Destruction of nerves. Nervous diseases - symptoms and treatment. Diseases of the peripheral nervous system. Causes of nervous diseases

Nervous breakdown is not uncommon. Poor ecology, malnutrition, hereditary factors, non-compliance with the daily regimen lead to dysfunction of the nervous system. First, irritability and bad mood appear, in the absence of treatment, the process can only worsen.

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The site provides background information. Adequate diagnosis and treatment of the disease is possible under the supervision of a conscientious physician. All drugs have contraindications. You need to consult a specialist, as well as a detailed study of the instructions! .

What are neurological disorders

These are psychoneurological diseases.
With the progression of the disease, the absence of treatment leads to damage to the structures of the brain. At the initial stages, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm are not observed.

Causes that lead to dysfunction of the nervous system:

• Hypoxia (lack of oxygen). The brain does not have reserves of energy and nutrients to function properly in the absence of oxygen. Therefore, even a few seconds or minutes lead to damage to neurons.
• Metabolic disorders. In case of violations, the amount of glucose is supplied in insufficient quantities, which leads to a violation of the conduction of nerve impulses, the death of neurons.
• High or low temperatures. In extreme situations, the body goes into a limited mode of functioning, so inhibition of the nervous system is observed.
• Heredity.
• Drinking alcohol, smoking.
• Inflammation or swelling in the structures of the brain.

Signs and symptoms

Nervous disorders are divided into 2 large groups: neurosis and vegetative-vascular dystonia.

Symptoms of neuroses:

• Headache;
• Irritability;
• Depression;
• mood swings;
• sleep disorder;
• Memory deterioration.

Symptoms of vegetative-vascular dystonia are different, associated with other organs and systems:

• dizziness;
• Drops in blood pressure;
• fainting;
• Disorders in the work of the gastrointestinal tract.

Borderline, functional disorders

Borderline neuropsychiatric disorders include such diseases that, on the one hand, are in the interval between the norm and the pathology of mental disorders, and on the other hand, between mental and somatic diseases.

Borderline neuropsychiatric disorders depend on the structure of the human nervous system.

External factors can only provoke the development of a disease that has already been incorporated in the body.

There are 3 types of psychosomatic diseases:

• Psychosomatosis. These include hypertension, stomach and duodenal ulcers, bronchial asthma, coronary artery disease.
• Psychosomatic functional disorders: cardiovascular symptoms in response to psychological stimuli, excessive sweating, tremor, impaired intestinal motility, impotence against the background of psychological stress.
• Psychosomatic disorders. Associated with the individual characteristics of a person and can be expressed by various symptoms. For example, increased bone fragility.

Functional disorders of the central nervous system are understood as neurological symptoms that are not the result of damage or damage to its structural elements. Biochemical parameters are in the normal state.

Without specific treatment, functional disorders will not go away on their own. Their feature is constant progression, subject to the influence of an irritating factor.

If left untreated, primary disorders can turn into secondary ones that affect nerve cells and fibers.

With secondary damage, the conduction of nerve impulses is disrupted, which leads to disability. Secondary damage is not treated.

Manifestations of a functional disorder:

• Decreased concentration;
• memory impairment;
• Fast fatiguability;
• Irritability;
• sleep disorders;
• Depressive states;
• Sudden mood swings.

Video

Various types of pathologies

There are types of neuro-emotional disorders:

Treatment and prevention

If any neurological disorders appear, you should consult a doctor to identify the causes of their appearance, conduct the necessary examinations and prescribe medications.

The most popular drugs that have no contraindications are Glycine and Deprim. Both improve cerebral circulation, normalize sleep, reduce irritability, and improve mood.

Nervous disorders will cause a lack of vitamin B.

It is worth taking vitamins both with food and in the form of multivitamin complexes. They are sold in pharmacies without a doctor's prescription. Vitamin B is found in the liver, fish products, dairy products. It is worth adding vegetables and fruits to the diet.

Symptoms, treatment of the disorder, its severity, duration depend on the amount of stress that a person experiences. Prevention includes the exclusion or reduction of stress, excessive anxiety.

You can drink a course of light sedatives that will not let your nerves “loose” due to minor situations.

Daily walks, visits to the gym, sections, hobby groups, shopping will relieve negative thoughts and increase the amount of serotonin (hormone of happiness) in the body.

Taking vitamins and minerals will strengthen the nerves.

Disorders of the stomach and intestines of a neurological nature

Everyone who has experienced a neurological disorder has an upset stomach or intestines.
Symptoms appear as:

• Violation of peristalsis. It manifests itself in the form of diarrhea, diarrhea, flatulence, spastic pain, irritable bowel syndrome.
• secretion disorder. The normal secretion of gastric juice is disturbed.
• Decreased sensitivity threshold.

To avoid these unpleasant symptoms, during times of stress, you should follow proper nutrition, avoid smoked meats, fatty, fried foods, and do not overeat.

Nutrition Features

In case of a nervous breakdown, it is advised to refrain from the use of any stimulating products:

• Alcohol;
• spicy foods;
• Coffee;
• Puff pastry;
• Fried meals.

During such a disease, it is necessary to consume foods rich in phosphorus salts as much as possible, helping to restore the normal functioning of neurons. Among them, the most useful are:

• Liver;
• legumes;
• Dairy;
• Fish.

To improve well-being, you need five meals a day in small portions.

There are several dietary habits that you should follow with such a disease:

1. You do not need to eat fresh bread, it is better to take a little dried or, in extreme cases, dietary. Cookies and biscuits are allowed only from lean dough.
2. In choosing meat, it is worth giving preference to the type that contains the least amount of fat. It can be boiled or stewed, but not fried. It is worth taking beef, rabbit meat, chicken fillet, liver, tongue. It is better to refrain from sausages and sausages.
3. You can eat whole fish, only cooked at home, and not purchased semi-finished products. You can’t eat caviar, salted or fried fish.
4. All dairy products can be eaten.
5. The number of eggs is limited - no more than 2 per day. Use them soft-boiled.
6. Cereals are allowed in any quantities. From them you can cook soups, cereals or puddings.

Help of folk remedies

In the initial stages of the disease, a properly organized process of rest and work, regular walks in the fresh air, sports, proper, balanced nutrition help restore the normal functioning of the nervous system. Effectively combine all this with the treatment prescribed by a specialist.

A few simple folk recipes will cope with the symptoms of the disease:

1. Decoctions of barberry effectively soothe, for these purposes they use bark or roots. 30 g is poured with a glass of boiling water, boiled over low heat for 10-15 minutes. Take a spoonful three times a day before meals.
2. Brewed birch leaves are effective. They are poured into 100 g with 2 cups of boiling water, and insisted for several hours. Drink half a glass of infusion an hour before meals three times a day.
3. Willow bark powder is useful, which is consumed 1-3 g daily.
4. Good soothing infusion of heather. Half a cup of boiling water for 2 tbsp. l. Herbs, insist 8-10 hours. You need to drink 2-3 tablespoons three times a day.
5. To soothe, use an infusion of eryngium. 15 g of herbs are poured with boiled water, insisted for 2-3 hours, drunk in a spoon 3-4 times a day before meals.
6. If the patient has chronic insomnia and regular nervousness, then you need to add a spoonful of honey to a glass of boiled water, squeeze out lemon juice. This drink 3 times a day.
7. Mix in equal proportions chopped blackberry root, lemon balm, nettle, oregano. Brew 1 spoonful of the mixture in a glass of boiling water, leave for 1 hour, drink 3 times a day.
8. Effective baths from the infusion of rosehip roots and juniper branches. They need to be combined with rubbing, compresses from the same herbs. For cooking, use 1 glass of rose hips, 1 glass of juniper branches, add 0.5 liters of vodka. Everything should be infused for 2 weeks.

Possible consequences and complications

Nervous disorder refers to neuropsychiatric diseases that, if not properly treated, lead to damage to brain structures. The danger of such a disease is that in the initial stages of deviation from the norm is not observed.

Complications and possible consequences occur when there is no normal treatment for the disease, or when there is treatment, but the cause of the disease has not been eliminated.

Possible consequences of the disorder will be such manifestations as:

1. The impossibility of full social adaptation. It manifests itself in the fact that the patient has an enduring inner feeling of discomfort, he cannot communicate with other people.
2. State of depression. It manifests itself in the fact that the patient constantly has no mood, a depressed state.

Complications arise only if the patient has started the disease, and did not turn to a specialist in time. The disease becomes chronic. As a result, treatment will become more complicated, and rehabilitation will take much longer.

A neglected disease leads to a change in the character of a person, his manner of communicating in society. If the treatment has begun, then all the same, the changes will be noticeable, basically you can observe secrecy, a short-tempered reaction to any stimulus: light, sound or smell.

The degree of complication depends on the initial character of the patient, sometimes the worst character traits come to the fore. If a person was a weak personality and easily vulnerable, then treatment can be delayed for a long time, and sometimes it becomes chronic. The result will no longer depend on treatment, even active, timely.

What vitamins help strengthen the nervous system, prevent its disorders

1. Vitamin A. It activates the brain, helps with insomnia, weakness, lethargy.
2. Vitamin B1. It is vital for the normal functioning of neurons, eliminates nervousness, anxiety. With a deficiency of vitamin B1, increased anxiety, insomnia, and impaired coordination occur. If it is enough in the body, then the concentration of attention and the working capacity of the brain increase.
3. Vitamin B3. It helps to stimulate the restoration of energy reserves in neurons. If there is a deficiency of such a vitamin in the body, then this leads to chronic fatigue, inattention, memory impairment.
4. Vitamin B6. With its help, all processes in the brain are restored, the mood improves significantly.
5. Vitamin B12. Regular use of this vitamin helps to fight the effects of irritating factors on nerve cells, it helps neurons recover.
6. Vitamin C. Helps to strengthen nerve cells and restore the normal functioning of the whole organism.
7. Vitamin E. Fights the main factor that causes irritability - fatigue. Helps to normalize the body's performance. With its lack, frequent mood swings, increased irritability can be observed.
8. Vitamin D. Regular use helps to get rid of irritability, depression, helps to improve mood, restore vitality. With an ego deficit, memory deteriorates significantly, and nervousness increases.

To prevent nervous breakdown, you need to regularly eat foods rich in vitamins and minerals, you need to often walk in the fresh air, saturating the body with oxygen.

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Content

Normal human life is ensured by the interconnected work of all body systems. Regulation of all processes is carried out by an integral set of nervous structures, at the head of which is the brain. The structure of the main coordinator and regulator of all processes without exception is unique, and any deviations in the functioning of the nervous system necessarily affect the state of other organs and subsystems, so modern medicine pays great attention to problems in this area.

What are diseases of the nervous system

Not a single process in the human body occurs without the participation of the nervous system. The influence of all factors of the external and internal environment is transformed with the help of neural structures into processes that form a response to constantly changing conditions. A disease of the nervous system causes a break in the connections between the afferent impulses perceived by the psyche, motor activity and regulatory mechanisms, which manifests itself in the form of an extensive list of symptoms.

Morphologically, the human nervous system is divided into central and peripheral. The central one includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral one includes all neural plexuses, cranial and spinal nerves. According to the impact on other organs and biological elements, the integral set of neural structures is divided into somatic (responsible for conscious muscle movements) and ganglionic (vegetative), which ensures the functionality of the whole organism.

Neurological diseases can develop in any part of the neural network, and the list of currently known pathologies of the brain, nerves, neuromuscular nodes, etc. is very extensive. The brain is the main part of the central nervous system (CNS) and regulates all its departments, so any violation of the structure or functionality of neural elements is reflected in its work.

The branch of medicine whose competence includes the study of the biological neural network and its pathologies is called neurology. All painful conditions that are within the scope of study of medical neurologists are united by a common term, consonant with the name of the branch of medicine, “neurology”. In view of the widespread prevalence of this category of ailments in the world, much attention is paid to studying the causes of pathological disorders in this area and finding ways to eliminate them.

The reasons

Most of the currently known diseases are directly or indirectly related to neurology, which is the reason for the high degree of knowledge of the causes of neurological pathologies. The list of pathogenic factors, as well as the list of diseases provoked by them, is very extensive, therefore it is advisable to divide all known causes into enlarged groups - exogenous and endogenous:

Endogenous

exogenous To identify risk factors for the development of neurology, various methods are used, including statistical ones, with the help of which the dependence of the occurrence of pathologies on predisposing signs is determined. As a result of deterministic factor analysis, a number of factors were identified that increase the likelihood of neurological abnormalities, these include: Age criterion - the risk of development increases with the aging of the body due to the gradual degradation of all biological structures and a decrease in the body's ability to adapt to metabolic stress. Heredity - the transfer of developmental features of the body occurs from parents to children, and if there are pathological signs in the gene material, they can be inherited by descendants, the risk of inheritance is less than 5%. Gender - men under the age of 40 are more likely to develop abnormalities in the functioning of neural connections, but among patients of neurological departments after 40 years, the female sex predominates. Toxicogenic influence of the external environment - people exposed to toxic substances (employees of petrochemical, nuclear, energy, metallurgical industries) more often suffer from neurological disorders than other categories of people. Comorbidity and multimorbidity - if a patient has one or more pathologies that have a single pathogenetic mechanism, his tendency to develop other diseases of this group increases significantly, this category also includes those people who have an increased sensitivity of the psyche (especially if the sensitivity is not constant trait of character, but happens periodically). One of the most common factors provoking disruption of certain sections or the entire biological neural network is the presence of diseases (cardiovascular, infectious, congenital, peripheral nerves, oncological), therefore, this group of reasons is considered as the main one. The mechanism of development of pathologies that catalyze destructive processes in neuronal structures depends on the pathogenesis of primary diseases: Cardiovascular diseases - characteristic representatives of this group are aneurysm (protrusion of the artery wall), stroke (impaired cerebral blood supply) and atherosclerosis (formation of cholesterol plaque and plaques on the walls of blood vessels). All these diseases are highly lethal due to the danger of their consequences, which include the irreversible death of electrically excitable cells (neurons). Infectious diseases - damage to the body by highly virulent pathogenic microorganisms requires immediate treatment, and if it is not timely or absent, some types of infectious agents can affect the brain and spinal cord. The most dangerous infectious diseases include meningitis, encephalitis, poliomyelitis, which cause damage to all departments of the neural network or its most important parts. Congenital pathologies - the mechanism of transmission of neurological diseases by genetic means is poorly understood, but it is known that in children with such deviations, deviations in the functionality of not only the neural network, but also other biological structures are observed from birth. Common congenital anomalies include epilepsy (abnormal excitation of neurons in the brain), Canavan syndrome (destruction of the sheath of neuronal fibers) and Tourette syndrome (dysfunction of the thalamus, basal ganglia). Diseases of peripheral nerves - manifested in the form of a loss of sensitivity and motor function in the anatomical zone of innervation or outside it, the causes of peripheral ailments (radiculitis, neuritis), are injuries, neoplasms, invasive interventions. The reversibility of anatomical and morphological changes in the nerves depends on the severity of the damage; with a complete anatomical blockage of the nerve ending or root, all axons die, myelin fibers disintegrate, which leads to muscle atrophy and trophic disorders. Oncological diseases - the process of uncontrolled cell division can develop in the constituent structures of the brain, blood vessels, cranial nerves, meninges, which leads to neurological abnormalities. The appearance of symptoms of diseases can also provoke metastasis of a tumor localized in other organs. Signs of damage to the nervous system Diseases of the nervous system have a wide range of manifestations, the specifics of which depend on the site involved in the pathological process, the severity of the changes that have occurred, and the individual characteristics of the organism. The variability of symptoms often makes it difficult to make an accurate diagnosis, as does the fact that all nervous diseases share common features with other types of ailments. General manifestations that are difficult to identify a specific neurological disease, but their presence confirms the presence of a problem, include: increased fatigue for no apparent reason; deterioration of the psycho-emotional background, bad mood, unreasonable irritability; inconsistency of sleep patterns with circadian rhythms (insomnia at night, drowsiness during the day); frequent dizziness; muscle weakness. The most specific sign indicating the presence of disorders of nervous regulation is a distortion of surface (tactile) sensitivity, which is associated with a deterioration in neural transmission between exteroceptors (formations that perceive tactile stimuli and transmit information about them to the central nervous system). The nature of the manifestation of other symptoms of neuralgia depends on the localization of the affected department of the interconnected set of neural structures. Brain The clinical picture of conditions associated with lesions of the brain is characterized by the appearance of mental changes and behavioral reactions. Depending on which of the departments is affected by pathogenic factors, the following symptoms may appear: Area of ​​responsibility Characteristic symptoms The cerebral cortex Higher nervous activity (thinking processes, speech skills, the ability to remember information, hearing) Memory disorder, speech delay, hearing impairment, headaches, fainting The midbrain and the subcortical structures that form it Reflex abilities, maintenance of the auditory and visual apparatus Visual impairment, diplopia (double vision), increased photosensitivity, decreased reaction speed Pons Provides information from the spinal cord to the brain Loss of coordination, decreased concentration Cerebellum Regulation of movements (consciously and unconsciously controlled), behavior Decreased fine motor skills, gait changes, paresis (decreased muscle strength), paralysis (inability to make conscious movements), tics (involuntary muscle contractions) Medulla Provides reflex conduction, coordinates the vasomotor and respiratory centers Hypoxia due to impaired ventilation of the lungs, loss of the ability to hold static postures for a long time dorsal Being one of the organs of the central nervous system, the spinal cord performs two important functions - reflex and conduction. The defeat of this area entails a violation of the body's response to external stimuli, which is the most objective symptom of pathological changes in the spinal cord. The central nervous system organ located in the spinal canal has a segmental structure and passes into the medulla oblongata. Neurological symptoms depend on the affected segment, while spreading to the underlying departments. Diseases caused by pathologies of the spinal cord are characterized by the following manifestations: hypoxia due to paralysis of the respiratory muscles; deterioration of the mobility of the elbow and shoulder joints; quadriplegia (paralysis of the upper and lower extremities); weakness of the hands, forearms; decreased tactile and vibration sensitivity; saddle anesthesia (loss of sensation in the perianal region); decrease in muscle tone of the lower extremities. Peripheral The structures of the nerves and plexuses that form the peripheral system are located outside the brain and spinal cord and are less protected than the CNS organs. The functions of nerve formations are to transfer impulses from the central nervous system to the working organs and from the periphery to the central system. All pathologies of this area are associated with inflammation of the peripheral nerves, roots or other structures, and, depending on the pathogenesis, are divided into neuritis, neuropathy and neuralgia. Inflammatory processes are accompanied by severe pain, so one of the main symptoms of peripheral lesions is pain in the area of ​​the inflamed nerve. Other signs of pathological disorders include: numbness of the zones located below the affected areas, a feeling of "creeping goosebumps" in this area; exacerbation or decrease in tactile sensitivity; muscle atrophy; movement disorders (muscle weakness, changes in facial expressions); the appearance of dryness or moisture of the palms and soles of the feet; tremor of the limbs. Diseases of the nervous system The competence of neurology includes an extensive list of diseases that have symptoms associated with pathologies of the nervous system. Some types of disorders have low-specific neurological manifestations, so it is difficult to identify them as exclusively a lesion of the nervous system. The exact nature of the disease is determined based on the results of the diagnosis, but if disturbing signs are found, you should contact a neurologist. The most common diseases of the nervous system are: Alzheimer's disease; insomnia; epilepsy; inflammation of the sciatic nerve; disseminated encephalomyelitis; cerebral palsy; migraine; vegetative-vascular dystonia; parkinsonism; neuritis; neuralgia; neuropathy; neuroses; myalgia; encephalitis; meningitis; degenerative changes in the spine; autism. Dementia (acquired dementia) of the Alzheimer's type refers to a group of diseases characterized by slowly progressive death of nerve cells. This disease develops more often in elderly patients, but there is a severe form that causes neurodegeneration in young people. Therapeutic methods used to treat Alzheimer's disease are aimed at alleviating the symptoms, but do not help stop or slow down the degenerative processes. Precise data on the causes provoking the death of neurons have not been established. The main hypothesized factors are structural abnormalities in tau proteins (organic substances present in CNS neurons), deposits of beta-amyloid (a peptide formed from a transmembrane protein), and a decrease in the production of acetylcholine (the main neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic structure). One of the established provoking factors of dementia is an addiction to sweets. Alzheimer's disease goes through 4 stages in its development, which are characterized by specific symptoms. The treatment prognosis is unfavorable - if the disease is detected at an early stage, the patient's life expectancy is 7 years (less often - 14 years). The most characteristic symptoms of the neurodegenerative process include: memory disorder, inability to remember the information received, persistent apathy - signs of the initial stage of the disease; distortion of perception (visual, tactile, auditory), speech impairment, decreased ability to express thoughts, apraxia (impaired conscious motor activity), problems with fine motor skills and movement planning, long-term memory undergoes less changes than short-term memory - symptoms of progressive dementia; obvious disorders of oral expression, paraphrase (using made-up words to replace forgotten ones), loss of self-care ability, distortion of long-term memory, deterioration of character (irritability, aggression, tearfulness), inability to recognize faces of familiar people - moderate dementia of the 3rd degree; complete or almost complete loss of verbal communication skills, a sharp loss of muscle mass, inability to move independently, aggressive behavior is replaced by apathy and indifference to what is happening - a severe degree of dementia, which leads to death (death occurs not as a result of the disease itself, but due to third-party factors in development of comorbidities). Insomnia The clinical syndrome, which is a collection of the same type of complaints about sleep disorders (duration or quality), can be caused by several reasons, one of which is neurology. Dyssomnia (or insomnia) is characterized not only by the inability to fall asleep, but also by the lack of satisfaction after prolonged sleep. Non-pathogenic factors that contribute to the violation of the possibility of a good rest include: unsatisfactory conditions for falling asleep (noise, discomfort, unusual environment); transferred psycho-emotional stress (the events that caused it can be both unpleasant and pleasant); the use of psychostimulants (caffeine, drugs, alcohol), drugs (corticosteroids, neuroleptics, nootropics, etc.); elderly or children's age; change of time zones (after adaptation, the symptoms of insomnia disappear); forced shift of the day regimen (shift work at night). Pathogenic factors of dyssomnia can be somatic (not associated with mental activity) or neurological diseases. Sleep disturbances are dangerous not only as a sign of pathological processes occurring in the body, but also as the cause of their development. Prolonged insomnia can lead to damage to brain cells as a result of oxidation, deterioration of metabolism and the process of bone formation, and the development of cardiovascular diseases. Symptoms that indicate developing or progressive insomnia are: difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep; feeling of lethargy, drowsiness after waking up, persisting throughout the day; deterioration in social or professional abilities associated with poor sleep quality; recurring trouble falling asleep (more than 3 times a week for 1 month); frequent awakenings, after which it is not possible to quickly return to a state of sleep; reducing the duration of night sleep or increasing the duration of the day. Epilepsy One of the most common genetically determined chronic neurological diseases is epilepsy. This pathology is characterized by a high tendency to convulsive seizures (epileptic seizures). The basis of the pathogenesis of the disease is paroxysmal (sudden and strong) discharges in electrically excitable brain cells. The danger of epilepsy lies in the gradual but steady development of personality changes and dementia. Seizures are classified according to a number of features depending on the location of the convulsive focus, the presence of symptoms of impaired consciousness, etc. The development of an epileptic seizure occurs with a depolarization shift in the membrane potential of a group of neurons, which is caused by various reasons. The prognosis for the treatment of convulsive seizures is generally favorable, after the treatment, a long-term remission occurs (up to 5 years). The main causative factors of epilepsy are: genetic abnormalities; congenital brain diseases; mechanical damage to the skull; oncological pathologies; cerebral hemorrhages, hemorrhagic strokes; atrophic processes in the brain. Diagnosis of epilepsy is not difficult due to the specificity of the symptoms of the disease. The main symptom is recurrent seizures.. Other symptoms include: sudden change of mood, irritability, hostility to other people; abruptly occurring disorientation in what is happening (the patient for some time loses the ability to understand what is happening around and where he is, while maintaining the adequacy of behavior and actions); recurrent somnambulism (acting during sleep); distortion of the relationship between mental reactions and real events; affective disorders (an unreasonable feeling of fear, melancholy, aggression). Neuralgia Damage to the nerves belonging to the peripheral parts is accompanied by severe pain sensations in the zone of innervation of a particular area. Neuralgia does not lead to impaired motor functions or loss of sensitivity, but causes severe pain of a paroxysmal nature. The most common type of disease is trigeminal neuralgia (the largest cranial nerve), and it manifests itself in the form of a short, but acute current pain syndrome. Less commonly diagnosed are neuralgia of the pterygopalatine node, glossopharyngeal or occipital nerve, intercostal. The disease leads to a violation of the structure of the nerves only with a long course and the absence of adequate treatment. The causes of neuralgic pain are: inflammatory processes; tumors, neoplasms that affect the nerve; hypothermia; trauma; spinal pathology of a degenerative nature (osteochondrosis); infectious pathogens. The prognosis for timely treatment is favorable, but the therapeutic course is designed for a long time. A characteristic sign of neuralgia is the paroxysmal nature of pain, less often the pain syndrome becomes continuous and requires the use of potent painkillers. Other symptoms of the disease include: hyperemia of the skin; lacrimation; itching of the skin of the face; painful involuntary muscle contractions; convulsions. Inflammation of the sciatic nerve An ailment that is characterized by irritation of the most powerful nerve of the sacral plexus (sciatic) is called sciatica. This disease refers to the manifestations of compression syndromes of osteochondrosis of the spine and has the following symptoms: severe pain localized in the affected area and spreading lower along the nerve; involuntary contractions of the muscles of the lower extremities (convulsions); feeling of numbness in the legs; inability to relax leg muscles; decrease in strength endurance; impaired motor function. The early stage of sciatica is difficult to diagnose due to the fact that the radiograph shows only the bony elements of the spine, and changes occur in the soft tissue components. Minimal abnormalities can be detected using MRI diagnostics, but this method is rarely prescribed without clear reasons for its use. Prerequisites for the development of inflammation of the sciatic nerve are: posture disorders; lifting heavy objects; hypothermia; pathology of the musculoskeletal system; weak muscular frame; incorrectly developed stereotype of movements; long stay in uncomfortable static postures. Disseminated encephalomyelitis A disease in which selective damage to the myelin sheath of neuronal fibers of the central or peripheral nervous system occurs is called disseminated encephalomyelitis. The features of this pathology include the presence of cerebral symptoms and focal neurological symptoms. Encephalomyelitis occurs as a result of pathogenic exposure to virulent viral or bacterial agents. The prognosis depends on the timeliness of detection of pathology and the start of treatment. Death is rare, the cause is cerebral edema. Clinical manifestations of diseases of the nervous system are divided into several groups, The diagnosis is established with the obligatory identification of cerebral signs: decreased strength endurance, loss of muscle tone; deterioration or distortion of the reflex response to stimuli; involuntary rhythmic high-frequency oscillations of the eyeballs (nystagmus); impaired coordination of movements; inability to maintain balance; tremor; seizures; decrease in memory, cognitive abilities; complete or partial ophthalmoplegia (paralysis of the eye muscles). focal symptoms - loss of muscle tone on one side of the body, eye movement disorders, paralysis of only the right or left arm and leg, mismatch of movements; symptoms of a disorder of the peripheral system - sluggish paralysis, loss of sensitivity, degenerative changes in the skin, angiotrophoneurosis; general infectious symptoms - general weakness, hyperthermia. Cerebral palsy The term "infantile cerebral palsy (ICP)" combines chronic symptom complexes of motor function disorders, which are manifestations of brain pathologies. Deviations develop during the intrauterine or natal period and are congenital, but not hereditary. The main cause of paralysis is pathological processes occurring in the cortex, capsules or brain stem. The catalytic factors are: incompatibility of Rh factors in the blood of the mother and fetus; intrauterine infection; disruption of the endocrine system of the mother; birth trauma; oxygen starvation of the child during childbirth; prematurity; postnatal infectious or toxic lesions; iatrogenic factors (provoked by unintentional actions of medical personnel). According to the severity of disorders, cerebral palsy is classified into several forms, which are characterized by their symptoms. The main signs on the basis of which the diagnosis is established are: spastic form - innervation of the muscles of the pharynx, palate, tongue (pseudobulbar syndrome), pathology of vision (strabismus), hearing, speech disorders, cognitive disorders, deformation of the trunk and skull (microcephaly), low level of intelligence; hemiplegic form - unilateral weakening of the muscles of the body, delayed speech and mental development, epileptic seizures; dyskinetic form - slow convulsive contractions of the muscles of the face, body, limbs, eye movement disorders, hearing impairment, changes in posture, body position in space, gait, intellectual abilities are preserved; ataxic form - low muscle tone, speech disorders, tremor, decreased intelligence. Migraine One of the most common neurological diseases is migraine, which is associated with headache. A characteristic feature of the pain syndrome in migraine is its localization only in one half of the head. Attacks of pain in this pathology are not associated with jumps in blood pressure, injuries or tumors. The etiology of the disease is often due to heredity, pathogenetic factors are not precisely defined. Possible causes of migraine attacks include: stressful situations; prolonged physical or emotional stress; eating certain foods (chocolate, nuts, cheeses); alcohol abuse (beer, champagne, red wine); lack or excess of sleep; weather factors (change of climatic conditions, sharp change of weather in the region of residence). Depending on the nature of the course of the disease, migraine is usually classified into several types, the most significant of which are migraine with aura and without aura. The difference between these two forms of the disease is the presence or absence of additional conditions that accompany painful attacks. With migraine with aura, there is a complex of accompanying neurological symptoms (blurred vision, hallucinations, numbness, impaired coordination). The general clinical picture characteristic of all forms of migraine includes the following symptoms: pulsating nature of pain; prolonged attacks lasting from 4 to 72 hours; the intensity of the pain syndrome is medium or high; attacks are accompanied by nausea, vomiting; painful sensations are noted only on one side of the head and intensify during physical activity; intolerance to bright light and sharp sounds. Diagnostics If during the examination of the patient, during which the anamnesis is taken, there is a suspicion of the presence of a disease related to the field of neurology, the specialist prescribes a diagnosis to establish the exact cause of the complaints. Due to the variety and variability of clinical manifestations of neurological diseases and the difficulties in identifying signs of abnormalities in the early stages, several examination methods are used in practice: Instrumental diagnostics - examination of organs and systems is carried out using mechanical instruments and apparatus. The methods of this diagnostic category include radiography, endoscopy, ultrasound (ultrasound), neurosonography (NSG), vascular dopplerography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with normal or functional loading, computed tomography (CT), electroencephalography (EEG), electroneuromyography ( ENMG), intracardiac electrography, electromyography (EMG). Laboratory research - analysis of biomaterial using specialized devices. Studies are carried out using optical microscopy, special reagents (biochemical, serological tests), inoculation of microorganisms on nutrient media (bakposev). The material for research is blood, a smear (cytology, culture), cerebrospinal fluid (obtained by lumbar puncture), body tissues (histology). Neurological testing - the use of various tests and scales to assess the patient's neurological status (Hamilton, Rankin, Hunt and Hess scales, Frontal Dysfunction Battery, etc.). Treatment of the pathology of the nervous system After confirming the diagnosis and identifying the causes that provoked it, the tactics of therapeutic measures are determined. Diseases of the nervous system require long-term treatment due to their recurrent nature. Genetic and congenital neuropathologies are often untreatable, in which case therapy is aimed at reducing the severity of symptoms and maintaining the patient's viability. Acquired neurological diseases are easier to treat if their signs are detected in the early stages. The protocol of therapeutic measures depends on the general condition of the patient and the form of pathological disorders. Treatment can be carried out at home (neuralgia, migraine, insomnia), but in life-threatening conditions, the patient requires hospitalization and the use of urgent medical measures. In the treatment of neurological pathologies, an integrated approach to treatment is required. Based on the results of the diagnosis, therapeutic, supportive, rehabilitation or preventive measures are prescribed. The main treatments used are: drug therapy; surgical intervention; physiotherapy procedures; psychological support; Healing Fitness; diet therapy. Physiotherapy procedures The use of physiotherapy techniques that complement drug treatment is justified by scientific research in the field of neurology. The impact of physical factors on the patient's body helps to improve the prognosis and quality of life of patients. An important factor in the effectiveness of the influence of physiotherapy is the choice of the applied technique, which should be based on the nature of systemic lesions. The main types of physiotherapy that are used for neurological pathologies are: Methodology Indications for appointment Impact Magnetotherapy Peripheral nerve damage, post-traumatic conditions Normalization of blood supply in the denervation zone, maintaining the contractility of muscle fibers, accelerating the recovery of damaged areas of nerves electrical stimulation Neuralgia, neuropathy Restoration of sensitivity, normalization of trophism, improvement of motor ability Laser therapy Neuritis, neuralgia, traumatic nerve damage Antibacterial effect, pain relief, blood circulation stimulation electrophoresis Pathologies of the peripheral system, migraine, inflammatory diseases Activation of metabolic processes, restoration of sensitivity, relaxation, pain relief Ultraphonophoresis Rehabilitation after injuries, surgery Activation of cell metabolism, normalization of metabolic processes electrosleep Encephalopathy, dyssomnia, migraine Normalization of brain processes, blood pressure, sedation Reflexology Encephalopathy, cerebrovascular accident Improved blood supply Manual therapy, massage Encephalopathy, inflammation of the sciatic nerve Restoration of lost motor function, normalization of blood circulation, improvement of muscle tone UHF therapy Neurological diseases caused by degenerative changes in the spine Improving tissue trophism, restoring the functionality of neuronal cells Medical therapy Disorders of the central and peripheral nervous system entail disruptions in the functioning of many other life support systems, which leads to a large list of medications used in neurology. The drugs prescribed in the course of treatment, depending on the scope of application, are classified into 2 groups: Group of medicines Purpose of appointment Preparations Treatment of pathologies of the brain and central nervous system Antipsychotics Antipsychotic effect, reduction of delusions, hallucinations, depression Haloperidol, Sonapax, Truxal, Rispolept, Zyprexa, Tiapridap Tranquilizers (anxiolytics) Sedation, normalization of sleep, elimination of convulsive syndrome, relaxation of skeletal muscles with its increased tone Seduxen, Phenazepam, Xanax, Buspirone Antidepressants Decrease in stress hyperreactivity, improvement of cognitive functions Imipramine, Venlafaxine, Prozac, Pyrazidol, Phenelzine, Coaxil, Lerivon, Melipramine Nootropics Stimulating mental activity, improving memory, increasing the resistance of the brain to external influences Nootropil, Piracetam, Encephabol Psychostimulants Activation of mental activity, improvement of coordination of movements, motor activity, response to stimuli Phenamine, Sydnocarb, Theobromine Normotimics Stabilization of mood in psychosis, depression Lithium carbonate, Lithium hydroxybutyrate, Lamotrigine Anticonvulsants Suppression of uncontrolled muscle spasms Diazepam, Apilepsin, Difenin, Pufemid Trimetin, Carbomazepine, Luminal Antiparkinsonian Weakening of tremor, elimination of symptoms of syndromic forms of Parkinson's disease Levodopa, Madopar, Sinimet, Parlodel, Amantadine, Biperiden, Treatment of peripheral and vegetative diseases N-cholinomimetics Analeptic effect, increased sympathetic pulsation to the heart and blood vessels Tabex, Lobesil N-cholinergic blockers Decreased blood pressure, muscle relaxation Varenicline, Champix Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Elimination of inflammation, analgesia, antipyretic effect Indomethacin, Diclofenac, Ibuprofen, Nimesulide Glucocorticosteroids Improving the adaptive abilities of the body to external influences, antitoxic effect, relief of inflammation Hydrocortisone, Prednisone, Methylprednisolone Local anesthetics Local anesthesia Solutions of novocaine, lidocaine, trimecaine Vitamins (group B) Normalization of the conduction of neuron impulses, regulation of protein metabolism in neuron cells Thiamine, Choline, Riboflavin Antivirals Inhibition of the vital activity of viral agents that provoke the development of neurological diseases Valtrex, Vectavir, Zovirax Local irritants Improvement of tissue trophism, restoration of sensitivity, removal of inflammation due to irritation of sensitive endings Viprosal, Finalgon Surgical intervention The branch of surgery, whose competence includes diseases of the central nervous system and its departments, is neurosurgery. Due to the peculiarities of the structure of neural tissue (high vulnerability, low ability to recover), neurosurgery has a branched profile structure, which includes cerebral, spinal, functional, pediatric neurosurgery, microneurosurgery and surgery of peripheral nerves. Operations on the brain and nerve trunks are performed by highly qualified neurosurgeons, since the slightest error can lead to irreparable consequences. Surgical intervention is prescribed only if there are clear indications, confirmed by diagnostic examinations, and the predicted probability of a successful operation. The main indications for surgical intervention in neurological pathologies are: tumor formations of the brain and spinal cord; injuries of the nervous system that threaten the patient's life; congenital anomalies, without the elimination of which the possibility of normal life of the patient is called into question; vascular pathologies of the brain, the progression of which can become critical; severe forms of epilepsy, parkinsonism; spinal pathologies that threaten the complete restriction of the patient's motor activity. Prevention of diseases of the nervous system Carrying out preventive measures is necessary both to prevent the development of neurological diseases and to maintain the achieved results of treatment. The main preventive measures indicated for all groups of patients (both with congenital and acquired pathologies) include: timely access to a doctor if signs of violations are found; regular medical examinations (in the presence of previously diagnosed diseases that are in remission); adherence to the principles of a healthy lifestyle (refusal of bad habits, a balanced diet, regular walks in the fresh air); moderate physical activity (in the absence of contraindications); compliance with sleep and wakefulness; exclusion or limitation of the presence of provoking factors in personal space (stressful situations, high psychosocial stress); the practice of autogenic training aimed at restoring mental balance in conditions of stress, emotional tension. Video Did you find an error in the text? Select it, press Ctrl + Enter and we'll fix it!

Nervous diseases are a large group of pathological conditions that affect the state of the whole body. The nervous system (hereinafter referred to as the NS) plays a leading role in our life, because it controls the work and functioning of the whole organism. Of course, the role of other organs is also great, but the importance of the NS - a connecting element that transmits impulses and commands from the central organs and formations - can hardly be overestimated.

The statistics of nervous diseases show that they occur in almost everyone, regardless of gender and even age, although most often the symptoms develop in women after 40 years of age.

What are diseases of the nervous system? What are their manifestations and causes? How can you be cured of nervous diseases? These questions concern many people.

Causes and types of nervous diseases

The causes of diseases of the nervous system are numerous. Basically, these are factors that negatively affect the functioning of nerve cells, such as:

The list of diseases of the nervous system is extremely long, but all diseases can be divided into the following groups:

Women are very susceptible to nervous diseases. Constant stress, overwork, hormonal imbalance and other factors adversely affect the entire body, most negatively affecting the nervous system.

Timely diagnosis of the body will help prevent many diseases of the nervous system, read more about it. . Weak immunity contributes to the development of many nervous diseases. You can read about its strengthening in this section.

Symptoms of nervous diseases

The location of the lesion, the type of disorders, the severity, individual characteristics and comorbidity determine which symptoms are most likely to develop in case of nervous diseases.

The main symptoms of a disease of the human nervous system are movement disorders: paresis (decreased muscle strength), paralysis (complete lack of movement), tremor (constant twitching), chorea (rapid movement), etc. Often there are violations of sensitivity in the areas for which the affected areas of the nervous tissue are responsible.

Almost all diseases are accompanied by pain sensations of varying intensity (headache, pain in the neck, neck, back, etc.), dizziness. Appetite, sleep, vision, mental activity, coordination of movements, behavior, vision, hearing, speech are often disturbed. Patients complain of irritability, decreased performance and deterioration in general well-being.

Signs of a nervous disease can appear brightly and quickly or develop over the years. It all depends on the type and stage of the pathology and the characteristics of the organism. In general, all nervous disorders lead to dysfunction of internal organs and systems that are associated with the affected area.

Treatment of nervous diseases

Many are interested in the question of how to treat diseases of the nervous system. Remember: self-medication is dangerous, because irrational and inadequate therapy can not only aggravate the course of the pathology and cause harm, but also lead to the appearance of persistent functional disorders that can seriously reduce the quality of life.

Symptoms and treatment of diseases of the nervous system are inextricably linked concepts. In addition to eliminating the underlying cause of the disease, the doctor prescribes symptomatic therapy to improve the patient's condition.

As a rule, nervous diseases are treated in a hospital and require intensive care. Medications, massage, physiotherapy are prescribed, but sometimes surgical operations are also performed.

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Nervous disorder of a person is a temporary phase of a specific dysfunction, which is acute and manifests itself in the first turn with signs of a depressive state and neurosis. The described disorder is characterized by the presence of the following clinical manifestations: sleep disturbance, increased irritability, complete loss or increase in appetite, psychological instability, constant fatigue. A nervous breakdown is also called a nervous breakdown. The reasons for such a violation can be divorces or other problems in the relationship of spouses, difficulties in professional activities, financial difficulties, constant exposure to stressors, psychological overload.

Disorder of the nervous system

Dysfunction and disorder of the central nervous system can occur due to the impact on the human body of a variety of exogenous factors and a variety of endogenous causes that affect the metabolism, function and structure of nerve cells.

It is possible to single out some types of nervous disorders, the leading position among which, according to statistics, is occupied. We can give the following definition of neurosis - it is a neuropsychiatric disorder, which is a direct consequence of dysfunction of the nervous system. This violation has a number of varieties, characterized by common symptoms, but different manifestations. Of particular note are the following types of nervous disorders:, obsessions,.

The general inhibition of the functions of the nervous system is called neurasthenia. The causes of this violation can serve as long-term stressful effects or psychological trauma. This disorder, as a rule, is manifested by weight loss or gain, high nervous excitability associated with it, often even excessive, insomnia, fatigue, tachycardia. Often this condition goes unnoticed, since the listed manifestations can be found in almost 70% of the world's population. Therefore, in some cases, this disorder goes away on its own, without medical intervention, but it is not worth hoping for such an outcome, since the progression of the disease is possible.

Another fairly common type of neurosis are. This type of disorder of the nervous system is preceded by prolonged depressive states. Patients are constantly haunted by some kind of fear or disturbing thought of an obsessive nature. At the same time, such a violation must be distinguished from delusional states. With obsessive ideas, the patient is well aware that all his fears are groundless and absurd.

Often the factors provoking the occurrence of the described violation are past brain injuries, chronic intoxication of the body, and some infectious diseases.

This type of neurosis can manifest itself in different ways, but common symptoms can be distinguished:

Annoying thoughts that "revolve" around a specific problem, most often far-fetched, unnatural or absurd;

Persistent arithmetic processes in the head - the individual involuntarily and unconsciously counts everything around: cars, objects, people;

Among the signs of vegetative-vascular dystonia, the following are distinguished: dysfunction of the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive systems, violation of the temperature regime, etc.

A patient suffering from vegetative-vascular dystonia often complains of fluctuations in blood pressure. Often there may be tachycardia or bradycardia, pain in the retrosternal region.

On the part of the respiratory system, there may be attacks of suffocation or difficulty in breathing, sensations of squeezing the chest, increased breathing. These manifestations are aggravated by physical exertion.

On the part of the digestive system, nausea, vomiting, lack of appetite are observed, heartburn, flatulence, and belching may also occur.

Violation of the temperature regime is manifested either by excessive sweating or unreasonable chills. The slightest stress in people with hysteria can lead to an increase in temperature. In this case, the limbs will remain cold due to vasospasm.

In addition to these manifestations, one of the most common symptoms is dizziness, fainting is less common. Also, patients are tormented by various fears, anxieties, they lose their appetite, sleep is disturbed and tearfulness appears. The skin is pale, but with a slight emotional excitement, spots of a red tint appear.

Disorder of the autonomic nervous system

Violation of the functioning of the autonomic (autonomic or ganglionic) nervous system is considered an urgent problem of modern medicine.

The autonomic nervous system, being an integral element of the nervous system, ensures the regulation of vascular tone, the functioning of internal organs, the innervation of receptors, glands, skeletal muscles and the nervous system itself.

The main reason that provokes disorders of the autonomic nervous system is the dysfunction of the body systems and individual internal organs. Other causes include hereditary factors, a sedentary lifestyle, excessive consumption of alcohol or fatty foods, certain infectious diseases, stroke, allergies, and injuries.

Disorders of the autonomic nervous system proceed in different ways. They can be manifested by a weakening of vascular tone, a decrease in thermoregulation, metabolic and neuroendocrine disorders, disorders of defecation, urinary and sexual function. Also, due to an increase in the excitability of the sympathetic department, there may be an increase in breathing, palpitations, increased blood pressure, mydriasis, weight loss, chilliness, constipation. With vagotonia, bradycardia, a decrease in blood pressure, a narrowing of the pupils, a tendency to fainting, obesity and sweating appear.

Autonomic dysfunction in organic pathology of the brain accompanies any form of cerebral impairment and is most pronounced in lesions of the internal part of the temporal region, hypothalamus, or deep brain stem structures.

Treatment of disorders of the autonomic nervous system is complicated by a variety of clinical manifestations, which makes it difficult to make a correct diagnosis. Therefore, for the purpose of diagnosis, the following types of studies are used: electroencephalogram, electrocardiogram and Holter monitoring, computed tomography, fibrogastroduodenoscopy, as well as laboratory tests.

Conducting the above studies allows you to thoroughly study the overall picture of the symptoms and prescribe a competent treatment for disorders of the autonomic nervous system.

In the first turn, patients are advised to change their own lifestyle, namely: to get rid of bad habits, adjust the diet, learn how to fully relax, start playing sports. Lifestyle changes should not be temporary, but permanent. In addition to recommendations on a healthy existence, patients are prescribed medication aimed at normalizing the functioning of all organs and systems. Daytime tranquilizers are prescribed, and at night sleeping pills, as well as vascular drugs and physiotherapy. In addition, taking a vitamin-mineral complex, taking a course of massages is considered effective.

Causes of nervous breakdown

All sorts of stresses are considered the main culprits of nervous disorders, but more severe dysfunctions, as a rule, cause factors that adversely affect the structure and function of nerve cells.

One of the most common causes of disorders of the central nervous system is hypoxia. Brain cells consume about 20% of all oxygen entering the body. Various studies have shown that a person loses consciousness 6 seconds after the oxygen stops flowing to the brain, and after 15 seconds, the normal functioning of the brain is disturbed. In this case, cells not only of the brain, but of the entire nervous system suffer.

Damage to the nervous system can cause not only acute oxygen deficiency, but also chronic. Therefore, it is so important to regularly ventilate the room and stay in the fresh air. Just a fifteen-minute exercise can improve the well-being of an individual to a large extent. In addition, daily walks normalize sleep, improve appetite, and eliminate nervousness.

The change in body temperature does not affect the body in the best way. At a prolonged temperature of 39 degrees in humans, the rate of metabolic processes increases significantly. As a result, at first neurons are very strongly excited, and then they begin to slow down, which leads to the depletion of energy resources.

With general hypothermia of the body, the rate of reactions in nerve cells sharply decreases, which means that the entire work of the nervous system slows down significantly.

In addition, there is a theory that explains the appearance of neurotic disorders by genetic factors.

In accordance with the classical view of neurological science, all diseases of the nervous system are divided into two subgroups - functional disorders and organic dysfunctions. Structural disorders are the basis of organic damage.

Organic dysfunction of the nervous system can be acquired and congenital. The acquired form occurs as a result of a stroke, the transfer of craniocerebral injuries and infectious diseases (for example, meningitis), alcohol abuse, and the use of drugs. Congenital dysfunctions develop if a woman during pregnancy consumed alcohol, narcotic substances, some drugs with toxic effects, smoked, had ARVI, flu, suffered severe stress. Also, organic pathology of the brain can occur due to improper obstetric care and birth trauma.

In addition, dysfunction of the nervous system can appear against the background of brain tumors and autoimmune diseases.

The term "functional disorder of the nervous system" originated in the last century and was used to refer to syndromes and ailments that are not characterized by an anatomical basis. This term refers to symptoms of a neurological nature that are not a consequence of damage or pathology of the structures of the nervous system. Biochemical indicators are also in the normal state.

A functional disorder of the nervous system can be triggered by mental trauma, long-term experiences associated with problems in personal relationships, family life.

Symptoms of a nervous breakdown

The modern way of life of the majority is simply impossible without stress. Bad ecology, junk food, alcohol, heredity, non-compliance with the daily routine aggravate the state of the nervous system and lead to its dysfunction.

Initially, a bad mood and excessive irritability appear. The lack of treatment of these primary manifestations can provoke the occurrence of a full-fledged nervous ailment.

All nervous disorders can be divided into two subgroups: neuroses, which in turn are divided into neurasthenia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, hysteria, and vegetative-vascular dystonia.

The clinical picture of neurosis is characterized by a connection only with the nervous system and manifests itself: headaches, depressive states, irritability, mood swings, sleep disturbance and memory loss.

Neurasthenia is characterized by inhibition of the activity of the entire nervous system, which leads to increased fatigue, aggressiveness, insomnia, and tachycardia. In addition, an unreasonable change in body weight can be observed, either in the direction of a decrease, or an increase.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder, as a rule, arises on a long-term basis and is manifested by unreasonable fears, unreasonable anxiety, anxiety. At the same time, nervous tension becomes a constant companion, which is reflected in the general well-being - pains appear, old problems are aggravated.

Hysteria may be accompanied by nausea, loss of appetite, weight loss, cardiac arrhythmia, low-grade fever.

The symptomatology of vegetative-vascular dystonia is different and is characterized by the relationship with other systems and organs. This disorder can manifest itself: dizziness, fainting, drops in blood pressure, a disorder in the functioning of the digestive system.

A functional disorder of the nervous system is manifested by a decrease in concentration and memory, irritability, fatigue, sleep disturbance, depression, mood swings.

Unfortunately, over the years, nervous pathologies, if you do not take drugs for a nervous breakdown, do not disappear, but tend to intensify and provoke the appearance of new disorders.

Signs of a nervous breakdown

From the position of psychiatry, a nervous breakdown is a borderline state, when an individual is not yet sick, but one cannot call him completely healthy either.

A sudden outburst of anger or sadness does not yet indicate a nervous breakdown and the need to take special herbs for nervous conditions.

We can distinguish the main seven signs of the described disorder. If you find one or two signs in yourself or in relatives, it is recommended to immediately contact a specialist.

The main signs of a nervous breakdown:

The morning begins with a spoiled mood, with tears, thoughts that life has failed, "" or "I'm fat and useless";

Any remark from the authorities is perceived as a sign of hostility on his part and a desire to fire;

Lack of interest in entertainment, hobbies, household and other affairs, as if a person ceases to enjoy life;

Arriving home from work, the individual turns off the phones, lie down on the bed, covered with a blanket, as if hiding from the outside world;

The inability to say “no” to colleagues, superiors, comrades, a person believes that by such behavior he becomes indispensable and in demand;

The mood is often persistently bad, depressive mood for no apparent reason;

Often trembling in the knees, a lump in the throat, wet palms and a rapid heartbeat, sudden anxiety.

Also, typical signs of an approaching person can be considered insomnia, a sharp loss or vice versa, an increase in body weight, a depressed state, fatigue, fatigue, irritability, suspiciousness, anxiety, resentment, hostility towards others, pessimism, absent-mindedness, headaches, indigestion, obsession with situations or a person.

If you find one or more of these signs, do not be afraid to consult a doctor. After all, the occurrence of a disease is easier to prevent than to treat its consequences. Doctors often recommend herbs for nervous disorders or mild drugs that do not affect mental activity and are not addictive.

Nervous disorders in children

Modern children are often prone to neurological problems. According to the majority of neurologists, half of the students experience emotional instability at different times. Often this phenomenon is passing, but it happens that the symptoms indicate the presence of a nervous disorder that requires the intervention of a specialist.

It is important for parents to immediately respond to violations in the behavioral response of the baby, since mild nervous disorders in children can eventually transform into stable pathologies of a neurological nature.

Nervous disorders in children often manifest themselves in different ways. Their peculiarity lies in the dependence of the impact of the degree of suppressed emotional state on the functioning of internal organs on the age of the crumbs. That is, the younger the child, the more his depressed state affects the work of the digestive, cardiovascular and respiratory systems.

The main cause of serious neurological dysfunctions in babies is considered to be mental trauma experienced by him in an early age period or recently. At the same time, crumbs, heredity, relationships between participants in family relationships, and frequent emotional overstrain play a role. Such disorders are found in neurotic reactions, in the event of which it is necessary to immediately make an appointment with a neurologist so that he can prescribe drugs in a timely manner for a nervous breakdown.

The following are typical neurotic reactions in toddlers.

A nervous tic is considered one of the most common forms of neurotic manifestations in crumbs. It is found in smacking, involuntary obsessive movements, for example, a child's eyelid or cheek may twitch. Such movements may appear or intensify when the baby is excited. Basically, a nervous tick in a calm good mood does not manifest itself in any way.

Stuttering of a neurotic nature worries many crumbs in the preschool age period, when speech is actively developing. Often parents attribute stuttering to developmental disorders of the speech apparatus, although in reality it is generated by neurological problems. Neurotic stuttering in most children resolves on its own over time. However, some babies may still need specialist help.

With neurological abnormalities, sleep disturbances are pronounced: the baby cannot sleep, he is tormented by nightmares, restless sleep. In the morning, the baby wakes up tired.

Enuresis of a neurotic nature is manifested in children older than five years of age (up to five years of age, enuresis is not a dysfunction) by involuntary urination during sleep at night. Often involuntary urination is observed if the child was punished the day before, or due to a nervous shock. Children suffering from enuresis are usually characterized by tearfulness and changeable emotional behavior.

Also, neurotic manifestations include eating disorders, which are expressed by overeating or refusing food at all or from certain foods.

Often, parents can provoke nervous dysfunction in babies with their excessive diligence and precaution.

Typical parental mistakes: excessive workload of the crumbs (circles, sections), excessive guardianship, scandals between parents, lack of love for the child.

Treatment of a nervous breakdown

Today, more and more people are concerned about the question: "how to treat nervous disorders." And this is understandable. After all, the modern age not only gave mankind progress, but also demanded a price for it - to have a constant stressor companion nearby, which accumulates over time and provokes nervous breakdowns. The intense rhythm of life and constant problems loosen and depress the nervous system. At first, a person does not notice the harmful effects of the environment on the entire organism, but gradually irritability accumulates in it, leading to nervousness, the result of which is neurosis. The sooner the first signs of an incipient nervous breakdown are detected, the easier it is to cope with the disease.

How to treat nervous disorders?

First of all, you need to contact a specialist, who can be a psychologist or psychiatrist, neurologist or neuropathologist. Basically, doctors prescribe not only drug therapy, but also a course of psychotherapy. Of the drugs, the appointment of tranquilizers, antidepressants and nootropics is usually practiced. However, the listed drugs mainly affect the manifestations of neurotic disorders, and not the causes. Among the drugs prescribed for neurosis and with virtually no contraindications, the most popular are Deprim and Glycine. They improve blood circulation in the vessels of the brain, normalize sleep, improve mood and reduce irritability.

In addition, vitamin-mineral complexes, physiotherapeutic measures, massages, general strengthening agents, therapeutic exercises, and traditional medicine help well in the first stages of the formation of the disease.

The most popular in folk medicine are infusions of hop cones and blackberry leaves, which are taken about an hour before meals.

Also, in the treatment of dysfunction of the nervous system, spa therapy is successfully used, aimed at painless restoration of the nervous system. It has no side effects and contraindications. Comprehensive spa treatment includes not only physiotherapy, exercise therapy, special procedures, but also the beneficial effects of natural resort factors such as natural mineral water, clean air, a special diet, water treatments, walks. In the conditions of the resort area, the human nervous system is restored naturally, gradually.

Being on sanitary-resort treatment, the patient is removed from the problems that constantly haunt him in everyday life. Due to natural resort factors, the nervous system is strengthened. Its receptive to negative influences and adverse factors of the aggressive environment is significantly reduced.

Symptoms and, accordingly, therapy of nervous dysfunction, the severity of manifestations and the duration of treatment depend on the number of stressful situations in which a person falls. Therefore, the preventive measures of neurosis are quite simple. They mean only the elimination or reduction of stressors, the avoidance of excessive anxiety. For this purpose, daily exercise and morning exercises, hobbies, hobby groups, seasonal intake of vitamins and seaside holidays will perfectly cope.

Doctor of the Medical and Psychological Center "PsychoMed"

The nervous system, penetrating the entire human body, maintains the interconnection of all body systems and internal organs. All nerve impulses passing through the body pass through it.

This concept combines the central and peripheral nervous systems, the first consists of the brain and spinal cord, and the second is their direct continuation in the form of nerve endings necessary to maintain the motor activity of the body, it also provides the ability to feel for all parts of the body. The autonomic nervous system is responsible for maintaining the work of blood vessels and the heart.

That is why diseases of the human nervous system are among the most serious in medical practice.

Nervous diseases manifest themselves in a variety of ways, from a passive and imperceptible effect on the body, manifested in the form of small disturbances in the functioning of the circulatory system (cardiovascular dystonia), to the most serious diseases that deprive a person of the ability to move and feel normally (Paralysis, Huntington's chorea, and others).

Such a variety of diseases of the nervous system is caused by ramifications; it consists of many unique subsystems. Violations of its work leads to dysfunction of internal organs.

Risk factors for diseases of the nervous system can be divided into two types - removable and non-removable. The former, as the name suggests, can be combated or prevented from occurring. However, unavoidable factors are innate and must be reckoned with. Let's consider them in more detail.

Heredity. Diseases such as Huntington's chorea or Alzheimer's may appear with some degree of probability in the offspring of the patient, some may occur if there is at least one relative on each side who suffered from diseases.

The most common hereditary diseases of the nervous system:

• Parkinson's disease. It is typical for people of age, whose body is significantly weakened by the time of aging, its signs are sluggish movements, tremor of the limbs, slow movements, changes in intelligence towards weakening.
• Alzheimer's disease. More than others, people over the age of 65 are more susceptible to it. The patient loses the ability to remember, memory weakens, speech is not perceived and not reproduced. The patient's consciousness is confused, he can become irritable and even aggressive. These manifestations lead to death, on average, it occurs 7 years after the first manifestations;
• Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is not curable, the cause of the manifestation is unknown. Manifested by degenerative damage to motor neurons in the brain. As a result, paralysis occurs, muscles atrophy, including in the respiratory system, which leads to death.
• Huntington's chorea, a severe incurable brain disease. Manifested in the form of hyperkinesis, rapid involuntary movements, mental disorders. Inherited with a 50% chance, extremely rare.
• Pick's disease, rare and rapidly progressing, appears at the age of 50-60, accompanied by atrophy of the cerebral cortex. It leads to dementia, violation of human logic, inability to normal speech.

Age. Diseases of the nervous system have a certain age interval in which the likelihood of its occurrence increases significantly. For example, chronic fatigue syndrome occurs between 20 and 50 years of age. Tissue degeneration always accompanies the aging process.

Common degenerative diseases of the nervous system:

Gender can also become an additional risk factor, the representatives of the beautiful half of humanity are more prone to mental disorders, eating disorders, phobias, anxiety, suicidal behavior, and other disorders.

Removable factors can appear and disappear during life, these include:

1. Chronic diseases. Their development can undermine the psychological state of a person, and difficult situations with a threat to life (injuries, serious illnesses, and others) lead to the same effect. People who are forced to change their lifestyle, break away from their usual social circle, may suffer from such ailments;
2. Stress. Many situations in life, such as divorce, financial problems, job loss, failures on the personal front, and others, can cause strong negative emotions. Stress is an inevitable situation in life, but a person is able to prevent its transition into a chronic form.
3. Alcohol, drugs. Their use destroys the brain and damages the nervous system, its cells atrophy and die, they can lead to various mental disorders.

More about the nervous system and diseases

Symptoms of diseases of the nervous system

Symptoms of nervous diseases are also conditionally divided into several categories.

Movement disorders

They can be expressed in the loss of muscle strength, complete or partial, the muscles relax, soften, do not resist during passive movements. To avoid muscle atrophy, it is necessary to subject them to special procedures, otherwise they will lose most of their muscle mass. The disease may not be accompanied by a loss of muscle strength, instead the basal ganglia are affected. Such a manifestation disrupts the functioning of the limb, tremors, involuntary movements, and other symptoms may appear.

Dysfunction of the cerebellum can cause incoordination (ataxia), speech problems (dysarthria), hypotonia of the legs or arms. It can also be manifested by tremor, arrhythmia of large movements, unidirectional involuntary muscle tension and relaxation, and other symptoms. A person loses stability when walking, his weather is disturbed, tactile sensitivity is upset.

Pain

Symptoms of diseases of the nervous system can be manifested by pain, most often it is chronic head pain, migraine (bundle, classic or simple), pain can also appear on the lower back and limbs, in the spine, neck.

Sensory disturbance

The patient loses the ability to perceive smells, or there are violations of smell in the form of hallucinations and erroneous sensations. Vision, eye coordination, pupillary dysfunction, hearing, dizziness, and nervous system disorders may also be impaired.

Epilepsy attacks, tantrums, frequent fainting, abnormal sleep, mental abilities, behavior, excessive anxiety and excitability, sudden change of mood - all this can also indicate a neurological disease.

Diseases of the central nervous system

The Central Nervous System, abbreviated CNS, consists of neurons and processes, and its key parts are the brain and spinal cord. The central nervous system is responsible for the implementation of simple and complex reflexes, regulates the functioning of human organs and internal systems, maintains the relationship between them, and together they turn the body into a single whole. Nerve endings allow all parts of the body to feel, provide the possibility of movement. The peripheral and autonomic subsystems are also part of it, however, diseases of the central nervous system have their own differences.

They manifest themselves in the form of a violation of the functioning of the organs of the body, and the whole organism. If the ability to feel is disturbed, and motor activity is weakened, the body cannot function normally. By their nature, such diseases can be divided into several types.

infectious diseases

Infectious diseases of the nervous system:

Damage due to trauma. Mechanical impact and damage from them on brain tissues can lead to CNS dysfunction, their symptoms are headache, nausea, memory loss, and others.

Chronic disease of the CNR, they occur as a consequence of intoxication, individual characteristics of the body, can appear during myasthenia gravis, sclerosis and other similar diseases. Develops gradually.

Diseases of the peripheral nervous system

The peripheral nervous system is based on nerves (cranial and spinal), which provide communication between the central nervous system and all parts of the body and organs. The system has no protection in the form of bones, and there is no blood-brain barrier. This means that it is much easier to damage mechanically, it is more affected by toxic substances.

According to its functions and structure, it is divided into somatic and vegetative. The first regulates the conscious actions of the body, the second provides a response to external stimuli, supports the circulatory system, stimulates the digestive, reproductive and urinary systems.

Diseases of the peripheral nervous system are classified according to:

1. Topographic and anatomical principle, the ailments of this group include inflammation of the roots, cords, plexuses and nerves;
2. According to etiology, such diseases are caused by infectious infections, toxins that have entered the body, an allergic reaction, a lack of vitamins, vertebrogenic formations in the bones of the musculoskeletal system;
3. According to pathogenesis and pathomorphology, neuritis, neuropathy and neuralgia are distinguished.

In turn, neuropathy can be caused by a malfunction of the cardiovascular system, an allergic response, damage by toxins, or direct damage under mechanical influence, or under the influence of temperature, radiation.

Neuralgia is a group of diseases in which pain is felt in the area where the affected nerves are located. In this case, the nerves transmit pain signals for no real reason.

Symptoms of PNS diseases:

• Sensory disturbances, pain sensations, limbs go numb, the affected part of the body seems to burst from the inside, some areas of the skin lose sensitivity or become hypersensitive;
• Inability to move normally, muscles weaken, stop or respond poorly to commands;
• Vegetative dysfunction, manifested by dryness or moisture of the hands, soles, hands and feet get cold even in warm rooms.

To find out what kind of disease you have to deal with, they carry out diagnostics. Her methods allow to identify and correct the disease. Treatment of diseases includes the use of medicines, physiotherapy, and in case of serious complications, surgery. Treatment should begin as soon as the first signs of the disease have been identified.

Vascular diseases. Violation of the circulatory system may be the result of dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system. They flutter as a result of hypertension, atherosclerosis, are manifested by severe pain in the head, nausea and vomiting, can cause cerebral hemorrhage (stroke) and heart attack.

Vascular diseases of the nervous system:

One of the varieties of diseases of the peripheral nervous system are diseases of the sciatic nerve. Actually, the only type of such a disease is Sciatica, manifested by inflammatory processes in the sciatic nerve. Sometimes the same ailment is called sciatica or neuralgia.

Causes of sciatic nerve disease:

• A hernia in the spine, this phenomenon leads to the prolapse of the nucleus of the intervertebral disc from the spinal canal. A bulging disc pinches the nerve endings;
• Infection, infection with influenza, typhoid, scarlet fever and other similar diseases fills the body with toxins that can provoke inflammation;
• Stenosis leads to a narrowing of the lumen of the canal in the lumbar region, in which the spinal cord is located;
• Spondylolisthesis, leads to a change in the position of the vertebrae in relation to each other;
• Influence of cold temperature
• Osteophytes, bone outgrowths are also the result of osteochondrosis, osteoarthritis or spondylosis.

Prevention of diseases of the nervous system

Unfortunately, the prevention of diseases of the nervous system will not help to get rid of them if they are congenital, other diseases cannot be eliminated by modern medicine, however, certain measures can, if not eliminate the disease, then slow down its development, and reduce the negative effect of them.

The best way to avoid the manifestation of neurological diseases is to promptly treat other diseases that may have similar complications.

Systematic sports activities, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, giving up drugs and alcohol, saturating your body with vitamins and nutrients by eating right allow you to minimize the likelihood of manifestation of neurological diseases.

At large industrial facilities, a person can be exposed to dangerous toxins, high temperatures and generally work in difficult conditions, in such a situation, employees should always use personal protective equipment and be aware of possible occupational diseases.

Children are also not protected from neurological diseases, but their nature can differ significantly from that of adults. The child's body is not fully formed, the same applies to all its individual elements, as well as the psyche. He is prone to fears, he meets many irritants for the first time, he is emotionally unstable, so parents should carefully monitor the psychological state of their children.

Diseases of the nervous system in children:

• Nervous tic
• Neurosis
• Neuralgia

A nervous tic is an instant muscle contraction, in most cases they are observed on the limbs and muscles of the child's face. These movements are unconscious, most often manifested in a calm state, sometimes they are provoked by nervous tension.

Tiki rituals are manifested by the repetition of certain actions, motor tics - tension of the wings of the nose, rapid blinking, twitching of the cheek. A vocal tic may also appear, when the baby constantly makes certain sounds for no reason. Most often, the cause of the disease is stress, so they are treated only psychologically.

Neurosis is a reversible mental disorder, parents quite often miss the signs of this disease.

There are several types of neurosis:

• An obsessive state, the child has fears and fears against their desire;
• Hysterical behavior, children aged 3-6 tend to roll on the floor, scream and resent;
• Depressive neurosis, depressed mood, sad expression, reduced activity - all this often manifests itself in adolescents;
• Fear. Children may suffer from anxiety attacks, which may be accompanied by hallucinations or delusions.

Neurotic manifestations can be caused by various psychological reasons, separation from loved ones, information overload, stress and psychological pressure can lead to stuttering, appetite disorders, and sleep.

Medical practice shows that most often mental workers suffer from neurological diseases, but it is not the cause in itself, the reason is in its improper organization.

As the saying goes: “The best rest is a change of occupation”, this statement is true, since constant monotonous activity exposes the body to excessive stress. To avoid overwork of the nervous system, it is necessary to alternate work and rest.

It is also important to work in favorable conditions, so we can say that the search for a pleasant job that satisfies a person is a kind of prevention of diseases of the nervous system.