The type of nervous system is determined. Determination of types of nervous system (tapping test by E.P. Ilyin). Properties of nervous processes

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Goals:

Give students a definition of the concept of “type of nervous system.”
Introduce students to the types of nervous system and their differences.
Give students a definition of the concept “temperament”.
Help you identify your leading temperament type.
Lead students to define the concept of “character.”
Introduce students to the types of character traits.
Organize students’ research activities to identify their characteristic character traits.
Guide students to define the concept of “self-esteem.”
Help students identify their own level of self-esteem.
The nervous system of humans and animals consists of: sensory organs, nerves, and brain.
Each person's nervous system has individual properties. There are different types of nervous systems.

Slide 2

Type of nervous system- this is a set of properties of the nervous system that form the physiological basis of the individual uniqueness of human activity and animal behavior.
The human brain works as a single whole, the cells that form it are interconnected by their functions into centers. The nerve center is not only a separate area of the cerebral cortex, but also a collection of a number of such areas that are in functional interaction.
Both in an individual neuron - a nerve cell, and in a group of them, i.e. in nerve centers, two opposite and active processes - excitation and inhibition - occur in a complex interaction. In this case, the excitation of some parts of the brain causes inhibition of others.
The processes of excitation and inhibition can be balanced or more or less predominate over each other, revealing characteristic excitability or, conversely, inhibition. In different cases they can flow with different strengths, move from one center to another with different degrees of ease and replace each other in the same centers, in other words, have different degrees of mobility.
The combination of characteristics of strength, balance and mobility of the processes of excitation and inhibition characteristic of a given nervous system determines the type of nervous system. There are four most pronounced types.

Slide 3

Table “Temperament and properties of the nervous system”

Temperament according to Hippocrates	a brief description of	Properties of the nervous system according to Pavlov	Prominent figures
Phlegmatic person	Efficient Unemotional Reliable Calm Serious	Strong Balanced Sedentary	Kutuzov Krylov Newton
Sanguine	Active Vigorous Cheerful Frivolous Carefree	Strong Balanced Mobile	Napoleon
Choleric	Very energetic Hot-tempered Emotional Assertive Sensitive	Strong Unbalanced Mobile	Peter the First Pushkin Suvorov
Melancholic	Closed Vulnerable Restrained Pensive Sad	Weak Unbalanced Restrained	Lermontov Block Gogol

Slide 4

Temperament is a personality quality that determines the activity and emotionality of a person’s behavior.

Temperament types

Describing the characteristics of different temperaments can help to understand the traits of a person’s temperament if they are clearly expressed, but people with pronounced traits of a certain temperament are not very common; most often people have mixed temperament in various combinations. But the predominance of traits of any type of temperament makes it possible to classify a person’s temperament as one or another type.

Melancholic

A person is easily vulnerable, prone to constantly experiencing various events, he reacts little to external factors. He cannot restrain his asthenic experiences by force of will; he is highly impressionable and easily emotionally vulnerable. These traits are emotional weakness.

Phlegmatic person

Slow, calm, has stable aspirations and mood, outwardly stingy in the manifestation of emotions and feelings. He shows perseverance and perseverance in his work, remaining calm and balanced. He is productive at work, compensating for his slowness with diligence.

Sanguine

A lively, hot-tempered, active person, with frequent changes of mood and impressions, with a quick reaction to all the events happening around him, quite easily coming to terms with his failures and troubles. He is very productive at work when he is interested, becoming very excited about it; if the work is not interesting, he is indifferent to it, he becomes bored.

Choleric

Fast, passionate, impetuous, but completely unbalanced, with sharply changing moods with emotional outbursts, quickly exhausted. He does not have a balance of nervous processes, this sharply distinguishes him from a sanguine person. A choleric person, getting carried away, carelessly wastes his strength and quickly becomes exhausted.

Properties of temperament

Each temperament can have both positive and negative properties. Good upbringing, control and self-control makes it possible to manifest: a melancholic person, as an impressionable person with deep experiences and emotions; phlegmatic, as a self-possessed person without hasty decisions; a sanguine person, as a highly responsive person for any work; choleric, as a passionate, frantic and active person in work.
Negative properties of temperament can manifest themselves: in a melancholic person - isolation and shyness; a phlegmatic person has indifference to people, dryness; for a sanguine person - superficiality, scatteredness, inconstancy.
A person with any type of temperament can be capable or incapable, the type of temperament does not affect a person’s abilities, it’s just that some life tasks are easier to solve by a person of one type of temperament, others - by another.

Slide 5

Checking the assimilation of the characteristics of temperaments:

– What is the basis for distinguishing different types of temperament? (Speed, strength, poise, our reactions)
– How does temperament manifest itself? (In thinking, speech, manner of communication)
– Is temperament an innate or acquired quality? (Biological, innate)
– What is called temperament? (Temperament is a personality quality that determines the activity and emotionality of a person’s behavior.)
– What types of nervous systems are strong? (Phlegmatic, sanguine, choleric)

Character is closely related to temperament. In temperament, personality is revealed from the side of dynamic manifestations, in character - from the side of its content.

Slide 6

Character- this is a set of stable individual properties of a person that develop and manifest themselves in activity and communication, determining the typical modes of behavior for him.

Slide 7

Character reflects a person’s attitude towards the world around him. In the system of relationships, there are four groups of character traits:

– a person’s attitude towards other people (sociability, isolation, indifference, sensitivity, etc.);
– a person’s attitude towards his work (hard work, laziness, responsibility, initiative, negligence, etc.);
– a person’s attitude towards himself (modesty, vanity, self-criticism);
– a person’s attitude towards things (neatness, thrift, etc.)

Slide 8

Character traits largely determine a person’s behavior – ways of acting in typical situations.
Let's try to learn how to identify the most typical character traits, including our own.

Slide 9

Methodology for diagnosing character.

Target: The technique diagnoses business character traits of a person.

Instructions: From the 15 character traits indicated below, subjects are asked to choose the seven that are most stable for themselves.

1. Independence. 2. Creative approach to business. 3. Initiative. 4. Diligence. 5. Accuracy. 6. Execution. 7. Discipline. 8. Perseverance. 9.Integrity. 10. Hard work. 11. Efficiency. 12. Persistence. 13.Workability. 14. Responsibility. 15. Organized.

Data processing.

The predominance of qualities from the first to the fourth inclusive indicates a creative complex. The predominance of traits from the fifth to the tenth inclusive - about the performing complex, from the eleventh to the fifteenth - about the organizational complex.

Slide 10

Test “Artist or Thinker?”

A) Interlace your fingers. Is your left thumb (L) or right thumb (R) on top? Write down the result.

B) Make a small hole in a sheet of paper and look through it with both eyes at an object. Alternately close one eye or the other. Does the item move if you cover the right or left?

C) Stand in Napoleon pose with your arms crossed over your chest. Which hand was on top?

D) Try to imitate “stormy applause.” which palm is on top?

PPPP - the owner of this characteristic is conservative, prefers generally accepted forms of behavior.
PPPL – weak temperament, indecision predominates.
PPLP is a strong, energetic, artistic character. When communicating with such a person, determination and a sense of humor will not hurt.
PPLL - the character is close to the previous type, but is softer, more contactable, and gets used to the new environment more slowly.
PLPP - analytical mindset, the main feature is gentleness and caution. Avoids conflict, is tolerant and prudent, prefers distance in relationships.
PLPL is a weak type, subject to various influences, defenseless, but at the same time goes into conflict.
PLLP – artistry, some inconstancy, a tendency to new impressions. He is courageous in communication, knows how to avoid conflicts and switch to a new type of behavior.
PLLL - characterized by independence, inconstancy and an analytical mindset.
LPP is emotional, easily contacts almost everyone, subject to the influence of others.
LPPL - less persistent, soft and naive. Requires especially careful treatment of yourself.
LPLP is the strongest character type. Persistent, energetic, difficult to convince, conservative.
LPLL – strong character, but unobtrusive. Internal aggressiveness is covered by external softness. Capable of rapid interaction, but mutual understanding lags behind.
LLPP – characterized by friendliness, simplicity, and some scattered interests.
LLPL – innocence, gentleness, gullibility.
LLLP – emotionality combined with determination leads to ill-considered actions. Energetic.
LLLL – has the ability to look at things in a new way. Pronounced emotionality is combined with individualism, perseverance and some isolation.

Do you know about your strengths and weaknesses? Do you think you have more positive or negative qualities?

Slide 11

The ability to evaluate oneself, one’s qualities, strengths and weaknesses is called self-esteem.

Slide 12

Experiment “My Self-Esteem”

1. Carefully read the words that characterize certain character traits.

Accuracy, cowardice, envy, perseverance, punctuality, indecision, indifference, responsiveness, rudeness, responsibility, caring sincerity, touchiness, courage, carelessness, hot temper, self-control, optionality, purposefulness, shyness, sense of humor, devotion, slowness, swagger, compassion, coldness

2. Fill out the table by placing in the first column the qualities that characterize an ideal person. In the second - qualities that express character traits that an ideal person should not possess.

3. From the first and second columns, select and highlight those character traits that you think you possess.

Processing the results

Divide the number of positive traits that you have given yourself by the number of words placed in column No. 1. If the result is close to “one”, most likely you are overestimating yourself. If the result is close to “zero”, this is evidence of underestimation and increased self-criticism. If the result is close to “0.5”, you can conclude that you have normal self-esteem. Similarly, compare the negative qualities with column No. 2. A result close to “0” means high self-esteem, close to “1” means low self-esteem, and close to “0.5” means normal.

– The knowledge that you received today and the skills that you acquired will help you study yourself and set personal and professional goals more clearly.

Literature:

Andreev V.I. Dialectics of education and self-education of a creative personality. Kazan 1988.
Bityanova N.R. Psychology of personal growth. Moscow. intl. ped. acad. 1995.
Zyuzko M.V. Five steps to yourself: a book for students. Moscow. Enlightenment 1992.
Mnatsakanyan L.I. Personality and evaluative abilities of high school students. Moscow. Enlightenment 1991.
Orlov A.B. Self-knowledge and self-education of character. Moscow. Enlightenment 1987.
Psychological programs for personality development in adolescence and high school age. edited by I.V. Dubrovina. Moscow Academy 1995

a complex of basic congenital and acquired individual properties of the nervous system of humans and animals that determine differences in behavior and attitude to the same environmental influences. The concept of T.n. With. introduced by I.P. Pavlov (1927). The basis for the classification of technical sciences. With. formed ideas about the strength, balance and mobility of the processes of excitation and inhibition. I.P. Pavlov identified and characterized four main so-called. With. (see Type of nervous system: strong, unbalanced (unrestrained), Type of nervous system: strong, balanced, sedentary (inert), Type of nervous system: strong, balanced, mobile (living), Type of nervous system: weak), which revealed the neurophysiological essence of the four known types of temperament. In addition to general T.n. With. I.P. Pavlov identified three special types in humans, characterizing the relationship and interaction between the first and second signaling systems (see Type of nervous system: mental, Type of nervous system: average, Type of nervous system: artistic); (see also Type of higher nervous activity)

TYPE OF NERVOUS SYSTEM

type of higher nervous activity) - a set of properties of the nervous system that constitute the physiological basis of the individual uniqueness of human activity. The concept of T.n. With. introduced by I.P. Pavlov as a result of the properties of the nervous system he identified - strength, mobility and balance. On this basis, he identified four T. c: 1) strong, unbalanced, mobile or unrestrained; 2) strong, balanced, inert or slow; 3) strong, balanced, agile and lively; 4) weak. In accordance with these technical principles. With. There are four types of temperament: 1) choleric; 2) phlegmatic; 3) sanguine; 4) melancholic. Selected four T.n. With. are considered common to both humans and animals. In addition, I.P. Pavlov proposed another classification of technical sciences. s, characteristic only for humans. It is based on the relationship between two signal systems: 1) artistic type (the predominance of the first signal system); 2) thinking type (predominance of the second signaling system); 3) mixed type. Further research (B. M. Teplov, V. D. Nebylitsyn) made it possible to clarify and expand Pavlov’s classification and create the prerequisites for developing a new idea about the physiological basis of individual psychological differences in humans. Regulations on specific human technical technologies. With. are confirmed in modern psychophysiological studies of functional asymmetry of the brain. .

I offer you a small test. It contains portraits of three types of people corresponding to three types of nervous systems. Compare them and yourself. Don't be surprised if there is not complete similarity: all people are individual. Which of them are you most like, that type of nervous system predominates in you. At the same time, using this test you can determine the approximate level of your acidity and the possibility of developing an ulcer.

The first portrait. You are a balanced person. No shocks or unpleasant events unsettle you. You calmly resolve any problems without falling into terrible depression or exuberant joy. General calm, tranquility and a sober assessment of events are characteristic of you. You are resistant to stress. You are almost always in a good mood. You don't get sick much. Unexpected palpitations, dizziness, and indigestion do not torment you. Yes?

I can congratulate you: you are normotonic. You have the most stable nervous system of all three types, and you are unlikely to ever suffer from a stomach ulcer - your acidity is most likely normal.

The second portrait. You blush, sweat a lot, and easily burst into tears. The state of general weakness, weakness, “cotton” arms and legs - all this is familiar to you. When you are tired, your pupils constrict. During the day you constantly want to sleep, and at night you suffer from insomnia. Characteristic ailments include low blood pressure, a low number of heart beats per minute (the heart stops in the chest), frequent urination and upset bowel movements (diarrhea).

All this applies to vagotonics. This is the most dangerous group in terms of the possibility of developing ulcers. The acidity is high, and the ulcer will be low - in the duodenum or lower stomach.

Portrait three. You are a "live". Your eyes are sparkling, your skin is white, and there is a bright blush on your cheeks. You are full of ebullient energy, it is difficult for you to sit in one place for a long time. Before an important task, you often experience “nervous jitters” - a wild thirst for activity, shaking, your mouth gets dry, a spasm takes your breath away, your hands and feet get cold. You get excited easily and sleep little. You may be worried about high blood pressure, palpitations, heart flutters not associated with physical activity, frequent constipation, decreased appetite, and conditions when “a piece of food won’t fit into your throat.”

In that case, you're cute. Your acidity may be reduced, up to the complete absence of acid. Gastritis is your lot. If an ulcer does occur, it occurs only high up - in the body and upper parts of the stomach.

The study of the activity of the cerebral hemispheres together with the nearest subcortex under normal conditions (by the method of conditioned reflexes) led to the creation of a diagram of types of nervous activity or basic patterns of behavior in higher animals.

Types of the nervous system are divided into general, found in humans and animals, and private, characteristic only of humans.

The type of nervous system is an individual characteristic of the nervous system according to three main characteristics: 1) the strength of excitation and inhibition; 2) the relationship, or balance, of excitation and inhibition with each other and 3) the mobility of excitation and inhibition, which is characterized by the rates of their irradiation and concentration, the rate of formation of conditioned reflexes, etc.

The school of I.P. Pavlov established four types of nervous systems in dogs. The first type is strong (strong excitation and strong inhibition), unbalanced, with a predominance of excitation over inhibition, unrestrained. The second type is strong, completely balanced, inert, sedentary, slow. The third type is strong, quite balanced, very lively, agile. The fourth type is weak, with weak excitation and inhibition, easily inhibited. Easy inhibition of this type is due to both weak and easily radiating internal inhibition, and especially external inhibition under the influence of minor extraneous stimuli.

Only a few animals clearly display the features of a certain type of nervous system. For the majority, these features are very vague, and it is difficult to determine the type of nervous system they have.

The type of nervous system, other things being equal, determines: different rates of development of conditioned reflexes, different sizes of conditioned reflexes and their strength, differences in the rate of irradiation and concentration of excitation and inhibition, different resistance to the action of factors causing disturbances in higher nervous activity, and adaptability to various influences. external environment. The type of nervous system determines not only the behavior of an animal organism, but also the nature of the activity of its internal organs, determined by the functional state of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.

Dogs in which inhibition predominates react weakly to substances that excite the sympathetic centers of the diencephalon, and, conversely, react strongly to substances that excite the parasympathetic centers of the diencephalon. Dogs in which arousal predominates, on the contrary, react strongly to substances that excite the sympathetic centers of the diencephalon, and weakly respond to substances that excite the parasympathetic centers of the diencephalon. In balanced animals the reaction to both substances is the same. The correspondence of the types of the nervous system established by the method of conditioned reflexes with the types of the nervous system determined by the action of substances on the sympathetic and parasympathetic parts of the diencephalon allows us to believe that the type of the nervous system depends on the predominance of the tone of one of the parts of the autonomic nervous system. Consequently, the nature of the animal’s behavior largely depends on the functional state of the autonomic nervous system (S. I. Galperin, 1949, 1960).

The scheme for dividing the types of the nervous system into particular, human ones is based on the fact that in some people (first type), the first signaling system predominates over the second signaling system and, conversely, in people of the second type, the second signaling system predominates over the first. In a person with an average type of nervous system, both signaling systems have approximately the same importance. Normal thinking is possible only with the inextricable participation of both systems. The degree of correlation between both systems varies enormously among different people.

When determining the types of a person, it is necessary to take into account that a person displays the world in two forms: 1) perceiving the direct action of stimuli from the external world and 2) perceiving speech signaling these direct stimuli.

Types of nervous system and temperaments

I. P. Pavlov believed that the four types of the nervous system established in experiments on animals approximately coincide with the classical scheme of temperaments established in humans by Hippocrates.

The first type roughly corresponds to the choleric person, the second to the phlegmatic person, the third to the sanguine person and the fourth to the melancholic person. Temperament is characterized mainly by the strength of nervous and, consequently, mental processes, the relationship of excitation and inhibition and the speed of their occurrence. However, a person's temperament is not equivalent to the type of his nervous system. A person's temperament is undoubtedly associated with the properties of the nervous system that characterize the type. But forms of human behavior are determined not by individual stimuli, but by phenomena, objects and people that have a certain objective meaning and evoke on the part of a person one or another attitude towards himself, determined by his upbringing, beliefs, and worldview. Therefore, when characterizing a person’s temperament, it is necessary to take into account not only the functional characteristics of his nervous system, but first of all the conditions of his life in the society of a certain historical era and his practical activities.

It must be taken into account that only a few people have these four temperaments in a relatively pure form. Most people combine traits of different temperaments.

Education of nervous system types

The types of nervous system change after birth. They develop in phylogenesis, but since the animal is exposed to a variety of environmental influences from the day it is born, its character is finally formed as an alloy of the innate traits of the nervous system (type) and changes in its properties caused by the external environment, often fixed for life. Thus, the innate properties of the nervous system can only appear at the moment of birth. The behavior of humans and animals is determined not only by the innate properties of the nervous system, but to a greater extent depends on constant upbringing and training.

The type of nervous system is changed by education and systematic training. By practicing inhibition one can, to a certain extent, change a strong unbalanced type and make it more balanced. A weak type is more difficult to change significantly. In him, normal higher nervous activity is carried out only in favorable working conditions, since he is more likely than others to have “breakdowns”.

The type of nervous system influences learning in farm animals. An excitable type of horse can be trained easily and quickly, but overexertion of inhibition should be avoided. Animals of the strong, inert type learn slowly. Horses of weak type are almost unsuitable for work. They learn with difficulty.

Conditioned reflex activity depends on the individual properties of the nervous system. The totality of these properties, which largely determine the nature of higher nervous activity, is determined by the hereditary characteristics of a given individual and his previous life experience and is called type of nervous system.

The latter determines, other things being equal, the rate of formation of conditioned reflexes, their magnitude and strength, the intensity of internal and external inhibition, the speed of irradiation and concentration of the nervous process, the ability to induce, and greater or lesser compliance to various influences, which vary in different animals of the same species. , causing a pathological state of higher nervous activity.

Based on the study of the entire complex of individual characteristics of higher nervous activity, the main types of nervous system and the belonging of a given organism to one type or another is determined. IP Pavlov, guided by many years of laboratory study of conditioned reflexes of dogs, attached primary importance in classifying types to several properties of the nervous system, which he considered the most reliable indicators of nervous activity.

These indicators are, firstly, the strength of the processes of excitation and inhibition, secondly, their mutual balance, in other words, the ratio of the strength of excitation and the force of inhibition and, thirdly, their mobility, i.e. the speed with which excitation can be replaced by inhibition, and vice versa.

In experimental practice there are four main types:

the type is strong, but unbalanced, which is characterized by a predominance of excitation over inhibition;
the type is strong, balanced, with great mobility of nervous processes (“living”, mobile type);
the type is strong, balanced, with low mobility of nervous processes (“calm”, sedentary, or inert type);
weak type, characterized by extremely weak development of both excitation and inhibition; it is characterized by rapid exhaustion, leading to loss of performance.

According to I.P. Pavlov, the four above type of nervous system, found in experiments on animals, coincide with the four temperaments established in humans by Hippocrates:

a strong, unbalanced type with a predominance of excitement coincides with the choleric temperament;
strong, balanced, agile - with sanguine;
strong, balanced, sedentary - with phlegmatic;
weak - with melancholic.

Animals with different types of nervous systems differ in their adaptability to various environmental influences and in their resistance to pathogenic agents. Thus, in animals with a strong, balanced type of nervous system, it is extremely difficult to cause a pathological disorder of higher nervous activity - neurosis, or breakdown, in the terminology of I. P. Pavlov.

Animals with a weak or strong, unbalanced nervous system are more susceptible to various disorders of conditioned reflex activity.

In particular, a weak type of nervous system is a frequent source of various types of neuroses and breakdowns. In representatives of this type of nervous system, under the influence of difficult situations in life, complex tasks of differentiating signals, strong destructive stimuli, etc., long-term disruption of higher nervous activity especially easily occurs.