Reformation and royal power in England in the 16th century. Chapter III. Religious and theological opposition to the Catholic system of doctrine and rituals in England before the Reformation Consequences of the reform of the church
The 16th century in the history of England is the century of the reign of the Tudor dynasty. They were on the English throne from 1485 to 1603. The most important historical processes that took place in England during the Tudor era included the Reformation, the strengthening of royal power and the conquest of maritime supremacy by England. Despite the strengthening of the power of the English king in the 16th century, his regime of rule can hardly be classified as an absolute monarchy. The power of the king during this period was always limited to a greater or lesser extent by parliament. The Reformation also contributed to the strengthening of royal power. It is associated with the name of Henry VIII. The Pope's refusal to grant a divorce to the English king Henry VIII and the Spanish princess Catherine of Aragon became the formal reason for the start of the Reformation. In 1534, the English Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy, according to which the English king and his successors were proclaimed head of the church. One of the prerequisites for the emergence of England as a leading maritime power was the defeat of the Spanish Invincible Armada in 1588.
Reformation and royal power in England in the 16th century.
The era of Tudor rule (1485-1603) is characterized by three important processes: the Reformation, the strengthening of royal power and the conquest of maritime dominance.
Background
After the end of the Hundred Years' War in 1453, England was engulfed in internal strife - the so-called War of the Scarlet and White Roses. The York family and the Lancaster family fought for royal power with the support of aristocratic clans loyal to them. The war ended in 1485, when Henry Tudor became king, uniting the Yorks and Lancasters in marriage. Henry pursued a consistent course towards strengthening royal power ().
Events
The Reformation in England began at the will of the king (and not at the initiative from below), which is why it is called royal. The Reformation of the Church contributed to the strengthening of royal power. It took place simultaneously with the formation of absolutism.
The external reason for the start of the Reformation and the break with the Pope was divorce Henry VIII Tudor with Catherine of Aragon and marriage to Anne Boleyn, which the pope did not want to recognize.
1534- Parliament passed a law according to which the king and his successors become the head of the church in England. Three thousand monasteries were closed in the country. Church lands were secularized (declared to belong to the king). The service has been translated into English. The king received the right to appoint bishops and the highest church official - the Bishop of Canterbury. The reformed church was called Anglican.
1553-1558- Bloody Mary, daughter of a Spanish princess (Spain is a stronghold of Catholicism in Europe) pursues a policy of Counter-Reformation. Catholicism was restored. In 1554, a commission was created to combat heresy. Opponents of Catholicism were burned at the stake.
When the ideas of the Reformation began to penetrate into the country, the king at first rejected them, but later his position changed, and the Reformation in England began according to his will; that's why they call her royal. The reason for the start of reforms was the circumstances of the monarch’s family life. The king was married to the Spaniard Catherine of Aragon, but did not have a son from this marriage - the heir to the throne. He decided to divorce and enter into a new marriage with the Englishwoman Anne Boleyn. The divorce required the consent of the Pope, but he refused, fearing the wrath of Catherine's powerful nephew, Emperor Charles V. Enraged, Henry VIII began to take action against the Pope, deciding to use Luther's ideas. True, of them he accepted only what could strengthen his power. The king decided to subjugate the English church and confiscate its vast possessions. Under his pressure, Parliament in 1534 adopted the “Act of Supremacy” (that is, of supremacy), proclaiming the monarch the supreme head of the English Church. The monasteries were closed, and their lands passed into the hands of the king and his entourage. Anyone who did not approve of the king's divorce and the new church policy was persecuted. The despot king spared no one. Even Thomas More, the famous humanist and Lord Chancellor of England, laid his head on the chopping block.
Rice. 2. Anne Boleyn ()
The Reformed Church accepted Luther's idea of "justification by faith" and rejected some of the Catholic sacraments, but otherwise remained close to the Catholic Church. The new faith, called Anglican, quickly took root in England, although many secretly remained Catholics; There were also supporters of deeper church reform.
The choice of a new faith brought important political benefits to the country : England led European Protestants. But this inevitably made her an enemy of Catholic Spain.
The new faith was subjected to severe tests during the reign of the daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon - Mary Tudor (Bloody). She restored Catholicism in the country and brutally dealt with Protestants. But after her death, the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, Elizabeth I Tudor (1558-1603), ascended the throne, finally establishing the new faith. A supporter of the moderate Reformation, Elizabeth rejected the extremes of Catholicism and Calvinism and restored Anglicanism, seeking to avoid bloody religious strife.
Rice. 3. Elizabeth I ()
The long reign of Elizabeth I was marked by important successes in the development of the economy, the strengthening of the state, and the brilliant flourishing of culture. Elizabeth was smart and well-educated, had acting skills, and had no equal in the diplomatic game. And if in other countries, under absolutism, representative bodies lost their importance, then the English parliament, consisting of the House of Lords and the House of Commons, retained its influence. The leading role in it was played by the House of Commons, in which representatives of the bourgeoisie and the new nobility predominated. They needed the support of royal power and themselves supported it until a certain time. In her actions, Elizabeth relied on the nobility, but at the same time pursued a far-sighted policy of protectionism - patronage of the development of national production and trade. The production of goods, especially cloth, has increased noticeably in the country. In order to profitably sell them and cheaply purchase raw materials and necessary goods, the British sailed to all corners of the world. In order to reduce the risk of long-distance travel, they united into trading companies. Thus, the Moscow Company traded with Russia, the East India Company traded with South and Southeast Asia.
In the field of foreign policy, Elizabeth tried to maneuver between the strongest powers of Europe at that time - Spain and France. However, relations with Spain were quite tense, since the queen secretly supported the smuggling trade of English merchants with the Spanish colonies and the actions of pirates who attacked Spanish ships. The Spaniards, in turn, organized rebellions and conspiracies of Catholics in England, the most notorious of which was a conspiracy involving the Scottish Queen Mary Stuart, who fled to England from the Reformation that began in Scotland. Since Mary was a relative and heir of Elizabeth, her Catholic faith made her a dangerous tool in the hands of Spain. Mary was involved in a Catholic conspiracy, it was discovered, and the Scottish queen was executed by court order.
The Spanish king Philip II was indignant and in 1588 struck back. The Spaniards assembled a huge fleet - an armada - consisting of 134 ships. The Spanish fleet was supposed to land an 18,000-strong army in England. When the armada approached the shores of England, the Spanish admiral showed indecision and lost his chances of success, while the British acted successfully. And then the Spanish fleet was destroyed by fierce storms. Spain's enemies rejoiced, mockingly dubbing the defeated armada "invincible." England celebrated their victory. She defended her independence and was preparing to become a great maritime power.
Rice. 4. Defeat of the “Invincible Armada” ()
Bibliography
1. Bulychev K. Secrets of the New Time. - M., 2005
2. Vedyushkin V. A., Burin S. N. General History. History of modern times. 7th grade. - M., 2010
3. Koenigsberger G. Early Modern Europe. 1500-1789 - M., 2006
4. Soloviev S. Course of New History. - M., 2003
Homework
1. What successes did the English economy achieve in the 16th century?
2. What are the reasons for the beginning of the Reformation in England?
3. What were the main directions of Elizabeth I’s domestic and foreign policy?
The beginning of the Reformation in England is associated with the name of the English king Henry VIII (1509-1547), who turned into one of the most fierce opponents of the papacy. The “Parliament of the Reformation” that met under him adopted a number of laws that completely transformed the English Church and took it out from under the authority of Rome. Of utmost importance was Act of Supremacy(supremacy), proclaiming the king the head of the English church.
The Reformation in England became irreversible after the Queen's accession to the throne. Elizabeth in 1559. At the beginning of her reign, Parliament confirmed the supremacy of the crown in church affairs and adopted the Act of Unification, according to which all English were obliged to perform divine services in accordance with the rules of the reformed church.
Anglican Church
The renovated church was named Anglican. It took an intermediate position between Catholicism and Protestantism. Being completely independent from Rome and having switched from Latin to English, the Anglican Church has largely retained Catholic dogma and church structure. In particular, the leading role of bishops in the church organization was preserved, which is why the Anglican Church is called Episcopal.
Closing of monasteries
In England, thousands of monasteries were closed, which owned almost a quarter of all cultivated land in the country. This was the largest redistribution of property in the modern history of England, which had enormous social consequences. Thus, the Reformation turned into a powerful factor in the transformation of the entire English society.
Spreading literacy
The most important consequence of the Reformation in England was the widespread spread of literacy. The Bible was translated into English, and since the English of that time had practically no other books, the Holy Scriptures became their main reading. The preface to the English translation of the Bible called on believers to independently study the Word of God. Material from the site
Puritans
Since the Anglican Church retained many elements of Catholicism, a movement arose in England under the influence of Calvinism Puritans. Their name comes from the English word meaning "pure", as the Puritans demanded a complete purification of their faith from the Catholic heritage. Puritanism will be destined to play a huge role both in the fate of its country and in the history of British
Introduction
Beginning of the Reformation
1 Reasons for the Reformation in England
2 Reformation under Henry VIII
Reformation under the last Tudors
1 Protestant Reformation under Edward VI
2 Catholic reaction under Mary Tudor
3 Elizabeth I's Compromise
Conclusion
Bibliography
1. Introduction
Relevance. The history of early modern Western Europe cannot be understood without reference to the vast complex of problems associated with the Reformation, a religious movement that swept almost all of Europe in the 16th century. In the understanding of the reformers, the reconstruction of the Catholic Church included a significant set of measures aimed at changing doctrine and worship, church practice and the life of parishioners, relations between church and state, and the system of canon law.
In the late Middle Ages and early modern times, the church continued to maintain an important role in society. Church institutions functioned on the basis of canon law, church courts regulated important aspects of people’s daily lives (marriage and family law, approval of wills, etc.), therefore, the study of the specific sphere of church law allows us to understand the process of church reform in more depth and detail.
In each country, the Reformation had local conditions and characteristics determined by the course of previous historical development. In England, such a feature was the dominance of government initiative during the reforms, which significantly influenced their progress and the formation of the canon law system.
The relevance of the topic is also due to the fact that despite many works in foreign historiography, not all aspects of the English Reformation have been studied in Russian historical science.
In addition, the Reformation led to the creation of many movements in Christianity, united under the common name “Protestantism”.
The scientific relevance of the topic is due to its close connection with the problems of humanistic ideology and the worldview of late medieval society. The historical traditions of Protestantism to this day have a great influence on the political and cultural life of modern states where Christianity is professed, which gives the work even greater significance.
One of the most moderate movements of Protestantism is Anglicanism, which represents a kind of compromise between Catholic and Protestant teachings. In this regard, the English Reformation has never been devoid of attention from researchers.
The object of this study is the English Reformation. Events in England were one of the most original moments of the pan-European Reformation. Their originality was determined by the previous course of the country's historical development and was associated with the dominant role of royal power. The change in the relationship between church and state inevitably led to the restructuring of the old Catholic system of canon law and changed the impact of the reformed church on the life of society.
The chronological scope of my research covers the early royal reformation - the second half of the reign of Henry VIII and ends with the reign of Elizabeth I.
The territorial scope of the study is England.
Research methods:
.A systematic method that allows us to consider the reformation as a complex, evolutionary phenomenon. .The comparative historical method makes it possible to identify general and particular processes in the development of English church law and trends in its development. .The biographical method is the study of personality in the context of history. Study of the topic: The topic of the Reformation in England has received wide coverage in various fields of humanitarian and social knowledge. The first works covering the events of the English Reformation were the works of various church historians who belonged to the Catholic or Protestant camps: J. Barnett, J. Collier, L. Dodd, J. Stripe14. For these works of the 17th-19th centuries. characterized by a confessional approach, often a biased attitude towards Catholicism. To the works of the 17th-19th centuries. goes back to the origins of the liberal (Whig) concept of the Reformation, very popular in the 19th century. It was characterized by an overestimation of the Tudor period in English history: it was considered the most important milestone on the path of the country's transformation into a world power, a turning point in the transition from the Middle Ages to the Modern Age. The success of Protestantism was seen as a victory for progress. On the one hand, this aroused great interest in the problems of the Reformation, on the other, it led to an overemphasis on the Protestant nature of church reforms, an exaggeration of the “uniqueness and exclusivity” of the historical development of the English nation, and the transformation of the history of the Reformation into the history of Anglicanism. The thesis about the national exclusivity of the British, about the desire for freedom as a feature of the national character, which determined the break with the papacy, was especially emphasized. A positive feature of the works of Whig historians (J. Russell, G. Gallam, T. B. Macaulay) is the development of the problem of establishing royal supremacy over the church. Tory and conservative historians (D. Hume, Mitford) viewed the Reformation in the context of strengthening the absolute monarchy. The radical direction is represented by W. Cobbett, who focused on secularization and the abolition of the poor laws and emphasized that the reasons for the Reformation were the economic interests of the king and the nobility. Positivist historians (G.T. Buckle, D.R. Green) sought to show the Reformation as part of an integral historical process, to create a unified picture of the history of England. At the beginning of the 20th century. A sociological school took shape, focusing on the connection between the Reformation and the economic component of society. Its most important figure is M. Weber, author of the work “The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism.” The purpose of this work is to study the Reformation in England as a historical process. This leads to the following tasks: .Identifying the reasons for the emergence of the Reformation in England .Study of the stages of the reformation: under Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary Tudor, Elizabeth I. .Identification of the influence of the reformation movement on the future fate of the church. .Analysis of the results of the Reformation. reformation england church 2. Beginning of the reformation 1 Reasons for the Reformation in England The reasons that gave rise to the reformation in England developed over a long period of time, as in all European states that experienced church reformation. But in some respects they were typical only of England itself. Please refer to the list of immediate causes: .Firstly, the Lollards, whose task was to spread the teachings of John Wycliffe (he openly came up with ideas to reform Western Christianity, boldly opposed paying taxes to the papal treasury. Wycliffe argued that, if necessary, the state has the right to deprive the Church of its possessions, and the encroachment of the pope on secular power contradicts the foundations of Christianity), could not be completely exterminated. On the contrary, their teachings were passed from house to house among the lower classes of England and became a religious underground movement of the 15th century. The Lollards' emphasis on the authority of Scripture and the need for personal communion with Christ was reinforced by political changes in England in the first quarter of the 16th century. .Thirdly, the intellectual factor should not be ignored. Biblical humanists or Oxford reformers, such as John Colet (c. 1466-1519), deacon of St. Paul's Church, began studying the Bible in Erasmus of Rotterdam's translation in the early 16th century and explaining the meaning of the Bible to their people. These humanists were extremely critical of the shortcomings they saw in the Roman Church and tried to initiate reforms. William Tyndale (c. 1494-1536) and Max Coverdale, who later made the Scriptures available to the English people in their own language, were also reformers. Tyndale published two editions (each containing three thousand copies) of his English translation of the New Testament at Worms in 1525. This translation from the Greek New Testament of Erasmus of Rotterdam was the first printed New Testament and was distributed in England by merchants. Although Tyndale was martyred near Brussels in 1536, his work lived on and helped bring about religious reform in England. Miles Cavserdale published the first complete printed translation of the Bible into English in 1535. A student of the Reformation is always amazed that the successes of the Reformation in a state are closely connected with the translation of the Bible into the language of the people living there. .Fourthly, Luther's writings and ideas were also circulated in England, which also spoke about the abuses of the Roman Church. The main provisions were written by him in the work “Babylonian Captivity”. Henry VIII responded very negatively to this work and in response to it he wrote his work “In Defense of the Seven Sacraments.” For her, the Pope rewards him with the title “Defender of the Faith.” Luther's books were publicly burned, although this act did not stop the spread of his ideas, which were no less studied, and through these ideas people came to Protestant views. .Also, the immediate, direct reason that led to the reformation was the desire of Henry VIII to have a legitimate male heir. Henry VIII was married to Catherine of Aragon, daughter of the founders of the Spanish state, Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile. Henry VIII was married to her for 24 years, leaving behind a daughter, Mary. Henry VIII was never distinguished by marital fidelity; he only had 6 official marriages. Henry VIII wished to marry his new “passion” Anne Boleyn. But first he needed to divorce Catherine of Aragon and in order to marry, he needed to bring the Roman Church in England under his control. Henry's actions were the direct and personal cause of the beginning of the Reformation. 2 Reformation under Henry VIII Henry VIII was King of England from 1509 to 1547. By 16th century standards, King Henry VIII was a very tall man. He was distinguished not only by his height, but also by his very strong build - broad-shouldered, with muscular arms and legs. “He was very handsome - tall and slender,” a contemporary wrote about the twenty-two-year-old king, “and when he moved, the earth shook under him.” His actions combined political and personal motives in a very bizarre and, at first glance, contradictory manner. Henry VIII was portrayed either as a king-juir, who was little involved in state affairs and was constantly in a whirlwind of court entertainment (particular attention is usually paid to his scandalous personal life), then as a cruel and treacherous tyrant, then as an extremely prudent and sober politician, indifferent to women who arranged marriages only for political reasons and maintained a lush courtyard solely out of necessity, for reasons of prestige. In fact, he surprisingly combined the features of a noble knight and a tyrant, but a sober calculation aimed at strengthening his own power prevailed. His father was Henry VII, who dedicated himself to uniting the major royal families of Europe into one family through strategic marriages. His daughter Margaret married James of Scotland. His son Arthur married the Spanish princess Catarina of Aragon. When Arthur died, the impoverished king, not wanting to lose Catherine's dowry, persuaded Pope Julius II to grant a dispensation, and Catherine was able to marry Henry, Arthur's younger brother, in 1503. Henry and Katharina had one child. This child later became Queen Mary Tudor. When it turned out that Henry could not have a son from this marriage, he became concerned because he believed that England would need a male ruler after his death to look after the domains during the colonization period. He also believed that perhaps God was punishing him for marrying his brother's widow. Having entered into a relationship with the pretty Anne Boleyn (Catherine's maid of honor), Henry ordered his adviser Cardinal Wolsey to begin negotiations with Pope Clement VII so that he would allow him to free himself from Catherine. Clement VII was unable to comply with this request because in 1527 he was under the influence of Catharina's nephew, the powerful Charles V, King of Spain and Emperor of Germany. Henry accused Wolsey of conspiracy when he failed to obtain a divorce, but Wolsey died before Henry could execute him. Since it was clear that the Pope would not grant a divorce, Henry decided to obtain it from the English clergy, who could relent under pressure from Parliament. The Tudor Parliament was made up of representatives of the people, but it was answerable to the king, not the people. Thus, the Reformation in England was initiated by the secular power of the king and parliament. The reform parliament ended papal control and monasticism. At the insistence of the king, Parliament adopted a number of statutes, the general purpose of which was the creation in the country of a national church independent of Rome. In 1529, Parliament “prohibited members of the clergy from holding several benefices at the same time or from living in a place other than the place of their ministry.” The Statute of 1532 stated: “if the pope imposes an interdict or excommunication on the country, king, subjects, it should not be taken into account.” Thomas Cromwell became Henry's chief advisor. In 1532, the Protestant Thomas Cranmer was made Archbishop of Canterbury. He immediately dissolved the king's marriage to Catherine of Aragon and legitimized his marriage to Anne Boleyn. In the fall of 1533, Anna had a daughter, Elizabeth Tudor. The Statute of Parliament of 1533 stated: “There are many inconveniences arising from appeals to the Roman See in cases of wills, marriages and divorces, which cause the king and his subjects much anxiety, difficulty and expense. Moreover, Rome is located at such a considerable distance that the investigation is delayed and justice suffers.” Therefore, it was decided that “all such matters should be finally decided within the kingdom.” The Parliament of 1534 made an important addition on the subject of appeals to Rome. If, according to the statute of 1533, appeals to the pope on certain issues were prohibited, now “any appeals and appeals ... to Rome are prohibited. In the event of an unfair decision in the archbishop's court, the dissatisfied may appeal to the Royal Majesty." Developing opposition to Rome, the parliament of 1534 destroyed all papal influence over the appointment of archbishops and bishops in England. He decreed that “candidates for the sees of archbishops and bishops should not present themselves to the pope and should not expect bulls from the pope; all such bulls and similar ideas must be stopped forever.” All these pieces of legislation dealt a mortal blow to papal authority in England. The Pope was no longer the highest judge in the land. He ceased to be a feudal master of the English Church, as he was throughout the Catholic world, since English prelates - the former vassals of the pope - were appointed without his consent. The Pope could not hit England with his curses, because it was ordered not to pay any attention to interdicts and excommunications. Papal jurisdiction in the country was eliminated. Along with measures aimed at destroying the legal privileges of the papacy, parliament adopted statutes to free England from financial dependence on Rome: “An Act for the Restriction of the Payment of Annates” (1532), “An Act for the Abolition of Papal Dispensations and the Payment of St. Peter’s Pennies” ( 1534). The apogee of the activity of the “Parliament of the Reformation” was the publication in 1534 of the “Act of Supremacy” (supremacy), which declared the king the supreme head of the Anglican Church. The “Act of Supremacy” was approved by Parliament in November 1534. The Act, in particular, stated: “the king (his heirs and successors) must be accepted, recognized, revered as the only supreme head of England in the world... and must possess all the titles, honors, dignities, privileges, jurisdiction and revenues inherent in and belonging to the dignity of the Supreme Head of the Church." The power of the English king was declared imperial - excluding subordination to anyone, including the head of the Catholic Church. The break with Rome was to determine the attitude towards monasticism and monasteries. Moreover, of all the land wealth in Catholic Europe, 1/3 belonged to the church, and of all the land owned by the clergy, 2/3 were the property of monasteries. From the end of 1535 to 1540. In England there was a process of secularization of monasteries. It included the so-called visitation (visiting all church institutions and drawing up reports on their condition), consideration of the visitors’ report at parliamentary sessions, and the adoption of a law on the liquidation of monasteries. The dissolution of monasteries occurred sequentially, starting with small ones. At the same time, resistance to the procedure was interpreted as political unreliability, which could result in prosecution for high treason. The monasteries came into the possession of the king. In 1540, Parliament adopted a statute that assigned all church estates to the king and his heirs. As a result of secularization, 645 monasteries were confiscated. Since as a result of secularization, a huge amount of real and movable property ended up in the hands of the king. The secularization of monasteries enriched the treasury. The king transferred part of the lands as a reward to his associates, the court aristocracy, and part was leased. Secularization caused a new wave of “enclosures” that took place in the country from the end of the 15th century. Monastic peasants joined the army of the landless, the paupers. Monasteries were the stronghold of the papacy, so their secularization contributed to the destruction of papal influence. The liquidation of monasteries destroyed the material, legal, and moral influence of the clergy on the masses. Finally, secularization cleared the way for the further progress of the reformation. Having created a national church headed by himself, taking away property from the church, thus turning the church into part of the state apparatus, Henry VIII could stop. He did not need the reform of dogma and was even harmful. But no matter how much the king wanted to break with Catholicism, he had to look for differences to justify the ongoing separation from the papacy. In May 1536, by order of the king, the “Reformation Committee” was established, headed by T. Cranmer, which formulated the first Anglican creed - the “Ten Articles”. Then three more versions of the confession appeared: “Admonition to a Good Christian”, or “Bishop's Book”, “Six-Article Statute “Bishop's Book”, “Six-Article Statute “Royal Book”. By the end of the reign of Henry VIII, the Anglican Church occupied an intermediate position between the Catholic and Lutheran. It rejected extremes in the veneration of saints and icons, banned indulgences, reduced the number of holidays, made minor changes in worship and rituals, and called the Holy Scriptures as the source of faith. Hence, one of the first tasks of the Reformation was the translation of the Bible into English. From this time on, the Bible became available to the British. In general, at the first stage of the reformation the religious issue was not resolved. Only political and economic transformations were carried out. 1 Protestant Reformation under Edward VI After the death of Henry VIII, the future of England was in the weak hands of a nine-year-old boy, small for his age. King Edward VI grew up as a smart and lively child. White skin, reddish hair and a graceful physique. Prince Edward was a very beautiful child. In early childhood, Edward was sometimes sick, but other than that, he did not cause any trouble to his father. He mastered Latin and the basics of Greek, and when the time came to take the reins of government, he knew French well, fencing with his peers in the castle courtyard and riding on horseback to hunt. From the point of view of religious education, it was a real child of the Reformation. The prince knew no other religion than that which was accepted at Henry's court, where services were conducted in English. So he grew up unburdened by the nostalgia for the old church and Latin masses, a nostalgia that haunted his parents' generation. Of course, Edward was supposed to become a nominal ruler. In his will, Henry specified a regency council of sixteen “dear confidants to my heart,” which included all the main ministers of his government. This council was to guide the young king until he came of age. Two of the sixteen named immediately took the regency into their own hands - Edward Seymour, who shortly after Henry's death became Duke of Somerset, and William Paget. Edward Seymour was Edward's closest female relative, and it was natural that he should become his guardian. Moreover, Edward himself approved that he would be his regent. It was Edward who would carry out the religious reform, as a result of which a new religion and worship would be established. From 1548 to 1551, a number of documents were published (statutes of parliament, orders of the king, messages of the Archbishop of Canterbury) and the Book of Common Prayer, which completed the liturgical reform. These events brought the Anglican Church closer to Lutheranism. When the reform of worship and rituals was completed, the question arose of a systematic presentation of the dogmas of the English reformed church. In 1551, Archbishop Cranmer received an order from the king to draw up a creed that would spread throughout the country. A new creed of the English faith was written, considered by the Privy Council (the closest royal government structure), a meeting of the highest ranks of the church, and in 1553, under the name “42 articles”, was sent to the dioceses “for strict adherence to it in preaching and teaching.” The main provisions of the “42 Articles” were Protestant: the Catholic teaching on purgatory, indulgences, veneration of icons, relics, and appeal to saints was rejected; only 2 sacraments were left instead of 7 in Catholicism - baptism and communion; communion was to be administered under both types and for the laity; clergy marriages were allowed; worship had to be conducted in a language understandable to the people. But still, all the measures and transformations taken were carried out on very fragile, shaky ground. When Edward VI reached the age of 15, it became clear that his reign would not be long. After his death, in the absence of direct heirs, the throne was supposed to pass into the hands of Mary (daughter of Catherine of Aragon), passionately devoted to Catholicism, who spent her entire bitter life in prayer. At this time, the Duke of Northumberland decided to launch a political intrigue that was supposed to both strengthen the reformation in England and transfer royal power to his house. The Duke of Northumberland, even before the announcement of changes in the order of succession to the throne, announced the marriage of his son Guildford<#"justify">After Mary's death, Elizabeth, daughter of Henry and Anne Boleyn, ascended to the English throne. When she ascended the throne she was twenty-six years old. As for her appearance, her hair was very red. Many at court called her an incomparable beauty, which was not true, but she was quite attractive and certainly outperformed Mary. She received an excellent education, but did not skimp on abuse and was sometimes very rude when speaking. In many ways, she inherited her father's frantic character. Some praised her to the skies, while others uncontrollably disparaged her. After the accession of the new queen to the throne, some courtiers were directly tempted to continue the same system of government that had existed until then. The saddened widower Philip II, King of Spain, hastened to offer her his hand as soon as the well-known, decorum-established period for such a search had passed. He was no longer embarrassed by Elizabeth's origins - he was guided only by political motives. But he did not meet with sympathy from Elizabeth, who, although she was very unique in her religious views, could not in any way bow to the side of Catholicism. At the same time, she was not reconciled with all manifestations of Protestantism. So, for example, the married clergy was disgusting to her, and she felt much more inclination towards ritualism, towards the appearance of worship in general, than all the reformers of the time of Edward VI. When, upon her entry into London, she was informed about the prisoners who were languishing in captivity and awaiting her release, and among the prisoners they allegorically mentioned “the four evangelists,” Elizabeth very subtly and cautiously noted that she must first investigate “whether these four prisoners themselves want to get freedom"? But she also could not remain a Catholic, because even by the fact of her birth she was, as it were, a living contradiction to papism. Her father married her mother against the will of the pope, and even if she had forgotten about this circumstance, she should have been reminded of it by the impudent message with which Pope Paul IV responded to her notification of his accession to power. However, she did not allow herself to be confused, did not suffer any restraint in her actions, did not succumb to the temptation of revenge and did not return directly (as one of the parties advised her) to the religious orders of Edward VI, but managed to correctly guess the mood of the people, choosing in this in relation to some middle way. She saw that in England there was a very zealous Catholic and a very zealous Protestant party. Both are relatively small. The overwhelming majority of people (at least in influential circles) stood mainly for the independence of the country from the pope, but otherwise, as far as rituals were concerned on the dogmatic side, they were ready to make concessions, almost not wanting to demonstrate the opposite in relation to the old one, so called the Catholic based religion. Elizabeth and her government once again changed the entire English church structure. The English Church was restored, that is, independent of the Pope, having the English King (Queen) as its supreme head. This church, however, retained bishops who were now subordinate to the king. In its dogmas, the Anglican Church was not much different from the Catholic Church. The extreme uncertainty of the new catechism made it possible to interpret it in different ways. Having rejected the humiliating dogmas of the old Church, cruel laws against heretics and abolished spiritual courts, it almost did not move away from the structure of the Church that existed under Henry VIII, and gradually began to bring it closer to the general provisions of Protestantism in the form in which it had already established itself in mainland. By agreement with her first and closest adviser and with the consent of parliament, although she abolished the high-profile title of “Supreme Head of the Church,” she nevertheless reserved the most significant rights of leadership, in the sense of control and leadership of changes in the church environment. Both the higher and lower clergy had to recognize these rights and secure them with an oath. Then, 42 paragraphs of Cranmer's "confession of faith" were revised, but moderately and in the form of "39 paragraphs" approved by a meeting of the clergy in London in 1562, and in 1571 adopted by Parliament as a law binding on all. At the same time, the splendor and solemnity of the divine service, the vestments of the priests, and the most significant positions of the hierarchical system were preserved. The Thirty-Nine Articles emphasize the supreme authority of Scripture, as does the entire Protestant movement. However, Anglicans maintained close ties to their Catholic heritage, affirming the importance of tradition. They did not claim equal authority between Scripture and tradition, as the Catholics did, but they still followed tradition as closely as possible. Moreover, they argued that when Scripture is silent on a matter, the church has the authority to affirm a binding tradition on that matter. Once the church has exercised its authority and established a tradition, each believer and each local congregation must follow it. Change can only come from the church as a whole. That is, more emphasis was placed on the general tradition than on human conscience and freedom. The Church of England remained predominantly liturgical. Those who focused on traditional rituals came to be called the "high church," and those whose services began to be held in an evangelical manner came to be called the "low church." Thus, Elizabeth founded the Anglican Church - akin to Protestantism in its teaching and independence from the pope and, at the same time, akin to Catholicism in its rituals and internal structure. In England, of course, even then there were a sufficient number of people who did not agree with this system (non-conformists), there were even more ardent supporters of Calvinism and Presbyterianism, Independents - in a word, all those elements that later were designated by one common name - the Puritans. But they did not dare to raise their heads during the reign of Elizabeth and had to wait for the onset of other times, more favorable for their propaganda. 4. Conclusion When studying the history of modern times, it is impossible not to turn to a complex of problems associated with the Reformation. The Reformation, as a religious movement, swept through many countries of the world, and in each country there were only slight differences, which cannot be said about England. The English Reformation differed from all others in that it was dictated from above, since English absolutism could afford such a phenomenon. Naturally, the reformation took place not only at the behest of the king, but there were enough problems associated with the church: the spread of the ideas of Wycliffe, Luther, and the intellectual factor, indignation at the behavior of Rome. We see how the reorganization of the church changed under different kings (queens). The Reformation was started by Henry VIII, who in many ways did not decide the future fate of the church after the break with Rome, but only limited himself to calling himself the head of the church and began the secularization of monastic lands. Protestantism took shape already under his son Edward VI, he also completed secularization. As for Mary Tudor’s policy towards the church, we see that she returned everything to the old order, persecution of Protestants began, and the role of Catholics increased. Namely, the Anglican Church was formed by Elizabeth I, the church became Protestant, although its dogmas were not much different from Catholicism. The Church created in England by the Reformation began to be called Anglican. It was a national church and occupied a middle position between the Catholic and Protestant churches. The “39 Articles” recognized both the Protestant dogma about justification by faith, about Scripture as the only source of faith, and the Catholic dogma about the saving power of the church (with some reservations). The king became the head of the Anglican Church, and the church itself became part of the state apparatus of the feudal-absolutist monarchy. “The king has supreme power in the church over all classes and persons; but he does not have the right to preach the word of God and perform the sacraments,” says the “39 Articles.” The service was performed in English. The teaching of the Catholic Church on indulgences, on the veneration of icons and relics was rejected, and the number of holidays in honor of saints was reduced. However, the sacraments of baptism and communion were recognized, the episcopate was preserved, as well as the liturgy and a number of other rites characteristic of the Catholic Church. Tithes were still collected, which began to go to the king and became an important means of consolidating the king and the new owners of the monastic lands. The crown, transferring monastic lands to secular owners, simultaneously transferred to them the right to tithes previously collected by the monasteries. This is how a layer of secular people who received tithes appeared in England. 5. References: .Act of Supremacy 1534: [electronic resource]. - URL: #"justify">2. Gribanov B. Elizabeth I, Queen of England. M.: Terra, 2003. - 192 p. .Gurevich A.Ya. The medieval world: the culture of the silent majority. - M.: Art, 1990. - 395 p. .Eger O. World History. - St. Petersburg: Publication of A.F. Marx, 1997. - 690 p. .Ivonin Yu.E. Comparative analysis of the early Reformation in England and France // Questions of History, 1973. No. 11. - 118 p. .Ivonin Yu.E., Ivonina L.I. Rulers of the destinies of Europe: emperors, kings, ministers of the 16th - 18th centuries. - Smolensk: Rusich, 2004. - 464 p. .Kamenetsky B.A. The formation of absolutist ideology in England in the 16th century and its features // Questions of History, 1969. No. 8. - 118 p. .Kearns E. Earl. The roads of Christianity. - M.: Protestant, 1992. - 279 p. .Kerolli E. Bloody Mary. - M.: AST, 2001. - 351 p. .Lindsay K. Divorced, Beheaded, Surviving: The Wives of King Henry VIII. - M.: Kron - Press, 1996. - 336 p. .Omelchenko O. General history of state and law: [electronic resource]. - M.: Ton - Ostrozhye, 2000. - URL: #"justify">. Sokolov V. Reformation in England. - M.: Printing house of L.O. Snigerev, 1881. - 546 p. .Spokes W. Lewis. History of the Reformation. Revival and Reformation movement: [electronic resource]. - M.: Lutheran Heritage Foundation, 2003. - URL: http://krotov.info/lib_sec/18_s/piz/0.htm (05/30/2013).
History test Royalty and the Reformation in England. The struggle for dominance of the seas, grade 7 with answers. The test is presented in two versions, each with 5 tasks.
Option 1
1.
The Reformation in England was carried out “from above” - at the will of the king.
1) true
2) incorrect
2. The head of the Church of England is
1) Archbishop of Canterbury
2) king of England
3) Pope
3. Match the names of rulers with events related to their reign.
Rulers
A) Henry VIII
B) Elizabeth I
B) Mary Tudor
Events
1) the death of the “Invincible Armada”
2) attempt at counter-reformation
3) closing of monasteries
4.
Puritans, Calvinists
1) the Puritans denied the teachings of J. Calvin
2) the Puritans were followers of Calvinism
3) Calvinists were hostile to the Puritans
5.
At the end of the 16th century. England became a strong naval power. The Reformation contributed to the strengthening of royal power. Elizabeth I felt so powerful that she never convened parliament.
1) in fact, Elizabeth repeatedly convened parliament
2) in fact, the Reformation weakened royal power
3) in fact, England was unable to achieve dominance on the seas
Option 2
1. Is the following statement true?
There were many remnants of Catholicism in the Church of England.
1) true
2) incorrect
2. In 1588, the “Invincible Armada” sailed to the shores of England. She
1) defeated the English fleet under the command of F. Drake
2) got caught in a storm and was smashed against the rocks
3) was defeated by an English squadron commanded by Queen Elizabeth I herself
3. Establish a correspondence between the names of the rulers and events and phenomena related to their reign.
Rulers
A) Elizabeth I
B) Mary Tudor
B) Henry VIII
Events, phenomena
1) execution of English Protestants
2) the beginning of the English Reformation
3) the rise of English absolutism
Write down the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.
4. Make connections between concepts.
Puritans, Church of England
1) the Puritans were faithful to the teachings of the Church of England
2) the Puritans rejected many of the principles of the Church of England
3) the Anglican Church saw its allies in the Puritans
5. Read the text and find the error in the description.
By the end of the 16th century. England never became a powerful sea power. But she managed to achieve significant success in the household. The Reformation strengthened royal power, and absolutism established itself in the country.
1) in fact, England became a strong naval power
2) in fact, absolutism did not develop in England
3) in fact, successes in foreign policy were combined with an economic crisis
Answers to the history test Royalty and the Reformation in England. The struggle for supremacy of the seas, grade 7
Option 1
1-1
2-2
3-312
4-2
5-1
Option 2
1-1
2-2
3-312
4-2
5-1