Functional tests and their classification. Functional tests in sports medicine What are functional tests in medicine

I. By the nature of the input influence.

There are the following types of input influences used in functional diagnostics: a) physical activity, b) change in body position in space, c) straining, d) change in the gas composition of inhaled air, e) administration of medications, etc.

The forms of its implementation most often used as an input influence are diverse. This includes the simplest forms of specifying physical activity that do not require special equipment: squats (Martinet test), jumping (GCIF test), running in place, etc. In some tests conducted outside laboratories, natural running is used as a load (test with repeated loads ).

Most often, the load in tests is set using bicycle ergometers. Bicycle ergometers are complex technical devices that provide for arbitrary changes in pedaling resistance. The resistance to pedal rotation is set by the experimenter.

An even more complex technical device is the “treadmill”, or treadmill. This device simulates the natural running of an athlete. The different intensity of muscular work on treadmills is set in two ways. The first of them is to change the speed of the “treadmill”. The higher the speed, expressed in meters per second, the higher the intensity of the physical activity. However, on portable treadmills, an increase in load intensity is achieved not so much by changing the speed of the “treadmill” as by increasing its angle of inclination relative to the horizontal plane. In the latter case, running uphill is simulated. Accurate quantitative accounting of load is less universal; It is required to indicate not only the speed of movement of the “treadmill”, but also its angle of inclination relative to the horizontal plane. Both devices considered can be used when carrying out various functional tests.

When testing, nonspecific and specific forms of influence on the body can be used.

It is generally accepted that different kinds muscle work, set in laboratory conditions, belong to nonspecific forms of influence. Specific forms of influence include those that are characteristic of locomotion in this particular sport: shadowboxing for a boxer, throwing stuffed animals for wrestlers, etc. However, this division is largely arbitrary, so that the reaction of the body’s visceral systems to physical activity is determined mainly by its intensity, and not by its form. Specific tests useful for assessing the effectiveness of skills acquired during training.

Changing body position in space- one of the important disturbing influences used in orthoclinostatic tests. The reaction that develops under the influence of orthostatic influences is studied in response to both active and passive changes in the position of the body in space. It assumes that the subject moves from a horizontal position to a vertical position, i.e. rises.

This version of the orthostatic test is not valid enough, since, along with changing the body in space, the subject performs certain muscular work associated with the standing up procedure. However, the advantage of the test is its simplicity.

A passive orthostatic test is performed using a rotary table. The plane of this table can be changed at any angle to the horizontal plane by the experimenter. The subject does not perform any muscular work. In this test we are dealing with the “pure form” of the effect on the body of a change in the position of the body in space.

As an input influence to determine functional state body can be used straining. This procedure is performed in two versions. In the first, the straining procedure is not quantitatively assessed (Valsalva maneuver). The second option involves dosed straining. This is achieved using pressure gauges into which the subject exhales. The readings of such a pressure gauge practically correspond to the value of intrathoracic pressure. The amount of pressure developed during such controlled straining is dosed by the doctor.

Changes in the gas composition of inhaled air V sports medicine most often consists of reducing the oxygen tension in the inhaled air. These are the so-called hypoxemic tests. The degree of reduction in oxygen tension is dosed by the doctor in accordance with the purposes of the study. Hypoxemic tests in sports medicine are most often used to study resistance to hypoxia, which can be observed during competitions and training in mid- and high-altitude areas.

Introduction medicinal substances It is used as a functional test in sports medicine, usually for the purpose of differential diagnosis. For example, to objectively assess the mechanism of occurrence of systolic murmur, the subject is asked to inhale amyl nitrite vapor. Under the influence of such exposure, the operating mode of the cardiovascular system changes and the nature of the noise changes. By assessing these changes, the doctor can talk about the functional or organic nature of systolic murmur in athletes.

By type of output signal.

First of all, samples can be divided depending on which system of the human body is used to assess the response to a particular type of input. Most often, in functional tests used in sports medicine, certain indicators are studied of cardio-vascular system . This is due to the fact that the cardiovascular system reacts very subtly to a wide variety of influences on the human body.

System external respiration is the second most frequently used for functional diagnostics In sports. The reasons for choosing this system are the same as those given above for the cardiovascular system. Somewhat less frequently, other systems are studied as indicators of the functional state of the body: nervous, neuromuscular apparatus, blood system, etc.

According to the time of the study.

Functional tests can be divided depending on when the body's reactions to various influences are studied - either directly during exposure, or immediately after cessation of exposure. For example, using an electrocardiograph, you can record heart rate throughout the entire time during which the subject performs physical activity.

The development of modern medical technology makes it possible to directly study the body’s reaction to a particular influence. And this serves as important information about diagnosing performance and fitness.

There are more than 100 functional tests, but currently a very limited, most informative range of sports medical tests is used. Let's look at some of them.

Letunov's test . The Letunov test is used as the main stress test in many medical and physical education clinics. The Letunov test, as conceived by the authors, was intended to assess the adaptation of the athlete’s body to speed work and endurance work.

During the test, the subject performs three loads in succession. In the first, 20 squats are done, performed in 30 seconds. The second load is performed 3 minutes after the first. It consists of a 15-second run in place, performed at a maximum pace. And finally, after 4 minutes, the third load is performed - a three-minute run in place at a pace of 180 steps per minute. After the end of each load, the recovery of heart rate and blood pressure is recorded in the subject. This data is recorded throughout the entire rest period between loads: 3 minutes after the third load; 4 minutes after the second load; 5 minutes after the third load. The pulse is counted in 10-second intervals.

Harvard step test . The test was developed at Harvard University in the USA in 1942. Using the Harvard step test, recovery processes after dosed muscular work are quantitatively assessed. Thus, the general idea of the Harvard step test is no different from the S.P. test. Letunova.

In the Harvard Step Test, physical activity is set in the form of climbing a step. For adult men, the height of the step is taken to be 50 cm, for adult women - 43 cm. The subject is asked to climb the step for 5 minutes with a frequency of 30 times per 1 minute. Each ascent and descent consists of 4 motor components: 1 - lifting one leg onto a step, 2 - the subject stands on the step with both legs, taking a vertical position, 3 - lowers the leg with which he started climbing to the floor, and 4 - lowers the other leg onto floor. To strictly measure the frequency of ascents to and from steps, a metronome is used, the frequency of which is set to 120 beats/min. In this case, each movement will correspond to one beat of the metronome.

Test P.W.C. 170 . This test was developed at Karolinska University in Stockholm by Sjostrand in the 50s. The test is designed to determine the physical performance of athletes. The name PWC comes from the first letters of the English term for Physical Working Capacity.

Physical performance in the PWC 170 test is expressed in the magnitude of the power of physical activity at which the heart rate reaches 170 beats/min. The choice of this particular frequency is based on the following two provisions. The first is that the zone of optimal functioning of the cardiorespiratory system is limited to the pulse range from 170 to 200 beats/min. Thus, with the help of this test it is possible to establish the intensity of physical activity that “brings” the activity of the cardiovascular system, and with it the entire cardiorespiratory system, to the area of optimal functioning. The second position is based on the fact that the relationship between heart rate and the power of physical activity performed is linear for most athletes, up to a heart rate of 170 beats/min. At higher heart rates, the linear relationship between heart rate and exercise power is disrupted.

Bicycle ergometer test . To determine the value of PWC 170, Sjöstrand asked subjects on a bicycle ergometer a step-like physical load of increasing power, up to a heart rate of 170 beats/min. In this form of testing, the subject performed 5 or 6 loads of varying power. However, this testing procedure was very burdensome for the subject. It took a lot of time, since each load was performed for 6 minutes. All this did not contribute to the widespread use of the test.

In the 60s, the value of PWC 170 began to be determined in a simpler way, using two or three loads of moderate power.

The PWC 170 test is used to examine highly qualified athletes. At the same time, it can be used to study individual performance in beginners and young athletes.

Sample optionsP.W.C. 170 . Great possibilities are presented by variants of the PWC 170 test, in which bicycle ergometric loads are replaced by other types of muscular work, similar in their motor structure to loads used in natural conditions sports activities.

Running test based on the use of athletics running as a load. The advantages of the test are methodological simplicity, the ability to obtain data on the level of physical performance using loads that are quite specific for representatives of many sports - running. The test does not require maximum effort from the athlete, it can be carried out in any conditions in which smooth athletic running is possible (for example, running in a stadium).

Test using a bicycle carried out in the natural conditions of cyclists training on a track or road. Two bike rides at moderate speed are used as physical activity.

Swimming test also methodologically simple. It allows you to assess physical performance using loads specific to swimmers, pentathletes and water polo players - swimming.

Test using cross-country skiing Suitable for studying skiers, biathletes and combined athletes. The test is carried out on flat terrain, protected from the wind by forest or bushes. It is better to run on a pre-laid ski track - vicious circle 200-300 m long, which allows you to adjust the speed of the athlete’s movement.

Rowing test proposed in 1974 by V.S. Farfel and his staff. Physical performance is assessed in natural conditions when rowing on academic vessels, rowing on a kayak or canoe (depending on narrow specialization athlete) using telepulsometry.

Ice skating test for figure skaters it is carried out directly on a regular training ground. The athlete is asked to perform a figure eight (on a standard skating rink, a full figure eight is 176 m) - the simplest element and most typical for figure skaters.

Determination of maximum oxygen consumption . The assessment of maximum aerobic power is carried out by determining the maximum oxygen consumption (VO2). This value is calculated using various tests in which the maximum oxygen transport is achieved individually (direct determination of MIC). Along with this, the value of the IPC is judged on the basis of indirect calculations, which are based on data obtained during the athlete’s performance of non-maximum loads (indirect determination of the IPC).

The MPC value is one of the most important parameters of an athlete’s body, with the help of which the overall physical performance of an athlete can be most accurately characterized. The study of this indicator is especially important for assessing the functional state of the body of athletes training for endurance, or athletes for whom endurance training is of great importance. In this type of athletes, monitoring changes in VO2 max can provide significant assistance in assessing the level of training.

Currently, in accordance with the recommendations of the World Health Organization, a methodology has been adopted for determining MOC, which consists of the subject performing a physical activity that gradually increases in power until the moment when he is unable to continue muscular work. The load is set either using a bicycle ergometer or on a treadmill. The absolute criterion for the test subject to achieve the oxygen “ceiling” is the presence of a plateau on the graph of the dependence of the amount of oxygen consumption on the power of physical activity. The observation of a slowdown in the growth of oxygen consumption with a continued increase in the power of physical activity is also quite convincing.

Along with the unconditional criterion, there are indirect criteria for achieving the IPC. These include an increase in blood lactate levels above 70-80 mg%. In this case, the heart rate reaches 185 - 200 beats/min, the respiratory coefficient exceeds 1.

Tests with straining . Straining as a diagnostic method has been known for a very long time. It is enough to point out the straining test, which was proposed by the Italian doctor Valsalva back in 1704. In 1921, Flack studied the effect of straining on the body by measuring heart rate. To dose the straining force, any manometric systems are used, connected to a mouthpiece into which the subject exhales. As a pressure gauge, you can use, for example, a device for measuring blood pressure, to the pressure gauge of which a mouthpiece is connected with a rubber hose. The test consists of the following: the athlete is asked to take a deep breath, and then exhale is simulated to maintain the pressure in the manometer equal to 40 mm Hg. Art. The subject must continue dosed straining “until failure”. During this procedure, the pulse is recorded at 5-second intervals. The time during which the subject was able to perform the work is also recorded.

Under normal conditions, the increase in heart rate compared to the initial data lasts approximately 15 s, then the heart rate stabilizes. If the quality of regulation of cardiac activity is insufficient in athletes with increased reactivity, heart rate may increase throughout the test. In well-trained athletes, adapted to straining, the reaction to increased intrathoracic pressure is insignificant.

Orthostatic test . The idea of using a change in body position in space as an input to study the functional state apparently belongs to Schallong. This test allows you to get important information in all those sports in which an element of sports activity is a change in body position in space. This includes artistic gymnastics, rhythmic gymnastics, acrobatics, trampolining, diving, high and pole vaulting, etc. In all these types, orthostatic stability is a necessary condition for athletic performance. Usually, under the influence of systematic training, orthostatic stability increases.

The Shellong orthostatic test is an active test. During the test, the subject actively stands up when moving from a horizontal to a vertical position. The reaction to standing up is studied by recording heart rate and blood pressure values. Carrying out an active orthostatic test consists of the following: the subject is in a horizontal position, while his pulse is repeatedly counted and his blood pressure is measured. Based on the data obtained, the average initial values are determined. Next, the athlete stands up and is in vertical position for 10 minutes in a relaxed position. Immediately after moving to a vertical position, heart rate and blood pressure are recorded again. These same values are then recorded every minute. The reaction to an orthostatic test is an increase in heart rate. Due to this, the minute volume of blood flow is slightly reduced. In well-trained athletes, the increase in heart rate is relatively small and ranges from 5 to 15 beats/min. Systolic blood pressure either remains unchanged or decreases slightly (by 2-6 mm Hg). Diastolic blood pressure increases by 10 - 15% relative to its value when the subject is in a horizontal position. If during a 10-minute study systolic blood pressure approaches the initial values, then diastolic blood pressure remains elevated.

A significant addition to tests carried out in a doctor’s office are studies of the athlete directly under training conditions. This allows us to identify the reaction of the athlete’s body to the loads inherent in the chosen sport, and to evaluate his performance in familiar conditions. Such tests include a test with repeated specific loads. Testing is carried out jointly by doctors and a trainer. The testing results are assessed based on performance indicators (by the trainer) and adaptation to the load (by the doctor). Performance is judged by the effectiveness of the exercise (for example, by the time it takes to run a particular segment), and adaptation by changes in heart rate, respiration and blood pressure after each repetition of the load.

Functional tests used in sports medicine can be used during medical and pedagogical observations to analyze the training microcycle. Tests are carried out daily at the same time, preferably in the morning, before training. In this case, you can judge the degree of recovery from the training sessions of the previous day. For this purpose, it is recommended to carry out an orthotest in the morning, counting the pulse while lying down (even before getting out of bed), and then while standing. If it is necessary to evaluate the training day, an orthostatic test is performed in the morning and evening.

FUNCTIONAL TESTS, TESTS

A comprehensive analysis of medical examination data, the results of using instrumental research methods and materials obtained during functional tests allows us to objectively assess the readiness of the athlete’s body for competitive activity.

With the help of functional tests, which are performed both in laboratory conditions (in the functional diagnostics room) and directly during training in gyms and at stadiums, the general and specific adaptive capabilities of the athlete’s body are tested. Based on the test results, it is possible to determine the functional state of the body as a whole, its adaptive capabilities in this moment.

Testing allows us to identify the functional reserves of the body and its general physical performance. All medical testing materials are not considered in isolation, but in conjunction with all other medical criteria. Only a comprehensive assessment of medical fitness criteria allows us to reliably judge the effectiveness of the training process in a given athlete.

Functional tests began to be used in sports medicine at the beginning of the twentieth century. Gradually, the arsenal of samples expanded with new tests. The main objectives of functional diagnostics in sports medicine are the study of the body’s adaptation to certain influences and the study of recovery processes after the cessation of exposure. It follows from this that testing in general is identical to the “black box” study used in cybernetics to study the functional properties of control systems. This term conventionally refers to any object whose functional properties are unknown or insufficiently known. A black box has a number of inputs and a number of outputs. To study the functional properties of such a “black box,” a stimulus whose nature is known is applied to its input. Under the influence of the input influence, response signals appear at the output of the “black box”. Comparison of input signals with output signals allows one to assess the functional state of the system under study, conventionally designated a “black box”. With ideal adaptation, the nature of the input and output signals is identical. However, in reality, and especially when studying biological systems, the signals transmitted through the “black box” are distorted. By the degree of signal distortion as it passes through the “black box,” one can judge the functional state of the system or complex of systems being studied. The greater these distortions, the worse the functional state of the system, and vice versa.

The nature of signal transmission through black box systems is greatly influenced by side effects, which in technical cybernetics is called “noise”. The more significant the “noise”, the less effective will be the study of the functional properties of the “black box”, studied by comparing input and output signals.

Let us dwell on the characteristics of the requirements that should be presented in the process of testing an athlete to: 1) input influences, 2) output signals and 3) “noise”.

The general requirement for input influences is their expression in quantitative physical quantities. So, for example, if physical activity is used as an input effect, then its power should be expressed in exact physical quantities (watts, kgm/min, etc.). The characteristic of the input influence is less reliable if it is expressed in the number of squats, in the frequency of steps when running in place, in jumps, etc.

The body's response to a particular input influence is assessed based on the measurement data of indicators characterizing the activity of a particular system of the human body. Typically, the most informative physiological values are used as output signals (indicators), the study of which presents the least difficulties (for example, heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure). For an objective assessment of test results, it is necessary that the output information be expressed in quantitative physiological quantities.

Less informative is the assessment of test results based on a qualitative description of the dynamics of the output signals. This refers to a descriptive characteristic of the results of a functional test (for example, “pulse rate recovers quickly” or “pulse rate recovers slowly”).

And finally, about some requirements for “noise”.

“Noise” during functional tests refers to the subjective attitude of the subject to the testing procedure. Motivation is especially important when conducting maximal tests, when the subject is required to perform work of maximum intensity or duration. So, for example, asking an athlete to perform a load in the form of a 15-second run in place at a maximum pace, we can never be sure that the load was actually performed at maximum intensity. This depends on the athlete’s desire to develop the maximum intensity of the load, his mood and other factors.

Classification of functional tests

I. By the nature of the input influence.

Most often, physical activity is used as an input effect; the forms of its implementation are diverse. This includes the simplest forms of specifying physical activity that do not require special equipment: squats (Martinet test), jumping (GCIF test), running in place, etc. In some tests conducted outside laboratories, natural running is used as a load (test with repeated loads ).

When testing, nonspecific and specific forms of influence on the body can be used.

It is generally accepted that various types of muscular work, given in laboratory conditions, belong to nonspecific forms of influence. Specific forms of influence include those that are characteristic of locomotion in this particular sport: shadowboxing for a boxer, throwing stuffed animals for wrestlers, etc. However, this division is largely arbitrary, so that the reaction of the body’s visceral systems to physical activity is determined mainly by its intensity, and not by its form. Specific tests are useful for assessing the effectiveness of skills acquired during training.

Changing the position of the body in space is one of the important disturbing influences used in orthoclinostatic tests. The reaction that develops under the influence of orthostatic influences is studied in response to both active and passive changes in the position of the body in space. It assumes that the subject moves from a horizontal position to a vertical position, i.e. rises.

Straining can be used as an input influence to determine the functional state of the body. This procedure is performed in two versions. In the first, the straining procedure is not quantitatively assessed (Valsalva maneuver). The second option involves dosed straining. This is achieved using pressure gauges into which the subject exhales. The readings of such a pressure gauge practically correspond to the value of intrathoracic pressure. The amount of pressure developed during such controlled straining is dosed by the doctor.

Changing the gas composition of the inhaled air in sports medicine most often consists of reducing the oxygen tension in the inhaled air. These are the so-called hypoxemic tests. The degree of reduction in oxygen tension is dosed by the doctor in accordance with the purposes of the study. Hypoxemic tests in sports medicine are most often used to study resistance to hypoxia, which can be observed during competitions and training in mid- and high-altitude areas.

The administration of medicinal substances as a functional test is used in sports medicine, as a rule, for the purpose of differential diagnosis. For example, to objectively assess the mechanism of occurrence of systolic murmur, the subject is asked to inhale amyl nitrite vapor. Under the influence of such exposure, the operating mode of the cardiovascular system changes and the nature of the noise changes. By assessing these changes, the doctor can talk about the functional or organic nature of systolic murmur in athletes.

II. By type of output signal.

First of all, samples can be divided depending on which system of the human body is used to assess the response to a particular type of input. Most often, in functional tests used in sports medicine, certain indicators of the cardiovascular system are studied. This is due to the fact that the cardiovascular system reacts very subtly to a wide variety of influences on the human body.

The external respiration system is the second most frequently used system in functional diagnostics in sports. The reasons for choosing this system are the same as those given above for the cardiovascular system. Somewhat less frequently, other systems are studied as indicators of the functional state of the body: nervous, neuromuscular apparatus, blood system, etc.

III. According to the time of the study.

There are more than 100 functional tests, but currently a very limited, most informative range of sports medical tests is used. Let's look at some of them.

Letunov's test. The Letunov test is used as the main stress test in many medical and physical education clinics. The Letunov test, as conceived by the authors, was intended to assess the adaptation of the athlete’s body to speed work and endurance work.

Harvard step test. The test was developed at Harvard University in the USA in 1942. Using the Harvard step test, recovery processes after dosed muscular work are quantitatively assessed. Thus, the general idea of the Harvard step test is no different from the S.P. test. Letunova.

In the Harvard Step Test, physical activity is set in the form of climbing a step. For adult men, the height of the step is taken to be 50 cm, for adult women – 43 cm. The subject is asked to climb the step for 5 minutes with a frequency of 30 times per 1 minute. Each ascent and descent consists of 4 motor components: 1 – lifting one leg onto a step, 2 – the subject stands on the step with both legs, taking a vertical position, 3 – lowers the leg with which he started climbing to the floor, and 4 – lowers the other leg onto floor. To strictly measure the frequency of ascents to and from steps, a metronome is used, the frequency of which is set to 120 beats/min. In this case, each movement will correspond to one beat of the metronome.

PWC170 test. This test was developed at Karolinska University in Stockholm by Sjostrand in the 50s. The test is designed to determine the physical performance of athletes. The name PWC comes from the first letters of the English term for Physical Working Capacity.

Physical performance in the PWC170 test is expressed in the magnitude of the power of physical activity at which heart rate reaches 170 beats/min. The choice of this particular frequency is based on the following two provisions. The first is that the zone of optimal functioning of the cardiorespiratory system is limited to the pulse range from 170 to 200 beats/min. Thus, with the help of this test it is possible to establish the intensity of physical activity that “brings” the activity of the cardiovascular system, and with it the entire cardiorespiratory system, to the area of optimal functioning. The second position is based on the fact that the relationship between heart rate and the power of physical activity performed is linear for most athletes, up to a heart rate of 170 beats/min. At higher heart rates, the linear relationship between heart rate and exercise power is disrupted.

Bicycle ergometer test. To determine the value of PWC170, Sjöstrand gave subjects a step-like physical load of increasing power on a bicycle ergometer, up to a heart rate of 170 beats/min. In this form of testing, the subject performed 5 or 6 loads of varying power. However, this testing procedure was very burdensome for the subject. It took a lot of time, since each load was performed for 6 minutes. All this did not contribute to the widespread use of the test.

In the 60s, the value of PWC170 began to be determined in a simpler way, using two or three loads of moderate power.

The PWC170 test is used to examine highly qualified athletes. At the same time, it can be used to study individual performance in beginners and young athletes.

Variants of the PWC170 sample with specific loads. Great possibilities are presented by variants of the PWC170 test, in which bicycle ergometric loads are replaced by other types of muscle work, similar in their motor structure to loads used in natural conditions of sports activity.

Running test based on the use of athletics running as a load. The advantages of the test are methodological simplicity, the ability to obtain data on the level of physical performance using loads that are quite specific for representatives of many sports - running. The test does not require maximum effort from the athlete, it can be carried out in any conditions in which smooth athletic running is possible (for example, running in a stadium).

Test using a bicycle carried out in the natural conditions of cyclists training on a track or road. Two bike rides at moderate speed are used as physical activity.

Swimming test also methodologically simple. It allows you to assess physical performance using loads specific to swimmers, pentathletes and water polo players - swimming.

Test using cross-country skiing Suitable for studying skiers, biathletes and combined athletes. The test is carried out on flat terrain, protected from the wind by forest or bushes. It is better to run on a pre-laid ski track - a closed circle 200-300 m long, which allows you to adjust the speed of the athlete's movement.

Rowing test proposed in 1974 by V.S. Farfel and his staff. Physical performance is assessed in natural conditions when rowing on academic vessels, kayaking or canoeing (depending on the narrow specialization of the athlete) using telepulsometry.

Ice skating test for figure skaters it is carried out directly on a regular training ground. The athlete is asked to perform a figure eight (on a standard skating rink, a full figure eight is 176 m) - the simplest element and most typical for figure skaters.

Determination of maximum oxygen consumption. The assessment of maximum aerobic power is carried out by determining the maximum oxygen consumption (VO2). This value is calculated using various tests in which the maximum oxygen transport is achieved individually (direct determination of MIC). Along with this, the value of the IPC is judged on the basis of indirect calculations, which are based on data obtained during the athlete’s performance of non-maximum loads (indirect determination of the IPC).

Along with the unconditional criterion, there are indirect criteria for achieving the IPC. These include an increase in blood lactate levels above 70-80 mg%. In this case, the heart rate reaches 185–200 beats/min, the respiratory coefficient exceeds 1.

Tests with straining. Straining as a diagnostic method has been known for a very long time. It is enough to point out the straining test, which was proposed by the Italian doctor Valsalva back in 1704. In 1921, Flack studied the effect of straining on the body by measuring heart rate. To dose the straining force, any manometric systems are used, connected to a mouthpiece into which the subject exhales. As a pressure gauge, you can use, for example, a device for measuring blood pressure, to the pressure gauge of which a mouthpiece is connected with a rubber hose. The test consists of the following: the athlete is asked to take a deep breath, and then exhale is simulated to maintain the pressure in the manometer equal to 40 mm Hg. The subject must continue dosed straining “until failure”. During this procedure, the pulse is recorded at 5-second intervals. The time during which the subject was able to perform the work is also recorded.

Orthostatic test. The idea of using a change in body position in space as an input to study the functional state apparently belongs to Schallong. This test allows you to obtain important information in all those sports in which an element of sports activity is a change in body position in space. This includes artistic gymnastics, rhythmic gymnastics, acrobatics, trampolining, diving, high and pole vaulting, etc. In all these types, orthostatic stability is a necessary condition for athletic performance. Usually, under the influence of systematic training, orthostatic stability increases.

Orthostatic test according to Shellong refers to active samples. During the test, the subject actively stands up when moving from a horizontal to a vertical position. The reaction to standing up is studied by recording heart rate and blood pressure values. Carrying out an active orthostatic test consists of the following: the subject is in a horizontal position, while his pulse is repeatedly counted and his blood pressure is measured. Based on the data obtained, the average initial values are determined. Next, the athlete stands up and remains in a vertical position for 10 minutes in a relaxed position. Immediately after moving to a vertical position, heart rate and blood pressure are recorded again. These same values are then recorded every minute. The reaction to an orthostatic test is an increase in heart rate. Due to this, the minute volume of blood flow is slightly reduced. In well-trained athletes, the increase in heart rate is relatively small and ranges from 5 to 15 beats/min. Systolic blood pressure either remains unchanged or decreases slightly (by 2–6 mm Hg). Diastolic blood pressure increases by 10–15% relative to its value when the subject is in a horizontal position. If during a 10-minute study systolic blood pressure approaches the initial values, then diastolic blood pressure remains elevated.

Standards, anthropometric indices, nomograms, functional samples, exercises, tests for rate physical development and... standards, anthropometric indices, nomograms, functional samples, exercises, tests to assess physical development and...

When studying the effect of physical activity on various organs and systems of the body, it is often used to assess the functional state of a person. functional tests.

The assessment of the functional state of the external respiratory system is carried out by the value of maximum pulmonary ventilation (MVV), which is influenced by the state of the respiratory muscles and the strength of their endurance.

Assessment of functional readiness is carried out using physiological tests (tests) of the cardiovascular system and respiratory system. This is a one-time test with squats (20 squats in 40 s) and heart rate in 15 s, recalculated to 1 minute immediately after the end of the squats. 20 pulse beats or less - excellent, 21 - 40 - good, 41 - 65 - satisfactory, 66-75 - bad.

Stange's test (holding your breath while inhaling). Average- 65s.

Genchi test (holding your breath while exhaling). The average is 30s.

Checking the impact of physical activity used in physical education classes is a reliable means of indicating deviations in the state of health or a decrease in indicators of physical development and physical fitness. For this purpose, you can use methods of medical and pedagogical control:

· pulsometry;

· spirometry;

· breath-holding tests after a sigh (after exhalation);

· definition blood pressure and other methods.

Thus, an important component of a comprehensive medical examination of students, along with an assessment of their health status, is testing of general performance. With the help of testing, the functional capabilities of the body are determined, weak links in adaptation to physical activity are identified, the diagnosis of deviations in the state of health is clarified, and the dynamics of the functional state are monitored at individual stages. educational process, which allows you to make the necessary adjustments to the course of the educational process.

In the practice of physical education with comprehensive examination To determine physical condition or physical (functional) readiness, tests or batteries of tests are used.

Test

Test- this is an assessment of the physical condition or physical fitness (ability) of the student.

There are three groups of tests:

1. Control exercises - these can be running distances, or the time of running distances.

2. Standard functional tests are registration of heart rate, assessment of the speed of running distances at a heart rate of 160 beats/min.

3. Maximum functional tests.

With the most stringent standardization, the test results must have sufficient reliability, i.e. high degree consistency of results when repeated testing of the same people under the same conditions.

To increase the reliability of the test, it is necessary to increase its length, i.e. increase the number of episodes. Since the reliability coefficient is variable, it is always necessary to indicate how and on whom the test is performed.

The most important characteristic test is its information content. Test informativeness is the degree of accuracy with which the test measures the property it is used to assess. Information content is sometimes called validity. The information content of the test involves answering two specific questions:

What does it measure? this test?

· How accurately does it measure?

When conducting testing, the following test order must be observed:

1. For flexibility.

2. For speed.

3. On strength.

4. For speed endurance.

5. For strength endurance

6. For physical performance.

7. For general endurance.

The ability to assess the physical condition of subjects is significantly expanded if physiological parameters are recorded during the use of test programs

4. Self-control: its methods, indicators and evaluation criteria

Self-control(individual control) is a system of monitoring the state of one’s health, physical development, physical performance and their changes under the influence of activities physical culture and sports.

The main tasks of self-control are:

a) Be aware of your attentive attitude to your health.

b) Master the technique of self-observation, learn to clearly and correctly record individual control indicators.

c) Learn to correctly analyze, evaluate and draw conclusions based on the results of self-control.

d) Strive to gain new knowledge about your body and health, necessary for proper physical education.

Methods of self-control during classes physical exercise consists of observation and analysis of objective and subjective indicators of the state of the body.

Subjective indicators are those individual sensations of a person at a given moment according to the level of the state of his body, which he can adequately reproduce.

To subjective indicators relate:

1. Well-being – reflects the state of the whole organism and, mainly, the state of the central nervous system. Rated as good, fair, bad. With proper, systematic and regular exercise, there is a feeling of vivacity, cheerfulness, energy, desire and need to perform physical activity.

2. Performance – a person’s ability to perform motivated activities at a given level of efficiency for a certain time. Marked as high, medium and low performance.

3. Dream – duration, depth and disturbances are assessed, that is difficulty falling asleep, nightmares, insomnia, etc.

4. Appetite – its presence is noted, namely good, satisfactory, bad. In the deep stages of overwork, there is a lack of appetite.

5. Painful sensations – are recorded according to their location, nature (sharp, blunt, cutting) and strength of manifestation.

Towards objective indicators include those that can be measured and quantified:

1. Anthropometric – height, weight, circumference chest.

2. Functional – heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, vital capacity of the lungs.

3. Strength indicators individual muscle groups, dynamometry of the right and left hands, deadlift.

4. Results in control exercises and tests .

Functional test method

When studying the effect of physical activity on various organs and systems of the body, functional tests are often used to assess the functional state of a person. Functional tests are very numerous. The choice of the most suitable for a particular survey is determined by the objectives. The most widespread functional tests are carried out in the process of medical monitoring of the physical training of athletes.

Functional test is an integral part of a complex technique medical supervision persons involved in physical education and sports. The use of such samples is necessary for full characteristics the functional state of the student’s body and its fitness. The results of functional tests are assessed in comparison with other medical control data.

To assess the degree of impact of the training load on the body, an assessment of the functional state of the cardiovascular system is usually carried out, which is carried out by palpation of the pulse, which allows identifying changes in heart rate (HR). It is carried out by placing the fingertips on the radial artery, on carotid artery or determined by the apex beat of the heart. The assessment of the functional state of the external respiratory system is carried out by the value of maximum pulmonary ventilation (MVV), which is influenced by the state of the respiratory muscles and the strength of their endurance.

Assessment of functional readiness is carried out using physiological tests (tests) of the cardiovascular system and respiratory system. This is a one-time test with a squat (20 squats in 40 s) and heart rate in 15 s, recalculated to 1 minute immediately after the end of the squats. 20 pulse beats or less - excellent, 21-40 - good, 41-65 - satisfactory, 66-75 - bad.

Stange's test (holding your breath while inhaling). The average is 65 s. Genchi test (holding your breath while exhaling). The average is 30 s.

In case of diseases of the circulatory and respiratory organs, after infectious and other diseases, as well as after fatigue, the duration of breath holding during inhalation and exhalation decreases

The most important indicator of the functional state of the cardiovascular system is the pulse and its changes.

Resting pulse: measured in a sitting position by palpating the temporal, carotid, radial arteries or by cardiac impulse in 15-second segments 2-3 times in a row to obtain reliable numbers. Then a recalculation is made for 1 minute (number of beats per minute).

Heart rate at rest is on average 55-70 beats per minute for men; 60-75 beats per minute for women. At a frequency above these numbers, the pulse is considered rapid - tachycardia, at a lower frequency - bradycardia. Blood pressure data is also of great importance to characterize the state of the cardiovascular system.

Arterial pressure. There are maximum (systolic) and minimum pressures. Normal blood pressure values for young people are considered to be: maximum from 100 to 129 mmHg, minimum - from 60 to 79 mmHg. Art.

Blood pressure from 130 mm Hg. Art. and higher for maximum and from 80 mm Hg. Art. and above for the minimum is called a hypertensive state, respectively below 100 and 60 mm Hg. Art. - hypotonic. To characterize the cardiovascular system, assessment of changes in heart function and blood pressure after physical activity and the duration of recovery are of great importance. This study is carried out using various functional tests.

For example, let's take the cardiovascular system and its main organ - the heart. As already noted, no organ needs training so much and does not lend itself to it as easily as the heart. Working under heavy load, the heart inevitably trains. The boundaries of its capabilities expand, and it adapts to transfer a much larger amount of blood than the heart of an untrained person can do. In the process of regular exercise and sports, as a rule, an increase in heart size occurs, and various shapes motor activity have various opportunities for improvement

We present the most common functional tests used in sports practice, as well as tests that can be used during independent physical education. 20 squats in 30 s, the practitioner rests while sitting for 3 minutes. Then the heart rate is calculated for 15 s, recalculated to 1 min (initial frequency). Next, perform 20 deep squats in 30 seconds, raising your arms forward with each squat, spreading your knees to the sides, keeping your torso upright. Immediately after squats, in a sitting position, the heart rate is again calculated for 15 seconds, recalculated by 1 minute.

The increase in heart rate after squats compared to the initial one is determined in %. For example, the initial heart rate is 60 beats/min after 20 squats is 81 beats/min, therefore (81-60):

Restoring heart rate after exercise. To characterize the recovery period after performing 20 squats in 30 s, the heart rate is calculated for 15 s at the 3rd minute of recovery, recalculated for 1 min, and based on the difference in heart rate before the load and at recovery period The ability of the cardiovascular system to recover is assessed.

To assess the functional state of the cardiovascular system, the most widely used are the Harvard Step Test (HST) and the PWC-170 test. The Harvard Step Test involves walking up and down a standard size step at a specific pace for a specified amount of time. GST consists of climbing a step 50 cm high for men and 40 cm for women for 5 minutes, at a pace of 30 climbs/minute.

If the subject cannot maintain the set pace for the specified time, then the work can be stopped and its duration and heart rate recorded for 30 seconds after 2 minutes of recovery. Based on the duration of the work performed and the number of pulse beats, the Harvard Step Test Index (HST) is calculated:

IGST = Duration of work (s) 100% 5.5 number of pulse beats (s)

IGST = t 100%

2 (f2 + f3 + f4)

where t is the ascent time in seconds; f2, f3, f4 - heart rate for the first 30 seconds. 2, 3, 4 minute recovery.

Orthostatic test. The student lies on his back and his heart rate is determined. After this, the subject calmly stands up and the heart rate is measured again. Normally, when moving from a lying position to a standing position, the heart rate increases by 10-12 beats/min. It is believed that its increase is more than 20 beats/min. - unsatisfactory response, which indicates insufficient nervous regulation of the cardiovascular system. When performing physical activity, oxygen consumption by working muscles and the brain sharply increases, and therefore the function of the respiratory organs increases. Exercise stress increases the size of the chest, its mobility, increases the frequency and depth of breathing, so the development of the respiratory organs can be assessed by the chest excursion (CEC) indicator. EGC is assessed by the increase in chest circumference (CHC) during maximum inspiration after deep exhalation. For example, the OKG in a calm state is 80 cm, with maximum inspiration - 85 cm, after deep exhalation -77 cm.

EGC = (85 - 77): 80 · 100 = 10%.

Ratings: "5" - (15% or more), "4" -

(14-12)%, "3" - (11-9)%, "2" - (8-6)% and "1" - (5% or less). An important indicator of respiratory function is vital capacity (VC). The value of vital capacity depends on gender, age, body size and physical fitness. In order to assess the actual vital capacity, it is compared with the value of the expected vital capacity, i.e. the one that should be this person.

VC = Actual VC · 100%

Proper vital capacity

VC = (40 height in cm) + (30 weight in kg) - 4400,

Vital capacity = (40 · height in cm) + (30 · weight in kg) - 3800.

In well-trained people, the actual vital capacity ranges on average from 4000 to 6000 ml and depends on the motor orientation

Functional test

Functional test– an integral part of a comprehensive methodology for medical supervision of people involved in physical education and sports. The use of such tests is necessary to fully characterize the functional state of the student’s body and its fitness. The results of functional tests are assessed in comparison with other medical control data. Often, adverse reactions to load during a functional test are the earliest sign of a deterioration in the functional state associated with illness, fatigue, or overtraining

We present the most common functional tests used in sports practice, as well as tests that can be used during independent physical education.

20 squats in 30 seconds. The student rests while sitting for 3 minutes. Then the heart rate is calculated for 15 s, recalculated to 1 min (initial frequency). Next, perform 20 deep squats in 30 seconds, raising your arms forward with each squat, spreading your knees to the sides, keeping your torso upright. Immediately after squats, in a sitting position, the heart rate is again calculated for 15 seconds, recalculated by 1 minute. The increase in heart rate after squats compared to the initial one is determined as a percentage. For example, the initial pulse is 60 beats/min, after 20 squats - 81 beats/min, therefore (81–60): 60 X 100 = 35%.

Restoring heart rate after exercise. To characterize the recovery period after performing 20 squats in 30 seconds, the heart rate is calculated for 15 seconds in the third minute of recovery, recalculated for 1 minute, and the ability of the cardiovascular system to recover is assessed by the difference in heart rate before the load and in the recovery period (see Table. )

To assess the functional state of the cardiovascular system, the Harvard step test (HST) is most widely used.

Assessment of the functional state of the cardiovascular system

Tests	Floor	Grade
Tests	Floor
Heart rate at rest after 3 min. rest in position sitting, beats/min.			71-78 66–73	79–87 74–82	88–94 83–89
20 squats in 30 s*, %			36–55	56–75	76–95
Pulse recovery after load**, beats/min.			2–4	5–7	8–10
Test for holding your breath (Stange test)			74–60	59–50	49–40
HR×BP max /100			70–84	85–94	95–110	>110

Notes:

* Methodology for conducting a functional test of 20 squats in 30 s. The student rests while sitting for 3 minutes, then the heart rate is calculated for 15 seconds and recalculated for 1 minute (initial frequency). Next, perform 20 deep squats in 30 seconds, raising your arms forward with each squat, spreading your knees to the sides, keeping your torso upright. Immediately after squats, the student sits down and his heart rate is calculated for 15 seconds, recalculated for 1 minute. The increase in heart rate after a squat compared to the initial one is determined as a percentage. For example, the initial heart rate is 60 beats/min, after 20 squats it is 81 beats/min, therefore (81 – 60): 60 x 100 = 35%.

** To characterize the recovery period after performing 20 squats in 30 seconds, the heart rate is calculated for 15 seconds in the third minute of recovery, recalculated for 1 minute, and the ability of the cardiovascular system to recover is assessed based on the difference in heart rate before the load and in the recovery period

Carrying out GTS involves climbing and descending a standard size step at a certain pace for a certain time. GST consists of lifting a step 50 cm high for men and 41 cm for women for 5 minutes at a pace of 30 lifts/min. If the subject cannot maintain the set pace for the specified time, then the work can be stopped by recording its duration and heart rate for 30 s in the second minute of recovery

The Harvard Step Test Index (HST) is calculated based on the duration of the work performed and the number of pulse beats:

Where t is the ascent time in s; f1, f2, f3 – heart rate for the first 30 s, 2, 3, 4 minutes of recovery. Assessment of the level of physical performance according to IGST is carried out using the data given in the table:

The value of the level of physical performance according to IGST

Orthostatic test. The student lies on his back and his heart rate is determined (until stable numbers are obtained). After this, the subject stands up calmly and the heart rate is measured again. Normally, when moving from a lying position to a standing position, the heart rate increases by 10–12 beats/min. It is believed that an increase in frequency of more than 20 beats/min is an unsatisfactory reaction, which indicates insufficient nervous regulation of the cardiovascular system

When performing physical activity, oxygen consumption by working muscles and the brain sharply increases, and therefore the function of the respiratory organs increases. Physical activity increases the size of the chest, its mobility, increases the frequency and depth of breathing, so the development of the respiratory organs can be assessed by the chest excursion indicator (ECG)

The ECG is assessed by the increase in chest circumference (CHC) during maximum inspiration after deep exhalation. For example, the ECG in a calm state is 80 cm, with maximum inspiration - 85 cm, after a deep exhalation - 77 cm. ECG = (85 - 77): 80 x 100 = 10%. Ratings: “5” – (15% or more), “4” – (14–12)%, “3” – (11–9)%, “2” – (8–6)% and “1” – (5% or less)

An important indicator of respiratory function is the vital capacity of the lungs (VC). The value of vital capacity depends on gender, age, body size and physical fitness. In order to assess the actual vital capacity, it is compared with the value of the expected vital capacity, i.e. the one that a given person should have. To determine the proper vital capacity, the Ludwig equation can be recommended:

Men:

VC = (40 x height in cm) + (30 x weight in kg) – 4400,

Women:

Vital capacity = (40 x height in cm) + (10 x weight in kg) – 3800.

In well-trained people, the actual vital capacity ranges on average from 4000 to 6000 ml and depends on the motor orientation

There is a fairly simple way to control “with the help of breathing” - the so-called Stange test. Do 2–3 deep breaths and exhale, and then, having done full breath, hold the breath. The time from the moment of holding the breath until the beginning of the next inhalation is noted. As you train, the time you hold your breath increases. Well-prepared students hold their breath for 60–100 seconds