Complex predicate examples. Predicate and its main types
The question of the complex predicate in the scientific literature has turned out to be extremely confusing: a) in educational and reference literature and in special works, the complex predicate is distinguished as one of the three main types - along with the simple and compound predicate; b) the concept of a complex predicate has completely different content, its criteria are justifiably contradictory. Chess system three types sentences differing in the form of the predicate, became the basis for subsequent characteristics of three types of predicates: simple (cf. “single predicates”), compound (cf. “copula-predicates”) and complex (cf. “double predicates”), conveying to them the uncertainty and fuzziness of the main criterion [Ibid., 27].
A.M. Peshkovsky “very definitely proposed a system of two types of predicate” [Ibid.].
A complex predicate is a complicated simple or (more often) compound predicate.
The nominal or verbal type of a complex predicate is determined by the last component: if it is an infinitive, the predicate qualifies as a complex verb, if it is a name, then as a complex nominal).
Modal-temporal meanings are expressed by conjugated verb forms (they may not be present in the present tense). The nominal part in the first component (in the compound nominal predicate) of two-part sentences can be expressed by short adjectives: glad, ready, capable, intends, must, etc., and in one-part sentences - by words of a state category with a modal meaning (it is necessary, it is necessary, it’s impossible, it’s possible and under.) or with an emotional-evaluative meaning: fun, sad, pleasant, etc. The main part of the complex nominal predicate connects to the first component using the infinitive to be or other verbal forms with the meaning of being, existence (live, exist, etc.).
Types of complex predicate
Complex (three-term, polynomial) is a predicate consisting of three or more parts. The following types of complex predicates are distinguished:
- a) verbal (consisting of only verbs and correlative with compound verbal predicates), for example: decided to start treatment, hopes to quit smoking;
- b) nominal (consisting of predicative adjective, connectives and nominal parts, correlative with compound nominal predicates), for example: glad to be useful, ready to become a mediator;
- c) mixed (consisting of verbs and names, combining the characteristics of a compound verbal and a compound nominal predicate), for example: he could become a scientist, he is afraid of being funny.
For example: He wanted to appear brave on the fourth bastion (Tolstoy);
And you want to live like a lamb (Goncharov); I don’t even consider myself obligated to feel gratitude to him (Chernyshevsky); I was no longer afraid to be and seem sensitive... (Chekhov) [Ibid].
The general typology of the predicate is characterized in the Russian language by the opposition of a simple and a complex predicate with the division of a complex predicate into a compound nominal and a compound verb. Predicate constructions, which, on the basis of certain characteristics, were considered as forms of a “complex predicate”, also have their place in the outlined system of predicate types.
Until now, in the Russian language there is no consensus on what the predicate is as the main member of a sentence. Which classification of predicate is preferable: semantic or structural? How to determine clear boundaries of the type of predicate? Whose method of studying predicates in school grammar should be preferred? All this is reflected in the practice of teaching Russian at school and in the quality of preparation of graduates for the Unified State Exam.
In our opinion, the definition of A. G. Rudnev should be chosen as a working definition of the predicate:
- 1. The predicate as the main member of a sentence denotes the attribute of the subject that it possesses, either produces or perceives from the outside, and answers the questions: “who is (or “what is”) the object?”, “what is the object?”, “what does the object? or “what is being done with it?” .
- 2. The predicate as part of a sentence performs three semantic functions: 1) establishes the subject as the bearer of the attribute in the possession in time of one or another attribute inherent in it; 2) denotes the action that the subject performs; 3) denotes an action that the subject perceives from the outside [Ibid].
Regarding the predicate and its structural types, “in our educational and scientific literature there is unimaginable confusion.” There is no single classification of predicate types; it is considered according to two options: structural and semantic. Exist different views to highlight the structural types of the predicate. Scientific grammar distinguishes three types of predicate: 1) simple; 2) compound and 3) complex.
Linguists recognize that non-conjugated forms of verbal roots of words (such as bam, jump, push, etc.) can be used as a predicate, as a rule, in colloquial speech with a connotation of a sudden, instantaneous action of the perfect form in the past.
Combinations with a verbal reference word, which have not yet become phraseological units, but have already lost to varying degrees the “freedom of compatibility”: to conduct a conversation, arrange a reception, give a hand, make an impression, etc., are qualified in scientific grammar in two ways: a) they can be considered as predicate and b) a minor member can be highlighted in them.
They do not have an unambiguous interpretation in the literature and are considered either as predicates or as combinations of predicates with additions, phase and modal verbs in combination with verbs containing an emotional assessment of the action.
A controversial issue in linguistic literature is the question of the predicate of a complex compound type. Unlike P. A. Lekant, V. V. Babaytseva, N. S. Valgina, who distinguish verbal, nominal and mixed predicates of a complex type, I. P. Raspopov considers these constructions to be a union of two predicates - main and secondary.
A controversial issue in scientific grammar is the inclusion in the category of a compound nominal predicate of constructions such as lay fainted, returned rejuvenated. In such sentences, two predicative features are expressed simultaneously - active and passive, therefore, the predicate can be qualified as “double” (A. A. Shakhmatov). In another interpretation, these constructions are regarded as a complex predicate or as a combination of a simple verbal predicate in the strict sense of the term, and the conjugated verb is not a copula.
All forms of the predicate are divided into two structural types - simple and complex - based on the relationship between real and grammatical meanings. According to the content of the predicative feature, the verb and nominal predicate are contrasted. The verb predicate denotes an active attribute (action), the nominal predicate denotes a passive attribute (quality, property, state, etc.) [Ibid., 136].
Predicate along with the subject is an element grammatical basis offers. The predicate denotes the action that the subject performs, as well as its state or attribute, therefore, the predicate answers questions what to do? what to do? what happens to the item? what is the subject? what is he? who is he? As a rule, the predicate is expressed by a verb, but there are other ways of expressing it - noun, adjective, pronoun, participle, etc.
The predicate of the Russian language is represented by three types - simple verbal predicate, compound verb and compound nominal. In order to quickly and correctly determine the type of predicate in a particular case, it is necessary, firstly, to present a diagram of the composition of the predicate, and secondly, to be able to apply the theoretical scheme to specific linguistic material. Let's look at the types of predicates, briefly describe each of them and follow the implementation with an example.
1. Simple verb predicate.
This is the simplest type of predicate - it is expressed by a verb in some mood. For example, he plays; would have come earlier etc. Most often, this type is remembered using the formula: one word in the predicate, which means the predicate is a simple verb. It is not difficult to guess that this formula is erroneous: this type includes predicates that contain 2, 3 or even more words. For example:
He will for a long time recall about the past(future complex).
Let stars forever illuminate your long, long winter journey (imperative mood).
He lost his temper (phraseologism).
They waited, waited And didn't wait (repetition of one verb in different forms).
Spring waited, waited nature(repetition of the same verb forms).
Don't be offended, but it will still be in my opinion(repetition of one verb with the particle not).
I'll go for a walk (combination different verbs in the same form).
2. Compound verb predicate.
This predicate is constructed according to the following scheme: auxiliary+ infinitive All these elements must be present in the predicate so that we can call it a compound verb! Again, you should not think that this predicate consists of 2 components - there may be more.
He wants to enroll in the Institute.
I'm long could not with them meet.
You must study.
He was looking to have fun.
I was unable to think about it.
Note that phase verbs (those that denote the phase of action) most often act as auxiliary elements - start, continue, become, quit) or modal words ( must, must, wants).
3. Compound nominal predicate.
Such a predicate consists of a linking verb and a nominal part. The most common linking verb be, but you can also find other connections. The nominal part is expressed as an adjective. Noun, adverb, participle, pronoun, etc.
Weather was good.
The book is true Friend.
He has character harder become.
Grass beveled.
Evening quiet.
Error was obvious.
Two by two - four.
This notebook my.
As you can see, determining the type of predicate is not a difficult task; you just need to confidently and completely know the material and, most importantly, be able to navigate it.
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Predicate- the main member of a two-part sentence, denoting an action or sign of what is expressed by the subject.
Predicate has a lexical meaning (names what is reported about the reality named in the subject) and grammatical meaning(characterizes the utterance from the point of view of reality or unreality and the correlation of the utterance with the moment of speech, which is expressed by the forms of the mood of the verb, and in the indicative mood - also by time).
There are three main types of predicates: simple verb, compound verb And compound nominal .
Simple verbal predicate, ways of expressing it
Simple verb predicate(PGS) can be expressed in one word And ambiguous
.
PGS- one word :
1) verb in conjugated form, that is, the form of one of the moods; in these cases, the predicate agrees with the subject: He read / is reading / will read / would read / let him read / this book.
2) verbal interjection or infinitive; There is no agreement between the predicate and the subject: And bang the hat right on the floor. As soon as the music starts, the boy immediately starts dancing.
PGS- phrase :
1. PGS - phraseologically free , But syntactically related phrase - may have the following structure and typical value:
1) repetition of the verb form to indicate the duration of the action:
I walk and walk, but it’s still a long way to the forest.
2) repetition of the verb form with a particle like this to indicate an intense or fully accomplished action:
That's what he said.
3) repetition of the same verb in different forms or verbs of the same root to enhance the meaning of the predicate:
He doesn’t sleep himself and doesn’t let others sleep.
I can't wait for spring.
4) a semantic verb with an auxiliary verb form that has lost or weakened its lexical meaning and introduces additional semantic shades into the sentence:
And he just say / know and sings to himself.
5) two verbs in the same grammatical form to indicate an action and its purpose:
I'll go for a walk in the garden.
6) a verb with the particle was, introducing the meaning of a failed action:
I was getting ready to go to the cinema, but didn’t go.
7) design with an action intensity value:
All he does is sleep.
2. PGS- phraseological unit denotes a single action, indivisible in meaning into action and its material object, in most cases this phraseological unit can be replaced with one verb: to take part, to come to one's senses, to become enraged, to sound the alarm, to have the opportunity, to have the intention, to have the habit, to have the honor, to have the right; express a desire, burn with desire, acquire a habit, consider oneself entitled, consider it necessary and so on.:
He took part in the conference(=participated).
Compound verb predicate(GHS) has the following structure:
preinfinitive part + infinitive.
Infinitive expresses the main lexical meaning of the predicate - names the action.
Pre-infinitive part expresses the grammatical meaning of the predicate, as well as an additional characteristic of the action - an indication of its beginning, middle or end (phasic meaning) or possibility, desirability, degree of commonness and other characteristics that describe the attitude of the subject of the action to this action (modal meaning).
Phase value expressed by verbs become, begin (start), accept (accept), continue (continue), cease (cease), stop (cease) and some others (most often these are synonyms for the given words, characteristic of a colloquial style of speech):
I started/continued/finished reading this book.
Modal meaning can be expressed
1) verbs be able, able, want, desire, try, intend, dare, refuse, think, prefer, get used to, love, hate, beware, etc.
2) a linking verb to be (in the present time in the zero form) + short adjectives glad, ready, obliged, must, intend, capable, as well as adverbs and nouns with a modal meaning:
I was willing/willing/able to wait.
The phraseological unit can be used both in the pre-infinitive part and in the infinitive position:
He is looking forward to participating in the conference(= wants to participate)
He wants to take part in the conference(= wants to participate).
He eager to take part at the conference(= wants to participate).
The complication of the GHS occurs due to the additional use of a modal or phase verb in its composition:
I started to feel hungry.
I felt that I might soon begin to want to eat.
A special type of GHS is presented in sentences, the main members of which are expressed by verbs in an indefinite form: To be afraid of wolves, do not go into the forest. The auxiliary part of such predicates is atypical for compound verbs: it is represented by the linking verb to be, which is found in compound nominal predicates. In addition, the auxiliary part can also be represented by the verb mean, for example:
Not coming means offending.
The following predicates are not compound verbal predicates:
1) the compound form of the future tense of an imperfective verb in the indicative mood: I will work tomorrow;
2) a combination of a simple verbal predicate with an infinitive, occupying the position of complement in the sentence in the case of different subjects of action in the conjugated form of the verb and the infinitive: Everyone asked her.underline ( border-bottom: 1px dashed blue; ) to sing (everyone asked her, but she should sing);
3) a combination of a simple verbal predicate with an infinitive, which in a sentence is a circumstance of the goal: He went outside for a walk.
It is easy to notice that in all these cases the conjugated form of the verb, standing before the infinitive, has neither phase nor modal meaning.
Compound nominal predicate
Compound nominal predicate(SIS) has the following structure:
nominal part (ligament) + nominal part.
Nominal part expresses the lexical meaning of the predicate.
Administrative part expresses the grammatical or grammatical and part of the lexical meaning of the predicate.
Administrative part
It happens:
1) abstract: the verb to be (in the meaning of “to appear” and not “to be” or “to have”), which expresses only the grammatical meaning of the predicate - mood, tense, person / gender, number; in the present tense, the abstract connective appears in the zero form: He is a student / was a student.
2) semi-nominal (semi-abstract): verbs appear (appear), happen, appear (seem), introduce yourself (introduce yourself), become (become), become (become), stay (remain), count, etc., which express the grammatical meaning of the predicate and complement the meaning expressed by the nominal part; these verbs are usually not used without a nominal part.
For example: He turned out to be a student. She seemed tired.
3) significant (full-valued): verbs of movement, state, activity go, walk, run, return, sit, stand, lie, work, live, etc.
For example: We returned home tired. He worked as a janitor. He lived as a hermit.
Significant And semi-significantbunch when determining the type of predicate, it can be replaced by an abstract one.
The nominal part can be expressed mono-wordly or non-wordly.
One-word noun phrase :
1) a noun in case form, often in the nominative case. / instrumental case.
For example: He is/was a teacher. The skirt was checkered.
2) an adjective in full and short form, in the form of any degree of comparison.
For example: His words were smart. He became taller than his father. He is the tallest in the class.
3) full or short participle: Letter was not printed .
4) pronoun: This pencil is mine!
5) numeral: He was eighth in line.
6) adverb: The conversation will be frank. I felt sorry for the old man.
Non-word expression of the nominal part:
1) a phraseologically free, but syntactically related phrase can have the following structure:
a) a word with a quantitative meaning + a noun in the genitive case.
For example: The boy was five years old.
b) a noun with words dependent on it, if the noun itself is uninformative, and the semantic center of the statement is located precisely in the words dependent on the name (the noun itself in this case can be dropped from the sentence with almost no loss of meaning).
For example: He is the best student in the class.
2) phraseological unit: He was the talk of the town.
The connective part can also be expressed by phraseological units:
He looked gloomy and distracted
- phraseological unit in the connective part;
A compound nominal predicate, like a compound verb, can be complicated by introducing a modal or phase auxiliary verb into it.
For example: She wanted to appear tired. He gradually began to become an expert in this field.
Definition of predicate
The predicate is the main member of a sentence, which denotes what is said about the subject of speech (the subject of speech in a sentence denotes the subject). The predicate usually agrees with the subject and answers general question: what is said about the subject of speech?(In most cases, more specific questions can be asked about the predicate - what does the item do? what's happening to him? what is he like? what is he? who is he? and etc.) To me will be remembered the melting of snow in this bitter and early spring.(what does it say about snow melting?) . Child coming barefoot along the path, carries strawberries in an open basket(what is the child doing?). Like a golden bird trembling fire in the dark(what happens to the fire?). AND yellowish And red the moon is in the last quarter(what is the moon like?). We are an early taste of nature(what are we?) . I'm a fisherman(Who am i?) , and the nets were carried out to sea.(A.A. Tarkovsky)
Exercise. Find the predicates and highlight them.
Sir, I am a hat and hat maker. I make the best hats and caps in the world. Today I worked all night for you, sir, and cried like a child with grief. This is such a tragic, special style. This is an invisibility hat. As soon as you put it on, you will disappear, and the poor master will never know whether it suits you or not. Take it, just don’t try it on in front of me. I can't stand this! (E.L. Schwartz)
Answer. Sir, I am engaged in hat and hat business master. I I do the best hats and caps in the world. Today I'm up all night have worked at you, sir, and cried like a child, with grief. It's so tragic, special style. This invisible hat. As soon as you put it on, so disappear, and the poor master forever won't know, coming whether she is for you or not. Take it, only don't try it on with me. I this I can't bear it! (E.L. Schwartz)
Lexical and grammatical meaning of the predicate
Each predicate has lexical and grammatical meanings. The lexical meaning of the predicate is the name of the action (I go to that familiar mountain a hundred times a day I'm coming. V.A. Zhukovsky), states (Already turns pale day, hiding behind the mountain. V.A. Zhukovsky), quality (Like the sun behind the mountain captivating sunset... Silent And sad dear Svetlana. V.A. Zhukovsky), generic concept (Love There is sky gift. V.A. Zhukovsky) and etc.
The grammatical meaning of the predicate is tense and mood.
Lexical and grammatical meanings can be expressed in one word, or in two or more words.
Simple verb predicate
A predicate in which the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in one word - a verb in the form of some mood - is called a simple verb. Grasshopper in the meadow chirps in his protective raincoat.(A.A. Tarkovsky) – exc. on, present vr. Sergey Sergeich, I I'll go And will wait you in the office.(A.S. Griboyedov) – excised. on, bud. vr. (the first verb is in the form of a future simple, the second - a future compound; both predicates are simple verbs). My father's house is still in the spring of my days left I.(V.A. Zhukovsky) – excised. on, elapsed time You, fellow youths, take the horse.
(A.S. Pushkin) – rev. incl. I never I wouldn't know you, I wouldn't know bitter torment...(A.S. Pushkin) – conditional. incl.
A simple verbal predicate can be expressed by a phraseological phrase that contains a verb in some mood. Deceased With went crazy eight times.(A.S. Griboyedov) Hussar Pykhtin visited us; how he was seduced by Tanya, how crumbled into a little demon!
(A.S. Pushkin)
Simple verbs also include predicates that do not have a formal indicator of mood, tense and grammatical subordination to the subject. These are predicates, expressed
truncated verb forms: push, grab, bam etc. ... Lighter than a shadow Tatyana jump to another entryway, from the porch to the yard...(A.S. Pushkin); And you, madam, are just out of bed jump, with a man! with the young one!(A.S. Griboyedov); ...And Prince Guidon from the shore with a sad soul accompanies their long run; lo and behold- a white swan swims on top of the flowing waters.(A.S. Pushkin); I'm hurrying here grab, hit the threshold with his foot and stretched out to his full height.(A.S. Griboyedov); But princess in both hands grab- caught it.(A.S. Pushkin);
infinitive in the meaning of the indicative mood: And the queen laugh, and shoulders shake, And wink with your eyes, and snap fingers, and spin, akimbo, looking proudly in the mirror.(A.S. Pushkin)
It happens that in simple verbal predicates, verbal forms of one mood are used in the meaning of another; then additional semantic shades arise. For example, in the sentence She doesn't notice him like he don't worry, though die
(A.S. Pushkin) the form of the imperative mood is used in the indicative meaning (cf. no matter how he fought), nose additional meaning conditional (cf. no matter how he fights).
In a sentence ...You put your foot in the stirrup and rush around on a greyhound stallion; autumn wind blow either from the front or from the rear(A.S. Griboyedov) the imperative mood in the indicative sense creates an additional shade of possibility (the wind can blow from anywhere - it will not interfere with anything).
Compound verb predicate
A compound verbal predicate consists of an auxiliary verb and a verb in the indefinite form (in the infinitive). The main lexical meaning is expressed by the verb in the infinitive, and the auxiliary verb expresses the general grammatical meanings of mood, tense, person, as well as additional meanings.
In a compound verbal predicate, two types of auxiliary verbs can be used:
phase(indicating the beginning, continuation or end of an action): start, become, continue, finish, stop, cease, quit. Oh my god! What will start talking Princess Marya Aleksevdatsya, and people can deceive
on the!(A.S. Griboyedov);
I said something - he started laughing. (A.S. Griboyedov);
modal(with the meaning of possibility, desire, etc.): be able, want, wish, prepare, strive, decide, be able to and etc. He's nice knows how to make you laugh everyone. Not with him bold I die uh, you have ask, on you take a look. We, Alexey Stepanych, are with you couldn't say two words. Ranks by people
there is. Ah, Chatsky! Love you are all fools dress up... (A.S. Griboedov) Chichikov, as we have already seen, made up his mind at all don't stand on ceremony... Got it in my head it was for the night make a wish on the cards after prayer...(N.V. Gogol) But why with a rhymer to roam across the world in defiance of the elements and the mind so I want to and at the hour of death of the poet? I have done so little for the future, but I only yearn for the future and I don't want to start at first...(A.A. Tarkovsky)
Modal meaning can be expressed not only by auxiliary verbs, but also by some short adjectives and participles, adverbs (state category words), and nouns: glad, must, ready, obliged, capable, forced, necessary, possible, impossible, master, able, able etc. Molchalin for others himself ready to forget. She didn't give birth, but according to my calculations, must give birth. And you glorify This glad? After all necessary and depend from others. Not a craftswoman I'm on the shelves distinguish.
(A.S. Griboyedov)
In this case, the grammatical meaning of mood and tense is expressed by the linking verb be in the required form, so that the predicate consists of 3 words: 1) connectives; 2) an auxiliary component expressed by a short adjective or participle, adverb, noun; 3) a verb in an indefinite form (the absence of a copula, as in the examples given above, indicates the present tense of the indicative mood; it would be more correct to say that in such sentences the copula is zero). Entering the hall, Chichikov had for a minute close your eyes eyes, because the shine from candles, lamps and ladies' dresses was terrible. ...Alcides, closing his eyes and opening his mouth, was ready to cry in the most pathetic way, but feeling that it was easy could have lost dish, brought his mouth back to its previous position and began gnawing a lamb bone with tears. Fetinya, as you can see, was a whip master There are feather beds. The coachman, noticing that one of them was big hunter become on his heels, lashed him with a whip...(N.V. Gogol)
A compound verb predicate can have a complicated form; in this case, in addition to the infinitive of the main verb, the infinitive of the auxiliary verb is used: In my summer shouldn't dare your judgment have.
(A.S. Griboyedov)
Exercises
1. Find compound verb predicates.
How I want to breathe into a poem
This whole world changing shape...
I'm afraid it's too late
I began to dream about happiness.
I won't sleep New Year's Eve,
I'll start a new notebook today.
I wrote down a long address on a piece of paper,
I still couldn’t say goodbye and kept the piece of paper in my hand.
Light spread across the paving stones. On eyelashes and on fur,
And wet snow began to fall on the gray gloves.
(A.A. Tarkovsky)
Answer:I want to breathe, I started dreaming, I couldn’t say goodbye, I started falling.
Predicate I will not sleep simple verb, because this is the future compound tense of the verb. Verb I'll start can be taken as a phase auxiliary, but there is no infinitive verb in the sentence, so I'll start– a simple verbal predicate.
2. Find simple and compound verb predicates.
They saw a young nobleman beating a servant with anything. The stranger's entire appearance was remarkable, but the first thing that caught your eye was his huge nose. “What do you allow yourself?” – the philosopher asked sternly and heard in response: “I want to listen to the lectures of the great Gassendi, and this whip is spread out in my way. But, I swear on my nose, I will listen to this smartest man, even if I have to pierce this fool or someone else with a sword!” Gassendi's voice noticeably warmed: “Well, perhaps I can help you. What’s your name, young man?” “Savignon de Cyrano de Bergerac, poet,” the guest answered proudly. (A.L. Tsukanov)
Answer: simple verbs - saw it, it caught my eye(stable expression), allow me, I heard, I spread out, I will listen, I warmed up, they are calling, I answered; compound verbs – I want to listen, I’ll have to pierce it, I’m able to help.
It is important to draw students' attention to the fact that not every combination of a conjugated verb and an infinitive constitutes a compound verbal predicate. In a sentence Here began He to yawn And ordered take yourself to your room(N.V. Gogol) the first predicate is a compound verb (phasic verb in the past tense + main verb in the infinitive), and the second is a simple verb; action indicated in the infinitive take away refers not to the subject, but to some other person, servant or innkeeper, therefore the infinitive take away serves as a complement here. In a sentence He went look at the river flowing through the middle of the city(N.V. Gogol) infinitive of purpose take a look is a circumstance with a simple verbal predicate expressed by a verb of motion.
3.
One young Athenian went to court. He claimed that his decrepit father had lost his mind and was therefore unable to manage the family’s property. The old man did not make excuses - he just read the tragedy that had just ended to the judges. After this, the dispute was immediately resolved in his favor, and his son was recognized as a shameless liar. The tragedy was called "Oedipus at Colonus", and the old man's name was Sophocles. (O. Levinskaya)
1) went to court– simple verb;
2) survived– simple verb;
3) unable to manage– compound verb;
4) didn't- simple verb.
Answer: 3.
Compound nominal predicate
In a compound nominal predicate there is a verbal connective expressing the grammatical meaning, and a main (nominal) component - words or phrases different parts speeches (most often nouns or adjectives) that contain the lexical meaning of the predicate.
The verb is most often used as a connective in a compound nominal predicate be in the form of some kind of inclination. He's in Rome there would be Brutus, in Athens - Pericles
(A.S. Pushkin) – conditional. incl. In a harsh fate be stubborn, be gloomy,poor And bent...
(N.S. Gumilyov) - command. incl. His voice was a song fire and earth...(N.S. Gumilyov) - will express. onc., past vr. Destructive will be crushed, knocked over fragments of slabs...(N.S. Gumilyov) - will express. on, bud. vr.
Present tense verb be usually absent; in other words, the copula is zero: Not a sinner he is in nothing, you are a hundred times more sinful. Liar He, gambler, thief.
(A.S. Griboedov) However, there is also a copula in the present tense form of the verb be: Daughter of Hell, Malice There is co-maker countless cruel troubles.(V.A. Zhukovsky) Thought spoken there is a lie.
(F.I. Tyutchev)
Other linking verbs can also be used in a compound nominal predicate: to appear, to remain, to become, to become, to be made, to be considered, to be called, to seem, to appear, to introduce oneself and so on.; they differ in meaning. The estate is ours was called a farm, – Kamenka farm, – main estate ours was considered Zadonskoe, where my father went often and for a long time, and to farm it was small, mongrel small in number.
In total it turned out to be more amazing wax in the city.
Then my childhood life becomes more diverse
. (I.A. Bunin)
Made our generals cheerful, loose, well-fed, white. Atrocities are large and serious often are called shiny... The atrocities are small and comic are called shameful...
(M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin) AND Seems at all not difficult, whitening in the emerald thicket, the road I won’t say where.(A.A. Akhmatova)
It can be difficult to correctly determine the boundaries of the predicate and its type if the sentence contains a verb be in conjugated form. It is necessary to remind students that this verb can be not only a connective in a compound nominal predicate. If it is used in the meaning of “to have”, “to be”, “to occur”, then it is a simple verbal predicate in the sentence. Yesterday was ball, and tomorrow will two.(A.S. Griboyedov) Left was gloomy forest, to the right - Yenisei.(N.A. Nekrasov) Here were relatives of those who went to where I was in a hurry. (N.A. Nekrasov)
Verb be is not used as an auxiliary in a compound verbal predicate: will fly, we will remember - this is the compound future tense of the verb and, therefore, in a sentence it is a simple verbal predicate. We we will remember and in the cold of Lethea, that the earth cost us ten heavens.(O.E. Mandelstam)
The nominal part of a compound nominal predicate is usually
short adjectives and participles – House of greenery painted (participle) in the form of a grove. Myself thick (adjective) , its artists skinny (adjective) (A.S. Griboyedov);
nouns in the nominative or instrumental case – Deceased was venerable chamberlain. (A.S. Griboedov) Marriage to us it will be torture. (A.S. Pushkin) Lace, stone, be And become a web... (O.E. Mandelstam);
full names adjectives in the nominative or instrumental case –After all crazy your father...(A.S. Griboedov) Am I really real and will death really come? In such moments and the air to me seems brown... (O.E. Mandelstam) I I won't more young. (S.A. Yesenin);
adjectives in the comparative or superlative degree – Ah, evil tongues scarier pistol. Well, constant taste in husbands most expensive! (A.S. Griboyedov)
In addition, the nominal part of the predicate can be expressed by prepositional case forms of the noun – And I'm in front of her V unpaid debt.
(A.A. Tarkovsky) Mind with heart out of tune.
(A.S. Griboyedov); pronoun
– Like all Moscow residents, your father that's how it is... My custom such: signed, off your shoulders.(A.S. Griboyedov); adverb – After all, I am a little to her akin.
(A.S. Griboyedov); infinitive
– His joy is in the forests wander for the animals.(V.A. Zhukovsky); phraseological turn – He out of my mind. Dearest! You not at ease.
(A.S. Griboedov)
The nominal part can be expressed by a phrase, the main lexical meaning of which is contained not in the main word, but in the dependent word. All old ladies - people are angry. He noticeable person... My husband - lovely husband... Ball good thing, bondage is bitter.(A.S. Griboyedov)
The nominal part may include conjunctions as if, as if etc., introducing the meaning of comparison into the predicate. Your every verse - like a bowl poison, What's up, burned by sin.(A.A. Tarkovsky)
Exercise.Find compound nominal predicates.
Vaska Pechenkin’s favorite pastime is flying a kite. From this peaceful occupation he made himself a robbery. When his kite is flown, Vaska feels like the only master of the sky, and in front of him our poor snakes are like sparrows in front of a kite. Pechenkin's serpent is powerful and huge. (K.I. Chukovsky)
Answer:launched, launched, feels like a master, just like sparrows, powerful and huge.
A compound nominal predicate can have a complicated form if the copula is used in the infinitive and is supplemented by a conjugated auxiliary verb, which adds additional meaning to the predicate. Yes a smart man can't help but be a rogue.
(A.S. Griboyedov) Those who think that only those minnows believe incorrectly may be considered worthy citizens, which, mad with fear, sit in holes and tremble.(M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin) So don't try to be smarter
... (O.E. Mandelstam)
There are predicates in which the lexical meaning is expressed not only by the nominal part, but also by a full-valued verb used instead of a connective. Typically it is a verb of movement or state: He will raise a cloud of dust, rustle with paper leaves and will not return at all - or he will come back at all another.
(O.E. Mandelstam) In this sentence, it is equally important that it (rhythm or wind) will return (this would be a simple verbal predicate) and that it will become different (compound nominal). And you sat sadly
(A.S. Pushkin) (sat and was sad). In school textbooks, such predicates are called a type of compound nominal predicate.
Exercises
1. Find simple verbal predicates expressed by 1) verb be in the required form; 2) phraseological use; 3) compound nominal predicate with a linking verb be.
The bear cub was quite tall, with intelligent eyes, a black muzzle, and he lived in a booth in the lyceum courtyard. It belonged to General Zakharzhevsky, manager of the Tsarskoye Selo palace and palace garden. Every morning, lyceum students saw how, when preparing to go around, the general patted the bear cub on the head, and he tried to break free from the chain and follow him.
And then one day, before the eyes of the lyceum students, an event occurred that brought the bear cub into political history Lyceum
General Zakharzhevsky, passing by the booth one day, to his horror, discovered that the booth was empty: the bear cub had broken free from the chain. We started looking, but to no avail: there was no bear cub either in the yard or in the garden. The general lost his head: two steps away was the palace garden... (Yu.N. Tynyanov)
Answer: 1) ...there is neither a bear cub in the yard nor in the garden did not have; two steps away was palace garden; 2) lost his head; 3) was quite tall, with intelligent eyes, a black muzzle….
2. Find 1) compound verbal predicates; 2) compound nominal predicate.
Alexander the Great crossed Persia with his sword, subjugated Egypt to his power, and reached the shores of Indian Ocean. The Greek language was established on the vast territory of the state he formed. On its basis, Latin writing arose in the second century BC. For about a thousand years the Greek language was state language Byzantine Empire.
But in Western Europe Only in the fourteenth century did they begin to study the language of the great thinkers of antiquity. Only then did it become a sign of learning for the enlightened people of his time.
(According to E. Vartanyan)
Answer:1) was the official language; became a sign; 2) began to study.
3. Find the predicate that is highlighted and characterized incorrectly.
He was a thoughtful hare, he looked for a daughter from a widow, a hare, and wanted to get married. (M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
1) was thorough– compound nominal;
2) looked out– simple verb;
3) wanted to get married- compound verb.
Answer: 1.
4. Find the predicate that is highlighted and characterized correctly.
He was an old campaigning beast, he knew how to build dens and uproot trees; Consequently, to some extent he knew the art of engineering. (M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
1) was– simple verb;
2) knew how to build– compound verb;
3) uproot– compound nominal;
4) knew art– compound nominal.
Answer: 2.
Dash between subject and predicate in a simple sentence
A dash is often placed between the subject and the compound nominal predicate with a zero connective. The presence or absence of a dash is determined by what parts of speech the main members are expressed and what words stand between them in the sentence.
A dash is placed if the subject and predicate are expressed by nouns in the nominative case: Grushnitsky - cadet. Nature is a fool, fate is a turkey, A life is a penny! My answer – title this book.(M.Yu. Lermontov) Love- saint keeper ily il formidable fighter spiritual purity. Immortality... a quiet, bright shore; our path- to him aspiration.
(V.A. Zhukovsky) Oh! My God! Am I really one of those people who target all life - laughter?
(A.S. Griboyedov) The predicate can be expressed by a phrase with the main word - a noun in the nominative case: Taman
– the worst little town from all the coastal cities of Russia.(M.Yu. Lermontov)
There can be words before the predicate this means; a dash is placed before these words: Learning is the plague, learning is the reason that today there are more crazy people, deeds, and opinions than ever before.(A.S. Griboedov)
If the predicate contains a linking verb, the dash is not placed: Providence was secret feedman is yours.(V.A. Zhukovsky) Expectation no violent death There is is it already real disease?
(M.Yu. Lermontov)
A dash is not placed if there is a difference between the subject and the predicate.
particle (the most common negative particle is Not) : Sin is not a problem word of mouth is not good.(A.S. Griboedov) But bad pun is no consolation for a Russian person... Passions nothing more than ideas at its first development...(M.Yu. Lermontov);
conjunction (comparative or any other): The bazaar is like a field, sown alternately with rye, oats, and buckwheat,(O.E. Mandelstam) At least ours Kabardians or Chechens although robbers, naked people, but desperate heads... (M.Yu. Lermontov);
introductory word: This Human, without a doubt, Jonah.
If the subject and predicate are expressed as nouns in the nominative case, but the predicate is before the subject, a dash is not placed between them: This valley is a wonderful place! These Asians are terrible beasts!(M.Yu. Lermontov) (in these sentences the words valley And Asians are subject, and nice place And terrible beasts– predicates). In the remark of the heroine of the poem by V.A. Zhukovsky Prince of Kyiv is my parent subject parent, because she answers the question about herself, and not about the Kiev prince; therefore, the dash is not needed.
Exercise. Find among the sentences given while preserving the author's punctuation one in which the placement of punctuation marks corresponds to the rules.
1. ...And his saber is a real gurda: put the blade to your hand, it will dig into your body...
2. Admit it, however, that Maxim Maksimych is a person worthy of respect?
3. His arrival in the Caucasus is also a consequence of his romantic fanaticism...
4. Mine soldier's overcoat- like a seal of rejection.
5. ...Vera's husband, Semyon Vasilyevich G...v, is a distant relative of Princess Ligovskaya.
(M.Yu. Lermontov)
A dash is placed between the subject and the predicate if one of the main members is expressed by a noun in the nominative case, and the other by a verb in the indefinite form (or a phrase with the main word - a verb in the indefinite form): to you in the world living is a disaster... Untested joy– by them live, for them breathe. Otrada to us - tears of happiness pour! To be great, to be wise- your definition...
(V.A. Zhukovsky) Produce effect - their pleasure. His target – become a hero novel.(M.Yu. Lermontov)
It is also necessary to put a dash in the case when both main members of the sentence are expressed by verbs in an indefinite form: Scientist learn- only spoil.
A dash is usually not placed if the subject is expressed by a personal pronoun: I'm pathetic, I'm funny I'm ignorant,I'm a fool.
(A.S. Griboyedov)
A dash is placed if both main members are expressed in the nominative case of a cardinal number (or a phrase with a numeral) or one – in the nominative case of a cardinal number, and the other – in the nominative case of a noun: Wheel – one of the most brilliant inventions in the history of mankind. Three times three – nine.
Exercises
1. Find among the sentences given while preserving the author's punctuation those in which the placement of punctuation marks does not comply with the rules.
1. Alien hordes are food for swords... (V.A. Zhukovsky)
2. O my friend! The mind is the executioner of all joys! (V.A. Zhukovsky)
3. Love – self-oblivion! (V.A. Zhukovsky)
4. All your disasters are dreams of the imagination... (V.A. Zhukovsky)
5. Dear friend, don’t you hear that the crackling noise of life is only a distorted response of triumphant harmonies? (V.S. Soloviev)
6. I am a parrot from the Antilles... (N.S. Gumilyov)
7. She is not a pale wife, but a crowned goddess. (N.S. Gumilyov)
8. All of us, saints and thieves, from the altar and the prison, we are all funny actors in the theater of the Lord God. (N.S. Gumilyov)
9. A star ray is like salt on an ax... (O.E. Mandelstam)
Answer: 2, 5, 6, 8, 9.
2. Find the incorrect statement.
A dash is not placed between the subject and the predicate, expressed nouns in the nominative case, if the predicate is preceded by
1) particle;
2) agreed upon definition;
3) introductory word;
4) linking verb.
Answer: 2.
3. Find among the sentences given while preserving the author's punctuation, one in which the placement of punctuation marks corresponds to modern rules.
1. Werner is a wonderful person for many reasons.
2. Of two friends, one is always the slave of the other...
3. According to local scientists, this failure is nothing more than an extinct crater...
4. Maybe you don’t know what “opportunity” is? This is a cover consisting of half a company of infantry and a cannon, with which convoys travel through Kabarda from Vladikavkaz to Yekaterinograd.
5. The history of the human soul, even the smallest soul, is perhaps more curious and useful than the history of an entire people, especially when it is a consequence of observations of a mature mind over itself...
(M.Yu. Lermontov)
Answer: 3.
4. Find among the sentences given while preserving the author's punctuation one in which the placement of punctuation marks does not correspond to modern rules.
1. But he only answered me that the wild Circassian woman should be happy, having such a sweet husband like him, because in their opinion he is still her husband, and that Kazbich is a robber who needed to be punished.
2. One word is a whole story for us...
3. Ideas are organic creations...
4. Is it really possible, I thought, that my only purpose on earth is to destroy other people’s hopes?
5. Mountain rivers, the smallest ones, are dangerous, especially because their bottom is a perfect kaleidoscope...
6. I am like a man yawning at a ball who does not go to bed only because his carriage is not yet there.
(M.Yu. Lermontov)
Answer: 6.
It is worth drawing students' attention to the fact that they need to distinguish between sentences with the word This between subject and predicate: Irpen is a memory of people and summer, of freedom, of escape from bondage...(B.L. Pasternak) – and sentences where the pronoun This– the subject and the dash are not placed between it and the predicate: This is truly a new miracle, it is spring again, as before.(B.L. Pasternak)
The teacher must be prepared for puzzled questions from students who have discovered that the rules for placing a dash between the subject and the predicate are very often violated in printed texts. There are at least two explanations for this. Firstly, not all cases described in detail in handbooks for press workers are considered in school. For example, reference books indicate that you should not put a dash if there is an adverb between the subject and the predicate: But this calmness is often a sign of great, albeit hidden strength...(M.Yu. Lermontov) Secondly, most formulations include the words as a rule, usually those. Variable punctuation is allowed; the presence or absence of a dash is determined by intonation, the presence or absence of a pause, and the need for logical emphasis. But in exam papers, students and applicants should not deviate from the rules; copyright marks are considered as errors.
Predicate.
Predicate- this is the main member of the sentence, which usually agrees with the subject (in number, person or gender) and has the meaning expressed in questions: what does the item do? what's happening to him? what is he like? what is he? who is he?
The predicate expresses the grammatical meaning of one of the moods (indicative mood - present, past, future tense; conditional mood, imperative mood).
Types of predicates:
Simple verb predicate. Compound verbal predicate - SGS. Compound nominal predicate - SIS
Simple verb predicate (PGS)
Ways to express a simple verbal predicate
|
1. Verb in some mood |
A gloomy morning is coming. |
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2. Independent infinitive |
To live is to serve the homeland. |
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3. Interjective verb forms (truncated forms of a verb like bam, grab, jump) |
Each friend here quietly pushes her friend. |
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4. Phraseological turnover with the main word - a verb in conjugated form |
The team won the championship. |
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5. Verb in conjugated form + modal particle ( yes, let, let, come on, come on, it was as if, as if, as if, as if, exactly, hardly, almost, just and etc.) |
Let me go with you. |
Compound predicates.
Compound verb predicate
Compound predicates are predicates in which the lexical meaning and grammatical meaning (tense and mood) are expressed in different words. The lexical meaning is expressed in the main part, and the grammatical meaning (tense and mood) is expressed in the auxiliary part.
Wed: He started singing(PGS). – He started to sing(GHS); He was sick for two months(PGS). – He was sick for two months(SIS).
A compound verb predicate (CVS) consists of two parts:
a) the auxiliary part (verb in conjugated form) expresses grammatical meaning (tense and mood);
b) main part ( indefinite form verb - infinitive) expresses lexical meaning.
SGS = auxiliary verb + infinitive. For example: I started singing; I want to sing; I'm afraid to sing.
However, not every combination of a conjugated verb with an infinitive is a compound verbal predicate! In order for such a combination to be a compound verbal predicate, two conditions must be met:
The auxiliary verb must be lexically incomplete, that is, it alone (without an infinitive) is not enough to understand what the sentence is about.
Wed: Ibegan- what to do?; IWant- what to do?.
If in the combination “verb + infinitive” the verb is significant, then it alone is a simple verbal predicate, and the infinitive is a minor member of the sentence.
Wed: Shesat down(for what purpose?) relax.
The action of the infinitive must relate to the subject (it is a subjective infinitive). If the action of the infinitive refers to another member of the sentence (objective infinitive), then the infinitive is not part of the predicate, but is a minor member.
Wed:
1. I want to sing. I want to sing– compound verbal predicate ( I want - I, sing will – I).
2. I asked her to sing. Requested– simple verbal predicate, sing- addition ( asked - I, sing will - she).
Auxiliary verb meanings
|
Meaning |
Typical verbs and phraseological units |
|
|
1. Phase (beginning, continuation, end of action) |
start, become, start, continue, finish, stay, stop, quit, stop and etc. |
He began to prepare to leave. |
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2. Modal meaning (necessity, desirability, ability, predisposition, emotional assessment of an action, etc.) |
Can, be able to, wish, want, dream, intend, refuse, try, strive, count, be able to, contrive, strive, assume, get used to, hurry, be embarrassed, endure, love, hate, be afraid, be afraid, be cowardly, be ashamed, set a goal , to burn with desire, to have the honor, to have the intention, to make a promise, to have the habit and etc. |
I can sing. |
Compound nominal predicate
Compound nominal predicate (CIS)consists of two parts:
a) the auxiliary part - the copula (verb in conjugated form) expresses the grammatical meaning (tense and mood);
b) main part – the nominal part (name, adverb) expresses the lexical meaning.
SIS = copula + nominal part
For example: Hewas a doctor; Hebecame a doctor; Hewas ill; Hewas sick; Hewas injured; Hecame first.
Types of linking verbs
|
Type of connective by meaning |
Typical verbs |
Examples |
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1 . Grammatical connective – expresses only grammatical meaning (tense, mood), has no lexical meaning. |
Verbs to be, to be. In the present tense, the copula be is usually in the zero form (“zero copula”): the absence of the copula indicates the present tense of the indicative mood. |
Hewas a doctor.
|
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2 . The semi-nominal copula not only expresses the grammatical meaning, but also introduces additional shades into the lexical meaning of the predicate, but cannot be an independent predicate (in that meaning). |
a) the emergence or development of a sign: become, become, become, become; |
Hebecame sick.
|
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3. The nominative connective is a verb with a complete lexical meaning(one can act as a predicate). |
a) Verbs of position in space: sit, lie, stand; |
Shesat tired.
|
Verb be can act as an independent simple verbal predicate in sentences with the meaning of being or possessing:
Himwasthree sons; Himwasmuch money.
Verbs become, becomes, turn out to be etc. can also be independent simple verbal predicates, but in a different meaning:
Heturned out to bedowntown; Hebecamenear the wall.
The most difficult to analyze are compound nominal predicates with a denominator, because usually such verbs are independent predicates (cf.: Hesatnear the window). If a verb becomes a connective, its meaning becomes less important than the meaning of the name associated with the verb ( Hesat tired; more important is that he was tired, not what He sat and not stood or lying).
For the combination “nominal verb + name” to be a compound nominal predicate, the following conditions must be met:
the significant verb can be replaced by the grammatical connective be:
He sat tired- He was tired; He was born happy- He was happy; He came first- He was first;
the link can be made null:
He sat tired - He tired ; He born happy - He happy ; He came first - He first .
If a verb has dependent forms of a full adjective, participle, ordinal number (answers the question Which?), then this is always a compound nominal predicate ( sat tired, left upset, came first). Parts of such a compound nominal predicate are not separated by commas!
Ways to Express the Nominal Part
|
Form |
Examples |
|
1. Noun |
|
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1.1. Noun in nominative or instrumental case |
He is mineBrother.
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1.2. Noun in oblique case with or without preposition |
Navigatorwas in oblivion.
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1.3. Whole phrase with the main word - a noun in the genitive case (with the meaning of a qualitative assessment) |
Son-in-lawwas a silent breed.
|
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2. Adjective |
|
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2.1. Short adjective |
Hecheerful.
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2.2. Full adjective in the nominative or instrumental case |
Hefunny.
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2.3. Comparative or superlative adjective |
Here's the sound of musicwere more audible.
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3. Communion |
|
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3.1. Short Communion |
Heinjured.
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3.2. Full participles in the nominative or instrumental case |
Glasswere broken.
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4. Pronoun or whole phrase with the main word pronoun |
All fish -yours.
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5. Numeral in the nominative or instrumental case |
Their hut -thirdon the edge. |
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6. Adverb |
Iwas on guard.
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Note!
1) Even if the predicate consists of one word - a name or an adverb (with a zero connective), it is always a compound nominal predicate;
2) short adjectives and participles are always part of a compound nominal predicate;
3) nominative and instrumental cases – the main case forms of the nominal part of the predicate;
4) the nominal part of the predicate can be expressed as a whole phrase in the same cases as the subject.