of special linguistic means - conjunctions, allied words, as well as connective particles. The use of punctuation marks is governed by rules that are mandatory and identical for all speakers and writers.
The following punctuation marks are used in Russian punctuation: period, question mark, exclamation mark, ellipsis, comma, semicolon, colon, dash, parentheses, quotation marks. The function of a punctuation mark is also performed by paragraph indentation, or a red line.
Punctuation marks in the modern punctuation system of the Russian language have functions assigned to them. They either separate parts of the text from each other, or highlight any segments within parts.
In accordance with this, there are two main functions of punctuation marks:
- departments;
- discharge.
These functions are often complicated by more specific, semantic-distinguishing functions.
The main functions of all punctuation marks, as well as their semantic distinguishing functions, are described in the set of rules of Russian punctuation.
1. PUNCTION MARKS WITH A SEPARATING FUNCTION
The separating marks are period, exclamation and question marks, semicolon, colon, ellipsis, paragraph (in this case the term is used to mean paragraph indentation).
Separating punctuation marks divide written text into semantically and grammatically significant parts. Close functionally are the symbols comma (separator), semicolon, period. Their difference is often only “quantitative”: they record pauses varying degrees duration. In terms of meaning, the parts divided by commas and semicolons are less independent; they represent segments within one sentence; The dot denotes the completeness of the thought. These signs are used when listing syntactically equivalent parts of the text: members of a sentence, parts of a sentence (comma and semicolon), individual sentences (period). For example, a comma:
between homogeneous members: And here a fresh wind blows, smelling of the river, resin, the mysterious spirit of damp wood... (Yu.P. Kazakov);
between parts of a complex sentence: New troops approached and loaded into boats, ferries sailed with carts of hay and all sorts of military goods (A.N. Tolstoy);
between homogeneous subordinate clauses: Yes, the prince did not know where Katenka was, what happened to her after he left (A.N. Tolstoy).
Features of the use of semicolons are associated with its graphic originality. Being a connection of a period and a comma, it is used as a sign, as it were, “intermediate” between them. A semicolon is used, on the one hand, to simply more clearly, more noticeably indicate the boundary between very common components of a sentence, within which there are other punctuation marks (The fence, going around the hut and the courtyard on both sides, ran down to the water where the willows grew; one stood with with its top cut off, many branches sticking out in its place, the other bent low over a narrow river (A.N. Tolstoy)); on the other hand, to emphasize the relative semantic independence of the units (There were no passers-by; the windows of the palace were dark; the sentry at the entrance stood motionless, wrapped in a sheepskin coat, with a gun stuck to his side (A.N. Tolstoy)).
The qualitative similarity of the listed signs is easily understood by comparing examples designed differently:
1) The crowd suddenly rushed forward and separated us. Hats and caps flew into the air. A furious “hurray” exploded near the podium. (K.G. Paustovsky).
2) The crowd suddenly rushed forward and separated us, hats and caps flew into the air, a frantic “hurray” exploded near the podium.
3) The crowd suddenly rushed forward and separated us; hats and caps flew into the air; a frantic “hurray” exploded around us.
The general functional significance of these signs and at the same time their difference in the degree of text division they indicate make it possible to use them in complex sentences as a certain gradation system. For example: Fences ran across the cleared area, stacks and haystacks began to appear, small smoky yurts grew; finally, like a victory banner, on a hill from the middle of the village a bell tower shot to the sky (V.G. Korolenko) - in this non-union complex sentence there are four syntactically equivalent parts, but the first three are separated by commas, and the fourth is separated by a semicolon; This arrangement of signs makes it possible, firstly, to emphasize the greater semantic cohesion of the first three parts of the sentence and, secondly, the isolation and semantic independence of the fourth part of the sentence. In addition, such signs are justified from the point of view structural organization sentences: the first three have a common member that unites them into a single whole - according to the cleared space, and in the fourth part there is an introductory word, and attributing it specifically to this part of the sentence is possible only if there is a semicolon separating the preceding part of the text.
A single comma, like a semicolon, always stands between syntactically equivalent parts of text or word forms that are equivalent in syntactic function.
2. PUNCTION MARKS WITH EXCELLENT FUNCTION
Emphasis marks include brackets and quotation marks, commas and dashes when used in pairs. In this case, parentheses and quotation marks are invariably used in pairs. The remaining punctuation marks are used on both sides of the highlighted component if it is located in the middle of the sentence.
If it is at the beginning or end of a sentence, then a comma, a dash or (sometimes) a combination of a comma and a dash are used once - after the highlighted phrase or before it. For example, the use of commas that highlight separate phrases at the beginning and end of a sentence: Looking at the clouds, I remembered everything last days spent on the schooner (Kazakov).
Their purpose is to highlight particularly significant parts of a sentence; Such commas are used for isolation, for highlighting addresses, introductory constructions, and interjections.
The most common punctuation mark is the comma - the most “neutral” among other marks used in the middle of a sentence. Emphatic commas sharply diverge in function from periods and semicolons; in this case, they are included in a different system of punctuation meanings, those that are characteristic of emphases, in particular the paired dash and parentheses. For example:
- commas for isolation: I spent the night somewhere on the outskirts, in a penny hotel, and left Sevastopol early in the morning (I.A. Bunin);
commas for introductory words and introductory sentences: Yesterday, they say, someone’s hunt passed us along the high road to the outgoing field, along with the hunt of the young Tolstoys (I.A. Bunin);
- commas when addressing: Indeed, Petya, tell the singer, let him serve the samovar (Gorky);
- commas to highlight subordinate clauses: Some who stood closer reluctantly pulled off their hats (A.N. Tolstoy);
Here there is a new gradation: commas, dashes, parentheses (commas highlight parts of the sentence that are less significant and complex; dashes - parts that are more significant and common; parentheses - especially sharply exclude parts from the composition of the sentence). For example, the use of emphases and parentheses, commas and dashes, dashes and parentheses:
1) The lower part of the face protruded somewhat forward, revealing the ardor of a passionate nature, but the tramp (based on some characteristic, although difficult to discern, signs, I immediately assumed that my guest was a tramp) had long been accustomed to restraining this ardor (V.G. Korolenko);
2) Nowhere in all of Russia - and I have traveled quite a bit in all directions - have I not listened to such deep, complete, perfect silence as in Balaklava (K.G. Paustovsky);
3) He became sad, taciturn, and the external traces of Baku life - premature old age - remained with Green forever (K.G. Paustovsky).
The distinctive role of such signs is especially clearly revealed when they are interchangeable. For example: Kutuzov listened to the report of the general on duty (the main subject of which was criticism of the position under Tsarev-Zaimishche) just as he listened to Denisov (L.N. Tolstoy). -Kutuzov listened to the report of the general on duty, the main subject of which was criticism of the position under Tsarev-Zaimishche, also...
The fact that parentheses are the most powerful disabling sign in comparison with commas and even dashes is confirmed by the possibility of using them not only inside sentences, but also in paragraphs. As an emphatic mark, they are used in syntactic units larger than a sentence. For example: Eight minutes to five. All the cadets are ready, dressed up for the ball. (“What a stupid word,” thinks Alexandrov, ““dressed up.” It’s as if they dressed us up in Spanish costumes.”) The gloves were washed and dried by the fireplace (A.I. Kuprin).
Quotation marks also serve as emphasis. The quotation marks are:
- quotes;
- direct speech. For example: They asked him [Cherdakov]: “Valka, is it true that they say that in 1916 you shot down a German ace, the next day you flew to Germany and dropped roses on his grave?” He answered in a squeaky voice: “Well, what?” (A.N. Tolstoy). Moreover, if the character’s thoughts are given in the form of direct speech, then quotation marks are the only possible sign. For example, Holding back my sighs, I thought: “Here, you meet a person and pass by absentmindedly, and he is in front of you, like a whole kingdom in smoking ruins...” (A.N. Tolstoy)
- words that are not used in their usual meaning; words used ironically; words proposed for the first time or, conversely, outdated and unusual, etc. For example: In our country, as I have already said, a kind of pathetic, childish reverence for authors still reigns in literature to this day: in literature we highly honor the “table of ranks” and are afraid to speak out loud the truth about “high-ranking persons” (In .G. Belinsky);
names of literary works, newspapers, magazines, enterprises, ships, etc., which are conventional names. For example: As I remember now, the first thing I read was: “Pompadours and pompadours” (A. Karavaeva).
3. MULTIPURPOSE PUNCTION SIGNS
As for such single signs as ellipses, colons and dashes, they, along with the general separating function, also perform a variety of semantic functions: they record certain semantic relationships that arise between parts of a sentence under the influence of a specific communicative task.
Ellipsis is a sign that conveys understatement of thought, reticence, as well as intermittency and even difficulty in speech, for example: “Yes, life...” he said, after a pause and throwing a new log into the fire (V.G. Korolenko); He... don't think... He's not a thief or anything... just... (V.G. Korolenko).
An ellipsis can also convey the significance of what is said, indicate subtextual content, the hidden meaning contained in the text. For example: At that very time, a gigantic ship, the same as the one on which the Lozians arrived, quietly sailed past the island. The unfurled flag splashed in the wind and seemed to lie at the feet of the copper woman, who was holding her torch over it... Matvey watched the European ship quietly push the waves with its chest, and tears begged for his eyes... How recently he of the same ship looked at this statue until dawn, until the lights on it died out and the rays of the sun began to gild its head... And Anna slept quietly, leaning on her bundle... (V.G. Korolenko).
The colon is a sign warning of further clarification and clarification. The colon is used:
a) after a generalizing word before the list of homogeneous members;
b) in a non-union complex sentence, when its first part is specified;
c) in a non-union complex sentence before the second part, revealing the reason for certain actions or states;
d) in non-union complex sentences with explanatory relations - when the second part reveals the content of speech, thought, perception;
e) after the author’s words before direct speech (essentially, in the same function as in non-union complex sentences with explanatory relations).
The explanatory function of the colon is specified by the following meanings: causality, justification, disclosure of content, specification general concept. For example:
I howled in pain and rushed at the Greek, but could not hit him even once: some two guys from the same company jumped up and grabbed my hands from behind (V. Voinovich);
- And our parents walked to the side and everyone shouted the same thing: that we take care of ourselves, that we write letters (V. Voinovich);
...The best tavern machine in Moscow, the orchestra, thundered, rattling its timpani, its unchanging song: “The Moscow fire was noisy and burning” (K.G. Paustovsky);
- In flooded meadows, the highest places began to be designated as islands: mounds, hillocks, ancient Tatar graves (V.A. Zakrutkin).
The dash is a very meaningful sign. The breadth of its use in modern publications indicates a certain universalization of this sign. However, there are patterns in its use. The dash, first of all, means all kinds of omissions - omission of connectives in the predicate, omissions of sentence members in incomplete and elliptical sentences, omissions of adversative conjunctions; the dash, as it were, compensates for these missing words - “preserves” their place. For example: The great snipe is a free bird (M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin); Ilyusha - to the gate, but his mother’s voice was heard from the window (A.I. Goncharov); Not to the skies of someone else's homeland - I composed songs for my homeland (N.A. Nekrasov).
A dash conveys the meaning of condition, time, comparison, consequence in cases where these meanings are not expressed lexically, that is, by conjunctions. For example: If he wanted it, the guy and Tanya would feel bad (V.F. Panova); I woke up - my great-grandmother was not there (V.F. Panova); Says the words - the nightingale sings.
The dash can also be called a sign of “surprise” – semantic, intonation, compositional. For example: No one was allowed to see Tanya - only letters were sent to her in a stream (V.G. Zernova) (unexpected accession); What do you regret now - I believe (K.M. Simonov) (unusual arrangement of explanatory clause); Many times I sat on a tree under a fence, expecting that they would call me to play with them, but they did not call (M. Gorky) (unexpected result).
Finally, a dash is also capable of conveying purely emotional meaning: the dynamism of speech, sharpness, and the speed of change of events. For example: A moment - and everything again drowned in darkness (V.G. Korolenko); By evening the wave subsided - and the sunset flared up in the west (K.G. Paustovsky); Let's cross the stream along the oak tree - and into the swamp (M.M. Prishvin).
Question and exclamation marks mark the end of a sentence and also convey interrogative and exclamatory intonation. With their help, the writer expresses his attitude to the conveyed content. For example: What answer, what justification can fate give for their suffering? (A.I. Kuprin); How he had changed since she left him! (L.N. Tolstoy).
The combination of question and exclamation marks in any position expresses various shades of protest, bewilderment, and irony. For example, Gorky is cunning?! He is not cunning, but simple-minded to the point of insanity. He does not understand anything in real life - he is childish (K. Chukovsky).
Specific peripheral functions are performed by question and exclamation marks, highlighted by brackets or dashes in the middle of a sentence. An exclamation mark most often serves as a means of expressively emphasizing a certain part of a sentence, a question mark - alone or in combination with an exclamation mark - expresses bewilderment, disbelief, irony, surprise. In this role, a question mark can even be used separately, conveying in the dialogue only the very fact of surprise or bewilderment of one of the interlocutors. In oral speech, it must be matched by gestures and facial expressions that express these emotions. For example: They treated us to ham sandwiches (!), sweet cheese rounds, tea and chocolate (K. Chukovsky);
CONCLUSION
Without the ability to put punctuation marks, it is impossible to master written speech as a whole, which is why it is so important to know punctuation - a branch of the science of language that talks about their use. And without mastering written language, thanks to which human knowledge and experience are passed on from generation to generation, it is impossible to even imagine life today.
With the help of punctuation marks, the written word is perceived and mentally pronounced by the reader, if not in fifty or five hundred ways, then, in any case, not in one, but in several. Thus, punctuation marks make it possible to say much more in writing than can be written down in letters. They help express different meanings words and the feelings that color them. Signs, like words, speak, and we read them along with the words. And sometimes, even instead of words.
In general, the punctuation system and the patterns that have developed in the modern Russian language in the use of different punctuation marks provide a wealth and flexibility of possibilities for expressing various grammatical, semantic and expressive-stylistic relationships in sentences and text.
So, with all the variety of specific meanings and uses of punctuation marks fixed by the rules, the signs have generalized functional meanings, have common patterns of use.
LIST OF REFERENCES USED
1. Valgina N.S. Syntax of modern Russian language. – M., 2007.
2. Naumovich A.N. Modern Russian punctuation. – M., 2004.
3. Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation. – M., 1956.
4. Skoblikova E.S. Modern Russian language. Syntax of a complex sentence (theoretical course). – M., 2006.
5. Modern Russian language. At 3. Part 3: Syntax. Punctuation / V.V. Babaytseva, L.B. Maksimov. – M., 1987.
6. Shapiro A.B. Modern Russian language. Punctuation. – M., 2006.
Distinguishing punctuation marks are called Such punctuation marks, the purpose of which in a sentence is to highlight particularly significant parts of it. Distinguishing punctuation marks are punctuation marks for isolated secondary members of a sentence with the meaning of an additional predicate, etc.
TO highlighting punctuation marks relate commas, dashes, parentheses, quotation marks, comma and dash , and colon .
Commas most often used for isolated terms with the meaning of an additional predicate, represented by:
1) separate definition (participial phrase, agreed definition, etc.)
Grass, wind-bent, lay down on the ground(M. Gorky);
Rain, boring and endless still pouring and pouring(Yu. Kazakov);
2) standalone application: Eagles, satellites of the troops, rose above the mountain(A. Pushkin);
3) isolated circumstance (adverbial participle, participial turnover, comparative turnover, etc.)
Travelers, slowly, began to eat their modest lunch(E. Novov);
Here's the wind the clouds are catching up, sighed...(A. Pushkin);
Pond in places like steel, sparkled in the sun(I. Turgenev);
4) appeal
Give, Jim, lucky for me paw(S. Yesenin);
Make noise, make noise, obedient sail, worry under me, gloomy ocean (A. Pushkin);
5) an introductory word or combination of words
And there, go figure, it will be five versts...(G. Semenov); 
On this day on the street, as the saying goes there was great excitement(N. Nosov);
6) subordinate part of a complex sentence: And that's all what everyone dreamed about with themselves, another guessed with an inspired soul(V. Bryusov).
Dash as an emphatic sign used in introductory sentences and inserted constructions:
My arrival - I could notice it– at first the guests were somewhat confused(I. Turgenev);
Groups – three or four people- scattered across a huge field(V. Soloukhin);
And unusual - vague and ominous- the roar came from this terrible, dense human mass compressed in a narrow space(A. Kuprin).
Note that in rare cases dash we can also meet with introductory words and combinations of words, but this happens extremely rarely and is not the rule. The introductory sentence is highlighted with a dash due to the fact that it is an independent construction within the sentence, but it can also - in rare cases - be highlighted and commas.
Brackets, like a dash, accompany introductory or insertive sentences: The Cossack was young ( you could tell he was twenty years old by his appearance), hasty in movement and especially in speech(K. Fedin).
To avoid confusion with punctuation marks, it is useful to know differences between an introductory sentence and an insertion construction.Introductory offer(like introductory words and phrases) carries an “emotional” assessment of what is being communicated: the writer can point to the source of the message, your attitude, the consistency And so on. Plug-in design introduces additional information into the sentence that specifies a more general judgment. In other words, the insert structure is a more independent unit.
Quotes highlight direct speech, as well as quotes: “Kubrak, Dubov, dismount!”– Levinson quietly commanded(A. Fadeev).
Comma and dash used as a single sign to highlight the author’s words within direct speech: "Certainly, - said Arkady,- but what a wonderful day it is today!(I. Turgenev).
Colon And dash how highlighting punctuation marks are used in cases of highlighting a group of homogeneous members with a generalizing word: colon - after a generalizing word before homogeneous members; dash - after homogeneous members, if they do not end the sentence.
All nature: and forest, and water, and sandy hills- burns like a crimson glow(I. Goncharov).
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Excretory signs differ not only in the degree of emphasis they convey, but also functionally. In the latter sense, only parentheses are unambiguous - they highlight only insertions, i.e. additional messages. As for commas and dashes, their functions are broader and more varied: they can convey various semantic, intonation and accent subtleties (especially dashes). For example: The snow was already falling here, but it just melted, and in the forest under the Christmas tree - you look - and there’s a hare sitting (Paust.); All this summer I learned anew - by touch, taste, smell - many new words that until then, although known to me, were distant and unexperienced (Paust.); Most often, lightning occurs in July, when the grain is ripening. That's why it exists popular belief that lightning “lights up the bread” - illuminates it at night - and this makes the bread pour faster (Paust.); The evening dawn begins when the sun has already set beyond the edge of the earth. Then it takes possession of the fading sky, spills a multitude of colors across it - from red gold to turquoise - and slowly passes into late twilight and night (Paust.).
Quotation marks are also distinguishing marks. The general functional unambiguity of quotation marks (emphasis) does not prevent them from having a variety of particular meanings.
First of all, quotation marks highlight someone else's speech in the text - individual words belonging to another author, quotes, direct speech. For example: The boy said “watch the thunder,” and I remembered the words from Dante’s “Divine Comedy” that “the sun’s ray fell silent” (Paust.); People say about blind rain falling in the sun: “The princess is crying” (Paust.).
Quotation marks serve as a means of emphasis different names- orders and medals, literary works, newspapers, magazines; enterprises, organizations; industrial products, car brands; plant varieties, etc. For example: Everything created by Prishvin: his first works - “In the Land of Unfrightened Birds” and “Kolobok” and the subsequent ones - “Calendar of Nature”, “Pantry of the Sun”, his numerous stories and, finally, the thinnest, as if woven from morning light, spring water and quietly speaking leaves of "Ginseng" - all this is full of the beautiful essence of life (Paust.); He published under the pseudonym "Multatuli". In Latin it means "Long-suffering" (Paust.).
The general functions of punctuation marks, as well as more specific ones, implemented in the semantic and grammatical conditions of specific texts, create the basis for the individual use of punctuation marks. Such signs are associated with the author’s understanding of what is written; they usually convey the emotional structure of speech and are included in the concept of “writer’s style.” Punctuation by eminent masters artistic word- evidence of the richness of her stylistic possibilities.
The main principle of individual understanding of punctuation marks is not to forget their functional significance, but to use signs in new, unusual for them (from the point of view of normative rules) contextual conditions. For example, M. Gorky has a dash in positions where the rules provide for a comma or the absence of a sign (a dash after an address; a dash between the subject and predicate - a personal verb, when highlighting comparative phrases, etc.); A. Blok's dash (after particles, adverbial words with a generalized adverbial meaning) also expands the scope of its application; M. Tsvetaeva achieves special sophistication when using the dash: it helps her to “separate” words when there is excessive semantic condensation, the compactness of her line - both poetic and prosaic. It is also known that I. Babel is partial to the dot, A. Tolstoy is partial to the dash, etc. That is, the “author’s” signs are favorite signs, reflecting the originality of the rhythm and intonation of the text; the use of such punctuation marks is included in the author’s system of literary and artistic techniques.
The basic rules of punctuation are normative in nature, they are relatively stable in printing practice and are the same for different types written speech. However, written speech itself is functionally heterogeneous: it is scientific, official business, journalistic, and artistic speech. Syntactically, each of these types of written speech has specificity, more or less clearly expressed. And since punctuation primarily fixes the syntactic division of speech, it is quite natural that it is different in texts of different nature. The linguistic literature has repeatedly emphasized the idea that punctuation is not the same for different texts.
Thus, the syntax of scientific literature is quite clear, distinguished by the consistent coherence of individual constructions, their completeness and completeness. Scientific speech is dominated by complex syntactic constructions, with a very detailed and ordered logical connection between components. It is dominated by polynomial complex sentences with cause-and-effect and attributive-explanatory dependence. The scientific style “gravitates towards speech means devoid of emotional load and expressive colors,” therefore, in the syntax of scientific works, which are not designed for emotional perception, there are usually no constructions that convey the expressive qualities of speech. For scientific style Emotionally charged sentences, reticence, reticence, semantic and stylistic subtleties, etc. are not typical. This syntax naturally does not require punctuation complexity. The punctuation of this type of literature is standardized and lacks individual meaning. Signs that have a logical-grammatical basis predominate: these are signs that divide the text into individual sentences and parts of a sentence, its structural elements (main and subordinate; homogeneous members; among the isolations - only obligatory ones, i.e. caused by structural indicators).
Example scientific text: Difficult operating conditions of offset plates during the printing process put forward diverse requirements for moisturizing solutions. The moisturizing solution should not have aggressive properties towards the varnish film lying on a zinc or aluminum surface, as well as the copper xanthate film on bimetallic molds. The composition of the moisturizing solution must guarantee maximum preservation of the colloidal film on the metal surface, provide it with an optimal degree of hydration, so as not to violate its structural and mechanical properties and stability during printing.
It is easy to notice that the text does not contain purely intonation and semantic signs, which are usually associated with the individual author’s style of presentation. There are no expressive elements of syntax at all. Cases of using signs are absolutely normative: commas separating subordinate clauses from main clauses; commas between homogeneous members; commas separating postpositive participial phrases; periods at the end of sentences.
A number of works and studies, one way or another touching on the issues of style, and, in particular, scientific, confirm this general conclusion(approximately the same features are given as features of the syntax of the scientific style: saturation with complex sentences with allied communications; abundance of participial phrases; lack of indicators of expressiveness and emotionality; big average length offers; weakly expressed modal plan, etc.).
In official business documents (reports, orders, reports, programs, protocols, instructions, statements, etc.) the syntactic structure is even more standard (compared to scientific works). In such texts there is no direct speech, no comparative phrases; there are no clarifying and clarifying structures and emotionally charged syntactic structures; there are no different kinds of elliptical sentences. Generally accepted (sometimes the only possible) forms of presentation and arrangement of material lead to the comparative “ease” of using punctuation marks and their uniformity.
However, punctuation and business papers have their own characteristics. These include, for example, highlighting parts of a sentence (each part begins with a paragraph and ends with a semicolon; sometimes, in addition to the paragraph, a dash is also added); numbering or letter designations. This is, for example, the punctuation of government and legal documents, international treaties and agreements, etc.
So, the stylistic and expressive range of modern Russian punctuation is extremely wide. However, in their basic meanings and uses, punctuation marks are the same in different literary texts. This unity gives the rules of punctuation the necessary stability. The basis of this stability is the reliance on syntax.
Separating and emphasizing punctuation marks
Description:
With the participation of the project http://videouroki.net
Exercise 1
Question:
Mark the false and true statements.
Indicate true or false answer options:
In complex sentences, only punctuation marks are used.
Distinctive punctuation marks include the colon and semicolon
Emphatic punctuation marks are used in complex sentences.
In non-union complex sentences, both emphasizing and dividing punctuation marks are used.
Task #2
Question:
To separate the predicative parts, in non-conjunctive complex sentences we use...
1) colon
3) comma
4) semicolon
Task #3
Question:
Choose a sentence with special punctuation marks.
1) The dog chased a wasp, it bit him on the nose.
2) Vadik tried to reach the branch on which the red-sided apple was hanging.
3) The boy was put behind the wheel of a car for the first time, and he was simply happy.
4) We returned late: the concert lasted until midnight.
Task #4
Question:
Select sentences with punctuation marks.
Select several of 4 answer options:
1) I fell asleep unnoticed: I was lulled by the purring of the cat.
2) Vasilisa started reading books in the morning, and Ivan decided to play football.
3) You should never sit and expect a mysterious wizard to solve all your problems for you.
4) Alevtina stuck her head in the closet, but no one was hiding there either.
Task #5
Question:
Choose the sentence with the emphatic conjunction.
Choose one of 4 answer options:
1) The hunter pulled the trigger - the bird screamed and beat its wings in the air.
2) Heavy cold drops slowly fell from the leaden sky, drumming on the leaves; Thunder roared nervously in the distance.
3) Oleg didn’t think twice: he jumped into the river after the drowning girl.
4) When it’s time to grow up, we look back at our childhood with bewilderment.
Task #6
Question:
Be smart. Choose conjunctions or allied words that can be preceded by a punctuation mark.
Select several of 5 answer options:
4) not only, but also
Task #7
Question:
In what case would you use an emphatic punctuation mark in a complex sentence?
Choose one of 4 answer options:
1) there are no conjunctions in the sentence
2) the sentence has a subordinating conjunction
3) the sentence contains a coordinating conjunction
4) emphases are not used in complex sentences at all
Task #8
Question:
In three sentences, parts are separated by commas. And only in one part is separated by a comma. Find this offer.
Choose one of 4 answer options:
1) My friend wanted to go to the right, but I was drawn to the left.
2) No one understood how he managed to set this record.
3) I haven't decided simplest example, what an excellent student I am after this!
4) The clown carefully applied makeup to his face, and the trainer absentmindedly cracked his whip.
Task #9
Question:
You already know that in complex sentences There may sometimes be a dash between parts. Read the sentence.
It is absolutely unclear to me how to deal with such a situation.
What sign is the dash in this case? Choose the correct statement.
Choose one of 4 answer options:
1) The dash is an emphatic sign. Still, this sentence is complex, which means that its parts are highlighted with punctuation marks.
2) This is a complex sentence, and the dash is separator punctuation.
3) This is a non-union complex sentence, and the dash is a dividing punctuation mark.
4) The dash is a punctuation mark because it always separates elements in the text and never emphasizes them.
Task #10
Question:
Look at the offer.
When there were no more thoughts in his head, the poet looked out the window: the snow-covered yard looked magical, and inspiration came by itself.
How many and what punctuation marks do you see in this sentence?
Choose one of 4 answer options:
1) one excretory, two separating
2) two excretory, one separating
3) three excretory
4) three dividing
Answers:
1) (3 points) Correct answers:
2) (2 points) Correct answers: 1; 2; 3; 4;
3) (1 b.) Correct answers: 2;
4) (3 points) Correct answers: 1; 2; 4;
5) (1 b.) Correct answers: 4;
6) (3 points) Correct answers: 4; 5;
7) (2 points) Correct answers: 2;
8) (3 points) Correct answers: 2;
8) (3 points) Correct answers: 2;
10) (3 points) Correct answers: 1;