Colloquial name for the disease. What are the types of speech disorders? Main symptoms and causes of the disease. The meaning of the word sick in medical terms

Keywords

MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY / NON-TERMINOLOGICAL (EVERYDAY) MEDICAL VOCABULARY / NON-TERMINOLOGICAL NAMES OF DISEASES/ MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY / NONTERMINOLOGICAL (EVERYDAY) MEDICAL LEXICON /

annotation scientific article on linguistics and literary criticism, author of the scientific work - Ivanova Daria Sergeevna

Are being considered non-terminological names of diseases, which form part of the linguistic picture of the world of Russian speakers, containing a reflection of human knowledge about medicine. It was revealed that actually non-terminological names of diseases, their composition and functioning in modern scientific discourse has received little attention; these words are not analyzed specifically, but are considered only in the context of other problems. Under non-terminological name of the disease refers to a word or phrase that refers to non-terminological (everyday) medical vocabulary. As a rule, these are words that are synonymous with the scientific names of diseases and are widely used in colloquial speech or have become archaic. These nominations are either recorded in etymological dictionaries and “ Explanatory dictionary Russian language" by V.I. Dahl, as well as in folklore texts (conspiracies, legends), or for the most part are enshrined in special medical terminological and philological dictionaries.

Nonterminological names of diseases as research object: Problem statement

The paper discusses nonterminological names of diseases which make the part of a language picture of the world of Russian native speakers reflecting human knowledge of medicine. Insignificant attention is paid to nonterminological names of diseases, to their structure and functioning in a modern scientific discourse; these words are not analyzed specially and are considered only in the context of other problems. The nonterminological name of a disease is understood as the word or a phrase relating to nonterminological (everyday) medical vocabulary. As a rule, these are words which are synonyms of scientific names of diseases and are widely used in informal conversation or have passed into the category of archaisms. These nominations are either recorded in etymological dictionaries, in “The Eplanatory Dictionary of Russian” by V.I. Dahl, in folklore texts (sorceries, legends) or in the majority are fixed in special medical terminological and philological dictionaries.

Text of scientific work on the topic “Non-terminological names of diseases as an object of research: towards the formulation of the problem”

UDC 81"373.2

Ivanova D.S.

Teacher of Russian language and literature MBOU "Lyceum No. 19", e-mail: [email protected]

Non-terminological names of diseases as an object of research: towards the formulation of the problem

(Reviewed)

Annotation:

The non-terminological names of diseases that form part of the linguistic picture of the world of Russian speakers, containing a reflection of human knowledge about medicine, are considered. It has been revealed that the actual non-terminological names of diseases, their composition and functioning in modern scientific discourse have received little attention; these words are not analyzed specifically, but are considered only in the context of other problems. The non-terminological name of a disease is understood as a word or phrase related to non-terminological (everyday) medical vocabulary. As a rule, these are words that are synonymous with the scientific names of diseases and are widely used in colloquial speech or have become archaic. These nominations are either recorded in etymological dictionaries and “Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language” by V. I. Dahl, as well as in folklore texts (spells, legends), or for the most part are fixed in special medical terminological and philological dictionaries.

Keywords:

Medical terminology, non-terminological (everyday) medical vocabulary, non-terminological names of diseases.

Teacher of Russian and Literature at Lyceum No. 19, Maikop, Russia, e-mail: dashulay5193@mail. ru

Nonterminological names of diseases as research object:

Problem statement

The paper discusses nonterminological names of diseases which make the part of a language picture of the world of Russian native speakers reflecting human knowledge of medicine. Insignificant attention is paid to nonterminological names of diseases, to their structure and functioning in a modern scientific discourse; these words are not analyzed specially and are considered only in the context of other problems. The nonterminological name of a disease is understood as the word or a phrase relating to nonterminological (everyday) medical lexicon. As a rule, these are words which are synonyms of scientific names of diseases and are widely used in informal conversation or have passed into the category of archaisms. These nominations are either recorded in etymological dictionaries,

in “The Eplanatory Dictionary of Russian” by V.I. Dahl, in folklore texts (sorceries, legends) or in the majority are fixed in special medical terminological and philological dictionaries. Keywords:

Medical terminology, nonterminological (everyday) medical lexicon, nonterminological names of diseases.

At all times, humanity has been concerned with problems related to maintaining health and prolonging life, diagnosing diseases and their treatment. Naturally, medical vocabulary occupies a significant place in the lexical system of the Russian language. Therefore, the problem of medical vocabulary as a complex interaction of terminology and generally accepted colloquial names for certain phenomena related to this area of human activity does not leave linguists indifferent. Thus, at present, based on the material of special concepts of various fields of medicine, an attempt is being made to highlight typological terminology as a relatively differentiated linguistic discipline.

The study of medical vocabulary was addressed by such linguists as G. A. Abramova, E. A. Akimova, N.E. Ma-zalova, V.T. Katerinich, V.A. Merkulova, A.B. Yudin, O.A. Cherepanova. It should be noted that the characteristics of the most common diseases and accompanying symptoms, as well as a set of treatment methods of Russian folk medicine were described by V.F. Demich (“Essays on Russian folk medicine”, 1942) and G.I. Popov (“Russian folk medicine”, 1953), medical scientists of the first quarter of the 20th century.

E. A. Akimova examines non-terminological names of diseases from the point of view of linguo-culo-urology. Turning to the study of the motives underlying the names of concepts in folk medical vocabulary, the researcher analyzes the cognitive aspect of naming, taking into account the axiological component. Linguistic research N.E. Ma-

Hall ova, V.T. Katerinich are aimed at studying the relationship between the religious and mystical consciousness of Russian language speakers and folk medical vocabulary. V.T. Katerinich describes how the Christian component is represented in the field of medical vocabulary: in popular and terminological names of diseases, body organs, medicines, and considers the sources and time of emergence of nominations of this kind. The origin of folk vocabulary belonging to the semantic field of medicine is studied by V.A. Merkulova. Her articles (“Folk names of diseases”, 1972 and “Three Russian medical terms”, 1988) present the etymology, comparison of non-terminological names of diseases functioning in the Russian language with similar names in other Slavic languages, the history of the penetration and consolidation of a certain name of the disease In russian language; interpretation of the meanings of a number of non-terminological names of diseases and phenomena related to them. A.V. Yudin’s monograph “Onomasticon of Russian Spells” (1997) is a complete description of the corpus of proper names found in the texts of magical Russian folklore. The dictionary records the names of the characters of the conspiracy - universal, helpers, defenders (healers) and opponents, and indicates all the functions that the character named by the name performs in magical texts. G. A. Abramova took a big step towards studying medical vocabulary. Her dissertation “Medical vocabulary: main properties and development trends (based on the Russian language)” (2003) is devoted to a description of terminology and

commonly used medical vocabulary in a synchronous and diachronic context.

Analysis of the above works showed that the lexical-semantic field of traditional medicine has been studied quite thoroughly. The scientific literature presents linguocultural, etymological, ethnographic, and communicative aspects of the study of this vocabulary. However, the actual non-terminological names of diseases, their composition and functioning in modern scientific discourse have received little attention; these words are not analyzed specifically, but are considered only in the context of other problems.

The non-terminological name of a disease is understood as a word or phrase related to non-terminological (everyday) medical vocabulary. As a rule, these are words that are synonymous with the scientific names of diseases and are widely used in colloquial speech (anemia - anemia, chicken pox- chickenpox, hepatitis - jaundice, etc.) or have become archaic (asthma - shower, hemorrhoids - chechuy, smallpox - rash, etc.).

It should be noted that it is possible to present the definitions of the layer of vocabulary we are analyzing through a dichotomy: scientific names of diseases / non-scientific (non-terminological / naive / folk / everyday) names of diseases. In the scientific literature, of the proposed nominations, only the term combination “folk names of diseases” (E.A. Akimova, N.E. Mazalova, V.T. Katerinich, V.A. Merkulova, etc.) is actively functioning, which is part of other concepts the lexical-semantic field of folk medicine, which is “the body of empirical knowledge accumulated by the people in the process of historical development about the manifestations of diseases, the medicinal properties of plants, substances of animal and mineral origin, as well as a number of practical techniques aimed at

dedicated to the prevention and treatment of diseases." Linguists also use the following definitions: non-terminological, everyday medical vocabulary (G.A. Abramova), everyday medical terms (T.A. Shikanova), everyday, colloquial medical vocabulary (E.P. Eliseeva, L.S. Prikhna) . Following G. A. Abramova, we will use the term combination “non-terminological names of diseases,” which combines medical names used in everyday colloquial speech, including folk names of diseases. Thus, popular names of diseases relate to non-terminological ones as a part to the whole.

It should be noted that in folk medicine, not only diseases in the modern sense of the word are classified, but also painful symptoms, conditions that have external manifestations (fever, cramps, fainting) and internal manifestations - subjective sensations of the patient (stuffy nose, shooting in the ear), which leads to the use of the term non-terminological names of diseases in a broad sense. These nominations are archaic and are recorded in the etymological dictionary and “Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language” by V.I. Dahl, as well as in folklore texts (spells, legends) and are used only by the older rural population.

Another part of the corpus of disease names that we have identified, which are widely used in colloquial speech, are non-terminological in nature, however, for the most part they are enshrined in special medical terminological dictionaries. The Big Medical Encyclopedia presents the following dictionary entries for non-terminological names of diseases: cataract, insomnia, myopia, dropsy, deafness, farsightedness, jaundice, volvulus, constipation, congestive nipple, goiter, strabismus, clubfoot, clubfoot, tongue-tied

hives, urticaria, rubella, torticollis, hemorrhage, fever, oligohydramnios, polyhydramnios, runny nose, obesity, burns, frostbite, fracture, diarrhea, gunpowder sickness, prickly heat, pruritus, leprosy, bedsores, cancer, rickets, erysipelas, anthrax, dementia, deaf-blindness, blindness, elephantiasis, sunstroke, sleeping sickness, tabes dorsalis, tetanus, hearing loss, scales, plague, barley, foot and mouth disease. This phenomenon, in our opinion, can be explained both by the historical circumstances of the formation of medical vocabulary in the Russian language and by other sociolinguistic reasons.

The prevalence and frequency of use of the nominations we studied in the everyday speech of people who do not have a medical education is confirmed by the presence of such words in philological dictionaries. So, in the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language S.I. Ozhegov and N.Yu. Shvedova provides an explanation for almost all non-terminological names of diseases presented in the Great Medical Encyclopedia, with the exception of words such as congestive nipple, torticollis, oligohydramnios, polyhydramnios, gunpowder sickness, pruritus. It should be noted that the interpretation of some names of diseases is carried out using words denoting the names of patients, for example: nearsighted, farsighted, side-sighted, clubfooted, cross-armed, deaf-blind and mute (“cross-eyed - suffering from strabismus”). The non-terminological name of the disease cancer has a homonym in this dictionary (cancer1, -a, m. A shell-covered freshwater or marine arthropod with claws and an abdomen...), as well as constipation (constipation1, -a, m. 1. see. lock up...), leprosy (leprosy2, - s, f. - the same as prank), erysipelas (erysipelas2, - i, f. - simple - the same as face), barley (barley1 -i, m. - cereal, usually spring.). The words goiter, urticaria, fever, refraction, blindness, madness, ulcer in their dictionary entries have other, non-medical meanings, which proves their widespread use

of these names of diseases in colloquial speech not only directly, but also figurative meaning. The outdated names of diseases scale, slander, fire are given other interpretations that are not related to medicine.

In the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by S.I. Ozhegov and N.Yu. Shvedova also included words that were not in the special medical reference book. Many of these non-terminological names of diseases have the following labels: obsolete. (Antonov fire, fever, sickness, epilepsy, consumption); decomposition (chicken pox1, boil), simple, (prick). The interpretation of these nominations is given either directly in the dictionary entry (madness, lupus, miscarriage, worms, abscess, fungus, breastfeeding, wen, cleft lip, yawning, scrofula, itching, hiccups, scab fright, caries beetle, night blindness, anemia, thrush2, incontinence , scab, mumps1, bruise, madness, typhus, contusion, flux1, consumption), or the definition gives a word that is more common or more significant and represents the terminological name: leukemia (the same as leukemia), tubercle (the same as as tuberculosis), chickenpox (the same as chicken pox), hydrophobia (the same as rabies), fever (the same as fever), angina pectoris2 (the common name for angina), kondrashka enough (about apoplexy), sleepwalking (same as somnambulism), epilepsy (falling illness, epilepsy).

Non-terminological names of diseases are inextricably linked with scientific names, but at the same time, in the speech activity of native Russian speakers, there is a large gap between terminological vocabulary and those words used by people who do not have a medical education. The coexistence of special terms and non-terminological, everyday names of diseases is a sociolinguistic problem, but at the same time it is also a problem of speech ethics

doctors, because such a substitution of a term with a non-terminological name leads to bilingualism of doctors, who are faced with a communicative task - to achieve understanding of the patient. According to foreign linguists Pius Ha-ken and Renata Panokova, “the use of medical language is important area research within current linguistics, including research

development of doctor-patient interaction and morphological and lexical issues."

Thus, further comprehensive study of non-terminological names of diseases will make it possible to present this vocabulary as part of the linguistic picture of the world of Russian speakers, containing a reflection of human knowledge about medicine.

Notes:

1. Kazarina S.G. Typological terminology as a differentiated linguistic discipline // Bulletin of the Adygea State University. Ser. Philology and art history. Maykop, 2012. Issue. 3. pp. 192-195.

2. Akimova E.A. Axiological component of folk names of diseases // Vestn. Moscow un-ta. Ser. 9. Philology. 2002. No. 2. P. 5-9.

3. Katerinich V.T. Terms of medicine in the medieval mirror // Vestn. Moscow un-ta. Ser. 9. Philology. 1999. No. 5. P. 127-133.

4. Merkulova V.A. Folk names of diseases (based on the Russian language) // Etymology. 1970. M.: Nauka, 1972. P. 143-206.

5. Yudin A.V. Onomasticon of Russian conspiracies. M., 1997. 270 p.

6. Big medical encyclopedia. 2nd ed. M.: State. publishing house of honey lit., 1958. 592 p.

7. Abramova G.A. Medical vocabulary: basic properties and development trends: abstract. dis. ... Dr. Philol. Sci. Krasnodar: KubGU, 2003. 46 p.

1. Kazarina S.G. Typological term studies as a differentiated linguistic discipline // Bulletin of Adyghe State University. Ser. Philology and the Arts. Maikop, 2012. Iss. 3. P. 192-195.

2. Akimova E.A. The axiological component of folk names of illnesses // Bulletin of Moscow University. Ser. 9. Philology. 2002. No. 2. P. 5-9.

3. Katerinich V.T. Medical terms of in middle-age mirror // Bulletin of Moscow University. Ser. 9. Philology. 1999. No. 5. P. 127-133.

4. Merkulova V.A. Folk names of illnesses (based on the material of the Russian language) //Etymology. 1970. M.: Nauka, 1972. P. 143-206.

5. Yudin A.V. Onomasticon of Russian charms. M., 1997. 270 pp.

6. Great medical encyclopedia. The 2nd ed. M.: State Publishing house of med lit., 1958.592 pp.

7. Abramova G.A. Medical vocabulary: basic properties and development trends: Diss, abstract for the Dr. of Philology degree. Krasnodar: KubSU, 2003. 46 pp.

8. Pius Ten Hacken, Panocova R. Word Formation and Transparency in Medical English. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2015. P. 371.

He's sick of everything

Same as illness

Illness, sickness, illness

Ill health, bodily grief and other troubles

Definition of the word khvoroba in dictionaries

ailments, plural no, w. (region). Same as illness.

and. up-down Same as: illness.

south sickness, disease, illness. Light the fire. to be sick, to be ill. He's sick of everything.

Y, f. (simple, and regional). Sickness, sickness. H. won.

Examples of the use of the word hvoroba in literature.

But the obverse is obverse, and from the reverse a spotted fever clearly looms - that sickness, a certain and painful end.

“I’d like a kva-asu,” Eropkin mumbled, feeling that he was hungover. sicknesses The mind was about to go beyond the mind, and the guest, briskly jumping up from the bench, began to fuss, sang, pleasing Eropkin, like a sexton to an archpriest: “Right now, right now, dear man.”

Moreover, now there is an additional lesson and only slobs expelled from previous laboratories for lack of preparation will come, and even sick ones with papers about ailments, - these two categories of students overlap very strongly.

Since ancient times, he is a friend and guardian of fishermen, protects from death in a storm, from ice drift, from misfortunes and sicknesses.

Sickness, which dried up the peasant vineyards, also devastated that huge, forest-like vineyard that spread out on the hillside next to the station.

Source: Maxim Moshkov library

Colloquial name of the disease, 5 letters, crossword puzzle

A word of 5 letters, the first letter is “X”, the second letter is “B”, the third letter is “O”, the fourth letter is “P”, the fifth letter is “b”, the word starting with the letter “X”, the last one is “b” " If you don’t know a word from a crossword or scanword, then our site will help you find the most difficult and unfamiliar words.

Other meanings of this word:

Random joke:

If there were Windows at the Mir station, it would still hang and hang.

Scanwords, crosswords, sudoku, keywords online

Answers to the crossword of the day No. from Odnoklassniki

The one who was allegedly poisoned by Salieri

Anxiety, mild fear

- “Sweet” epithet for a gourmet

French movie star

One of three loopholes to enrich the seller

Underground passage for escape

Southern deciduous tree

Nastya Kamenskaya's husband in the series (actor)

Colloquial name for the disease

Spider net for catching flies

Yellow coin to rhyme with thistle

State and river in the southern United States

Who is an expert on movie cameras and camera angles?

A magazine from which you can “light up”

Catholic prayer." Maria"

Big symphonic drum

A mishmash of the word "light"

Making money from compromising evidence

Consistent detective dog

Milestone in reaching the top of your career

Meat prepared for long-term storage

Fan's big brother

Community of mountain ranges and massifs

- “I so want summer not to end, so... was rushing after me"

Football team attack

Hook as a “lotion” from a boxer

- “White water” in the Turkic manner

A bunch of words for a Russian person

FEAR Wed. A premonition of danger, a feeling of anxiety, restlessness in anticipation of something.

UTRUSKA - 1. Reducing the weight of bulk solids during pouring and transportation. 2. What is lost during transfer or transportation.

UNDERGROUND - 1. Action according to meaning. verb: to dig up, to dig under. 2. Underground passage. 3. transfer decomposition Intrigues, intrigues, intrigues with the aim of harming someone or something.

SYMBOL - 1. A tall, deciduous, fast-growing tree of the sycamore family with a thick trunk and a wide crown of large, bright green leaves. 2. The wood of such a tree is reddish-brown in color.

ILLNESS - up and down Illness, illness, ill health.

COPPER - colloquial. Copper coin.

OPERATOR - obsolete 1. The one who operates on someone; surgeon.

OPERATOR - 1. A specialist who performs management or servicing some. complex equipment or installation. 2. A specialist who produces film or television filming. 3. A transport official who accepts orders from the dispatcher and provides him with information about traffic.

OPERATOR - 1. A command or series of commands in a program written in one of the programming languages.

Timpani - see timpani.

WEST - West, western direction (in navigation and meteorology).

BLACKMAILER - One who engages in blackmail achieves something. through blackmail.

Bloodhound - 1. Hunting or service dog with a keen sense, searching for smb. or something by smell. 2. transfer decomposition Detective, spy.

STEP - colloquial 1. Decrease to noun: step. 2. Affectionate. to noun: step.

CORNED BEEF - Salted meat for future use (usually beef).

BLANK Wed. outdated 1. Fan (usually large and oddly shaped). // A device in the form of a large fan for swatting away insects. 2. The lamellar part of a bird feather.

HIGHLANDS Wed. Plateau, high ground.

ATTACK - 1. A rapid attack of troops against the enemy. // A quick, decisive or unexpected attack on an opponent (in certain sports: wrestling, fencing, football, hockey, etc.). 2. transfer Taking decisive action to achieve something. 3. transfer decomposition Acute attack diseases.

IMPACT - 1. A sharp, strong push made by someone, something, a sharp collision of someone, something. when moving. // The sound that occurs when something pushes or collides. with smth. 2. transfer That which strikes, causes smth. unpleasant, difficult. 3. Swift attack, sudden attack, onslaught. // transfer A decisive action aimed at stopping something. 4. transfer Moral shock, sudden and severe grief. // Severe damage, damage, loss. 5. decompression Bleeding in the brain, accompanied by loss of consciousness and paralysis. // Severe damage to the central nervous system.

MAT - 1. An attack on the opponent's king, a check from which there is no defense, which is the winning of the game (in a chess game). 2. transfer up-down A hopeless, hopeless situation.

MAT - 1. Bedding, rug, usually woven from some kind of material. rough material. 2. A mattress placed during various sports exercises to protect against bruises when falling. 3. Shelter made of straw, reeds, etc., to protect plants in greenhouses from the cold.

MAT - 1. Roughness that deprives glass of transparency. 2. outdated Lack of shine, dullness.

What are the types of speech disorders? Main symptoms and causes of the disease

Speech disorders are quite common in the modern world, both in adults and children. For the correct functioning of speech, in addition to the absence of problems in the vocal apparatus itself, the coordinated work of visual and auditory analyzers, the brain and other parts of the nervous system is necessary.

A speech disorder is a disorder of speech skills that can be caused by various reasons. Let's look at the most common diseases:

Stuttering

Stuttering, or logoneurosis, is one of the most common deviations. This disorder is expressed in the periodic repetition of individual syllables or sounds during a conversation. In addition, convulsive pauses may occur in a person’s speech.

There are several types of stuttering:

Tonic appearance – frequent stops in speech and prolongation of words.
Clonic - repetition of syllables and sounds.

Stuttering can be triggered and aggravated by stress, emotional situations and shocks, such as speaking in front of a large number of people.

Logoneurosis occurs in adults and children. The causes of its occurrence may be neurological and genetic factors. With timely diagnosis and initiation of treatment, it is possible to completely get rid of this problem. There are many treatment methods - both medical (physiotherapeutic, speech therapy, medication, psychotherapeutic) and traditional medicine.

Dysarthria

A disease characterized by slurred speech and problems articulating sounds. Appears due to disorders in the central nervous system.

One of the characteristic features of this disease is reduced mobility of the speech apparatus - lips, tongue, soft palate, which complicates articulation and is due to insufficient innervation of the speech apparatus (the presence of nerve endings in tissues and organs, which provides communication with the central nervous system).

Erased dysarthria is not a very pronounced disease. The person does not have problems with hearing and speech apparatus, but has difficulties in sound pronunciation.
Severe dysarthria - characterized by incomprehensible, slurred speech, disturbances in intonation, breathing, and voice.
Anarthria is a form of disease in which a person is unable to speak clearly.

This disorder requires complex treatment: speech therapy correction, drug intervention, physical therapy.

Dislalia

Tongue-tied is a disease in which a person pronounces certain sounds incorrectly, misses them, or replaces them with others. This disorder usually occurs in people with normal hearing and innervation of the articulatory apparatus. Typically, treatment is carried out with speech therapy intervention.

This is one of the most common speech disorders, which is found in about 25% of preschool children. With timely diagnosis, the disorder can be corrected quite successfully. Preschool children perceive correction much more easily than schoolchildren.

Oligophasia

A condition that often occurs in people who have had an epileptic seizure. Characterized by poor vocabulary or simplified sentence construction.

Oligophasia can be:

Temporary – acute oligophasia caused by an epileptic seizure;
Progressive - interictal oligophasia, which occurs with the development of epileptic dementia.

The disease can also occur with disorders in the frontal lobe of the brain and some mental disorders.

Aphasia

A speech disorder in which a person cannot understand someone else’s speech and express his own thoughts using words and phrases. The disorder occurs when the centers responsible for speech are damaged in the cerebral cortex, namely, in the dominant hemisphere.

The cause of the disease can be:

cerebral hemorrhage;
abscess;
traumatic brain injury;
thrombosis of cerebral vessels.

There are several categories of this violation:

Motor aphasia – a person is unable to pronounce words, but can make sounds and understand someone else’s speech.
Sensory aphasia - a person can speak, but cannot understand someone else's speech.
Semantic aphasia – a person’s speech is not impaired and he is able to hear, but cannot understand the semantic relationships between words.
Amnestic aphasia is a disease in which a person forgets the name of an object, but is able to describe its function and purpose.
Total aphasia - a person is unable to speak, write, read or understand the speech of another.

Since aphasia is not a mental disorder, to treat it it is necessary to eliminate the cause of the disease.

Akatophasia

A speech disorder, which is characterized by the replacement of necessary words with words that are similar in sound, but not suitable in meaning.

Schizophasia

A psychiatric speech disorder characterized by speech fragmentation and incorrect semantic structure of speech. A person is able to form phrases, but his speech does not make any sense, it is nonsense. This disorder is most common in patients with schizophrenia.

Paraphasia

A speech disorder in which a person confuses individual letters or words and replaces them with the wrong ones.

There are two types of violation:

Verbal - replacing words that are similar in meaning.
Literal – caused by sensory or motor speech problems.

Expressive language disorder

A developmental disorder in children in which there are deficiencies in the use of expressive means of speech. At the same time, children are able to express thoughts and understand the meaning of someone else's speech.

Symptoms of this disorder also include:

small vocabulary;
grammatical errors - incorrect use of declensions and cases;
low speech activity.

This disorder can be transmitted at the genetic level, and is more common in men. Diagnosed during examination by a speech therapist, psychologist or neurologist. For treatment, psychotherapeutic methods are mainly used; in some situations, drug treatment is prescribed.

Logoclony

A disease expressed in the periodic repetition of syllables or individual words.

This disorder is provoked by problems with contraction of the muscles that are involved in the speech process. Muscle spasms are repeated one after another due to deviations in the rhythm of contractions. This disease can accompany Alzheimer's disease, progressive paralysis, and encephalitis.

Most speech disorders can be corrected and treated if detected early. Be attentive to your health and contact a specialist if you notice any deviations.

Meaning of the word SICK in Medical terms

(aegrotus, patiens) a person who has fallen ill with a particular disease.

Medical terms. 2012

Causes and treatment of forgetfulness

Forgetfulness, the causes of which can be very different, is observed today not only in older people, as it happened before, but also in very young women and men. Moreover, doctors are not even surprised that this problem often worries students and school-age children, who, it would seem, should not worry about their memory at all. This article will tell you what the disease is called when a person forgets everything, and what common causes cause memory problems.

Causes of forgetfulness

It should be immediately noted that modern man is most susceptible to the disease of forgetfulness, since his brain is daily exposed to a large amount of various information coming from radio, television and especially the Internet. In this state, the human brain can independently block most of the unnecessary information so as not to become completely overloaded.

Important! Scientists have found that the brain of healthy people can sort out at least a tenth of all incoming information and not perceive it at all. That is why, in a way, forgetfulness is a physiological norm that allows a person to correctly assimilate information and not “clog” the memory with it.

The following are the main reasons why a person’s memory is impaired and he claims that he forgets words during a conversation, especially if he carefully tries to remember everything at the right moment:

Lack of sleep.
Head injuries.
Various diseases of the central nervous system and mental disorders.
Vascular atherosclerosis.
Diabetes.
Alzheimer's disease.
Thyroid diseases.
Osteochondrosis.
Depression.
Flaw useful substances.

Let's look at each of these causes of poor memory in more detail.

Read why memory loss occurs in older people: causes, treatment.

Sleep disturbance

The problem of lack of sleep (see Causes of Insomnia) is very common today, especially among working people who may work at night. Also, when regularly watching TV or spending time on the Internet until late in the evening, the human brain does not get enough time to rest and suffers from memory impairment.

In addition, you should know that disturbed sleep can negatively reflect on a person’s psycho-emotional background, making him absent-minded and disrupting his reaction speed.

In this state, there is no need to rush to take pills, because solving the problem is simple - you just need to normalize your sleep, sleep at least eight hours a day. This will fully compensate for the time spent on rest, because then the brain will work much better.

Injuries

Head injuries are common reason forgetfulness. Moreover, the more complex the injury, the more serious the consequences may be in the form of memory impairment, nausea, weakness and even blurred vision. In order to prevent the development of unwanted complications, immediately after an injury you should consult a doctor, undergo diagnosis and treatment.

Mental problems

Forgetfulness, the causes and treatment of which is examined by a neurologist, often develops due to mental illnesses and disorders. This could be, for example, Korsakoff's syndrome, which involves impaired memory of current events. This condition takes a long time to be treated. Sometimes it requires lifelong maintenance therapy. Treatment largely depends on the specific cause of the disease.

Atherosclerosis

Many patients forget words when speaking (the reasons and symptoms depend on the advanced stage of the disease). This may be due to atherosclerosis of the brain vessels, in which blood circulation and blood flow to different parts of the brain tissue are disrupted. This, in turn, can easily worsen a person’s memory. Treatment for this condition is long-term. It requires the most accurate compliance with all medical prescriptions.

Diabetes

Whenever diabetes mellitus In humans, blood vessels are severely affected. This leads to disruption of blood flow to the brain. Signs of diabetes mellitus may include extreme thirst, fatigue, dry mucous membranes and frequent urination. Also sometimes there are surges in blood pressure and loss of appetite. If you experience these symptoms, you should immediately consult a doctor.

Alzheimer's disease

This disease is precisely the pathology in which a person’s memory and intelligence are irreversibly impaired. It most often affects older people over the age of 60. At the first suspicion of this disease you need to see a doctor immediately. If the pathology is detected in a timely manner, it is easier to treat and a slower progression of forgetfulness can be achieved.

Thyroid diseases

With such diseases, a person experiences an acute lack of production of certain hormones, which affect the general deterioration of a person’s well-being, as well as memory loss. In this situation, you need to contact an endocrinologist and get tested. Treatment involves taking medications and following a diet with iodine (eating fish, persimmons, nuts, seaweed, and other foods rich in this useful substance).

Osteochondrosis

With this disease, a person’s blood circulation to the brain is severely impaired, which leads to memory impairment. Moreover, sometimes osteochondrosis even leads to a stroke, so it must be treated. Symptoms of this condition include headaches, weakness and numbness in the fingers.

Depression

Depression is not only a mental disorder, but also a condition that can impair memory. To eliminate it, the patient should take antidepressants, which will help normalize his condition and normalize his psycho-emotional background.

Do you know what causes memory loss after drinking? The mechanism of impaired memory of events.

Read what dementia with Lewy bodies is and how the pathology affects memory.

Lack of nutrients

With a meager, monotonous diet, a person does not receive even half of the vitamins he needs. The same applies to frequent dieting, which leads to a deficiency of nutrients and memory impairment. To prevent this, it is important to eat a healthy and balanced diet. The diet should be rich in vitamins, minerals, calcium and other necessary substances.

So, forgetfulness is not a “character trait.” If you suddenly start to forget words, events or people, you should be concerned. You cannot engage in self-diagnosis, much less self-medication. It is better to immediately contact a neurologist and undergo an examination. Only a doctor prescribes medications after determining the cause.

Colloquial name for the disease

Automatic obedience (ICD 295.2) is a phenomenon of excessive obedience (a manifestation of “command automatism”), associated with catatonic syndromes and a hypnotic state.

Aggressiveness, aggression (ICD 301.3; 301.7; 309.3; 310.0) - as a biological feature of organisms lower than humans, is a component of behavior implemented in certain situations to satisfy life needs and eliminate danger emanating from the environment, but not to achieve destructive purposes, unless it is associated with predatory behavior. When applied to humans, the concept expands to include harmful behavior (normal or unhealthy) directed against others and oneself and motivated by hostility, anger, or competition.

Agitation (ICD 296.1) – severe restlessness and motor agitation, accompanied by anxiety.

Catatonic agitation (ICD 295.2) is a condition in which psychomotor manifestations of anxiety are associated with catatonic syndromes.

Ambivalence (ICD 295) is the coexistence of antagonistic emotions, ideas or desires towards the same person, object or situation. According to Bleuler, who coined the term in 1910, momentary ambivalence is part of normal mental life; pronounced or persistent ambivalence is the initial symptom of schizophrenia, in which it can occur in the affective, ideational or volitional sphere. It is also part of obsessive-compulsive disorder, and is sometimes observed in manic-depressive psychosis, especially in prolonged depression.

Ambitiousness (ICD 295.2) is a psychomotor disorder characterized by duality (ambivalence) in the sphere of voluntary actions, which leads to inappropriate behavior. This phenomenon most often manifests itself in catatonic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia.

Selective amnesia (ICD 301.1) is a form of psychogenic memory loss for events associated with factors that caused a psychological reaction, which is usually regarded as hysterical.

Anhedonia (ICD 300.5; 301.6) is the lack of the ability to feel pleasure, observed especially often in patients with schizophrenia and depression.

Note. The concept was introduced by Ribot (1839-1916).

Astasia-abasia (ICD 300.1) is the inability to maintain an upright position, leading to the inability to stand or walk, with unimpaired movements of the lower extremities while lying or sitting. In the absence of organic damage to the central nervous system, astasia-abasia is usually a manifestation of hysteria. Astasia, however, may be a sign of organic brain damage, particularly involving the frontal lobes and corpus callosum.

Autism (ICD 295) is a term coined by Bleuler to designate a form of thinking characterized by weakening or loss of contact with reality, lack of desire to communicate and excessive fantasy. Profound autism, according to Bleuler, is a fundamental symptom of schizophrenia. The term is also used to refer to a specific form of childhood psychosis. See also early childhood autism.

Affect instability (ICD 290-294) is an uncontrolled, unstable, fluctuating expression of emotions, most often observed with organic lesions brain, early schizophrenia and some forms of neuroses and personality disorders. See also mood swings.

Pathological affect (ICD 295) is a general term describing painful or unusual mood states, of which the most common are depression, anxiety, elation, irritability or affective lability. See also affective flattening; affective psychoses; anxiety; depression; mood disorders; state of elation; emotions; mood; schizophrenic psychoses.

Affective flatness (ICD 295.3) is a pronounced disorder of affective reactions and their monotony, expressed as emotional flattening and indifference, in particular as a symptom found in schizophrenic psychoses, organic dementia or psychopathic individuals. Synonyms: emotional flattening; affective dullness.

Aerophagia (ICD 306.4) is the habitual swallowing of air, leading to belching and bloating, often accompanied by hyperventilation. Aerophagia can be observed in hysterical and anxiety states, but can also act as a monosymptomatic manifestation.

Morbid jealousy (ICD 291.5) is a complex painful emotional state with elements of envy, anger and the desire to possess the object of one’s passion. Sexual jealousy is a well-defined symptom of a mental disorder and sometimes occurs with organic brain damage and intoxication conditions (see mental disorders associated with alcoholism), functional psychoses (see paranoid disorders), with neurotic and personality disorders, the dominant clinical sign is often delusional beliefs in the betrayal of a spouse or lover (lover) and a willingness to convict a partner of reprehensible behavior. When considering the possibility of a pathological nature of jealousy, it is also necessary to take into account social conditions and psychological mechanisms. Jealousy is often a motive for violence, especially among men against women.

Delusion (ICD 290-299) – a false belief or judgment that cannot be corrected; does not correspond to reality, as well as to the social and cultural attitudes of the subject. Primary delusion is completely impossible to understand on the basis of studying the life history and personality of the patient; Secondary delusions can be understood psychologically as they arise from painful manifestations and other features of the mental state, such as states of affective disorder and suspiciousness. Birnbaum in 1908, and then Jasper in 1913, differentiated between delusions proper and delusional ideas; the latter are simply erroneous judgments expressed with excessive persistence.

Delusions of grandeur - a morbid belief in one's own importance, greatness or high destiny (for example, delusions of a messianic mission), often accompanied by other fantastic delusions that can be a symptom of paranoia, schizophrenia (often, but not always, of the paranoid type), mania and organic diseases brain. See also ideas of greatness.

Delusions regarding changes in one's own body (dysmorphophobia) are a painful belief in the presence of physical changes or illness, often bizarre in nature, and based on somatic sensations, which leads to hypochondriacal preoccupation. This syndrome is most often observed in schizophrenia, but can occur in severe depression and organic diseases of the brain.

Delusion of the messianic mission (ICB 295.3) - a delusional belief in one’s own divine chosenness to accomplish great feats to save the soul or atone for the sins of humanity or a certain nation, religious group etc. Messianic delusions can occur in schizophrenia, paranoia and manic-depressive psychosis, as well as in psychotic conditions caused by epilepsy. In some cases, especially in the absence of other overt psychotic manifestations, the disorder is difficult to distinguish from the beliefs inherent in a given subculture or the religious mission carried out by members of any fundamental religious sects or movements.

Delusion of persecution is a pathological belief of the patient that he is a victim of one or more subjects or groups. It is observed in paranoid states, especially in schizophrenia, as well as in depression and organic diseases. In some personality disorders there is a predisposition to such delusions.

Delusional interpretation (ICD 295) is a term coined by Bleuler (Erklarungswahn) to describe delusional ideas that express a quasi-logical explanation for another, more generalized delusion.

Suggestibility is the state of being susceptible to uncritical acceptance of ideas, judgments, and behaviors observed or demonstrated by others. Suggestibility can be increased under the influence of the environment, drugs or hypnosis and is most often observed in individuals with hysterical character traits. The term "negative suggestibility" is sometimes applied to negativistic behavior.

Hallucination (CHD) is a sensory perception (of any modality) that appears in the absence of appropriate external stimuli. In addition to the sensory modality that characterizes hallucinations, they can be divided according to intensity, complexity, clarity of perception and the subjective degree of their projection onto the environment. Hallucinations can appear in healthy individuals in a half-asleep (hypnagogic) state or in a state of incomplete awakening (hypnopompic). As a pathological phenomenon, they can be symptoms of brain disease, functional psychoses and toxic effects of drugs, each having its own characteristic features.

Hyperventilation (ICD 306.1) is a condition characterized by longer, deeper or more frequent breathing movements, leading to dizziness and convulsions due to the development of acute gas alkalosis. It is often a psychogenic symptom. In addition to wrist and foot cramps, subjective phenomena may be associated with hypocapnia, such as severe paresthesia, dizziness, a feeling of emptiness in the head, numbness, palpitations and foreboding. Hyperventilation is a physiological response to hypoxia, but can also occur during states of anxiety.

Hyperkinesis (ICD 314) is excessive, violent movements of the limbs or any part of the body, occurring spontaneously or in response to stimulation. Hyperkinesis is a symptom of various organic disorders of the central nervous system, but can also occur in the absence of visible localized damage.

Disorientation (ICD 290-294; 298.2) – disturbances in the temporary topographical or personal spheres of consciousness associated with various forms organic brain damage or less commonly with psychogenic disorders.

Depersonalization (ICD 300.6) is a psychopathological perception characterized by heightened self-awareness, which becomes inanimate when the sensory system and the ability to react emotionally are not impaired. There are a number of complex and distressing subjective phenomena, many of which are difficult to express in words, with the most severe being sensations of change in one's own body, careful introspection and automation, lack of affective response, a disorder in the sense of time and a sense of personal alienation. The subject may feel that his body is separate from his sensations, as if he is watching himself from the outside, or as if he or she is already dead. Criticism of this pathological phenomenon, as a rule, is preserved. Depersonalization can manifest itself as an isolated phenomenon in otherwise normal individuals; it can occur during fatigue or during strong emotional reactions, and may also be part of a complex seen in mental chewing, obsessive anxiety disorders, depression, schizophrenia, some personality disorders, and brain disorders. The pathogenesis of this disorder is unknown. See also depersonalization syndrome; derealization.

Derealization (ICD 300.6) is a subjective feeling of alienation, similar to depersonalization, but more related to the external world than to the sense of self and awareness of one’s own personality. The surroundings seem colorless, life is artificial, where people seem to be playing their intended roles on stage.

Impairment (ICD 295.7) (not recommended) – a lasting and irreversible impairment of any psychological function (for example, “cognitive defect”), general development mental abilities (“mental defect”) or characteristic ways of thinking, feeling and behaving that make up an individual personality. A defect in any of these areas can be congenital or acquired. A characteristic defective state of personality, ranging from disturbances of the intellect and emotions or from mild eccentricity of behavior to autistic withdrawal or affective flattening, was regarded by Kraepelin (1856-1926) and Bleuler (1857-1939) as criteria for recovery from schizophrenic psychosis (see also personality changes) as opposed to recovering from manic-depressive psychosis. According to recent research, the development of a defect after a schizophrenic process is not inevitable.

Dysthymia – less serious condition depressed mood than dysphoria, associated with neurotic and hypochondriacal symptoms. The term is also used to designate a pathological psychological sphere in the form of a complex of affective and obsessive symptoms in subjects with high degree neuroticism and introversion. See also hyperthymic personality; neurotic disorders.

Dysphoria – unpleasant condition, characterized by depressed mood, gloominess, restlessness, anxiety and irritability. See also neurotic disorders.

Brain fog (ICD; 295.4) is a state of impaired consciousness that represents the mild stages of a disorder that develops along a continuum from lucidity to coma. Disorders of consciousness, orientation and perception are associated with brain damage or other somatic diseases. The term is sometimes used to refer to a broader range of disorders (including limited perceptual field after emotional stress), but it is most appropriately used to refer to the early stages of an organic disorder-related state of confusion. See also confusion.

Ideas of grandeur (ICD 296.0) – exaggeration of one’s abilities, strength and excessive self-esteem, observed in mania, schizophrenia and psychosis on organic grounds, for example with progressive paralysis.

Ideas of relation (ICD 295.4; 301.0) - a pathological interpretation of neutral external phenomena as having a personal, usually negative significance for the patient. This disorder occurs in sensitive individuals as a result of stress and fatigue and can usually be understood in the context of current events, but it can be a precursor to delusional disorders.

Personality change is a violation of fundamental character traits, usually for the worse, as a result or as a consequence of a physical or mental disorder.

Illusions (ICD 291.0; 293) - erroneous perception of any really existing object or sensory stimulus. Illusions can occur in many people and are not necessarily a sign of a mental disorder.

Impulsivity (ICD 310.0) is a factor related to the temperament of a person and is manifested by actions that are performed unexpectedly and inappropriately to the circumstances.

Intelligence (ICD 290; 291; 294; 310; 315; 317) is a general mental ability that allows one to overcome difficulties in new situations.

Catalepsy (ICD 295.2) is a painful condition that begins suddenly and lasts for a short or long time, which is characterized by the suspension of voluntary movements and the disappearance of sensitivity. The limbs and torso can maintain the pose given to them - a state of waxy flexibility (flexibilitas cerea). Breathing and pulse slow, body temperature drops. Sometimes a distinction is made between flexible and rigid catalepsy. In the first case, the pose is given by the slightest external movement; in the second, the given pose is firmly maintained, despite attempts made from the outside to change it. This condition can be caused by organic brain lesions (for example, encephalitis), and can also be observed in catatonic schizophrenia, hysteria and hypnosis. Synonym: waxy flexibility.

Catatonia (ICD 295.2) is a series of qualitative psychomotor and volitional disorders, including stereotypes, mannerisms, automatic obedience, catalepsy, echokinesis and echopraxia, mutism, negativism, automatisms and impulsive acts. These phenomena can be detected against the background of hyperkinesis, hypokinesis or akinesis. Catatonia was described as an independent disease by Kahlbaum in 1874, and later Kraepelin regarded it as one of the subtypes of dementia praecox (schizophrenia). Catatonic manifestations are not limited to schizophrenic psychosis and can occur with organic brain lesions (for example, encephalitis), various somatic diseases and affective conditions.

Claustrophobia (ICD 300.2) is a pathological fear of confined spaces or closed premises. See also agoraphobia.

Kleptomania (ICD 312.2) is an outdated term for a painful, often sudden, usually irresistible and unmotivated desire to steal. Such conditions tend to recur. Items that subjects steal usually lack any value, but may have some symbolic meaning. This phenomenon, which is more common in women, is believed to be associated with depression, neurotic diseases, personality disorder or mental retardation. Synonym: shoplifting (pathological).

Compulsion (ICD 300.3; 312.2) is an irresistible need to act or act in a way that the person himself regards as irrational or senseless and explained more by an internal need rather than by external influences. When action is obsessive, the term refers to actions or behavior that are the result of obsessive ideas. See also obsessive action.

Confabulation (ICD 291.1; 294.0) is a lucid memory disorder characterized by the recollection of fictitious past events or sensations. Such memories of fictional events are usually imaginative and must be provoked; less often they are spontaneous and stable, and sometimes they show a tendency towards grandiosity. Confabulations are usually observed on organic soil with amnestic syndrome (for example, with Korsakoff's syndrome). They may also be iatrogenic. They should not be confused with memory hallucinations that appear in schizophrenia or pseudological fantasies (Delbrück's syndrome).

Criticism (ICD 290-299; 300) - this term in general psychopathology refers to an individual’s understanding of the nature and cause of his illness and the presence or absence of a correct assessment of it, as well as the impact it has on him and others. Loss of criticism is considered an essential feature in favor of a diagnosis of psychosis. In psychoanalytic theory, this type of self-knowledge is called “intellectual insight”; it differs from “emotional insight,” which characterizes the ability to feel and comprehend the significance of “unconscious” and symbolic factors in the development of emotional disorders.

Personality (ICD 290; 295; 297.2; 301; 310) – congenital features thinking, sensations and behavior that determine the uniqueness of the individual, his lifestyle and the nature of adaptation and are the result of constitutional factors of development and social status.

Manners (ICD 295.1) are unusual or pathological psychomotor behavior, less persistent than stereotypies, more likely related to personal (characterological) characteristics.

Violent sensations (ICD 295) are pathological sensations in clear consciousness in which thoughts, emotions, reactions or movements of the body seem to be influenced, as if they are “made”, directed and controlled from the outside or by human or non-human forces. True violent sensations are characteristic of schizophrenia, but in order to really evaluate them, one should take into account the patient’s level of education, features of the cultural environment and beliefs.

Mood (ICD 295; 296; 301.1; 310.2) is a predominant and stable state of feelings that, to an extreme or pathological degree, can dominate in external behavior And internal state individual.

Inappropriate mood (ICD 295.1) – painful affective reactions that are not caused by external stimuli. See also mood incongruent; parathymia.

Incongruent mood (ICD 295) is a discrepancy between emotions and the semantic content of experiences. Usually a symptom of schizophrenia, but also occurs in organic brain diseases and some forms of personality disorders. Not all experts recognize the division into inadequate and incongruent mood. See also inappropriate mood; parathymia.

Mood fluctuations (ICD 310.2) – pathological instability or lability of affective reaction without an external cause. See also affect instability.

Mood disorder (ICD 296) – pathological change affect beyond the norm, which falls into any of the following categories; depression, high spirits, anxiety, irritability and anger. See also pathological affect.

Negativism (ICD 295.2) is an opposing or oppositional behavior or attitude. Active or command negativism, expressed in the performance of actions opposite to those required or expected; Passive negativism refers to a pathological inability to respond positively to requests or stimuli, including active muscular resistance; internal negativism, according to Bleuler (1857-1939), is behavior in which physiological needs, such as eating and excreting, are not obeyed. Negativism can occur in catatonic states, organic brain diseases, and some forms of mental retardation.

Nihilistic delusion is a form of delusion expressed primarily in the form of a severe depressive state and characterized by negative ideas regarding one’s own personality and the world around him, for example, the idea that external world does not exist, or that one’s own body has ceased to function.

Obsessive (compulsive) action (ICD 312.3) is a quasi-ritual performance of an action aimed at reducing anxiety (for example, washing hands to prevent infection), caused by an obsession or need. See also compulsion.

Obsessive ideas (ICD 300.3; 312.3) are unwanted thoughts and ideas that cause persistent, persistent rumination, which are perceived as inappropriate or meaningless and which must be resisted. They are regarded as alien to a given personality, but emanating from the personality itself.

Paranoid (ICD 291.5; 292.1; 294.8; 295.3; 297; 298.3; 298.4; 301.0) is a descriptive term denoting either pathological dominant ideas or delusions of attitude concerning one or more themes, most often persecution, love, envy, jealousy, honor, litigiousness, grandiosity and supernaturalism. It can be observed in organic psychoses, intoxications, schizophrenia, and also as an independent syndrome, a reaction to emotional stress or a personality disorder. Note. It should be noted that French psychiatrists traditionally give the term “paranoid” a different meaning than that mentioned above; equivalents of this value on French– interpretatif, delirant or persecutoire.

Parathymia is a mood disorder observed in patients with schizophrenia, in which the state of the affective sphere does not correspond to the environment around the patient and/or his behavior. See also inappropriate mood; incongruent mood.

Flight of ideas (ICD 296.0) is a form of thought disorder usually associated with manic or hypomanic moods and often felt subjectively as thought pressure. Typical features are rapid speech without pauses; speech associations are free, quickly arise and disappear under the influence of transient factors or without apparent reason; Increased distractibility is very typical, rhyming and puns are common. The flow of ideas can be so strong that the patient has difficulty expressing it, so his speech sometimes becomes incoherent. Synonym: fuga idearum.

Superficiality of effect (ICD 295) – insufficiency of emotional reaction associated with the disease and expressed as indifference to external events and situations; usually observed in hebephrenic type schizophrenia, but can also occur in organic brain lesions, mental retardation and personality disorders.

Laxative habit (ICD 305.9) – the use of laxatives (abuse of them) or as a means of controlling one’s own body weight, often combined with “feasts” for bulimnia.

Elevated mood (ICD 296.0) is an affective state of joyful fun, which, in cases where it reaches a significant degree and leads to a separation from reality, is the dominant symptom of mania or hypomania. Synonym: hyperthymia.

A panic attack (ICD 300.0; 308.0) is a sudden attack of intense fear and anxiety in which the signs and symptoms of painful anxiety become dominant and are often accompanied by irrational behavior. Behavior in this case is characterized by either extremely reduced activity or aimless agitated hyperactivity. An attack can develop in response to sudden, serious threatening situations or stress, and also occur without any preceding or provoking events in the process of anxiety neurosis. See also panic disorder; panic state.

Psychomotor disorders (ICD 308.2) are disorders of expressive motor behavior that can be observed in various nervous and mental diseases. Examples of psychomotor disorders are paramimia, tics, stupor, stereotypies, catatonia, tremor and dyskinesia. The term "psychomotor epileptic seizure" was previously used to refer to epileptic seizures characterized primarily by manifestations of psychomotor automatism. Currently, it is recommended to replace the term “psychomotor epileptic seizure” with the term “epileptic automatism seizure.”

Irritability (ICD 300.5) is a state of excessive arousal in response to unpleasantness, intolerance, or anger, observed with fatigue, chronic pain, or as a sign of temperamental changes (for example, with age, after brain injury, in epilepsy and manic-depressive disorders).

Confusion (ICD 295) is a state of confusion in which answers to questions are incoherent and fragmentary, reminiscent of confusion. It is observed in acute schizophrenia, severe anxiety, manic-depressive illness and organic psychoses with confusion.

Flight reaction (ICD 300.1) is an attack of vagrancy (short or long), escape from places of habitual habitat in a state of disturbed consciousness, which is usually followed by partial or complete amnesia of the event. Flight reactions are associated with hysteria, depressive reactions, epilepsy, and sometimes brain damage. As psychogenic reactions, they are often associated with escape from places where troubles have been observed, and persons with this condition behave in a more orderly manner than “disorganized epileptics” with an organic-based flight reaction. See also narrowing (limitation) of the field of consciousness. Synonym: state of vagrancy.

Remission (ICD 295.7) is a state of partial or complete disappearance of symptoms and clinical signs of a disorder.

Ritual behavior (ICD 299.0) is repeated, often complex and usually symbolic actions that serve to enhance biological signaling functions and acquire ritual significance during the performance of collective religious rites. In childhood they are a component of normal development. As a pathological phenomenon, consisting either in the complication of everyday behavior, for example, compulsive washing or changing clothes, or acquiring even more bizarre forms, ritual behavior occurs in obsessive disorders, schizophrenia and early childhood autism.

Withdrawal symptoms (ICD 291; 292.0) are physical or mental phenomena that develop during the period of abstinence as a result of cessation of consumption of a drug that causes addiction in a given subject. The pattern of symptoms associated with abuse of different substances varies and may include tremors, vomiting, abdominal pain, fear, delirium and convulsions. Synonym: withdrawal symptoms.

Systematized delusion (ICD 297.0; 297.1) is a delusional belief that is part of a related system of pathological ideas. Such delirium can be primary or represent quasi-logical conclusions derived from a system of delusional premises. Synonym: systematized nonsense.

Decreased memory capacity (ICD 291.2) is a decrease in the number of cognitively unrelated elements or units (normal number 6-10) that can be correctly recalled after a single presentation in succession. Memory capacity is an indicator short term memory associated with the ability to perceive.

A dream-like state (ICD 295.4) is a state of upset consciousness, in which, against the background of slight fogging of consciousness, the phenomena of depersonalization and derealization are observed. Dream-like states may be one of the steps on the scale of deepening organic disorders consciousness, leading to a twilight state of consciousness and delirium, however, they can occur in neurotic diseases and in a state of fatigue. Complex shape a dream-like state with vivid, scenic visual hallucinations that may be accompanied by other sensory hallucinations (oneirond dream-like state), sometimes observed in epilepsy and some acute psychotic illnesses. See also oneirophrenia.

Social withdrawal (autism) (ICD 295) – refusal of social and personal contacts; Most often occurs in the early stages of schizophrenia, when autistic tendencies lead to withdrawal and alienation from people and impaired ability to communicate with them.

Spasmusnutans (ICD 307.0) (not recommended) – 1) rhythmic twitching of the head in the anteroposterior direction, associated with compensatory balancing movements of the torso in the same direction, sometimes spreading to the upper limbs and nystagmus; movements are slow and appear in series of 20-30 persons with mental retardation; this condition is not associated with epilepsy; 2) the term is sometimes used to describe epileptic seizures in children, characterized by a fall of the head onto the chest due to loss of tone of the neck muscles and a tonic spasm during flexion due to contraction of the anterior muscles. Synonyms; Salaam tik (1); infant spasm (2).

Confusion (ICD 290-294) is a term commonly used to denote a state of confusion associated with acute or chronic organic disease. Clinically characterized by disorientation, slowing of mental processes with poor associations, apathy, lack of initiative, fatigue and impaired attention. In mild states of confusion, when examining a patient, rational reactions and actions can be achieved, but in more severe states of confusion, patients are unable to perceive the surrounding reality. The term is also used more broadly to describe the thought disorder of functional psychoses, but this use of the term is not recommended. See also reactive confusion; foggy consciousness. Synonym; state of confusion.

Stereotypes (ICD 299.1) are functionally autonomous pathological movements that are grouped into a rhythmic or complex sequence of non-purposeful movements. In animals and humans they appear in a state of physical limitation, social and sensory deprivation, and can be caused by taking medications, such as phenamine. These include repeated locomotion (movements), self-injury, head shaking, bizarre postures of the limbs and trunk, and mannered behavior. These clinical signs are observed in mental retardation, congenital blindness, brain damage and autism in children. In adults, stereotypies can be a manifestation of schizophrenia, especially in catatonic and residual forms.

Fear (ICD 291.0; 308.0; 309.2) is a primitive intense emotion that develops in response to a real or imagined threat and is accompanied by physiological reactions resulting from the activation of the autonomic (sympathetic) nervous system, and defensive behavior when the patient, trying to avoid danger, runs away or hides.

Stupor (ICD 295.2) is a condition characterized by mutism, partial or complete immobility and psychomotor unresponsiveness. Depending on the nature or cause of the disease, consciousness may be impaired. Stuporous states develop with organic diseases of the brain, schizophrenia (especially in the catatonic form), depressive illness, hysterical psychosis and acute reactions to stress.

Catatonic stupor (ICD 295.2) is a state of suppressed psychomotor activity caused by catatonic symptoms.

Judgment (ICD 290-294) – critical assessment of the relationships between objects, circumstances, concepts or terms; a tentative statement of these connections. In psychophysics, this is the distinction between stimuli and their intensity.

Narrowing of consciousness, limitation of the field of consciousness (ICD 300.1) is a form of disturbance of consciousness, characterized by its narrowing and dominance of a limited small group of ideas and emotions with the practical exclusion of other content. This condition occurs with extreme fatigue and hysteria; it may also be associated with some forms of cerebral disorders (in particular, the state of twilight consciousness in epilepsy). See also brain fog; twilight state.

Tolerance – pharmacological tolerance occurs when repeated administration given quantity of a substance causes a reduced effect or when a successive increase in the amount of the administered substance is required to obtain an effect previously achieved by a lower dose. Tolerance can be congenital or acquired; in the latter case, it may be the result of predisposition, pharmacodynamics or behavior that contributes to its manifestation.

Anxiety (ICD 292.1; 296; 300; 308.0; 309.2; 313.0) is an inherently painful addition to the subjectively unpleasant emotional state fear or other apprehension directed towards the future, in the absence of any tangible threat or danger or complete absence connection of these factors with this reaction. Anxiety may be accompanied by a feeling of physical discomfort and manifestations of voluntary and autonomic dysfunction of the body. Anxiety can be situational or specific, i.e. associated with a specific situation or subject, or “free-floating” when there is no obvious link with external factors causing this anxiety. The characteristics of anxiety can be distinguished from the state of anxiety; in the first case, it is a stable feature of the personality structure, and in the second, it is a temporary disorder. Note. Translating the English term "anxiety" into other languages can present certain difficulties due to subtle differences between the additional connotations expressed by words related to the same concept.

Separation anxiety (not recommended) is a loosely used term that most often refers to normal or painful reactions—anxiety, distress, or fear—in a young child who is separated from his or her parent(s) or caregivers. IN further development mental disorders, this disorder in itself does not play a role; it becomes their cause only if other factors are added to it. Psychoanalytic theory distinguishes two types of separation anxiety: objective and neurotic.

Phobia (ICD 300.2) is a pathological fear that may be diffuse or focused on one or more objects or circumstances, out of proportion to the external danger or threat. This condition is usually accompanied by bad feelings, as a result of which the person tries to avoid these objects and situations. This disorder is sometimes closely associated with obsessive state. See also phobic condition.

Emotions (ICD 295; 298; 300; 308; 309; 310; 312; 313) are a complex state of activation reaction, consisting of various physiological changes, heightened perception and subjective sensations aimed at certain actions. See also pathological affect; mood.

Echolalia (ICD 299.8) is the automatic repetition of words or phrases of the interlocutor. This symptom may be a manifestation of normal speech in early childhood, occur in certain disease conditions, including dysphasia, catatonic states, mental retardation, early childhood autism, or take the form of so-called delayed echolaline.

Find out which phrases immediately cause 33 misfortunes for our health. The body simply cannot resist these destructive words... Published on the web portal

Metaphysical scientists believe that thoughts are material. Did you know that the energy that words carry is even more powerful? It has such a dense structure that it is capable of forming matter several times faster than the power of thought. How can words containing negative energy affect human health and is it possible to somehow reprogram the course of events? The German psychotherapist, Dr. Pezeshkian, did the best job of studying this problem, making a real discovery. It was he who first discovered that words can program misfortunes and illnesses. The researcher also found a method that can neutralize destructive words.

All these capacious metaphors actually give our body a clear command. The body cannot help but obey, and people are surprised why 33 misfortunes fall on them at once.

“I’m sick and tired of all this”, “it’s poisoning my life”, “something is gnawing at me all the time”, “I don’t belong to myself” - can become a source cancerous diseases
“My heart bleeds”, “a blow to the very heart”, “like a knife to it”, “I take it to heart” - can cause heart attacks And cardiac seizures
“My patience will soon burst”, “spurs on”, “let off steam” and “turn up the heat” - can be programmed hypertensive disease
“It’s infuriating,” “it’s shaking me,” “it’s fooling my head,” “it’s disgusting,” “it’s pounding” - they can cause depression
“Fed up”, “tired to hell/nausea”, “disgusted by something” - can “invite” diseases nervous systems
“It’s sitting on my neck”, “I’m tired of carrying the cross”, “I’ve taken on the burden of worries (problems)” - can cause osteochondrosis and diseases bones
“Urine went to my head”, “it’s sitting in my kidneys”, “I don’t have the strength to tolerate this” - can provoke urological diseases
“Spoiling/sucking blood”, “all the juices have been squeezed out” - precede diseases blood
“Easily wounded”, “not itching to do anything”, “wouldn’t want to be in his shoes” - they urge cutaneous diseases and allergies
“Puzzle”, “beat/risk your head” - this is how they are programmed migraine and permanent headache
“Sits in the liver”, “life won’t seem like honey”, “there is no joy”, “it’s bitter about something” - affect diseases liver
“The white light is not nice”, “it’s scary to look at it”, “impenetrable darkness”, “my eyes wouldn’t see it” - form diseases eye
“Shut up”, “shut up”, “I don’t want to hear this” - can be caused auditory Problems

As you can guess, this is far from full list expressions that directly affect the development of diseases. Watch your own speech, and you will probably find a dozen similar words and phrases. Of course, many of them can be used both in a specific context and to reflect your emotional or physical state. However, it makes no difference for what purpose you use these words. In any case, they will form and support the disease program. If you find similar phrases in the vocabulary of your loved ones and relatives, be loyal, correct and sensitive. Don't lecture them, just share information unobtrusively.

Based on materials from Inga Kaisina

Since our words have enormous power to influence our health and even processes in the body, it is worth using such

A speech disorder is a disorder of speech skills that can be caused by various reasons. Let's look at the most common diseases:

Stuttering

There are several types of stuttering:

Tonic appearance – frequent stops in speech and prolongation of words.
Clonic - repetition of syllables and sounds.

Stuttering can be triggered and aggravated by stress, emotional situations and shocks, such as speaking in front of a large number of people.

A disease characterized by slurred speech and problems articulating sounds. Appears due to disorders in the central nervous system.

One of the characteristic features of this disease is reduced mobility of the speech apparatus - lips, tongue, soft palate, which complicates articulation and is due to insufficient innervation of the speech apparatus (the presence of nerve endings in tissues and organs, which ensures communication with the central nervous system).

Types of violation:

Erased dysarthria is not a very pronounced disease. The person does not have problems with hearing and speech apparatus, but has difficulties in sound pronunciation.
Severe dysarthria - characterized by incomprehensible, slurred speech, disturbances in intonation, breathing, and voice.
Anarthria is a form of disease in which a person is unable to speak clearly.

This disorder requires complex treatment: speech therapy correction, drug intervention, physical therapy.

Dislalia

A condition that often occurs in people who have had an epileptic seizure. Characterized by poor vocabulary or simplified sentence construction.

Oligophasia can be:

Temporary – acute oligophasia caused by an epileptic seizure;
Progressive - interictal oligophasia, which occurs with the development of epileptic dementia.

The disease can also occur with disorders in the frontal lobe of the brain and some mental disorders.

Aphasia

The cause of the disease can be:

cerebral hemorrhage;
abscess;
traumatic brain injury;
thrombosis of cerebral vessels.

There are several categories of this violation:

– a person is not able to pronounce words, but can make sounds and understand someone else’s speech.
Sensory aphasia - a person can speak, but cannot understand someone else's speech.
Semantic aphasia – a person’s speech is not impaired and he is able to hear, but cannot understand the semantic relationships between words.
Amnestic aphasia is a disease in which a person forgets the name of an object, but is able to describe its function and purpose.
Total aphasia - a person is unable to speak, write, read or understand the speech of another.

Since aphasia is not a mental disorder, to treat it it is necessary to eliminate the cause of the disease.

Akatophasia

A speech disorder, which is characterized by the replacement of necessary words with words that are similar in sound, but not suitable in meaning.

Schizophasia

Paraphasia

A speech disorder in which a person confuses individual letters or words and replaces them with the wrong ones.

There are two types of violation:

Verbal - replacing words that are similar in meaning.
Literal – caused by sensory or motor speech problems.

Symptoms of this disorder also include:

small vocabulary;
grammatical errors - incorrect use of declensions and cases;
low speech activity.

Logoclony

A disease expressed in the periodic repetition of syllables or individual words.

Most speech disorders can be corrected and treated if detected early. Be attentive to your health and contact a specialist if you notice any deviations.

Colloquial name for the disease. What are the types of speech disorders? Main symptoms and causes of the disease. The meaning of the word sick in medical terms

annotation scientific article on linguistics and literary criticism, author of the scientific work - Ivanova Daria Sergeevna

Related topics scientific works on linguistics and literary criticism, the author of the scientific work is Daria Sergeevna Ivanova

Nonterminological names of diseases as research object: Problem statement

Text of scientific work on the topic “Non-terminological names of diseases as an object of research: towards the formulation of the problem”

Definition of the word khvoroba in dictionaries

Examples of the use of the word hvoroba in literature.

Colloquial name of the disease, 5 letters, crossword puzzle

Other meanings of this word:

Random joke:

Answers to the crossword of the day No. from Odnoklassniki

What are the types of speech disorders? Main symptoms and causes of the disease

Stuttering

Dysarthria

Dislalia

Oligophasia

Aphasia

Akatophasia

Schizophasia

Paraphasia

Expressive language disorder

Logoclony

Meaning of the word SICK in Medical terms

See also interpretations, synonyms and meanings of the word SICK in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

Causes and treatment of forgetfulness

Causes of forgetfulness

Sleep disturbance

Injuries

Mental problems

Atherosclerosis

Diabetes

Alzheimer's disease

Thyroid diseases

Osteochondrosis

Depression

Lack of nutrients

Colloquial name for the disease

Stuttering

Dislalia

Aphasia

Akatophasia

Schizophasia

Paraphasia

Logoclony

Treatment of speech disorder