Damaging factors of nuclear weapons and protection. What are the damaging factors of an explosion? Characteristics and their effects on people and objects The optimal noise level in the workplace is...

Drugs is a poison that has a depressing effect on all organs and tissues, and especially on the central nervous system.

A person cannot get rid of drug addiction – a painful addiction to drugs – on his own.

Addiction is a serious disease caused by drug abuse. It manifests itself in a constant need to take narcotic substances, since the mental and physical state of the patient depends on whether he has taken the drug to which addiction has developed.

Drug addiction leads to deep depletion of physical and mental strength. This is not only a painful disease, but also a cruel crime of a person before his life, conscience, before his children and society. Drug addicts rarely live past 40–45 years of age.

Drug addiction leads to gross disruption of the body's vital functions and social degradation. This disease develops gradually. Primary addiction to drugs is explained by the fact that narcotic substances cause a state accompanied by a feeling of complete physical and mental comfort and well-being. But this state is deceptive. A drug is a poison that slowly destroys not only a person’s internal organs, but also his brain and psyche. Inhaling gasoline or glue fumes, for example, turns people mentally disabled in 3–4 months, “safe” cannabis—in 3–4 years. A person who uses morphine, after 2-3 months, loses the ability to do anything so much that he stops taking care of himself and completely loses his human appearance. Those who snort cocaine live no more than 3–4 years. Eventually they die from a ruptured heart or because their nasal septum becomes so thin that it begins to resemble a piece of parchment that bursts and ends in fatal bleeding.

A drug addict addicted to LSD loses the ability to navigate in space, and some have the feeling that they can fly. As a result, believing in their “possibilities”, they jump from the top floor.

The formation of drug addiction is characterized by the development of three main features: mental dependence, physical dependence and tolerance.

Mental dependence - this is a painful desire to continuously or periodically take a narcotic drug in order to again and again experience certain sensations or relieve symptoms of mental discomfort. Occurs in all cases of systematic drug use and sometimes even after a single use.

Physical dependence is a state of special restructuring of the entire vital activity of the body in connection with chronic drug use. It manifests itself in the form of intense physical and mental disorders that develop immediately as soon as the effect of the drug stops. Such disorders can only be relieved by introducing a new dose of drugs.

Tolerance means addiction to narcotic drugs, which is expressed in the fact that an increasingly less pronounced reaction is observed to the next administration of the same amount of the drug. To achieve the same psychophysical effect, the drug addict requires a higher dose. After some time, this dose also becomes insufficient, and another increase is required.

What is expressed in social danger drug addiction? A drug addict is a social corpse. He is absolutely indifferent to public affairs, to life in general. Nothing interests him. The acquisition and use of intoxicating substances becomes the only meaning for him. But the worst thing is that drug addicts strive to involve others in their hobby. It is not for nothing that drug addiction is sometimes called an epidemic non-communicable disease. A short period of illusion after taking an intoxicating drug is replaced by impaired consciousness and convulsions. A drug addict is unable to work or study. There comes an objective destruction of the individual and his alienation from society. Among children born to drug addicts, there is a high percentage of developmental anomalies, congenital deformities, and brain damage. Drug addicts often attempt suicide, mainly by deliberately overdosing on drugs, but the overdose is often unintentional and the person dies.

Questions for self-control

1. Define the concepts of “drugs” and “drug addiction”.

2. Name the terms of the destructive effects of various drugs on the body.

3. Name the main signs of the development of drug addiction.

4. What is the social danger of drug addiction?

5. Suggest your methods of combating this dangerous phenomenon.

A person can be exposed to various natural disasters or emergency situations at almost every step. It is almost impossible to predict trouble, so it is best if each of us knows how to behave in a particular case and what harmful factors to watch out for. Let's talk about the damaging factors of an explosion, and consider how to behave if such an emergency occurs.

What is an explosion?

Each of us has an idea of what it is. If you have never encountered such a phenomenon in real life, then at least you have seen it in movies or on the news.

An explosion is a chemical reaction occurring at tremendous speed. At the same time, energy is still released and compressed gases are formed, which can have a damaging effect on people.

If safety precautions are not followed or technological processes are violated, explosions can occur at industrial facilities, in buildings, and on communications. Often it is the human factor that is

There is also a special group of substances that are classified as explosive, and under certain conditions they can explode. A distinctive feature of the explosion is its transience. Just a fraction of a second is enough for, for example, a room to fly into the air at a temperature reaching several tens of thousands of degrees Celsius. The damaging factors of an explosion can cause serious injury to a person; they are capable of exerting their negative influence on people at a certain distance.

Not every such emergency is accompanied by the same destruction; the consequences will depend on the power and location where it all happens.

Consequences of the explosion

The damaging factors of the explosion are:

A stream of gaseous substances.
Heat.
Light radiation.
A sharp and loud sound.
Shards.
Air shock wave.

Such phenomena can be observed during the explosion of both warheads and household gas. The former are often used for combat operations; they are used only by highly qualified specialists. But there are situations when objects capable of exploding fall into the hands of civilians, and it is especially scary if they are children. In such cases, as a rule, explosions end in tragedy.

Household gas explodes mainly if the rules for its operation are not followed. It is very important to teach children how to use gas appliances and display emergency phone numbers in a visible place.

Affected areas

The damaging factors of an explosion can cause damage to a person of varying degrees of severity. Experts identify several zones:

Zone I.
Zone II.
Zone III.

In the first two, the consequences are the most severe: charring of bodies occurs under the influence of very high temperatures and explosion products.

In the third zone, in addition to the direct influence of explosion factors, indirect influence can also be observed. The impact of a shock wave is perceived by a person as a strong blow, which can damage:

internal organs;
hearing organs (ruptured eardrum);
brain (concussion);
bones and tissues (fractures, various injuries).

The most difficult situation is for people who encountered a shock wave in a standing position outside the shelter. In such a situation, death often occurs or a person receives severe injuries and serious injuries, burns.

Types of damage from explosions

Depending on the proximity of the explosion, a person may receive injuries of varying severity:

Lungs. This may include a minor concussion, partial hearing loss, and bruises. Hospitalization may not even be required.
Average. This is already a brain injury with loss of consciousness, bleeding from the ears and nose, fractures and dislocations.
Severe damage includes severe contusion, damage to internal organs, complicated fractures, and sometimes death is possible.
Extremely severe. In almost 100% of cases it ends in the death of the victim.

We can give the following example: when a building is completely destroyed, almost everyone who was there at that moment dies; only a happy accident can save a person’s life. And with partial destruction, there may be deaths, but most will receive injuries of varying degrees of severity.

Nuclear explosion

It is the result of a nuclear warhead. This is an uncontrolled process in which a huge amount of radiant and thermal energy is released. All this is the result of a chain reaction of fission or thermonuclear fusion in a short period of time.

The main distinguishing feature of a nuclear explosion is that it always has a center - the point where exactly the explosion occurred, as well as an epicenter - the projection of this point onto the earth or water surface.

Next, the damaging factors of the explosion and their characteristics will be considered in more detail. Such information should be brought to the attention of the population. As a rule, students receive it at school, and adults at work.

Nuclear explosion and its damaging factors

Everything is exposed to it: soil, water, air, infrastructure. The greatest danger is observed in the first hours after precipitation. Since at this time the activity of all radioactive particles is maximum.

Nuclear explosion zones

To determine the nature of possible destruction and the volume of rescue work, they are divided into several zones:

An area of complete destruction. Here you can see 100% loss among the population if it was not protected. The main damaging factors of the explosion have their maximum impact. You can see the almost complete destruction of buildings, damage to utility networks, and the complete destruction of forests.
The second zone is the area where severe destruction is observed. Losses among the population reach 90%. Most of the buildings are destroyed, and solid rubble forms on the ground, but shelters and anti-radiation shelters manage to survive.
Zone with moderate damage. Losses among the population are small, but there are many wounded and injured. There is partial or complete destruction of buildings, and rubble is formed. It is quite possible to escape in shelters.
Zone of weak destruction. Here the damaging factors of the explosion have minimal impact. The destruction is insignificant, there are practically no casualties among people.

How to protect yourself from the consequences of an explosion

In almost every city and smaller settlement, protective shelters must be constructed. In them, the population is provided with food and water, as well as personal protective equipment, which includes:

Gloves.
Protective glasses.
Gas masks.
Respirators.
Protective suits.

Protection from the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion will help minimize the harm caused by radiation, radiation and shock waves. The most important thing is to use it in a timely manner. Everyone should have an idea of how to behave in such a situation, what needs to be done in order to be exposed to damaging factors as little as possible.

The consequences of any explosion can threaten not only human health, but also life. Therefore, every effort must be made to prevent such situations due to negligence in observing the rules for the safe handling of explosive objects and substances.

The destruction of a material is a macroscopic disruption of its continuity as a result of certain influences. Fracture often develops simultaneously with elastic or plastic deformation. Building materials are divided into brittle and ductile. There are no absolutely brittle or plastic materials. Sometimes, to speed up the melting of ice on concrete structures (during breaks in work), they are sprinkled with table salt, which causes the so-called frost-salt corrosion: Salt absorbs moisture from the air, which penetrates the concrete and breaks it when it freezes. Chloride salt in materials and structures is detected by its release to the surface - by efflorescence, and table salt (at high air humidity) - by wet spots.

Violations of building maintenance rules and their consequences

Possible violations of building maintenance rules are very diverse in nature and consequences, but they can be combined into two groups:
1. Violation of the rules for the use and maintenance of buildings.
2. Untimely and unsatisfactory repairs of buildings.
Violations of the 1st group. The most dangerous violation of building maintenance rules is improper maintenance of foundations and foundations. Flooding of foundations, especially loess soils, leads to large uneven settlements of foundations. It may be associated with a violation of the layout of the territory near buildings, excavation work, faulty underground communications, etc. Soaking soils from the inside (if sanitary systems are damaged) or near buildings contributes to freezing, heaving or a decrease in the bearing capacity of the foundations. Heaving of foundations can also be caused by other violations of operating rules, in particular a break in the heating of buildings, opening them in winter for repairs, lack of protection of internal foundations from freezing, etc.
Numerous violations are allowed when caring for a soft roof, in particular when clearing it of snow. In addition, combined roofs turned out to be unsatisfactory in operation: when the insulation is compacted and moistened, frost appears on the ceiling, and snow melts on the roof and ice forms.
Damage to structures is often caused by improper adjustment of central heating systems and defects in the structures themselves. For example, heat penetrating into the attic with insufficient insulation of the attic floor and overheating of the rooms on the upper floor contributes to the melting of snow on the roof and the formation of ice dams along the eaves.
Since ice dams can be quite large, a lot of water collects on the roof, which penetrates into the attic and through the ceiling into the rooms on the upper floor. When removing ice along the cornice, it is often damaged.
Thus, careful care of the roof, proper ventilation of attic spaces, and maintenance of the design temperature and humidity conditions in them are important parts of measures that ensure the optimal technical condition and performance of buildings.
Group 2 violations. The most dangerous is violation of the rules for repairing foundations and foundations, blind areas, walls, and roofs, because the stability and performance of buildings largely depend on the condition of these structures. Untimely repair of structures leads to accelerated destruction and significant costs for subsequent restoration.
The second group of violations depends entirely on the operators, their qualifications and conscientiousness, on the organization of operation and control over the quality of work, the timing of their implementation, as established in the standards. The combination or imposition in one element or in one building of several causes of damage (natural and technological influences, defects in design and construction, violation of operating rules) leads to the most dangerous of them, greatly complicates and increases the cost of the operation of such buildings.

Main causes, leakage mechanism, signs of wear

The main causes of physical wear and tear can be classified as follows:
1. Long-term operation of building structures, leading to a gradual loss of their original characteristics and strength.
2. Abrasion of materials used in the structures and finishing elements of the building.
3. Aggressive influence of the external environment (erosion and corrosion of building materials; erosion of the foundation; uneven settlement and freezing of foundations; mechanical and dynamic effects; lateral wind pressure on walls and roofs; influence of biological factors (fungi, bacteria, insects).
4. Exposure to natural disasters (fires, floods, hurricanes, earthquakes, etc.).
5. Errors in the project (incorrectly chosen material for external walls, sealants, etc.).
6. Defects in the construction of the building (improper care of concrete, quality of masonry, etc.).
7. Poor building maintenance.
Moisture has the greatest destructive effect on buildings. The reasons for its accumulation in the building structure are:
- presence of “wet processes” during construction (masonry, plastering, concreting);
- atmospheric (rain, snow) and ground water, which penetrates into the structure, widening cracks and promoting the formation of mold or fungi;
- improper discharge of water into storm drains, the excess of which acts as groundwater, i.e., exerts hydrostatic pressure on structures embedded in the ground;
- hygroscopic moisture, contained not only in soils, but also in all building materials, spreading slowly but constantly;
- steam condensation on cooled surfaces or inside walls and ceilings;
- damage to plumbing fixtures, as well as defects that arise during the design process (incorrect roof or window sill slope, porous material, small diameter drains), lack of maintenance of gutters, plumbing fixtures, etc.
Vibration affecting a building through the ground, less often on walls and ceilings, is the result of the work of road or rail transport, the metro. Under the influence of impulses coming from them, waves of different frequencies and amplitudes appear in the soil. The speed of their spread depends on the characteristics of the soil and its moisture. Having reached the soils on which buildings stand, especially weak and wet ones, the waves cause disruption of their structure, loosening and subsidence. This leads to uneven settlement of the foundations, damage to all load-bearing structures of the building, cracks in the walls and columns, damage and distortion of the floors. House mushrooms and insects are a formidable enemy of wooden structures.

Factors causing corrosion of stone, metal, wood and polymer materials

Corrosion is the spontaneous destruction of solids caused by chemical and electrochemical processes developing on the surface of the body during its interaction with the external environment. Corrosion is identified (identified) with wear.
The effect of the environment on building structures depends on the material of the structure itself and on the aggressiveness of the environment, which, according to its state of aggregation, can be gaseous, liquid, solid or multiphase. There are many examples of a multiphase aggressive environment. Building foundations come into contact with mineralized groundwater, often contaminated by industrial wastewater. They fill the pores of the solid substance of the soil skeleton and dissolve the gases contained in these pores.
Corrosion processes occur more intensely in a liquid aggressive environment. In relation to dry structural materials, a gaseous environment containing dusty solid particles is non-aggressive. However, the surface of building elements almost always contains moisture adsorbed from the atmospheric air, as a result of which a thin layer of a saturated solution of mineral substances is formed on it, which is aggressive towards the material of building structures and engineering systems.
The degree of aggressive environmental influence on building structures (Table 1) is characterized by the average annual loss of strength in the corrosion zone, as well as the rate of destruction of the material.

The average annual rate of destruction of the surface layer of the material and the decrease in its strength in the corrosion zone are determined based on field survey data over several years (at least three). Methods for protecting materials are different.

A nuclear explosion is accompanied by the release of a huge amount of energy, so in terms of destructive and damaging effects it can be hundreds and thousands of times greater than the explosions of the largest aircraft bombs filled with conventional explosives.

The destruction of troops by nuclear weapons occurs over large areas and is widespread. Nuclear weapons make it possible in a short time to inflict large losses on the enemy in manpower and military equipment, and to destroy structures and other objects.

The damaging factors of a nuclear explosion are:

Shock wave;
Light radiation;
Penetrating radiation;
Electromagnetic pulse (EMP);
Radioactive contamination.

Shock wave of a nuclear explosion- one of its main damaging factors. Depending on the medium in which the shock wave arises and propagates - in air, water or soil, it is called respectively: air, underwater, seismic explosion.

Air shock wave called the area of sharp compression of air, spreading in all directions from the center of the explosion at supersonic speed. Possessing a large supply of energy, the shock wave of a nuclear explosion is capable of injuring people, destroying various structures, weapons and military equipment and other objects at considerable distances from the site of the explosion.

In a ground explosion, the front of the shock wave is a hemisphere; in an air explosion, at the first moment it is a sphere, then a hemisphere. In addition, during a ground and air explosion, part of the energy is spent on the formation of seismic explosion waves in the ground, as well as on the evaporation of the soil and the formation of a crater.

For objects of great strength, for example, heavy shelters, the radius of the zone of destructive action of the shock wave will be greatest during a ground explosion. For such low-strength objects as residential buildings, the largest radius of destruction will be in an air explosion.

Injury to people from an air shock wave can occur as a result of direct and indirect exposure (flying debris of structures, falling trees, glass fragments, rocks and soil).

In the zone where the excess pressure in the shock wave front exceeds 1 kgf/cm 2, extremely severe and fatal injuries to openly located personnel occur, in the zone with a pressure of 0.6...1 kgf/cm 2 - severe injuries, at 0.4 ...0.5 kgf/cm 2 - moderate lesions and at 0.2...0.4 kgf/cm 2 - mild lesions.

The radii of the affected areas of personnel in a lying position are significantly smaller than in a standing position. When people are located in trenches and crevices, the radii of the affected areas are reduced by approximately 1.5 - 2 times.

Closed underground and pit-type premises (dugouts, shelters) have the best protective properties, reducing the radius of damage by a shock wave by no less than 3 to 5 times.

Thus, engineering structures provide reliable protection for personnel from shock waves.

The shock wave also disables weapons. Thus, weak damage to the missile defense system is observed at an excess pressure of the shock wave of 0.25 - 0.3 kgf/cm 2 . If the missiles are slightly damaged, local compression of the body occurs, and individual devices and assemblies may fail. For example, when an ammunition with a power of 1 Mt explodes, missiles fail at a distance of 5...6 km, cars and similar equipment - 4...5 km.

Light radiation A nuclear explosion is electromagnetic radiation in the optical range, including the ultraviolet (0.01 - 0.38 μm), visible (0.38 - 0.77 μm) and infrared (0.77-340 μm) regions of the spectrum.

The source of light radiation is the luminous region of a nuclear explosion, the temperature of which first reaches several tens of millions of degrees, and then cools down and goes through three phases in its development: initial, first and second.

Depending on the power of the explosion, the duration of the initial phase of the luminous region is a fraction of a millisecond, the first - from several milliseconds to tens and hundreds of milliseconds, and the second - from tenths of a second to tens of seconds. During the existence of the luminous region, the temperature inside it varies from millions to several thousand degrees. The main share of light radiation energy (up to 90%) falls on the second phase. The lifetime of the luminous area increases with increasing explosion power. During explosions of ultra-small caliber ammunition (up to 1 kt), the glow lasts for tenths of a second; small (from 1 to 10 kt) – 1 ... 2 s; medium (from 10 to 100 kt) – 2...5 s; large (from 100 kt to 1 Mt) – 5 ... 10 s; ultra-large (over 1 Mt) – several tens of seconds. The size of the luminous area also increases with increasing explosion power. During explosions of ultra-small-caliber ammunition, the maximum diameter of the luminous area is 20 ... 200 m, small - 200 ... 500, medium - 500 ... 1000 m, large - 1000 ... 2000 m and super-large - several kilometers.

The main parameter that determines the lethality of light radiation from a nuclear explosion is the light pulse.

Light pulse– the amount of light radiation energy falling during the entire radiation time per unit area of a stationary unshielded surface located perpendicular to the direction of direct radiation, excluding reflected radiation. Light impulse is measured in joules per square meter (J/m2) or calories per square centimeter (cal/cm2); 1 cal/cm2 4.2*10 4 J/m2.

The light pulse decreases with increasing distance to the epicenter of the explosion and depends on the type of explosion and the state of the atmosphere.

The damage to people by light radiation is expressed in the appearance of burns of various degrees on open and protected areas of the skin, as well as damage to the eyes. For example, with an explosion with a power of 1 Mt ( U = 9 cal/cm 2) exposed areas of human skin are affected, causing a 2nd degree burn.

Under the influence of light radiation, various materials may ignite and fires may occur. Light radiation is significantly attenuated by clouds, residential buildings, and forests. However, in the latter cases, damage to personnel can be caused by the formation of extensive fire zones.

Reliable protection from light radiation of personnel and military equipment are underground engineering structures (dugouts, shelters, blocked cracks, pits, caponiers).

Protection against light radiation in units includes the following measures:

increasing the coefficient of reflection of light radiation by the surface of an object (use of materials, paints, coatings in light colors, various metal reflectors);

increasing the resistance and protective properties of objects to the action of light radiation (the use of humidification, snow sprinkles, the use of fire-resistant materials, coating with clay and lime, impregnation of covers and awnings with fire-resistant compounds);

carrying out fire-fighting measures (clearing areas where personnel and military equipment are located from flammable materials, preparing forces and means to extinguish fires);

the use of personal protective equipment, such as a combined arms integrated protective suit (OKZK), a combined arms protective kit (OZK), impregnated uniforms, safety glasses, etc.

Thus, the shock wave and light radiation of a nuclear explosion are its main damaging factors. Timely and skillful use of simple shelters, terrain, engineering fortifications, personal protective equipment, and preventive measures will reduce, and in some cases eliminate, the impact of shock waves and light radiation on personnel, weapons and military equipment.

Penetrating radiation A nuclear explosion is a flux of γ-radiation and neutrons. Neutron and γ-radiation are different in their physical properties, but what they have in common is that they can propagate in the air in all directions over distances of up to 2.5 - 3 km. Passing through biological tissue, γ-quanta and neutrons ionize atoms and molecules that make up living cells, as a result of which normal metabolism is disrupted and the nature of the vital activity of cells, individual organs and systems of the body changes, which leads to the occurrence of a disease - radiation sickness. The distribution diagram of gamma radiation from a nuclear explosion is shown in Figure 1.

Rice. 1. Diagram of the distribution of gamma radiation from a nuclear explosion

The source of penetrating radiation is the nuclear fission and fusion reactions occurring in ammunition at the moment of explosion, as well as the radioactive decay of fission fragments.

The damaging effect of penetrating radiation is characterized by the radiation dose, i.e. the amount of ionizing radiation energy absorbed per unit mass of the irradiated medium, measured in glad (glad ).

Neutrons and γ-radiation from a nuclear explosion affect any object almost simultaneously. Therefore, the total damaging effect of penetrating radiation is determined by the summation of doses of γ-radiation and neutrons, where:

total radiation dose, rad;
γ-radiation dose, rad;
neutron dose, rad (zero in the dose symbols indicates that they are determined in front of the protective barrier).

The radiation dose depends on the type of nuclear charge, the power and type of explosion, as well as the distance to the center of the explosion.

Penetrating radiation is one of the main damaging factors in explosions of neutron munitions and ultra-low and low-power fission munitions. For high-power explosions, the radius of damage by penetrating radiation is significantly smaller than the radius of damage by shock waves and light radiation. Penetrating radiation becomes especially important in the case of explosions of neutron munitions, when the bulk of the radiation dose is generated by fast neutrons.

The damaging effect of penetrating radiation on personnel and on the state of their combat effectiveness depends on the dose of radiation received and the time elapsed after the explosion, which causes radiation sickness. Depending on the radiation dose received, there are four degreesradiation sickness.

Radiation sickness I degree (mild) occurs at a total radiation dose of 150 – 250 rad. The latent period lasts 2–3 weeks, after which malaise, general weakness, nausea, dizziness, and periodic fever appear. The content of leukocytes and platelets in the blood decreases. Stage I radiation sickness can be cured within 1.5 – 2 months in hospital.

Radiation sickness II degree (moderate) occurs at a total radiation dose of 250 – 400 rad. The latent period lasts about 2 – 3 weeks, then the signs of the disease are more pronounced: hair loss is observed, the composition of the blood changes. With active treatment, recovery occurs in 2 - 2.5 months.

Radiation sickness degree III (severe) occurs at a radiation dose of 400 – 700 rad. The latent period ranges from several hours to 3 weeks.

The disease is intense and difficult. In case of a favorable outcome, recovery may occur in 6–8 months, but residual effects are observed much longer.

Radiation sickness IV degree (extremely severe) occurs at a radiation dose of over 700 rad, which is the most dangerous. Death occurs within 5 to 12 days, and at doses exceeding 5,000 rads, personnel lose their combat effectiveness within a few minutes.

The severity of the damage depends to a certain extent on the state of the body before irradiation and its individual characteristics. Severe overwork, starvation, illness, injury, burns increase the body's sensitivity to the effects of penetrating radiation. First, a person loses physical performance, and then mental performance.

At high doses of radiation and fluxes of fast neutrons, the components of radio electronics systems lose their functionality. At doses of more than 2000 rad, the glass of optical instruments darkens, turning violet-brown, which reduces or completely eliminates the possibility of their use for observation. Radiation doses of 2–3 rad render photographic materials in light-proof packaging unusable.

Protection against penetrating radiation is provided by various materials that attenuate γ-radiation and neutrons. When addressing protection issues, one should take into account the difference in the mechanisms of interaction of γ-radiation and neutrons with the environment, which determines the choice of protective materials. Radiation is most attenuated by heavy materials with high electron density (lead, steel, concrete). The neutron flux is better attenuated by light materials containing nuclei of light elements, such as hydrogen (water, polyethylene).

In moving objects, protection from penetrating radiation requires combined protection consisting of light hydrogen-containing substances and high-density materials. A medium tank, for example, without special anti-radiation screens, has a factor of attenuation of penetrating radiation of approximately 4, which is not enough to provide reliable protection for the crew. Therefore, issues of personnel protection must be resolved by implementing a set of various measures.

Fortifications have the highest attenuation factor from penetrating radiation (covered trenches - up to 100, shelters - up to 1500).

Various anti-radiation drugs (radioprotectors) can be used as agents that weaken the effect of ionizing radiation on the human body.

Nuclear explosions in the atmosphere and in higher layers lead to the emergence of powerful electromagnetic fields with wavelengths from 1 to 1000 m or more. Due to their short-term existence, these fields are usually called electromagnetic pulse (EMP).

The damaging effect of EMR is caused by the occurrence of voltages and currents in conductors of various lengths located in the air, on the ground, on weapons and military equipment and other objects.

The main reason for the generation of EMR with a duration of less than 1 s is considered to be the interaction of γ quanta and neutrons with gas in the shock wave front and around it. The occurrence of asymmetry in the distribution of spatial electric charges associated with the characteristics of the propagation of radiation and the formation of electrons is also important.

In a ground or low air explosion, γ quanta emitted from the zone of nuclear reactions knock out fast electrons from air atoms, which fly in the direction of motion of the quanta at a speed close to the speed of light, and positive ions (atom residues) remain in place. As a result of this separation of electric charges in space, elementary and resulting electric and magnetic fields are formed, which constitute EMR.

In ground and low air explosions, the damaging effects of EMP are observed at a distance of about several kilometers from the center of the explosion.

During a high-altitude nuclear explosion (H > 10 km), EMR fields can arise in the explosion zone and at altitudes of 20–40 km from the earth’s surface. EMR in the zone of such an explosion occurs due to fast electrons, which are formed as a result of the interaction of quanta of a nuclear explosion with the material of the shell of the ammunition and X-ray radiation with atoms of the surrounding rarefied air space.

The radiation emitted from the explosion zone towards the earth's surface begins to be absorbed in denser layers of the atmosphere at altitudes of 20–40 km, knocking out fast electrons from air atoms. As a result of the separation and movement of positive and negative charges in this area and in the explosion zone, as well as the interaction of charges with the geomagnetic field of the earth, electromagnetic radiation arises, which reaches the earth's surface in a zone with a radius of up to several hundred kilometers. The duration of the EMP is a few tenths of a second.

The damaging effect of EMR manifests itself, first of all, in relation to radio-electronic and electrical equipment located in weapons and military equipment and other objects. Under the influence of EMR, electric currents and voltages are induced in the specified equipment, which can cause insulation breakdown, damage to transformers, burnout of spark gaps, damage to semiconductor devices, burnout of fuse links and other elements of radio engineering devices.

Communication, signaling and control lines are most susceptible to EMR. When the amplitude of the EMR is not too large, it is possible that protective equipment (fuse links, lightning arresters) will operate and disrupt the operation of the lines.

In addition, a high-altitude explosion can interfere with communications over very large areas.

Protection against EMR is achieved by shielding both power supply and control lines and the equipment itself, as well as by creating an elemental base of radio equipment that is resistant to the effects of EMR. All external lines, for example, must be two-wire, well insulated from the ground, with low-inertia spark gaps and fuse-links. To protect sensitive electronic equipment, it is advisable to use arresters with a low ignition threshold. Proper operation of lines, monitoring the serviceability of protective equipment, as well as organizing maintenance of lines during operation are important.

Radioactive contamination terrain, the surface layer of the atmosphere, airspace, water and other objects arises as a result of the fallout of radioactive substances from the cloud of a nuclear explosion when it moves under the influence of wind.

The significance of radioactive contamination as a damaging factor is determined by the fact that high levels of radiation can be observed not only in the area adjacent to the explosion site, but also at a distance of tens and even hundreds of kilometers from it. Unlike other damaging factors, the effects of which manifest themselves within a relatively short time after a nuclear explosion, radioactive contamination of the area can be dangerous for several years or decades after the explosion.

The most severe contamination of the area occurs from ground-based nuclear explosions, when the areas of contamination with dangerous levels of radiation are many times greater than the size of the zones affected by the shock wave, light radiation and penetrating radiation. The radioactive substances themselves and the ionizing radiation they emit are colorless, odorless, and the rate of their decay cannot be measured by any physical or chemical methods.

The contaminated area along the path of the cloud, where radioactive particles with a diameter of more than 30 - 50 microns fall, is usually called a near trace of infection. At long distances, a long-distance trail is a slight contamination of the area, which for a long time does not affect the combat effectiveness of personnel. A diagram of the formation of a trace of a radioactive cloud from a ground-based nuclear explosion is shown in Figure 2.

Rice. 2. Scheme of the formation of a trace of a radioactive cloud from a ground-based nuclear explosion

Sources of radioactive contamination during a nuclear explosion are:

fission products (fission fragments) of nuclear explosives;
radioactive isotopes (radionuclides) formed in soil and other materials under the influence of neutrons - induced activity;
the undivided part of a nuclear charge.

In a ground-based nuclear explosion, the luminous area touches the surface of the earth and an ejection crater is formed. A significant amount of soil that falls into the glowing area melts, evaporates and mixes with radioactive substances.

As the glowing area cools and rises, the vapors condense, forming radioactive particles of varying sizes. Strong heating of the soil and surface air layer contributes to the formation of rising air currents in the area of the explosion, which form a dust column (the “foot” of the cloud). When the air density in the explosion cloud becomes equal to the density of the surrounding air, the rise of the cloud stops. At the same time, on average in 7 - 10 minutes. The cloud reaches its maximum altitude, which is sometimes called the cloud stabilization altitude.

The boundaries of radioactive contamination zones with varying degrees of danger for personnel can be characterized both by the radiation dose rate (radiation level) for a certain time after the explosion, and by the dose until the complete decay of radioactive substances.

According to the degree of danger, the contaminated area following the explosion cloud is usually divided into 4 zones.

Zone A (moderate infestation), the area of which is 70–80% of the area of the entire footprint.

Zone B (heavy infestation). Radiation doses at the outer border of this zone D external = 400 rad, and at the internal border - D internal. = 1200 rad. This zone accounts for approximately 10% of the area of the radioactive trace.

Zone B (dangerous contamination). Radiation doses at its outer boundary D external = 1200 rad, and at the inner boundary D internal = 4000 rad. This zone occupies approximately 8–10% of the area of the explosion cloud trail.

Zone D (extremely dangerous contamination). The radiation dose at its outer boundary is more than 4000 rad.

Figure 3 shows a diagram of the predicted contamination zones for a single ground-based nuclear explosion. Zone G is painted in blue, zone B in green, zone C in brown, and zone G in black.

Rice. 3. Scheme of drawing predicted zones of contamination during a single nuclear explosion

Losses of people caused by the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion are usually divided into irrevocable And sanitary.

Irreversible losses include those who died before medical care was provided, and sanitary losses include those injured who were admitted to medical units and institutions for treatment.

Speaking about factors affecting health, one cannot fail to mention heredity.

Heredity- this is the property inherent in all organisms to repeat the same signs and developmental features in a number of generations; the ability to transmit from one generation to another the material structures of the cell containing programs for the development of new individuals from them.

Man is a great miracle of nature. The rationality and perfection of his anatomy and physiology, his functionality, his strength and endurance are amazing. Gradual evolution has provided the human body with inexhaustible reserves of strength and reliability, which are due to the redundancy of the elements of all its systems, their interchangeability and interaction, the ability to adapt and compensate.

The realization of the capabilities inherent in the human body depends on the lifestyle, on the habits that a person acquires or develops purposefully, on the ability to manage wisely

potential health opportunities for the benefit of himself, his family and the state of which he is a citizen.

A healthy lifestyle allows you to significantly reveal those undeniably valuable personality qualities that are so necessary in the conditions of modern dynamic development. We are talking about high mental and physical performance, social activity, and creative longevity. A conscious and responsible attitude towards health as a public good should become the norm of life and behavior of all people.

Questions for self-control

1. Highlight the main components of a healthy lifestyle.

2. What is the role of the regime in ensuring a healthy lifestyle?

3. What are biological rhythms?

4. What does a person’s performance depend on?

5. What is the role of physical education in ensuring a healthy lifestyle?

6. Formulate the basic principles of rational nutrition.

7. How does the state of the environment affect human health?

8. What is heredity?

9. What personality traits does a healthy lifestyle reveal?

2.3.Alcohol and its effect on human health

Alcohol is a kind of depressant, that is, a substance that slows down all processes in the body. Taken orally, after 5-10 minutes it is absorbed into the blood and spreads throughout the body through the blood, poisoning living cells, disrupting the functioning of organs and tissues. Burning quickly, it takes away oxygen and water from cells. With frequent alcohol consumption, cells eventually die, which disrupts almost all physiological processes in the body, and this can lead to serious consequences.

Under the influence of alcohol, liver and kidney tissue degenerates, heart function is disrupted, and vascular tone changes. Alcohol has the most detrimental effect on brain cells, with the higher parts of the brain being affected first. Rapidly delivered by the bloodstream to the brain, alcohol disrupts communication between its various parts.

The blood vessels carrying blood to the brain first dilate, and the alcohol-saturated blood causes a sharp excitation of the nerve centers. This is where the excessive gaiety and swagger of a drunken person comes from. Following the increasing excitation, a rapid weakening of the inhibition processes occurs. The cerebral cortex ceases to control the work of the lower, so-called subcortical, departments. This is why a drunken person loses control of himself. Losing his restraint, he says and does things that he would not allow in a sober state. Each new portion of alcohol increasingly paralyzes the higher nerve centers, preventing them from interfering with the chaotic activity of sharply excited parts of the brain.

The famous Russian psychiatrist S.S. Korsakov describes this state as follows: “A drunken person does not think about the consequences of his words and actions and treats them extremely frivolously.<…>Passions and bad impulses appear without any cover and encourage more or less wild actions.” But in a normal state, an intoxicated person can be modest, even shy. Under the influence of alcohol, everything in his personality that was suppressed, by upbringing, by habits of decency, comes out. A drunk can blurt out any secret, he loses his vigilance, loses his caution. No wonder they say: “What a sober man has in his mind, a drunk man has on his tongue.”

What in everyday life is complacently called intoxication, in essence, is nothing more than acute alcohol poisoning, with all the ensuing consequences. It is also good if after a certain time the body, freed from the poison, gradually returns to its normal state.

Scientists have found that alcohol introduced into the body is not eliminated immediately; a certain amount of this substance continues its harmful effect on the organs for one or two days, and in some cases more.

Alcohol is extremely dangerous for young people, especially for girls, since a fragile body during growth is more easily exposed to harmful substances. Since time immemorial, our ancestors considered milk and water to be the only suitable drinks for children.

Alcohol is known to have a negative effect on offspring.

They knew about this in ancient times. In Greek mythology, the goddess Juno gave birth to a lame and weak child, Vulcan, from an intoxicated Jupiter. The Spartan legislator Lycurgus demanded a ban on the consumption of alcoholic beverages on the wedding day under threat of heavy punishment. Hippocrates pointed out that

The cause of idiocy, epilepsy and other neuropsychic diseases is the drunkenness of parents who drank wine on the day of conception.

The consequences of casual sexual intercourse resulting from intoxication can be tragic. Sexually transmitted diseases and the birth of defective children are not just words; behind them lies a crippled, joyless life.

If drunkenness is the result of improper upbringing, weakness of will, promiscuity, imitation of bad habits, then alcoholism is a serious illness that requires special treatment. Great efforts are needed to rehabilitate a person who abuses alcohol, but often these efforts are in vain. In this regard, it should be said that the first step on the path to a new life, a life without alcohol, should be a conscious, independent decision to quit drinking, and the person who has made such a decision should be supported by loved ones.

Studies have proven that in boys and girls, alcoholism, as a severe, intractable disease, arises and develops FOUR times faster than in adults. The destruction of personality occurs much faster.

Crimes committed while intoxicated are aggravated in nature and are especially severely punished.

Chronic alcoholism, according to WHO, ranks fourth among the leading causes of death. Moreover, 75% of all deaths are associated with liver cirrhosis (Fig. 1).

Systematic consumption of alcohol is not only harmful but also poses a huge danger from both social and biological positions. A person who gravitates toward alcohol and often feels the urge to drink would do well to imagine the drunkard in all his ugliness.

It is known that in ancient Sparta, in order to ward off addiction to alcohol, young people were shown a slave who had previously been drunk. Disgusting behavior was an effective prophyletic remedy.

TO Unfortunately, many people drink these days, and therefore it is all the more important to develop

at young people have a strict rejection of addictions to everyday drunkenness, regardless of the reasons that give rise to it (birthdays, holidays, grief, joy and failure).

Questions for self-control

1. What is the mechanism of alcohol's effect on the human body?

2. How can you characterize the behavior of a person under the influence of alcohol?

3. What are the dangers of drinking alcohol for girls and boys?

4. How does alcohol affect offspring?

5. Does alcoholism affect life expectancy?

6. What measures, in your opinion, can educate a person who abuses alcohol?

2.4 Smoking and its impact on health

Smoking, being a bad habit, is widespread among various groups of the population, including young people. At the same time, smoking is extremely dangerous for human health and life. The respiratory system is primarily affected by smoking. It has been established that 98% of deaths from laryngeal cancer, 96% of deaths from lung cancer and 75% of deaths from chronic bronchitis and emphysema are caused by smoking.

Scientists have identified up to 6,000 components and their compounds in tobacco smoke, thirty of which are classified as natural poisons. The most toxic to humans are nicotine, carbon monoxide (carbon monoxide), carcinogenic resins, radioactive isotopes, nitrogen compounds, as well as metals, especially heavy ones (mercury, cadmium, nickel, cobalt, etc.). Many components of tobacco smoke, entering into chemical reactions with each other, enhance their toxic properties.

The main component of tobacco smoke is nicotine. It is, in fact, why a person reaches for a cigarette, because in small doses nicotine has an exciting effect on the nervous system. Easily penetrating the blood, it accumulates in vital organs, leading to disruption of their anatomical integrity and dysfunction. Long-term smokers necessarily develop chronic nicotine poisoning - nicotinism, characterized by decreased memory and performance. Poisoning in some cases can be acute.

Nicotine is one of the most powerful poisons known; In particular, in agriculture, nicotine sulfate is used as an insecticide that kills pests. A person who cannot part with a cigarette kills himself voluntarily. After cigarette smoke enters the lungs, nicotine reaches the brain within seven seconds. Constant smoking leads to premature aging. Spasm of small blood vessels and impaired oxygen supply to tissues make the appearance of a smoker characteristic - a yellowish tint to the whites of the eyes and skin, yellow teeth and yellow nails. In addition, when smoking, bad breath appears, the throat becomes inflamed, and the eyes turn red.

Nicotine contributes to the development of sexual weakness in men - impotence (treatment of impotence begins with the patient being asked to stop smoking). Smoking aggravates the course of a number of diseases, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, gastritis and many others. For some diseases, such as peptic ulcers, recovery without completely quitting smoking is impossible!

Nicotine is especially harmful to pregnant and lactating women.

After smoking a cigarette, a pregnant woman experiences a spasm of the blood vessels of the placenta, and the fetus is in a state of mild oxygen starvation for several minutes! If the expectant mother regularly smokes, the fetus is in a state of chronic oxygen deficiency almost constantly. The consequence of this is intrauterine growth retardation. A woman who smokes puts herself at increased risk of miscarriage.

Carbon monoxide is also an equally toxic compound in tobacco smoke. From a school biology course we know that red blood cells

Hemoglobin - have a unique property: they capture atmospheric oxygen in the lungs (it turns into oxyhemoglobin), and distribute it throughout the body, thereby ensuring the optimal course of biological processes. But if a person smokes or someone near him smokes (passive smoking), carbon monoxide begins to enter the blood. In this case, biological processes are disrupted, and the consequences may be irreversible.

A pack of cigarettes a day is about 500 x-rays of radiation per year! The temperature of a smoldering cigarette reaches 700 - 900 °C! The lungs of an experienced smoker are a black rotting mass (Fig. 2).

After each cigarette smoked, blood pressure increases and the cholesterol content in it increases.

Smoking increases the risk of developing atherosclerotic peripheral vascular disease. The blood vessels in the legs are especially often affected in smokers. Due to dysregulation, persistent vasospasm occurs. Their walls close, and blood circulation to the muscles becomes difficult. The person begins to suffer from intermittent claudication. This disease manifests itself in the fact that while walking, a sharp pain in the legs suddenly begins, which goes away after a couple of minutes, but soon returns again. Lack of blood supply to tissues can lead to gangrene. A huge number of people have lost their legs due to smoking.

Gastric and duodenal ulcers are more common among smokers; moreover, in the case of an ulcer, the risk of other outcomes is higher in smoking patients than in non-smoking patients.

Passive smoking, which was already mentioned above is forced smoking. People who smoke have an amazing characteristic - a disrespectful attitude towards everyone who does not smoke. For only this can explain the unfortunate fact that most of them, neglecting the health of those around them, “smoke” anywhere. Of course, everyone suffers from this, and especially children. Tobacco smoke causes headaches, malaise, decreased performance, rapid fatigue, and exacerbation of upper respiratory tract diseases.

A non-smoker, being in the same room with a smoker for an hour, essentially smokes half a cigarette. He also experiences negative changes in the activity of the nervous system, the composition of the blood and urine is disrupted. Passive smokers are at risk of developing malignant tumors not only in the lungs, but also in other organs. So is it worth depriving innocent people of their health?

Numerous data indicate that smoking is undoubtedly harmful and should be perceived sharply negatively by society. It is appropriate to recall that one of the English kings described smoking as follows (he was talking about tobacco): “Usually disgusting to the eyes, hateful to the nose, harmful to the chest, dangerous to the lungs.” This is an extremely successful, objective and imaginative assessment of a bad habit, and it can serve as the basis for a conscious negative attitude towards smoking for everyone who seeks to preserve their health and that of the people around them.

Questions for self-control

1. What toxic substances are included in tobacco smoke?

2. What are the health risk factors for smokers?

3. What danger does a smoking pregnant woman expose her unborn child to?

4. Why is passive smoking dangerous?

2.5. Drugs and addiction, social consequences

Drugs are poisons that have a depressing effect on all organs and tissues, and especially on the central nervous system.

A person cannot get rid of drug addiction - a painful addiction to drugs - on his own.

Drug addiction is a serious disease caused by drug abuse. It manifests itself in the constant need to take drugs

substances, since the mental and physical state of the patient depends on whether he took the drug to which addiction has developed.

Drug addiction leads to gross disruption of the body's vital functions and social degradation. This disease develops gradually. Primary addiction to drugs is explained by the fact that narcotic substances cause a state accompanied by a feeling of complete physical and mental comfort and well-being. But this state is deceptive. A drug is a poison that slowly destroys not only a person’s internal organs, but also his brain and psyche. Inhaling gasoline vapors or Moment glue, for example, turns people into mentally disabled people in 4 months, “safe” cannabis in 3 to 4 years. A man who uses morphine loses the ability to do anything so much after 2-3 months that he stops caring for himself and completely loses his human appearance. Those who snort cocaine live no more than 3 to 4 years. Eventually they die from a ruptured heart or because their nasal septum becomes so thin that it begins to resemble a piece of parchment that bursts and ends in fatal bleeding.

A drug addict addicted to LSD loses the ability to navigate in space, and some have the feeling that they can fly. As a result, having believed in their “opportunities”, they jump from the top floor...

The formation of drug addiction is characterized by the development of basic sin symptoms: mental dependence, physical dependence and tolerance.

Mental dependence- this is a painful desire to continuously or periodically take a narcotic drug in order to again and again experience certain sensations or relieve symptoms of mental discomfort. Occurs in all cases of systematic drug use and sometimes even after a single use.

Physical dependence- this is a state of special restructuring of the entire vital activity of the body in connection with chronic drug use. It manifests itself in the form of intense physical and mental disorders that develop immediately as soon as the effect of the drug stops. Such disorders can only be relieved by introducing a new dose of drugs.

What is expressed in social danger of drug addiction? A drug addict is a social corpse. He is absolutely indifferent to public affairs, to life in general. Nothing interests him. The acquisition and use of intoxicating substances becomes the only meaning for him. But the worst thing is that drug addicts strive to involve others in their hobby. It is not for nothing that drug addiction is sometimes called an epidemic non-communicable disease. A short period of illusion after taking an intoxicating drug is replaced by impaired consciousness and convulsions. A drug addict is unable to work or study. There comes an objective destruction of the individual and his alienation from society. Among children born to drug addicts, there is a high percentage of developmental anomalies, congenital deformities, and brain damage. Drug addicts often attempt suicide, mainly by deliberately overdosing on drugs, but the overdose is often unintentional and the person dies.

Chronic poisoning of the body with drugs leads to a loss of moral restraint. A person loses family feelings, attachment to people, and even some natural attractions. Under the influence of public opinion, drug addicts are forced to hide their vice. They are looking for support in some group that would accept them. Usually these are the so-called dregs of society, marginals, and by joining them, drug addicts themselves exclude themselves from the previous team.

Finally, drug addiction leads to extreme exhaustion of the body, significant loss of body weight and irreparable loss of physical strength. The skin becomes pale and dry, the face takes on an earthy tint, and imbalances and coordination of movements appear.

The developing defect requires increasingly frequent use of drugs in ever increasing doses. The need to constantly obtain the potion pushes drug addicts to the path of crime: theft, break-ins of pharmacies, forgery of prescriptions, even murder.

Based on this, when forming your attitude towards drugs, you should remember that drug addiction is a serious disease that must be avoided in any way and prevent its spread in your circle.

Questions for self-control

1. Define the concepts of “drugs” and “drug addiction”.

2. Name the periods of destructive effects on the body of various drugs.

3. Name the main signs of the development of drug addiction.

4. What is the social danger of drug addiction?

5. Suggest your methods of combating this dangerous phenomenon.

2.6. Reproductive health as an integral part of human and social health

Reproductive health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being in the absence of diseases of the reproductive system at all stages of a person’s life.

Reproductive system- this is a set of organs and systems of the body that provide the function of reproduction (childbirth).

The foundations of reproductive health are laid in childhood and adolescence. In order for healthy children to be born, every modern person must sew to maintain their reproductive health.

The sex of a person is determined already in the first weeks of intrauterine development of the fetus. In the eighth week, when the fetus weighs about four grams, the genitals begin to form. The obvious external differences between boys and girls are the result of the work of sex hormones synthesized by the gonads. Male sex hormones are called androgens, and female sex hormones are called estrogens. Androgens and estrogens are initially present in the body of the opposite sexes, but the ability to reproduce is achieved only after the completion of puberty.

The predominance of estrogens in the female body causes cyclic processes that occur with the participation of the central nervous system. Even during puberty, girls' body contours are rounded due to hormones, their breasts are enlarged, and the pelvic bones become wider - thus their body is gradually preparing to perform the future function of reproduction.

The male body, due to androgens, is stronger than the female, although not always more resilient. It is no coincidence that nature entrusted the most important mission of bearing a child to the woman.

If you try to draw psychological portrait of both sexes, then,

Apparently they will look like this.

Woman: gentleness, tolerance, need for protection, emotionality, dreaminess, humility. Unlike a man, a woman does not have to constantly prove her importance to others, but she always expects recognition of her attractiveness.

Man: efficiency, rationality, assertiveness, authoritarianism, desire for self-affirmation. He is ready for constant struggle, seeking recognition of his strength and exceptional capabilities.

Gender largely affects a person’s lifestyle. And yet, in this matter one cannot be absolutely categorical, contrasting the female and male organisms, since in each of them both principles are present to one degree or another. It is about taking into account specific features in the search for harmony in the social roles that men and women play in the family and society. It is unlikely that in the foreseeable future the development of civilization and changes in social conditions will be able to level out the biological differences between the sexes, which predetermine individual characteristics of behavior, reactions, etc. The state of reproductive health largely depends on human lifestyle, as well as from responsible attitude towards sexual life. Both influence the stability of family relationships and the general well-being of a person.

A negative factor affecting the state of reproductive function is unwanted pregnancy. Often a woman is faced with a difficult choice: to give birth to a child or have an abortion. This problem is especially difficult to solve in adolescence. Abortion, especially during first pregnancy, can cause serious mental trauma and in many cases even lead to irreversible disorders in the reproductive sphere. At the same time, the decision to give birth often jeopardizes further studies and other life plans, so each situation must be considered individually and carefully. In order for such situations to occur less frequently, adolescents must have mature ideas about the meaning of reproductive health and such concepts as family planning.

Family planning is necessary to achieve the following tasks:

 the birth of desired healthy children;

 maintaining women's health;

 achieving harmony in psychosexual relationships in the family;

 implementation of life plans.

For many years, family planning was limited to birth control. However, first of all, this is to ensure the health of a woman who is able to give birth to children exactly when she herself wants it. In other words, family planning

The birth of children is by choice, not by chance. The right to family planning is an internationally recognized right of every person.

Family planning helps spouses consciously choose the number of children in the family, the approximate dates of their birth, and plan their lives, avoiding unnecessary worries and worries.

The optimal age for having children is 20 - 35 years. If pregnancy occurs earlier or later, it usually occurs with complications, and the likelihood of health problems for mother and child is higher. The intervals between births should be at least 2 - 2.5 years; this allows a woman to regain strength, maintain her health and the health of her future children. In this regard, it should