These are the rules for pronunciation of vowels and consonants.

The pronunciation norms of the modern Russian literary language have evolved over centuries, changing. So, for example, in Ancient Rus' the entire population who spoke Russian was Okala, i.e. pronounced the sound [o] not only under stress, but also in unstressed syllables (similar to how this happens today in the dialects of the North and Siberia: in [o] yes, d[o] va, p[o] I’m going etc.). However, okanye did not become the norm of the national Russian literary language. What prevented this? Changes in the composition of the Moscow population. Moscow in the XVI-XVIII centuries. accepted many people from the southern provinces and absorbed features of southern Russian pronunciation, in particular akanye: in [a] yes, d[a] va, p[a] I’m coming. And this happened just at the time when the solid foundations of a single literary language were being laid.

Since Moscow and subsequently St. Petersburg were the capitals of the Russian state, centers of economic, political and cultural life in Russia, it so happened that the literary pronunciation was based on Moscow pronunciation, on which some features of St. Petersburg were subsequently “layered.”

To successfully master orthoepic norms you need:

1) learn the basic rules of Russian literary pronunciation;

2) learn to listen to your speech and the speech of others;

3) listen and study exemplary literary pronunciation, which radio and television announcers, masters should master artistic word;

4) consciously compare your pronunciation with the exemplary one, analyze your mistakes and shortcomings;

5) correct mistakes through constant speech training in preparation for public speaking.

The complete style is characterized by:

1) compliance with the requirements of orthoepic standards;

2) clarity and distinctness of pronunciation;

3) correct placement of verbal and logical stress;

4) at a moderate pace;

5) correct speech pauses;

6) neutral intonation.

With an incomplete pronunciation style, the following is observed:

1) excessive abbreviation of words, loss of consonants and whole syllables, for example: shchas (now), thousand (thousand), kilogram of tomato(kilograms of tomatoes), etc.;

2) unclear pronunciation of individual sounds and combinations;

3) inconsistent pace of speech, unwanted pauses.

If in everyday speech these features of pronunciation are acceptable, then in public speaking they must be avoided.

Some difficult cases pronunciation of vowels and consonants

Pronunciation of vowel sounds

In the pronunciation of a number of words like scam, guardianship, grenadier, fur, faded and so on. Difficulties arise due to the indistinguishability of the letters e/e in printed text, since only one graphic symbol is used to denote them - e. This situation leads to a distortion of the phonetic appearance of the word and causes frequent pronunciation errors.

List of words with stressed vowel [e]:

af e ra

breve started

being

head

holole ditsa

potted

grenada r

single-, foreign-, single-, tribal (but: multi-, multi-tribal)

hagiography

expired (year); but: drained (blood)

Kiev-Pechersk Lavra

perplexed

guardianship

ose long

produced

List of words with stressed vowel [o]:

bl damn

why lie; iron (additional [zhe])

same forehead

oblivion

manyo vr; manyo fidelity

nothing much

eponymous

tip

named

tenyo ta

lye

1. In some words of foreign origin in place unstressed spelling "o" instead of a sound close in pronunciation to [a], the sound [o] is pronounced: beau monde, trio, boa, cocoa, biostimulant, advice note, oasis, reputation. Pronunciation of the words poetry, credo, etc. with unstressed [o] is optional. Proper names of foreign origin also retain unstressed [o] as a variant of literary pronunciation: Chopin, Voltaire, etc.

Pronunciation of consonants

According to Old Moscow norms, the spelling combination -chn- was pronounced as [shn] in the words bulo cheap, deliberate, cheap, trifling, creamy, apple etc. Currently, the pronunciation [shn] has been preserved only in some words: horse chno, boring, egg, eyeglass, mustard, trifling, birdhouse, girlish. In the vast majority of other words, in place of the letter combination -chn- is pronounced [ch’n]: igrushe chalky, creamy, apple, snack, glass etc. In addition, according to the norms of the Russian literary language, the letter combination -chn- has always been pronounced and is pronounced as [ch’n] in words of book origin, for example: al eternal, eternity, carefree, as well as in words that recently appeared in the Russian language: otli chn ik, camouflage and etc.

The pronunciation [shn] today is preserved in female patronymics ending in -ichna: Nikiti chn a, Ilyinichna and so on.

The letter combination -ch- in the word that and in its derivatives is pronounced as [pcs]: [pcs] about, something [pcs] about, [pcs] something, not [pcs] about. The word something sounds [ch’t].

Combinations of letters zhzh and zzh can be pronounced as long soft sound[zh’zh’] in accordance with the old Moscow pronunciation: in [zh’zh’] and, dro [zh’zh’] and, later - by [zh’zh’] e etc. However, at present, soft [zh’zh’] in such words is being replaced by hard [zhzh]: in [zhzh] and, dro [zhzh] and, later - by [zhzh] e etc. Soft long [zh’zh’] is recommended for stage, as well as radio and television speech.

In the pronunciation of the word rain, the variant before predominates [PC'] with persisting but becoming obsolete to [sh’sh’]. In other forms of this word in modern Russian the sound combination [zh’] has been fixed: before [zh’] I, before [zh’] and.

Pronunciation of borrowed words

In the position before the sound [e], denoted in writing by the letter e, both soft and hard consonants are pronounced in borrowed words, for example: detective - [dete] active, academy - aka[d’e] miya.

Lack of softness is often characteristic of dental consonants d, t, z, s, n and consonant r, for example: fo [ne] tika, [re] quiem. However, in borrowed words that have been fully mastered by the Russian language, these consonants are pronounced softly in accordance with the tradition of the Russian letter e to denote the softness of the preceding consonant sound: mu ze y, te rmin, shine el and etc.

Remember the pronunciation of the following words!

List of words with soft consonants before E (aka [d'e] mia, [b'er'e] t and etc.):

ah re ssion

Academy Miya

disinfection

de pressia

de kan [d "e] and [de]

de fis

competence

congress ss

museum

Ode ssa

pathe nt

pre ssa

pre ssing

progress ss

se yf

service

se ssia [s "e] and [se]

those rmin

federal

the bus

express ss

jurisprudence

List of words with firmly pronounced consonants before E (a [de] pt, [dete] rminism and etc.):

A de quatny

antise bird

ate ism

business s, business change n

sandwich

degradation

de qualification

décolleté

de cor

de mping

dete rminism

dispensary

indexation

computer

conce nsus

mene jer (additional [m "ene])

nonce nose

desk

pretentious

producer r

protection

rating

requiem

stre ss

those zis

those ICBMs

those mp

trend

thermos

extrase ns

energy

P.S. In borrowed words starting with the prefixes de- before vowels, dez-, as well as in the first part of complex words starting with neo-, with a general tendency towards softening, fluctuations in the pronunciation of soft and hard din are observed:

devaluation [d"e and de]

disinformation [d"e and de]

neocolonialism [neo and additional. n"eo]

IN foreign proper names recommended solid pronunciation consonants before e: De Cartes, Flouber, "De Cameron", Rembrandt and etc.

Hard [sh] is pronounced in the words parachute [shu], brochure [shu]. In the word jury it is pronounced soft hissing [w"]. The names Julien and Jules are also pronounced softly.

1. When pronouncing some foreign words Sometimes erroneous extra consonants or vowels appear. Should be pronounced:

   incident (not incident[n] dent)

   precedent (not precedent)

   dermatin (not dermatin)

   compromise (not compromise)

   competitive (not competitive [n] capable)

   emergency (not w[e] emergency)

   institution (not an institution)

   future (not future)

   thirsty (not thirsty)

Orthoepic norms are pronunciation norms of oral speech. They are studied by a special section of linguistics - orthoepia (Greek orthos - correct and epos - speech). Orthoepy is also called set of rules of literary pronunciation. Orthoepy determines the pronunciation of individual sounds in certain phonetic positions, in combination with other sounds, as well as their pronunciation in certain grammatical forms, groups of words or in individual words.

Maintaining uniformity in pronunciation is very important. Spelling errors always interfere with the perception of the content of speech; the listener's attention is distracted by various incorrect pronunciations and the statement is not perceived in its entirety and with sufficient attention. Pronunciation that corresponds to orthoepic standards facilitates and speeds up the communication process. That's why the social role of correct pronunciation is very great, especially now in our society, where oral speech has become the means of the widest communication at various meetings, conferences, and congresses.

Let's consider basic rules of literary pronunciation, which must be adhered to.

Ò Pronunciation of vowels. In Russian speech, among vowels, only stressed ones are pronounced clearly. IN In an unstressed position, they lose clarity and clarity of sound; they are pronounced with weakened articulation. It's called law reduction. The reduction may be quantitative(when the sound only changes the length of the sound) and quality(when the sound changes its quality).

Vowels A And O at the beginning of words without stress and in the first pre-stressed syllable they are pronounced as [A]: ravine - [a]enemy, autonomy - [a]vt[a]nomia, milk - m[a]l[a]ko.

Letters e And I in a pre-stressed syllable denotes a sound intermediate between [e] and [i]: nickel - p[i]so, feather - p[i]ro.

Vowel [And] after a solid consonant, a preposition, or when pronouncing a word together with the previous one, it is pronounced as [s]: medical institute - medical institute, from spark - from [s]skra.

Special mention should be made about words with E and E. Errors in their use are due to the fact that in writing these letters are usually not distinguished. Therefore, in oral speech they are often mixed, i.e. on the spot Yo pronounced E and vice versa. Yes, it should be pronounced op E ka, af E ra, os E length, cave E ra, but man Yo Vry, St. Yo cla. Variant pronunciation is allowed in some words: bl Yo kly - bl E cool, w Yo lie - w E lie, pozol ABOUT plated – gilded Yo white, white Yo sy - white E sy.

Ò Pronunciation of consonants. Basic laws pronunciation of consonants – deafening and assimilation.

In Russian speech, there is a mandatory deafening of voiced consonants at the end of a word. We pronounce bread[p] – bread, sa[t] – garden, lyubo[f’] – love etc. ABOUT jamming is one of the characteristic features Russian literary speech. It should be taken into account that the consonant [g] at the end of a word always turns into its paired unvoiced sound [k]: lyo[k] – lay down, poro[k] – threshold etc. In this case, pronouncing the sound [x] is unacceptable as a dialect. The exception is the word god - bo[x]. [G] is pronounced like [X] and in combinations gk And hh : le[h'k']y - light, le[x"ch"]e - lighter.

You should pay attention to the combination chn, since mistakes are often made when pronouncing it. There is a fluctuation in the pronunciation of words with this combination, which is associated with a change in the rules of the old Moscow pronunciation.

According to the norms of modern Russian literary language, the combination chn That's how it's usually pronounced [chn], This especially applies to words of book origin (greedy, careless) as well as to words that appeared in the recent past (camouflage, landing). Pronunciation [shn] instead of spelling chn V currently required in female patronymics -ichna: Ilin[sh]a, Lukin[sh]a, Fomini[sh]a, and also stored in separate words: horse[sh]o, per[sh]itsa, empty[sh]y, star[sh]ik, egg[sh]itsa, boring, dvo[sh]ik, bitter[sh]ik, naro[ shn]o, och[sh]ik, sve[sh]ik.

Some words with combination chn according to the norm they are pronounced in two ways : orderly [sh]o and orderly [chn]o, mountain[chn]aya and mountain[sh]aya, baked [chn]aya and baked [shn]aya, laundry[chn]aya and laundry[sh]naya. In some cases, different pronunciation of the combination chn serves for semantic differentiation of words: a heartbeat is a heartfelt friend.

Ò Pronunciation of borrowed words. They, as a rule, obey modern spelling norms and only in some cases differ in pronunciation features. For example, sometimes the pronunciation of a sound is preserved [O] in unstressed syllables (model, [o]asis, [o]tel), those. in these words there is no reduction of vowels and hard consonants before the front vowel [e] (s[te)nd, ko[de]ks, kash[ne]). In some words, both hard and soft pronunciation of consonants before [e](dean and (de)kan). In most borrowed words before [e] consonants are softened: ka[t’]et, pa[t’]efon, faculty[t’]et, mu[z’]ey, [r’]ector, pio[n’]er. Always before [e] back lingual consonants are softened: pa[k’]et, [k’]egli, s[x’]ema, ba[g’]et.

Pay attention to the table, which describes spelling errors, the list of which was not explained in the previous material.

SPELLING ERRORS

NATURE OF ERROR	EXAMPLES
1. Assimilation (similarity of sounds)	Labo R atorium ( NOT bad l atorium); brane chipboard oops (NOT braneSatohit); co R idor (NOT tolidor); bi d He( NOT biTHe); car T He( NOT cardHe).
2. Epenthesis (unjustified insertion of sounds)	Besprets units entny (NOT besprets e nd entny; howl on headman( NEvoebutboss);leatherette (NOT dermisntin); porcupine (NOT wild O braz); computer no entny (NOT computerntent); compromise no edit ( NOT a compromisentirate); competitive That capable (NOT a competitorncapable); const at edit (NOT constntitrate); years OS number (NOT summerAnddead reckoning); ne rs pective (NOTpereperspective); ne rt urbation( NOT pereturbation); P OS slip ( NOT bydslip); light fixture EU pressure ( NOT lightpredsetting); chr extraordinary (NOT heextraordinary, I'm with twa( Not meVstva). Something to remember: horseYunkculture– “the situation or situation created in any area”; horseektour- “restoring a damaged text based on a guess.”
3. Dieresis (erroneous elimination of sounds)	It should be said wandered O ka(R.p., singular), and NOT keychain; Azerbaijan th jan, but NOT Azerbaijan; time pre escort, and NOT a pastime.
4. Metathesis (change of sounds), simplification	Skr upulous (NOT sk ur bullety); injury (NEtra mv A); du rshlag( NOT d RU slag).

A description of orthoepic norms can be found in the literature on speech culture, in special linguistic studies, for example, in book by R.I. Avanesov “Russian literary pronunciation”. Spelling dictionaries record words that cause difficulties in terms of pronunciation and formation of grammatical forms.

Words are arranged in dictionaries in alphabetical order and emphasized. To display the correct pronunciation of words in dictionaries, selective transcription is used.

Orthoepic dictionaries include the most important phenomena of accentology necessary for the formation competent speech. So, in spelling dictionaries pairs of words are given, one of which is the norm, and the second is not for some reason. For example, in pairs Y burs - choice A , contract Yo ness - agreement ABOUT renality, assistant professor E nt – d ABOUT cent, the second form is considered incorrect (its use is a common speech error).

References

1. L.A. Vvedenskaya et al. Russian language and speech culture: examination answers. Series “Passing the Exam.”/ L.A. Vvedenskaya, L.G. Pavlova, E.Yu. Kashaeva. – Rostov n/Don: “Phoenix”, 2003 – 288 p. (pp. 31 – 33; 61 – 62)

2. Russian language and speech culture: Course of lectures/G.K. Trofimova – M.: Flinta: Nauka, 2004 – 160 p. (pp. 59 – 61)

QUESTIONS and TASKS

What is a literary norm?

What is the dynamic nature of the norm?

What are the sources of norm change in language?

How do language variants and the norm relate to each other?

What is the difference between mandatory norms and dispositive norms?

What are the reasons speech errors?

What are the characteristics of Russian accent?

What functions are inherent in Russian accent?

What norms are called orthoepic?

What are the orthoepic norms for literary pronunciation of vowel sounds?

What are the orthoepic norms for literary pronunciation of consonant sounds?

What are the reasons for soft and hard pronunciation of consonants before the vowel E?

What are the reasons for the different pronunciation of the combination CN in modern Russian?

Assignments for independent work.

Exercise 1. State the main provisions of the lecture course in the form of a table or diagram.

Task 2. Compile a dictionary of difficulties in pronunciation of individual words related to your future profession.

Task 3. Observe the speech of the people around you. What accentological and spelling errors are most common?

Task 4. Write an argument on the topic: “Why are language norms needed?”

Orthoepic norms regulate the pronunciation of individual sounds in different phonetic positions, in combination with other sounds, as well as their pronunciation in certain grammatical forms, groups of words or in individual words.

It is important to maintain uniformity in pronunciation. Spelling errors influence the listener’s perception of speech: they distract his attention from the essence of the presentation and can cause misunderstanding, indignation and irritation. Pronunciation that corresponds to orthoepic standards greatly facilitates and speeds up the communication process.

Orthoepic norms are determined by the phonetic system of the Russian language. Each language has its own phonetic laws that regulate the pronunciation of words.

The basis of the Russian literary language, and therefore literary pronunciation, is the Moscow dialect.

In Russian orthoepy it is customary to distinguish between “senior” and “junior” norms. "Senior" norm preserves the features of the Old Moscow pronunciation of individual sounds, sound combinations, words and their forms. "Junior" norm reflects the features of modern literary pronunciation.

Let us turn to the basic rules of literary pronunciation that must be observed.

Pronunciation of vowels.

In Russian speech, only vowels that are under stress are pronounced clearly: s[a]d, v[o]lk, d[o]m. Vowels that are in an unstressed position lose their clarity and precision. It's called law of reduction (from the Latin reducire to reduce).

Vowels [a] and [o] at the beginning, words without stress and in the first pre-stressed syllable are pronounced as [a]: deer - [a]laziness, being late - [a]p[a]zdat, magpie - s[a]roca.

In an unstressed position (in all unstressed syllables except the first prestressed one) after hard consonants in place of the letter o pronounced short (reduced) unclear sound, the pronunciation of which in different positions ranges from [s] to [a]. Conventionally, this sound is denoted by the letter [ъ]. For example: side - side [a]rona, head - g[a]lova, dear - d[a]rogoy, gunpowder - gunpowder[']kh, gold - ash[']t['].

After soft consonants in the first pre-stressed syllable in place of letters a, e, i make a sound average between [e] and [i]. Conventionally, this sound is indicated by the sign [and e]: tongue - [and e]zyk, pen - p[i e]ro, clock - h[i e]sy.

Vowel [i] after a solid consonant, a preposition, or when pronouncing a word together with the previous one, it is pronounced as [s]: pedagogical institute - pedagogical institute, to Ivan - to [y]van, laughter and tears - laughter [s] tears. If there is a pause, [i] does not turn into [s]: laughter and tears.

Pronunciation of consonants.

Basic laws of pronunciation of consonants in Russian - stunning and assimilation.

Voiced consonants, standing before deaf people and at the end of words, are stunned- this is one of the characteristic features of Russian literary speech. We pronounce stol [p] - pillar, snow [k] - snow, ruka [f] - sleeve, etc. You should pay attention to the fact that the consonant [g] at the end of a word always turns into a paired dull sound [k ]: smo[k] - smog, dr[k] - friend, etc. In this case, the pronunciation of the sound [x] is considered as dialectal. The exception is the word god - bo[x].

[G] pronounced like [X] in combinations gk and gch: le[hk"]y – light, le[hk]o – easy.

Voiceless consonants placed before voiced ones are pronounced as their corresponding voiced ones: [z]dat - to hand over, pro[z"]ba - request.

There is a fluctuation in the pronunciation of words with the combination chn, which is associated with a change in the rules of the old Moscow pronunciation. According to the norms of modern Russian literary language, the combination chn That's how it's usually pronounced [chn], This especially applies to words of book origin (endless, carefree), as well as relatively new words (camouflage, landing). The combination chn is pronounced as [shn] in female patronymics it is -ichna: Kuzmini[shn]a, Lukini[shn]a, Ilyini[shn]a, and is also preserved in individual words: kone[shn]o, skuk[shn]no, pere[shn]itsa, eggs, starlings, etc.

Some words with the combination chn, in accordance with the norm, have a double pronunciation: order [shn]o and order [chn]o, etc.

In some words, instead of h pronounce [w]: [w]something, [w]that, etc.

Letter g in endings -wow-, -him- reads like [V]: niko[v]o – no one, moe[v]o – mine.

Final -tsya and -tsya in verbs they are pronounced as [tssa]: smile[tsa] – smiles.

Pronunciation of borrowed words.

As a rule, borrowed words obey modern spelling norms and only in some cases differ in pronunciation features. For example, sometimes the pronunciation of the sound [o] is preserved in unstressed syllables (m[o]del, [o]asis) and hard consonants before the vowel [e]: an[te]nna, ko[de]ks, ge[ne]tika ). In most borrowed words, the consonants before [e] are softened: k[r"]em, aka[d"]emia, faculty[t"]et, mu[z"]ey, shi[n"]el. Consonants g, k, x are always softened before [e]: ma[k"]et, [g"]eyzer, [k"]egli, s[x"]ema.

Variant pronunciation is allowed in the words: dean, therapy, claim, terror, track.

You should pay attention and to place emphasis. Stress in the Russian language is not fixed, it is flexible: in different grammatical forms of the same word, the stress can be different: ruka - ruk, accepted - accepted, konets - finite - finish.

In most cases it is necessary to contact orthoepic dictionaries of the Russian language, in which the pronunciations of words are given. This will help you better understand pronunciation norms: before using any word that causes difficulties in practice, you need to look into a spelling dictionary and find out how it (the word) is pronounced.

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Lecture 4 Orthoepic norms

The lecture discusses the features of Russian literary pronunciation

Orthoepic norms

The lecture discusses the features of Russian literary pronunciation.

Lecture outline

4.1. Features of Russian accent.

4.2. Stress norms.

4.3. Pronunciation standards.

4.1. Features of Russian accent

A word may consist of one, two or more syllables. If there are several syllables, then one of them is necessarily pronounced differently than the rest. Such emphasis on one of the syllables serves as a condition for the phonetic design of the word and is called word stress. The syllable on which the stress falls is called the stressed or stressed syllable. Accent is indicated by the sign “?” above the letter corresponding to the vowel sound.

Phonetic stress type determined by the methods of highlighting a stressed syllable. Stress in the Russian language is forceful and quantitative at the same time. A stressed syllable differs from unstressed syllables both in its duration and in its strength (loudness).

Word stress endowed with an organizing function. A group of syllables connected by a common stress forms a special phonetic unit. It is called a phonetic word, for example: [head] head, [ná(gulva] on the head. Within the framework of a phonetic word, the stressed syllable turns out to be the starting point in relation to which the nature of the pronunciation of the remaining syllables is determined.

Unstressed words can behave differently. Some of them obey the usual rules of pronunciation of sounds: [da_sad] to the garden (cf.: [dasad] annoyance); [l’ e´j_къ] lei-ka (cf.: [l’ e´jкъ] watering can). Others, despite being unstressed, retain some phonetic features of an independent word. For example, they may contain vowels that are not typical for unstressed syllables: [what (nám] what do we need (cf.: [pants] pants); [t’e (l’isa] - those forests (cf.: [t’l’isa] bodies).

There are words in which, in addition to the main one, there is a side stress. It is weaker, falls most often on initial syllables and is fixed in words with a complex word-formation structure: construction materials, waterproof, aerial photography.

When characterizing stress, it is important to take into account its position in the word. If the stress is assigned to a certain syllable, it is fixed. So, in Czech language the stress can only fall on the first syllable, in Polish - on the penultimate, in French - on the last. The Russian language does not know such a pattern. Being heterogeneous (or unfixed), Russian stress can fall on any syllable and on any morpheme in a word: gold, water, milk, gilding, extraordinary. This makes possible the existence of words, as well as individual forms of words, the distinction of which is related to the place of stress: castle - castle, burden - burden, legs - legs, etc.

Russian accent has another feature - mobility. The mobility of stress in the formation of grammatical forms of a word is determined by the possibility of stress transition:

1) from base to ending and vice versa: countries-á - countries, head-á - head-y;

2) from one syllable to another within the same morpheme: derev-o - tree-ya, lake-o - lake-a.

The mobility of stress during word formation is determined by the possibility of moving the stress to another morpheme in the derived word compared to the producing one: red/red-from-á. The fixed word-formative stress falls on the same morpheme: birch-a / birch-ov-y.

Thus, we can distinguish the following main features of Russian accent:

1) force and quantity according to the phonetic type;

2) varied in the nature of the location in the word;

3) mobile according to the criterion of attachment to a specific morpheme (in the formation of grammatical forms and in word formation).

4.2. Stress norms

In one lecture it is impossible to consider all the norms of Russian accent. We will limit ourselves to only the main ones.

1) Many one-syllable nouns male have in oblique cases singular emphasis at the end, For example:

- bandage - bandage, pancake - pancake, bob - bob, screw - screw, hump - hump, tourniquet - tourniquet, umbrella - umbrella, whale - kita, klok - kloka, fang - fang, ladle - ladle, hook - hook, cul - kulya?, tench - tench?, fruit - fruit, sickle - sickle, stack - stack, polecat - polecat?, flail - chain, pole - pole, stroke - stroke.

2) Nouns in the accusative case female have an emphasis sometimes at the end, sometimes at the root. Wed:

- tops - tops, spring - spring, desna - gums, ash - ash, pick - pick, nora - nora, sheep - sheep, dew - dew, plow - plow, stopa - foot;

- mountain - mountain, board - board, winter - zoom, wall - wall, side - side, price - price, cheek - cheek.

3) With emphasis at the end some nouns are pronounced feminine when used with prepositions V And on in circumstantial meaning: in a handful, on the chest, on the door, in the blood, at night, on the stove, in a bundle, in a net, in the steppe, in the shade, on a chain, in honor.

4) In the genitive case plural pronounced:

With accent based: localities, honors, achievements;

With accent at the end: statements, fortresses, news, stories, taxes, tablecloths, sterlets, quarters.

Pronunciation varies steps(in the stairs) and steps(stage of development of something).

5) Sometimes prepositions take on stress, and then the noun (or numeral) that follows it turns out to be unstressed. Most often, prepositions take over the emphasis on, for, under, by, from, without. For example:

- ON: on the water, on the mountain, on the hand, on the back, on the winter, on the soul, on the wall, on the head, on the side, on the shore, on the year, on the house, on the nose, on the floor, tooth on tooth, on the day, on night, on the ear, on two, on three, on five, on six, on seven, on a hundred;

- BEHIND: for the leg, for the head, for the hair, for the hand, for the back, for the winter, for the soul, for the nose, for the year, for the city, for the gate, for the ear, for the ears;

- POD: under the feet, under the arms, under the mountain, under the nose, towards the evening;

- BY: in the forest, in the floor, in the nose, in the sea, in the field, in the ear;

- FROM: From the forest, from the house, from the nose, from the sight;

- WITHOUT: without news, without a year, a week, to no avail;

- FROM: hour after hour, every day.

6) In many verbs in the past tense in the feminine form, the emphasis is at the end, less often based on. Wed:

- took, was, took, forked, listened, lied, drove, gave, got, tore, lived, asked, borrowed, called, lila, profited, hired, started, drank, sailed, understood, arrived, accepted, tore, distributed, reputed, removed, slept, etc.;

- bula, brula, dula, sting, lay, stole, wings, we?la, mja?la, fell, gave birth, shula.

7) Many passive participles past tense is stressed based, except for the feminine singular form in which it is transferred at the end, For example:

- taken - taken - taken? that - taken? you; started - started - started - started; prúdan - dowry - prúdano - prúdany; accepted - accepted - accepted - accepted; sold - sold - sold - sold; will live - lived - lived - lived etc.

But from participles to -abused, -torn, -called the feminine form has an accent based. Wed:

- selected, recruited, selected, created, selected, selected, selected, selected, disassembled, assembled, selected, selected etc.;

- torn, torn, torn, torn, torn, torn, flayed, torn etc.;

- called, called, called, recalled etc.

4.3. Pronunciation standards

Orthoepy is a set of rules that determine the pronunciation norms of oral (sounding) speech and ensure a uniform and mandatory sound for all literate native speakers of all language units in accordance with the characteristics of the language phonetic system, as well as a uniform (or in the form of strictly regulated variants) pronunciation of certain or other linguistic units in accordance with historically established and established in public linguistic practice norms of pronunciation for a literary language.

The rules (norms) of pronunciation in the Russian literary language may relate to the pronunciation of individual sounds in certain phonetic positions, as part of certain combinations of sounds, in different grammatical forms, to the phonetic word and rhythmic structure (correct placement of stress). Thus, the basic orthoepic rules of the Russian language can be divided into those that determine:

Pronunciation of vowel sounds (in different positions in a word, as well as when determining the place of stress);

Pronunciation of consonant sounds (also in different positions in a word, in combinations of consonants, in combinations with some vowel sounds, in different grammatical forms).

Pronunciation of vowels

In the area of ​​vowels, modern pronunciation is associated with akan and hiccups.

When akaning, unstressed vowels alternating with stressed [ó] and [á] coincide in the first pre-stressed syllable after paired hard vowels in the sound [a]: n[a]chnoy = n[a]s y´pat (cf. test night and embankment).

When hiccupping, unstressed vowels alternating with stressed vowels [i?], [e?], [ó], [á] coincide in the first pre-stressed syllable after the soft ones in the sound [i]: h[i]tát = h[i]rv y´k = h[i]rnét = h[i]s y´ (cf. test read, worm, black, hour).

Another way of pronouncing unstressed vowels, characterized by the opposition of i-shaped and e-shaped sounds, is called ekan: ch[i]tát / ch[ie]rv ya´k = ch[ie]rnet = ch[ie]s y´ (in transcription uses the icon “and, inclined to e”). The current norm is outdated and is not currently used.

In the position of the first pre-stressed syllable, after the hard sibilants in place of the letter a, the vowel [a] is pronounced: zh[a]rá heat, sh[a]gát stride, champagne champagne. However, there are several exception words in which [s] sound: losh[y]dy horses, zh[y]ly pity, unfortunately, twenty [s]twenty. The words jacket and jasmine allow for two pronunciations.

In addition, it is necessary to pay attention to some more pronunciation norms in the vowel area:

• In some words of both Russian and foreign origin, there is hesitation in the choice of [e] or [o] after soft consonants and sibilants: maneuvers - maneuvers, bile - bile, faded, but faded.
• Some words allow variations in the sound design of the root: zero - zero, plan - plan, tunnel - tunnel, condition - condition.
• In some cases, in words of foreign language origin, the corresponding laws of phonetic implementation of vowels may be violated, while the sounds [o], [e], [a] may appear in unstressed syllables: b[o]á (boa), b[o]lero (bolero), r[o]k[o]kó (rococo).
• In some cases, in the first stems of complex and complexly abbreviated words, the laws of behavior of vowels may be violated, while sounds may appear in unstressed positions [o], [e], [a]: g[o]szakaz (government order), [o]rgtékhnika (office equipment).
• In some unstressed prefixes of both foreign and Russian origin, the corresponding laws of phonetic implementation of vowels may be violated, while the sounds [o], [e], [a] may be pronounced in the unstressed position: postmodernism (postmodernism), pro[o]islamic (pro-Islamic).
• In some unstressed prepositions, pronouns, conjunctions and particles adjacent to a stressed word, the corresponding phonetic laws for the implementation of vowels may be violated: n[o]i (but I), n[a]our site (our site).

Pronunciation of consonants

It is necessary to distinguish between orthoepic norms in the sphere of consonants regarding their voicedness/voicelessness and hardness/softness.

1. By voicedness/voicelessness.

1) In Russian literary pronunciation, voiced consonants at the end of a word and before voiceless consonants are deafened, and voiceless consonants before voiced ones are voiced. There is no positional change of consonants according to deafness-voiceness before vowels, sonorant consonants and [v], [v']: [zu?p], [p'р'ievo?skъ], , [vo?dy], [sl'o?t], [sva?t ].

2) Before vowels, sonorant consonants and [v], [v’], a voiced plosive consonant [g] is pronounced. When deafening at the end of a word and before voiceless consonants, a voiceless [k] is pronounced in place of a voiced [g]: [p'irLga?], [gra?t], [gro's't'], [p'iro?k] . Only in the interjection lord, in the word god, the fricatives [γ] and [x] are preserved:

2. By hardness/softness.

1) B modern language before [e], both hard and soft consonants may appear: model[d]el, ti[r]e, an[t]enna, but [d']espot, [r']els, [t']enor . In a number of words, variable pronunciation is allowed, for example: prog[r]ess / prog[r’]ess, k[r]edo / k[r’]edo, etc.

2) The combination of letters chn in some cases corresponds to the sequence [shn], in others - [ch’n]. So, for example, of course, boring, scrambled eggs are pronounced with [shn], and accurate, excellent student, eternal - with [ch’n]. In some words, both options are correct: decent, bakery, milkman. There are also examples in which the choice between [shn] and [ch’n] depends on the meaning: a friend is heart [sh]ny, but a heart [ch’n] attack; hat acquaintance, but hat workshop.

3) The consonant [zh:’] is a very rare sound. It is pronounced in place of the letters zhzh, zzh in words such as yeast, reins, ride, splashes, rattle, later and some others. However, even in these words, the soft [zh:’] is gradually lost, being replaced by the hard [zh:]. In the case of rain, the consonant rain [zh:’] is replaced by the sound combination [zh’].

4) In modern language, the rules for positional softening of consonants before soft ones are characterized by particular variability and instability. Consistently there is only a replacement of [n] with [n’] before [h’] and [sh¯’]: diva [n’ch’]ik sofa, deceiver [n’ sh:’]ik deceiver. In other groups of consonants, softening either does not occur at all (la[fk']i benches, rag[pk']i rags), or it is associated with the choice of positions, with the representation in speech of not all native speakers. Thus, most people soften the dental ones before the dental ones not only in the middle of the word (ko[s’t’] bone, pe[s’n’]ya song), but also at the beginning of the word and at the junction of the prefix with the root, i.e. in “unstable” positions: [with’t’] the wall, it’s time to smash it. The softening of the consonant in other combinations is more the exception than the rule: [dv']open the door (less often [d'v']ver), [sj]eem (less often [s'j]em), e[sl']and if (less often e[s'l']i).

5) The adjectives na -kiy, -giy, -hiy are pronounced with soft back-lingual consonants: russ[k’]y Russian, stro[g’]y strict, ti[x’]yy quiet.

6) In the overwhelming majority of cases, the consonant also turns out to be soft in the postfixes -sya / -s of verbs: I’m learning, I’m learning, I was rising [s’]I was rising.

Date: 2010-05-18 00:49:35

Views: 12260

Lecture material

subject Russian language

Topic “Orthoepic norm”

Soldatova E.N.

Lebedyan, 201_

Orthoepic norms - these are the rules for the sound design of words, parts of words, sentences, i.e. the rules for pronunciating sounds, placing stress, and using intonation.

Among the orthoepic norms the following stand out:

pronunciation standards(pronunciation standards) - rules for pronunciation of sounds(scam, but not scam, boo[te]rbrod, but not sandwich);

accent norms (accentological norms) - rules for placing stress(alphabet, but not alpha "vit, dosu"g, A not up to "sug);

norms for using intonation(intonation norms) - rules of intonation, speech.

Studies orthoepic norms of oral speechorthoepy(Greek orthos - correct and epos - speech), the subject of study of which is the patterns of literary pronunciation. A branch of linguistics called phonetics is closely related to orthoepy.Phonetics(Greek phonetike from phone - sound) studies the sound means of language.

Maintaining uniformity in the pronunciation of sounds and stress placement is important. Spelling errors always interfere with the perception of the content of speech: the listener’s attention is distracted by various incorrect pronunciations, and the statement is not perceived in its entirety and with sufficient attention. Pronunciation that corresponds to orthoepic standards facilitates and speeds up the communication process. The standard pronunciation of words is recorded in spelling dictionaries.

Standard pronunciation of words, standard stress and intonation of speech are regulated certain rules, which must be adhered to in order not to go beyond the generally accepted, and therefore generally understandable, Russian literary language.

Pronunciation standards vowel sounds

The basic law of orthoepy in the field of pronunciation of vowel sounds of the Russian language islaw of reduction (weakened articulation) of all unstressed vowels.

In Russian speech, only stressed vowels are pronounced in full accordance with the phonetic norm. All unstressed vowels are pronounced with weakened articulation, less clearly and for a long time, and sometimes are even replaced by other vowels, also reduced. Thus, the vowels A and O at the beginning of a word without stress and in the first pre-stressed syllable are pronounced as [a]:ravine- [a] enemy, autonomy - [a]vt[a]nomia, milk - Mol[a]ko.

In the remaining unstressed syllables (i.e., in all unstressed syllables except the first pre-stressed one), in place of the letters O and A after hard consonants, a very short (reduced) unclear sound is pronounced, which in different positions varies from a pronunciation close to [s], to a pronunciation close to [a]. Conventionally, this sound is designated as [ъ]. For example: head - g[a]lova, watchman - store [b]zh.

Akanye (i.e., non-distinction in unstressed syllables of sounds conveyed by the letters O and A) is bright distinctive feature Russian literary pronunciation. Pronunciation different from the literary one is found in territorial dialects (dialects). Thus, in Northern Russian dialects it is possible to use the sound [o] in unstressed syllables (in this case, the pronunciation coincides with the spelling of the letter O). This pronunciation is called okanye.

Difficult cases vowel pronunciation sounds

Pronunciation [o] without qualitative reduction

In the modern Russian literary language, cases are possible when, in place of the unstressed vowel O, it is pronounced not [a], but [o]. This applies to the pronunciation of some foreign words.

Borrowed words, as a rule, obey the orthoepic norms of the modern Russian literary language and only in some cases differ in pronunciation features. One of these features is the preservation of the sound [o] in unstressed syllables in pronunciation.

In the pre-shock position the sound[O] is preserved, for example, in words such asf[o]ye, p[o]et, [o]asis, d[o]e, and in foreign proper names:F[o]ber, Sh[o]pen. The same pronunciation [o] can also be observed in stressed syllables:kaka[O], radi[o], three[o]. However, most of the borrowed vocabulary, which is words firmly adopted by the Russian literary language, is subject to general rules pronunciation[O] and [a] in unstressed syllables:r[a]man(novel), b[a]cal(wineglass), suit(costume), r[a]yal(piano), office(cabinet), [a]rator(speaker), etc.

Pronunciation of sounds in place of the letters E and Z in pre-stressed syllables

The letters E and I in a pre-stressed syllable indicate a sound intermediate between[e] and [and] . Conventionally, this sound is indicated by the sign [and e]: nickel - P[ And uh ]okay, feather - P[ And uh ]ro.

Choosing a stressed vowel in place of the letters E and E after soft consonants

The pronunciation of the vowel sounds [e] and [o], indicated by the letters E and E after soft consonants, sometimes causes difficulty, since usually in print and in writing the letter E is depicted without dots. The pronunciation of a stressed vowel after soft consonants in place of the letters E and E has to be memorized. Remember the pronunciation of the following words:

E["e] Yo["o]

SCAM maneuvers

being newborn

guardianship sharp

sedentary solvent

Pronunciation of consonants sounds

Basic laws of consonant pronunciation

The basic laws of pronunciation of consonants are deafening and assimilation.

In Russian speech, there is a mandatory deafening of voiced consonants at the end of a word (for example:bread - bread[n], garden- sa[t], dividend - dividend[t]). This deafening is one of the characteristic features of Russian literary speech.

In combinations of voiced and voiceless consonants or voiceless and voiced, the first of them is likened to the second, i.e. Either the first sound is deafened (for example:cork - pro[p]ka, leg - but[sh]ka), or its voicing (for example:change - [h]dacha, ruin - [z] destroy). Before the consonants [l], [m], [n], [p] and [v] there is no assimilation. Words are pronounced as they are written:sve[tl] O, [sw] dig.

Pronunciation of the sound in place of the letter G

In place of the letter G, different sounds can be pronounced: [k], [g], [y], [x] or [v]. The choice of sound depends on its position in the word and the influence of neighboring sounds.

[To] pronounced at the end of a word, for example:lay down - le[k], threshold - poro[k], meadow - onion]

[G] A voiced plosive consonant is pronounced in front of vowels and voiced consonants, for example:But[G] A , behind[G] cash,[G] valt

[X] pronounced in combinations of GC and GC, for example:soft - me[hk] O , easier - le[hh] e, and in the word God - Bo[X]

Letter G

[γ] The fricative back-lingual consonant is part of dialect speech and is characteristic of southern Russian dialects. In a literary language, it is permissible in a few words of Old Slavonic origin:God- bo[γ]a, God - [γ] God bless - bla[γ]o - and derivatives from them

[V] pronounced in endings-wow, -him(For example: red - red[in, first - first[in]oh, he has - have not[V] O), and also in the word Today - se[V] alone.

Pronunciation of combinations CHN and CHT

There are fluctuations in the pronunciation of words with the combination of CNs.

CHN is pronounced [chn] in most words of the Russian language. This especially applies to words of book origin.(greedy, careless) as well as to words that appeared in the recent past(camouflage, landing).

CHN is pronounced [shn] in the following words:of course, boring, scrambled eggs, on purpose, birdhouse, trifling, laundry, mustard plaster and some others, as well as in female patronymics on-ichna (Lukinichna, Fominichna).

Some words with the combination CN in the modern Russian literary language have pronunciation options:bakery And bul[sh]aya(obsolete), kopeck And kopeck(obsolete).

The combination CHT in modern Russian is pronounced like [sht] in the wordWhat and its derivatives(nothing, something, to, anything and similar), except for the wordsomething [Thu]. In all other cases, the spelling CHT is always pronounced as [cht]:dream, mail, insignificant.

Pronunciation of foreign words with the letter E after a consonant

In most borrowed words, in accordance with the rules of pronunciation, the consonants before E are softened:ka[T"] no , pa[T"] ephon,[With"] eria,[R"] ektor.

The back lingual consonants G, K, are always softened before E.X: pa[To"] no,[G"] Duke, s[X"] ema. The sound [l] is also usually pronounced softly in this position:[l"] eat, mo[l"] ekula, ba[l"] no and so on.

However, in a number of words of foreign origin, the firmness of the consonants before E is preserved: o[t]el,co[d] ex, biz[n] eu,[T] eats, boo[T] erbrod, svi[T] er and etc.

In some words of foreign origin, the consonant before the letter E can be pronounced in two ways. Thus, a variant pronunciation should be considered the pronunciation of soft and hard consonants in wordscongress - Kong[R] ess And Kong[R"] ess, consensus - con[With] ensus And con[With"] ensus. There are also two pronunciation options for wordsgangster, depression, management, manager, pace, dean, dean's office, pool, crater, terror, terrorist. In many such cases, the hard pronunciation becomes obsolete and the soft pronunciation of the consonant is preferable: [t"]emp,[d"] ekan etc.

In some cases, a violation of spelling norms occurs as a result of inserting an extra vowel or consonant sound into a word.

Pay attention to the correct pronunciation and spelling of the following words:

Unprecedented n[b]yuan

The future one will slip

Derma[n]tin on [d]slap

Wild[o]image precedent[n]dent

Thirsty extreme

Compromise legal[t]consultation

Competitive[n]capable in[e]rebrenik

establish[n]establishment

Remember standard pronunciation of these words.

Consonant Consonant

pronounced softly: pronounced firmly

academy [de] antithesis [te]

devaluation [de] genesis [ne]

decade [de] dispensary [se]

demon [de] interview [te]

cream [re] cottage [te]

coffee [fe] lottery [te]

museum [ze] mayonnaise [ne]

Odessa [de] hotel [te]

patent [te] pathetic [te]

pioneer [not] service [se]

press [re] thesis [te]

press conference [re] timbre [te]

press secretary [re] trend [te, de]

session [se] dash [re]

topic [te] phonetics [ne]

tenor [te] highway [se]

term [te] eczema [ze]

overcoat [not] external [te]

jurisprudence [de] esthete [te]

Please pay attention to the hardness or softness of the consonant before the vowel indicated by the letter E.

[de]

adequate

[te]

antithesis

[de], [te]

detective

[pe]

chapel

[le]

collegium

[re]

cream

[te]

criterion

[te]

computer

[those]

patent

[Not]

overcoat

Stress norms

Among orthoepic norms, a special place is occupied by norms related to the correct placement of stress in words.

Accent - this is the selection of one of the syllables in a word by strengthening the voice. Assimilation correct accent is associated with a number of difficulties explained by its peculiarities in the Russian language.

The first feature of Russian stress is that the stress in Russian words is not attached to a specific syllable in the word (as, for example, in other languages: in French it falls on the last syllable of the word, in Polish - on the penultimate, in Czech and Hungarian - on the first). This stress is calledfree, it can be on any syllable of the word: the first(will, city, sharp), second (freedom, nature, write, beautiful), third (young, milk, watchmaker) etc.

The second feature of the Russian accent is itsmobility, the ability to change its place depending on the form of the word. For example, verbunderstand V indefinite form has stress on the second syllable, in the masculine past tense it moves to the first syllable -Understood, and in the feminine gender - to the last -Understood". There are many such words with shifting stress in the Russian language. Typically, stress transfer is associated with the use of a certain grammatical form.

Something to remember words with fixed stress:

hospital - they were hospitalized; soil - soils; quart"l - quart"ly; matchmaker - matchmaker.

The third feature of the Russian accent is itsvariability over time. In the works of Krylov, Griboyedov, Pushkin, Lermontov you will find many words with a completely different emphasis than now. Compare:

The bright light of the day went out;

The evening fog fell on the blue sea (A. Pushkin).

We old people don't dance anymore,

Music's thunder doesn't call us (A. Pushkin).

Words ghost, symbol, autograph, bus, agent, agony, epigraph, plowing, disarm, shop, case and many others inXIXcentury had a different emphasis.

The process of changing stress continues in our time. As a result of this process, some words have two stress options. Word variants that differ in stress placement can be equal or unequal.

Equal options equally correct and normative:a loop - loop", ba" rust - barge, tvo "horn - cottage cheese "g, te" butterflies - meatballs. There are few such equal options in modern Russian.

Unequal options There are two types. In the first case, one option is recognized as the main, preferable one, and the second is assessed as additional, less desirable, but still within the bounds of the literary language. These acceptable options are used colloquially or are obsolete. For example:kulina "riya"- additional cookery"I(colloquial), gave- additional gave(colloquial); Ukrainian- additional Ukrainian(obsolete), industry- additional industry(obsolete), gathered- additional got ready"(obsolete).

It should be borne in mind that words with a colloquial accent are unacceptable in official speech and formal communication situations. Compare, for example, optionsagreements, agreements (lit., used in different situations communication) andbefore "agreement, agreement" (colloquial, unacceptable in official speech).

The second type of unequal options concerns cases when one option is literary, standardized, and the second is outside the literary norm. Non-literary (irregular) accents are colloquial and slang variants. For example:document - document(simple) quarter - quarter(simple) begin - begin(simple).

The category of non-literary includes variants in which a specific emphasis is traditionally accepted only in some narrow professional environment. In any other situation, such options are perceived as a mistake. For example:spark - spark"(from engineers) epilepsy - epilepsy(at doctors) compass - compass(for sailors) chassis" - chassis(for pilots).

Stress in the Russian language in some cases has a semantic-distinguishing function. Wed:armor - securing someone. for someone, as well as a document for such assignment (reservation for a train ticket);armor" - durable protective shell (tank armor) orlock - palace and fortress of the feudal lord (medieval castle);lock - a device for locking something. key (door lock). Wed. Also:language - relating to language as a means human communication and to human speech activity;linguistic - relating to a physical organ of a person or animal or to a specific food.

Questions for discussing theoretical material

What is called the norm of literary language?

List the types of norms of the Russian literary language. What rules does each type of norm govern?

What is included in the concept of “orthoepic norms”? What types of spelling norms exist?

What are the basic laws of pronunciation of vowel sounds?

What are the difficulties in pronouncing vowel sounds?

What are the basic laws of pronunciation of consonants?

What causes difficulties in pronouncing consonants?

What dialectal features of the pronunciation of vowels and consonants do not correspond to literary norms?

What is an accent?

10. What are the features of Russian accent?

11.What is the role of stress in a word?

12.What are the possible variants of words that differ in stress placement?

13.What are equal and unequal stress options? What stress options are outside the literary norm?