What is included in the grammatical basis of a sentence. How to help students accurately identify the grammatical basis of a sentence

And how to find it in a sentence? What questions do the predicate and subject answer? It is these topics that children little by little learn over the course of their long school years. And this is not at all surprising, because the topic is deep and has many pitfalls.

Grammar basis

So how do you recognize the stem of a sentence? First you need to understand the definition. In fact, this is the main part of any sentence that defines the subject, its action and what it is. Namely, this is the subject and the predicate. At school it is acceptable to consider them a phrase, but if you dig deeper, it’s not entirely true. The questions are:

The subject is "who" or "what". This can be any object, person, animal, living or inanimate creature, and a pronoun that is used in the nominative case in the sentence.
The second part of the grammatical basis is the predicate. Answers the questions “what is he” or “who is he”, “what does he do”, “what is the object”, “what happens to him”.

Body Sentence Examples

For example, you can take several

"The boy (who?) goes (what is he doing? - here the predicate is a verb) home."
"He's sad (what's happening to the item?)." In this example, the predicate is expressed by an adverb, namely the state of the main character.
“It is small (what is the object?).” The predicate here is a short adjective.
"Oleg is a student (who is he?)." In this example, the predicate is expressed by an animate noun.
"Baikal is a big lake." Here an inanimate noun is used, and the predicate answers the questions “what is” or “what is it.”

Compound verb predicate

A simple predicate, or as it is also called a verb, can be expressed in any mood. It is always a verb, as is clear from its name. Such a predicate answers questions posed at any time. A simple predicate is not always expressed in one word, for example:

"I will sing". “I will sing” is a simple predicate expressed by a verb in the form of a complex future tense.
As if, as if, exactly, as if, as if, used with the predicate, are model particles that are not separated by commas, as is the case with comparative conjunctions.
“She was about to go to the door when she suddenly stopped.” Here “was” is a model part, denoting an action that began but did not take place. Such parts are not separated by commas, unlike such parts it happened And It happens, which have the meaning of regular repetition of actions.
In the case of a phraseological unit as a predicate, in order to distinguish it from composite type, you should remember the following: the first one can easily be replaced with one word, but you cannot replace it with “to be” (in any of its forms).

Compound nominal predicate

This type of predicate, in turn, is divided into subtypes: it can be verbal, nominal or three-term. These parts of a sentence can consist of two or more words, which determine the type.

The main and auxiliary parts, which are expressed in words denoting action, form a compound verbal predicate. One of them is always used in indefinite form, and the second is expressed by verbs denoting the beginning, continuation and end of the action. Words are used in this capacity must, glad, can, ready and others that are short adjectives. This part is also expressed by words denoting states that have the meaning of possibility, desirability and necessity, as well as giving an emotional assessment of the action.

The nominal predicate answers questions regarding the actions of the subject and can contain a noun and an adjective in the nominative and instrumental cases, as well as a participle, numeral, adverb and pronoun, which are used together with auxiliary verbs.

A complex predicate is a combination of a verbal and a nominal predicate.

Concept "grammatical basis" is inextricably linked with the sentence - one of the main syntactic units of the Russian language. Let's find out what is the core of the sentence.

Each sentence has its own core, around which the rest of its members are grouped. This grammatical core consists of the main members - the subject and predicate in a two-part sentence or only the subject or predicate in a one-part sentence, for example:

Twilight. It's early evening. We swam quite slowly (I.S. Turgenev).

What is the grammatical basis of a sentence

The sky was darkening- the grammatical basis of a simple sentence.

Who? we are the subject expressed by a personal pronoun in the nominative plural form.

What did we do? swam - predicate.

Examples of expressing the subject using different parts of speech

Three (numeral) slipped unnoticed into the yard.

Finally the long-awaited day after tomorrow has arrived (adverb).

To protect (infinitive) nature means to protect the Motherland.

Several children (numeral + noun) surrounded her with expressions of delight on their faces.

The girl is singing. The girl was singing. The girl will sing.

Will you live in this house?

We won't talk about the past.

Let the children of the whole Earth rejoice!

Let her go into the garden.

glad, ready, must, obliged, forced, intends.

The lecturer continued to present interesting facts from the life of insects.

You must tell me about this incident.

Father and mother decided to go to the village the next day.

The forester could not refuse the guests and took them to the lake where the swans lived.

The girl had the intention of coming closer and examining this exotic flower more carefully.

Compound nominal predicate consists of a linking verb expressing the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and a nominal part (noun, adjective, pronoun, numeral, etc.) expressing the lexical meaning.

The word can act as a linking verb "be" in any form (will, will, will, was, would be, is). The ligament may be missing. In this case, we speak of a zero copula.

The juniper alley will be like a path in the forest.

Video lesson “The grammatical basis of a sentence. The main members of the proposal"

Offer is the smallest unit of communication. With the help of sentences, we express our thoughts and feelings, turn to each other with questions, advice, requests, wishes and orders.

The waters flowed quietly.

What? - sky. This is a subject, which, as a rule, is expressed by a noun (pronoun) in the nominative case form or any part of speech in the meaning of a noun.

A snowstorm (noun) arrived immediately (N. Ostrovsky).

I (pronoun) was driving alone in the evening on a racing droshky (I.S. Turgenev)

Smart (adjective) speaks for itself by its actions.

Those who arrived (communion) noisily sat down at the tables.

The bonds of friendship (phrase) connected them since childhood.

Let's discuss our plans.

Examples of a compound verb predicate

You are just starting to live!

The rain stopped falling and the bright sun came out.

Who told you to pick flowers in my garden?

Those gathered wanted to hear an old song.

Everyone is happy to help you.

The Greeks believed that the world is harmony and rhythm.

Mercury is also a metal.

russkiiyazyk.ru

The round dances were already leaving; A fisherman’s fire was already burning across the river, smoking (A.S. Pushkin).

To highlight the grammatical basis of a sentence, let’s find out who or what the statement is about. To do this, let's ask questions: Who? or What?

What does it say about heaven? What was the sky doing? faded- this is a predicate.

We were sailing- grammatical basis.

He who (pronoun) does not work, does not eat.

Nine (numeral) is divisible by three.

Loud cheers (interjection) echoed across the square.

The second main component of the grammatical basis is the predicate, which can be expressed by all conjugated forms of the verb. Such a predicate is called a simple verb - PGS.

The difficulty of isolating such a predicate is that it can be expressed by two words that make up complex forms of a future tense verb in the indicative mood or forms of the imperative mood, for example:

When will you have breakfast?

My friend won't talk about it.

Compound verb predicate(SGS) consists of an auxiliary linking verb and an infinitive.

The auxiliary verb does not have an independent lexical meaning, but expresses the beginning, continuation or end of an action (phasic verb) or denotes opportunity, desire, expression of will, obligation, evaluation, etc. (modal verb).

Short adjectives can also act as connectives:

Particularly difficult are the GHS, which contain stable phrases with a modal meaning:

We are ready to leave immediately.

I had no right to take risks and therefore walked through the swamp carefully.

The water near the shores of the lake was crystal clear.

The order of highlighting grammatical bases

The diagram presented below will help you learn how to correctly highlight the grammatical bases of a sentence.

How to determine the grammatical basis? Explanation of sentence parsing, complex cases

The grammatical basis of a sentence (subject and predicate) is its semantic and syntactic center. The chain begins with the definition of the grammatical basis parsing. The ability to correctly determine the grammatical basis in a sentence provides direction for establishing logical relationships between words in a sentence, helps solve punctuation problems (including when studying foreign language). If the grammatical basis was determined incorrectly, then all further analysis will go along the wrong path.

As part of the grammatical basis there are subject and predicate. If a sentence consists of one main member, then it is only a subject or predicate. There are no sentences without a basis (except for incomplete ones)!

Stage No. 1. We find the subject. Questions WHO? or WHAT?

The subject is the main member of the sentence, grammatically independent.

In a typical sentence, this is the thing (in the broad sense) that the sentence is talking about. This is a word in the nominative case. Most often this is a noun or pronoun that answers the questions: Who? or What?

Wolf came out of the forest (What or what is the sentence talking about? About a wolf, that is, we pose the question: Who? Wolf. Noun).
Shaggy black dog suddenly jumped out from somewhere out of the sedge thickets (Who? Dog. Noun).
I smiled and went forward. (Who? I. Pronoun).

There are some cases where the subject is expressed in other ways (not as a noun or as a pronoun):

Other ways of expressing the subject

Examples

Numeral (quantitative and collective) as a noun

Three came out of the forest.

Adjective as a noun

Well-fed not a companion for the hungry.

Participle as a noun

Vacationers had a fun time.

Will make it through the road going.

Tomorrow will definitely come.

It thundered in the distance hooray.

We are with friends we left earlier.

Quite a few schoolchildren participated in the competition.

Infinitive

compose- my passion.

Stage No. 2. We find the predicate. Questions: WHAT DOES IT DO? (and etc.)

What are the predicates?

The predicate is connected with the subject and answers the question that is asked to it from the subject: What does the subject do?

But with the appropriate expression of the subject (see table above), these can be other questions: What is the subject?, What is the subject), etc.

Examples:

Wolf came out of the forest (We ask a question from actor, from the subject: the wolf did what? Out is a predicate expressed by a verb).
Shaggy black dog suddenly jumped out from somewhere out of the sedge thickets (What did the dog do? Jumped out).
I smiled and went forward. (What I did was smile and go).

Predicates in Russian are of three types:

Simple verb (one verb). Example: The wolf came out.
Compound verb (auxiliary verb + infinitive). Example: I'm hungry. I have to go to Suzdal (essentially two verbs in the predicate).
Compound nominal (linking verb + nominal part). Example: I will be a teacher (essentially a verb and another part of speech in the predicate).

see also:

Difficult cases in determining predicates

Situation 1. Often problems with determining the predicate arise in a situation where a simple verbal predicate is expressed in more than one word. Example: Today you will not have lunch alone (= have lunch).

In this sentence, the predicate will dine is a simple verb, it is expressed in two words for the reason that this is a compound form of the future tense.

Situation 2. I found myself in difficulty doing this work (= found it difficult). The predicate is expressed by phraseological units.

Situation 3. Another hard case- these are sentences in which the compound predicate is represented by the form of a short participle. Example: The doors are always open.

An error in determining the type of predicate may be associated with an incorrect definition of the part of speech (a short participle should be distinguished from a verb). In fact, in this sentence the predicate is a compound nominal, and not a simple verb, as it might seem.

Why is it compound if it is expressed in one word? Because in the present tense form the verb has a zero connective. If you put the predicate in the form of the past or future tense, it will appear. Compare. Doors are always will open. Doors are always were open.

Situation 4. A similar error can occur in the case of expressing the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate noun or adverb.

Example. Our hut is the second from the edge. (Compare: Our hut was the second one from the edge).

Dasha is married to Sasha (Compare: Dasha was married to Sasha).

Remember that words are part of a compound predicate possible, necessary, impossible.

Determining the stem in one-part sentences

In nominative sentences, the stem will be represented by the subject.

Example: Winter morning.

In indefinite sentences there is only a predicate. The subject is not expressed, but it is understandable.

Example: I love the storm in early May.

The most difficult case of expressing the stem in impersonal sentences. Most often this is just different kinds compound nominal predicates.

Examples: I need to act. The house is warm. I'm upset. There is no comfort, no peace.

If you do not develop the skill of determining the basis of a sentence in the early grades, this will lead to difficulties in analyzing single-part and complex sentences in grades 8-9. If you gradually develop this skill by increasing complexity, then all problems will be resolved.

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Grammar basis of a sentence with examples

Grammar basis sentences form the main members of the sentence ( subject and predicate). That is, the grammatical basis of a sentence (predicative basis, core) is the main part of the sentence, which consists of its main members: subject and predicate. See also introductory words. After reading this article 5-ege.ru, you can easily find it in any sentence.

Subject.

Subject can be expressed not only by a noun or pronoun in nominative case, but also:

Seven (num.) one is not expected. All the past (adj. as a noun) I was just dreaming.

- numeral / several, many, part, majority, minority + noun in R.P.;

A lot of people gathered in the prince’s hut. Several ladies walked quickly up and down the platform.

- some, everyone, many / adjective + of + noun in R.P.;

Best of Students quickly solved this problem.

- someone, something + adjective, participle as a noun;

Something so insignificant tied in a scarf.

- noun / pronoun + s + noun / pronoun in Tv.P. ( but only if the predicate is expressed by a plural verb!).

Vanya and I went along the forest road ( plural predicate.).

Anna she entered the room with her daughter in her arms (predicate in singular).

Live in a lordly way - this is a noble affair

Predicate.

In the Russian language there are three types of predicates. The following algorithm of actions will help you determine which type is represented in your proposal.

Distinguish!

If a sentence contains homogeneous predicates, then each of them should be considered separately.

Also watch the video presentation.

Clue.

1) Most often, the definition of a simple verbal predicate, expressed in more than one word, raises doubts:

I will take part in the exhibition.

In this example I will take part – complex shape future tense, which is defined in syntax as a simple predicate. And the combination participate is a phraseological unit that can be replaced by the word I'm participating. Therefore, we have a simple verbal predicate.

Trap!

People often make the mistake of calling the following construction simple verbal predicates:

Everything in Moscow is imbued with poetry, punctuated with rhymes.

This error is due to two factors.

First, we must distinguish the short passive participle from the past tense verb form.

Short participles have suffixes -T-, -N-, and the verb -L-. Means, soakedBut, puncturedTo- These are short passive participles.

Secondly, we have before us a predicate that is expressed in just one word, but what is it - simple or compound (see Morphological analysis of a word with examples)? Try adding some time adverb to the sentence, for example, at the beginning of the twentieth century, and see how these forms behave.

At the beginning of the twentieth century, everything in Moscow was imbued with poetry and punctuated with rhymes.

A bunch appears was and the predicate clearly becomes compound. The Russian language is not characterized by constructions in the present tense with a copula be. Agree, it sounds clearly foreign if we say: All in Moscow There is imbued with poetry, rhymes There is pierced.

Thus, if in a sentence you come across predicates, expressed short passive participles then you are dealing with compound nominal predicate.

Words it is impossible, it is possible, it is necessary, it is necessary included in composite predicates.

I need to get off at this stop.

Be careful with your words to be, to appear, to appear, since by highlighting only them, you may miss another component of the predicate.

She seemed funny to me. Wrong!

If you only highlight words appeared, then the meaning of the sentence changes completely ( seemed = dreamed, dreamed, imagined).

Right: She seemed funny to me

Wrong: The teacher was strict (was = existed, lived).

Right: The teacher was strict.

This task offers quite complex sentences for analysis and the answer options are very often similar to each other. What “traps” can you expect here?

1) Proposals can be compiled according to different models:

subject + predicate;

only predicate or subject (one-part sentences);

subject + homogeneous predicates;

homogeneous subjects + predicate.

The answer option may omit a subject, a predicate, or one of the homogeneous subjects or predicates.

Remember!

The grammatical basis includes ALL the main parts of the sentence; omitting one of them is a clear mistake.

2) The answer option can combine the subject and predicate of different grammatical bases.

3) The subject can only be in I.P.! Answer options with nouns, pronouns not in I.P. obviously incorrect (except for those cases when they are part of the predicate and without them the whole meaning of the sentence changes).

4) The answer option may contain a participial or participial turnover, which are never included in the grammatical basis.

Designs should be distinguished verb + noun in V.P. And noun + passive participle.

The coordinates were calculated. ? The coordinates have been calculated.

IN first case coordinates is a noun in the accusative case that depends on the verb (i.e. addition), and in second is a nominative case form that agrees with the past participle (i.e. subject). If you change each of the designs, the differences will be visible. Let's put the predicates in each of the sentences in the singular form:

Calculated the coordinates. The coordinate has been calculated.

The subject and predicate always agree with each other, but the object remains unchanged.

5) Sometimes words which, which in complex sentences they are subjects.

[And shiny droplets crawled down his cheeks], (the kind that happen on windows when it rains). (what = droplets).

Analysis of the task.

1. Which combination of words is the grammatical basis in one of the sentences or in one of the parts of a complex sentence?

(1) So what is the difference between human and animal perception? (2) For an animal, only concrete things exist; its perception is inseparable from the real environment in which it lives and acts. (3) So, for example, the “TV version” of a dog means nothing to a cat. (4) Man, in the process of evolution, acquired unique ability create ideal images of reality in your imagination, but they no longer seem to be a direct copy of a specific thing. (5) Thanks to development cognitive activity, in particular, the processes of abstraction and generalization, a person can isolate any individual features of the object being studied, abstracting from all other, unimportant details. (6) Thus, a person has the ability to form a generalized image of a real thing, which allows him to see and recognize general signs and the qualities of various phenomena of reality.

1) perception is (sentence 2)

2) acquired the ability (sentence 4)

3) they do not appear to be a cast (sentence 4)

4) which allows you to see (sentence 6)

Option #1 is not a grammatical basis, since here the predicate is not fully represented, which distorts the meaning of the entire sentence (perception is = in the meaning “comes, arrives somewhere for some reason”). See point 3 in the “Predicate” section.

Option No. 2 is also incorrect because it lacks a subject. Who acquired the ability? In sentence 4 the subject is the word Human.

Option #3 true, although at first glance it seems wrong. The authors of the task are deliberately trying to confuse us. Although the word cast is not in the I.P. form, but it is part of the predicate, since without it the logic of the story is lost. They don’t introduce themselves = The images don’t give their names?!

Option No. 4 incorrect . The subject is highlighted correctly. Word which, as we have already said, can be subject. In the subordinate clause it is replaced by the word image and performs the same functions, that is, it is the subject. But the predicate is not fully represented. In the sentence it is - allows you to see and recognize.

Thus, the student who chooses option 3 will be right.

2. What words are the grammatical basis in the sixth (6) sentence of the text?

(1)… (2) They are united by one desire - to know. (3) And their ages are different, and their professions are very different, and completely different levels knowledge, but everyone strived to know more than they already knew. (4) This expressed the need of millions and millions of people who greedily absorbed all the secrets of the world, all the knowledge and skills accumulated by mankind. (5) Library visitors either studied somewhere or dreamed of studying. (6) They all needed books, but when they came to the library, they got lost in the ocean of books. (7) ... (According to K. Chukovsky).

1) books were needed, they were lost

2) they needed it, they were lost

3) books were needed, when they came here they got lost

4) books were needed, they were lost in the ocean

The correct one is Option 1, since in other variants the second ones included minor members of the sentence in the base: in the second, the word is superfluous them (addition, stands in D.P.), in the third there is an adverbial phrase that is not part of the basis of the sentence, and in the fourth there is an adverbial phrase in the ocean.

3. What combination of words is the grammatical basis in one of the sentences (or part of it)?

(1)... (2) She will die of hunger if the gates are strong and no one opens them, but does not think of moving away from the gates and pulling them towards themselves. (3) Only a person understands that you have to be patient, work hard and do something you don’t want in order for what you want to happen. (4) A person can restrain himself, not eat, not drink, not sleep only because he knows what is good and should be done and what is bad and should not be done, and this is taught to a person by his ability to think. (5) Some people increase it in themselves, others do not. (6)…

1) she will die (sentence 2)

2) what you want (sentence 3)

3) what is good and should be done (sentence 4)

4) teaches ability (sentence 4)

This is a task of increased difficulty.

Option #1 incorrect, since not all predicates are indicated by the authors. The sentence has a rather difficult structure to analyze. It is complex with a subordinate clause that is wedged between two homogeneous predicates. Therefore, you may not notice that the basis she will die must also include a predicate won’t think to step back and pull.

Option No. 2 is also excluded. Verb I want to is impersonal and there cannot be a subject with it.

Option #3 similar to the previous one. This sentence is also impersonal. Word must in dictionaries it is defined as a category of state that is used in sentences without a subject.

True is Option 4.

Home » Preparation for the Unified State Exam in Russian » Grammar basis of a sentence with examples

In the center of the connections between the words of each sentence there are words that create a grammatical basis (predicative), in fact this is the main distinctive feature sentences as a syntactic unit. That is, the grammatical basis is the organizing center, a kind of frame, skeleton, or the so-called main members of the sentence - the predicate and the subject. They are called the main ones for a reason, since they are grammatically independent from other members and occupy a dominant position in the sentence. The predicate and subject mutually presuppose each other. So, the subject names the subject of speech. And the subject of speech affirms, denies, characterizes by action, attribute, time, reality, etc.

Usually the main members of a sentence form its obligatory part. Some of them are enough for the sentence to be a grammatically and meaningfully formed unit. Often there are sentences where there is only a grammatical basis. Examples: The sun is shining. Children are playing. Such proposals are called non-common, because do not have secondary members of the sentence. If the sentence also includes other members of the sentence (minor), then such a sentence is called widespread, for example: On the street children are playing.

In addition, the grammatical basis of a sentence can consist of both a subject and a predicate (two-part sentences), or only one of the main members, for example: Our children- ours joy (two-part). Autumn. I love autumn(one-part).

Also, depending on the number of grammatical stems, sentences are classified as simple and complex. If a sentence contains one grammatical stem, then it is two or more stems - complex. For example: They're coming torrential rains (simple sentence). Very soon will fall out snow, And will begin real winter (difficult sentence).

IN mandatory begins with defining the grammatical basis. To correctly define it, you should be able to find its components - the subject and the predicate. To do this, you need to know which parts of speech can be used to express the grammatical basis.

Thus, the subject is expressed:

By noun: Coming soon snow.
By adjective: New requires a lot of knowledge.
Communion: Speaking often makes mistakes.
Infinitive: Live- means to feel.
Invariable parts of speech (interjection, adverb, preposition, particle, conjunction): To us Tomorrow enters light and radiant.
By phrase: We are with friend let's go fishing.

The predicate is expressed:

Verb: Costs good weather.
Noun: Moscow - capital Russia.
Adjective: To me nice poems Russian heat.
Comparative adjective: Every day of separation for me longer of the year.
Adverb: We have everything Fine.
Communion: Our family involved to science.
With a stable phrase (phraseologism): My health - no way, no way.

Also, please note Special attention on the correctness of the definition of a compound nominal predicate, which consists of a linking verb and a nominal part ( He's coming soon will become an astronaut ) and a compound verbal predicate, also consisting of two parts: auxiliary verb and infinitive ( You must go to the meeting).

It should be noted that the correct definition of grammatical basics helps to avoid mistakes when placing punctuation marks. Thus, in a complex sentence, punctuation marks must be placed to indicate the boundaries of the simple sentences included in their composition. The ability to determine the subject and predicate will help to correctly place and simple sentence, if both main members of the sentence are expressed by the same parts of speech, and in some other cases.

Subject.

Remember!

Subject can be expressed not only by a noun or pronoun in nominative case, but also:

1) numeral, adjective and participle in I.P. as a noun;

Seven (num.)one is not expected. All the past (adj. as a noun)I was just dreaming.

2) designs:

Numeral / several, many, part, majority, minority + noun in R.P.;

The prince had gathered in the hut a lot of people. Several ladies walked quickly up and down the platform.

Some, every, much / adjective + of + noun in R.P.;

Best of Students quickly solved this problem.

Someone, something + adjective, participle as a noun;

Something so insignificant tied in a scarf.

Noun / pronoun + s + noun / pronoun in Tv.P. ( but only if the predicate is expressed by a plural verb!).

Vanya and Iwent along the forest road ( plural predicate.).

Annashe entered the room with her daughter in her arms (predicate in singular).

3) an infinitive, which names an action that does not occur in time.

Livein a lordly way - this is a noble affair

Predicate.

In the Russian language there are three types of predicates. The following algorithm of actions will help you determine which type is represented in your proposal.

Distinguish!

If a sentence contains homogeneous predicates, then each of them should be considered separately.

Also watch the video presentation.

Clue.

1) Most often, the definition of a simple verbal predicate, expressed in more than one word, raises doubts:

I I will take part in the exhibition.

In this example I will take part– a complex form of the future tense, which is defined in syntax as a simple predicate. And the combination participate is a phraseological unit that can be replaced by the word I'm participating. Therefore, we have a simple verbal predicate.

Trap!

People often make the mistake of calling the following construction simple verbal predicates:

Everything in Moscow is imbued with poetry, punctuated with rhymes.

This error is due to two factors.

First, we must distinguish the short passive participle from the past tense verb form.

Remember!

Short participles have suffixes -T-, -N-, and the verb -L-. Means, soakedBut, puncturedTo- These are short passive participles.

At the beginning of the twentieth century, everything in Moscow was imbued with poetry and punctuated with rhymes.

Thus, if in a sentence you encounter predicates, expressed short passive participles, then you are dealing with compound nominal predicate.

Remember!

Words it is impossible, it is possible, it is necessary, it is necessary included in composite predicates.

To me need to get off at this stop.

Trap!

Be careful with your words to be, to appear, to appear, since by highlighting only them, you may miss another component of the predicate.

She seemed funny to me.Wrong!

If you only highlight words appeared, then the meaning of the sentence changes completely ( seemed = dreamed, dreamed, imagined).

Right: She seemed funny to me

Wrong: The teacher was strict (was = existed, lived).

Right: The teacher was strict.

Trap!

This task offers quite complex sentences for analysis and the answer options are very often similar to each other. What “traps” can you expect here?

1) Proposals can be compiled according to different models:

subject + predicate;
only predicate or subject (one-part sentences);
subject + homogeneous predicates;
homogeneous subjects + predicate.

The answer option may omit a subject, a predicate, or one of the homogeneous subjects or predicates.

Remember!

The grammatical basis includes ALL the main parts of the sentence; omitting one of them is a clear mistake.

2) The answer option can combine the subject and predicate of different grammatical bases.

4) The answer option may contain a participle or participial phrase, which are never included in the grammatical basis.

Distinguish!

Designs should be distinguished verb + noun in V.P. And noun + passive participle.

The coordinates were calculated. ? The coordinates have been calculated.

Calculated the coordinates. The coordinate has been calculated.

The subject and predicate always agree with each other, but the object remains unchanged.

5) Sometimes words which, which in complex sentences they are subjects.

[And shiny droplets crawled down his cheeks], (the kind that happen on windows when it rains). (what = droplets).

Analysis of the task.

1. Which combination of words is the grammatical basis in one of the sentences or in one of the parts of a complex sentence?

(1) So what is the difference between human and animal perception? (2) For an animal, only concrete things exist; its perception is inseparable from the real environment in which it lives and acts. (3) So, for example, the “TV version” of a dog means nothing to a cat. (4) Man, in the process of evolution, acquired the unique ability to create in his imagination ideal images of reality, but they no longer seem to be a direct copy of a specific thing. (5) Thanks to the development of cognitive activity, in particular, the processes of abstraction and generalization, a person can isolate any individual features of the object being studied, abstracting from all other, unimportant details. (6) Thus, a person has the ability to form a generalized image of a real thing, which allows him to see and recognize the common signs and qualities of various phenomena of reality.

1) perception is (sentence 2)

2) acquired the ability (sentence 4)

3) they do not appear to be a cast (sentence 4)

4) which allows you to see (sentence 6)

Option No. 2 is also incorrect because it lacks a subject. Who acquired the ability? In sentence 4 the subject is the word Human.

So way, the student who chooses option 3 will be right.

2. What words are the grammatical basis in the sixth (6) sentence of the text?

(1)… (2) They are united by one desire - to know. (3) And their ages are different, and their professions are very different, and their level of knowledge is completely different, but everyone tried to know more than they already know. (4) This expressed the need of millions and millions of people who greedily absorbed all the secrets of the world, all the knowledge and skills accumulated by mankind. (5) Library visitors either studied somewhere or dreamed of studying. (6) They all needed books, but when they came to the library, they got lost in the ocean of books. (7) ... (According to K. Chukovsky).

1) books were needed, they were lost

2) they needed it, they were lost

3) books were needed, when they came here they got lost

4) books were needed, they were lost in the ocean

3. What combination of words is the grammatical basis in one of the sentences (or part of it)?

1) she will die (sentence 2)

2) what you want (sentence 3)

3) what is good and should be done (sentence 4)

4) teaches ability (sentence 4)

This is a task of increased difficulty.

Option No. 2 is also excluded. Verb I want to is impersonal and there cannot be a subject with it.

Option #3 similar to the previous one. This sentence is also impersonal. Word must in dictionaries it is defined as a category of state that is used in sentences without a subject.

True is Option 4.

REMEMBER!1)
the offer may be
one-part (usually predicate,
therefore there will be no subject in it)
2) the main members can be homogeneous,
that is, several subjects or
several predicates

When identifying the subject, look for a word that indicates the producer of the action. And this word is only in the nominative case.

I do not like it.
In this sentence the subject
No!

Subject

Noun
or pronoun in
nominative case
Adjective, participle,
infinitive, acting as
noun.
Syntactically indivisible
phrase.

Young woman
somehow I immediately realized that he
wants to eat all the time.
She doesn't take her eyes off the road ahead
through the grove.
Those present did not pay attention to him
no attention.
Solving this issue is our main
task.
One day about ten of us
the officers dined at Silvio's.

Predicate
Simple
composite
verbal
verbal nominal

Simple verb predicate (SVP)

PGS is a predicate, expressed
verb of any mood, tense and
faces
The village drowned in potholes (chief marks,
last time)
Give me your paw, Jim, for luck... (ch.
will command knuckle)
But, doomed to persecution, I will remain for a long time
sing (v. indicative, future tense)

10.

But, doomed to persecution, I still have a long time
I will sing
I will sing - a complex form of the future
time.

11.

I will, you will, there will be, etc.
Infinitive
PGS

12. Compound verb predicate (CVS)

Auxiliary part
Infinitive
GHS

13. a) phase verbs, i.e. denoting the beginning, continuation or end of an action (begin, begin, become, continue, end, stop, etc.).

a) phase verbs, i.e. denoting
the beginning, continuation or end of an action
(begin, begin, become, continue,
finish, stop, etc.).
For example: He started coughing. She
continues to laugh. We're done
do the exercise.

14.

b) modal verbs, indicating intention,
will, ability, desire (to want,
be able, be able, intend, be able to, prepare,
dream, hope, think, etc.)
For example: I want to travel a lot. You could
Should I speak less loudly? We try
study well.

15.

c) verbs expressing emotionality
state (to be afraid, afraid,
to be ashamed, embarrassed, dare,
beware, decide, love,
hate, etc.)
For example: He was afraid of being late for the exam.
We don't like to travel a lot.

16.

Short name adjective + infinitive = GHS
For example: I am glad to attend the conference. We
ready to serve in the dining room. She is agree
marry him. You must immediately
leave.
NECESSARY, NECESSARY, NECESSARY + infinitive.
For example: You should wash your hands before eating. To me
I need to leave urgently. You need to pass
work on time.

17. Compound predicate (SIS)

Bundle
Nominal part
SIS
Her husband was young, handsome, kind, honest and
adored his wife.

18.

a) verb to be in various forms time and
moods
For example: A poet is a kunak to a poet. Name
a noun is a part of speech
which...
Present tense linking verb TO BE
appears in zero form.
For example: He is the director. He is a student.

19.

Verb
with weakened vocabulary
meaning - TO BE, APPEAR,
BECOME, STAY,
TO BE, TO BE CALLED, TO BE REPORTED,
CONSIDER, BECOME, etc.
For example: Her sister's name was Tatyana.
Onegin lived as an anchorite. Plot of the novel
turned out to be original. She happens to be
the owner of this car.

20.

Linking verb
with the meaning of movement,
position in space - GO,
RUN, WALK, SIT,