Tularemia in farm animals. Tularemia. The causative agent of the disease, epizootic data, the course of the disease in farm animals, the course and symptoms of the disease, pathoanatomical changes, diagnosis, prevention and control measures, prevention
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GBOUVPO "PGFA of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation"
Department of Latin
Tularemia
Work completed
2nd year student, 25 groups
Ismagilova A.R.
Supervisor -
Associate Professor, Department of Microbiology,
candidate of pharmaceutical sciences
Novikova N.V.
Introduction
1.1 Definition of disease
1.2 Pathogen
1.3 Pathogenesis
1.7 Immunity, specific prophylaxis
1.8 Prevention
1.9 Treatment
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
Historical background, distribution, degree of danger and damage
The disease was first discovered in 1908 in Tulare County (California, USA) in rodents. McCaw and Chapin (1911) were the first to isolate the culture of the pathogen. Then, in the same US state, the disease was found in people and sheep (1921). E. Francis suggested calling it tularemia. Tularemia is registered in North America, Japan, different countries Europe, Asia and Africa. The disease is predominantly distributed in temperate landscapes. climate zone northern hemisphere. In our country, it was first registered in 1921. The economic damage caused by tularemia to animal husbandry is generally insignificant, since a clinically pronounced disease is rare in farm animals. However, anti-tularemia measures require high costs.
epizootology
125 species of vertebrates and 101 species of invertebrates are susceptible to tularemia. AT vivo tularemia mainly affects hares, wild rabbits, mice, water rats, muskrats, beavers, hamsters, and chipmunks. Birds have been reported to be sick various kinds. natural foci may be active for 50 years or more. Of the farm animals, lambs and piglets under the age of 2-4 months, cattle, horses and donkeys are the most sensitive to the causative agent of tularemia and can become ill with clinically pronounced signs of the disease. Buffaloes, camels, reindeer and rabbits are also susceptible to infection. Mature sheep are more resistant than young ones, and goats are more resistant than sheep. Of poultry, chickens (especially chickens) are the most susceptible. Turkeys, ducks and geese show high resistance to infection. Dogs and cats are less susceptible to the pathogen. Of the laboratory animals, guinea pigs and white mice are the most susceptible.
The main source of the pathogen is sick animals. Reservoir it in environment are the populations of the above species of wild animals, and the transmission factors are blood-sucking insects, infected water sources, feed and soil.
Infection of agricultural and domestic animals when they are included in the epizootic process occurring among wild animals occurs mainly by alimentary, aerogenic and transmissible routes. Bacteria can enter the body even through intact skin, conjunctiva and mucous membranes of the respiratory system. Intrauterine transmission of the pathogen is possible. Dogs usually become infected by eating infected carcasses of hares and rabbits (objects of hunting), and cats, like pigs, by eating the corpses of rats and mice.
Due to the predominantly latent (asymptomatic) manifestation of the disease, insignificant contamination of organs, and the absence of active bacterial excretion, farm animals do not participate in the circulation of the pathogen, therefore, there is no mutual re-infection within the herd. tularemia animal clinical
Outbreaks of tularemia are observed both in the spring-summer (pasture) and in the autumn-winter (stall) period, which is associated, respectively, with increased activity blood-sucking insects and more intensive migration of rodents to livestock buildings, food storage areas in certain seasons of the year.
1.1 Definition of disease
Tularemia (Latin - Tularemia; English - Tularaemia) is a natural focal, transmissible infectious disease of mammals of many species, birds and humans, manifested by septicemia, fever, lesions of the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract and intestines, enlargement and cheesy degeneration of regional lymph nodes (lymphadenitis), the appearance of inflammatory-necrotic foci in the liver, spleen and lungs, emaciation, mastitis, abortion, lesions nervous system and paralysis.
1.2 Pathogen
The causative agent of tularemia is Francisella tularensis. Within the species F. tularensis, three subspecies are distinguished by geographical distribution: Nearctic, or American (F. t. nearctica), Central Asian (F. t. mediasiatica), and Holarctic, or Euro-Asian, Palearctic (F. t. holarctica). The latter, in turn, includes three biovariants. Within the territory of Russian Federation the Holarctic subspecies F. tularensis subsp. holarctica (with two biovars I Ery^ and II EryR).
In animals, the microorganism is found in the form of short thin rods, does not form spores, has a capsule, and is immobile. It is cultivated only under aerobic conditions on special liquid or solid nutrient media (in BCH with cysteine and glucose, on coagulated whey, MPA with cysteine and blood, medium with yolk chicken egg etc.), as well as in 14-day-old chicken embryos, causing their death in 72...120 hours after infection.
Virulent varieties contain O-, H-, V-antigens, and avirulent varieties contain only O-antigen.
The causative agent of tularemia shows significant resistance in the external environment, especially when low temperatures, but at the same time very sensitive to various physical (solar, ultraviolet rays, ionizing radiation, high temperature) and chemical attack.
1.3 Pathogenesis
Once in the body of an animal with food, water, air, or when bitten by blood-sucking arthropods and rodents, the pathogen begins to multiply at the site of introduction. Then, along the lymphatic pathways, it enters the regional lymph nodes, where, continuing to multiply, it causes a purulent-inflammatory process. This process is accompanied by a significant increase in the size of the lymph nodes, their hardening, and then softening and opening. The surrounding tissue is hyperemic and edematous. From the affected nodes, microbes quickly penetrate into the bloodstream and with the blood stream (bacteremia) spread throughout the body, settling in other lymph nodes, spleen, liver, lungs, etc., causing the formation of new pustules and damage to parenchyma cells (septicemia develops ). The death of animals occurs from intoxication, when the concentration of bacteria in the blood reaches the terminal phase.
1.4 Course and clinical presentation
Suspicion of wild animal tularemia is usually caused by the increased cases of death of rats and mice. Sick hares, wild rabbits and squirrels lose their natural fear of humans, do not flee and allow themselves to be easily caught.
Incubation period with tularemia in farm animals (sheep, goat, pig, horse) lasts from 4 to 12 days. Depending on the species, breed and age of animals, the disease can proceed acutely, subacutely or chronically, manifest itself in a typical or atypical (erased, latent, asymptomatic, innaparant) form.
In sheep at acute course a depressed state is usually observed: adult sheep and lambs stand with their heads down or lie down, weakly reacting to external stimuli. When grazing, they lag behind the herd. The gait is unsteady, the pulse is accelerated (up to 160 beats / min), breathing is speeded up (up to 96 per 1 min). Body temperature rises to 40.5 ... 41 ° C. It stays at this level for 2...3 days, then decreases to normal and rises again by 0.5...0.6°C.
In sick lambs, relaxation and paresis of the hind limbs, diarrhea and pallor of the mucous membranes (anemia due to a decrease in hemoglobin concentration to 40 ... 30 g / l at a rate of 70 ... 80 g / l) are noted, catarrhal conjunctivitis and rhinitis with seromucosal discharge from the nose. The mandibular and prescapular lymph nodes are enlarged, dense, painful. With the progression of the disease, in addition to these symptoms, there is a sharp anxiety and extreme agitation. During this period, paralysis appears in some animals, then a coma sets in and the sick die within the next few hours. The illness proceeds 8... 15 days. The incidence of lambs is 10 ... 50%, and the mortality rate is 30%.
Tularemia in adult pigs often occurs latently. In piglets of 2...6 months of age, after an incubation period of 1...7 days, the disease is manifested by an increase in body temperature up to 42 "C, refusal to feed, depression, rapid breathing of the abdominal type and cough. Observed profuse sweating, resulting in the skin becoming dirty and covered with crusts. The lymph nodes increased. Heat the body is kept for 7-10 days, and if there are no complications from the respiratory organs, a slow recovery begins. Otherwise, in sick animals, progressive emaciation is noted. Most of them die.
At a large cattle the disease in most cases proceeds without visible clinical signs (asymptomatically) and is detected only by serological research methods. In some cases, sick cows have short-term fever, swollen lymph nodes and mastitis. In pregnant animals, abortions are possible (50 days after infection). General state and appetite remain unchanged. Cases of the manifestation of the disease in the form of paralysis of the limbs with a fatal outcome are described.
Buffaloes have been experimentally challenged with loss of appetite, chills, coughing, rapid breathing, and enlargement of regional lymph nodes.
In camels, the main clinical signs illnesses are chills, cough, significant fever, rapid breathing, enlargement of subcutaneous lymph nodes and loss of fatness.
With tularemia infection in horses, mild and asymptomatic forms of the disease are observed, detected by allergic and serological studies. Under conditions of natural infection, tularemia in mares is usually manifested by mass abortions at the 4-5th month of pregnancy without any subsequent complications. Body temperature remains normal. In donkeys, body temperature rises by 1 ... 2 ° C and remains at this level for 2 weeks. Anorexia and exhaustion are observed.
Adult chickens, pheasants, pigeons are more often asymptomatic. Under natural conditions, in young chickens, a decrease in fatness, the appearance of inflammatory foci and the accumulation of caseous masses in the region of the root of the tongue and pharynx are observed.
In domestic rabbits, the disease is often asymptomatic (hidden), manifests itself atypically and, according to clinical signs, can be similar to staphylococcosis, pseudotuberculosis, and chronic pasteurellosis. In typical cases, they have rhinitis, abscesses of subcutaneous lymph nodes and emaciation. The disease can last from 5-6 days to 1 month or more. Most of the animals die.
Tularemia infection in dogs presents with extremely variable clinical signs. In sick animals, a depressed state is noted (they are lethargic, hide in the shade, lie motionless), loss of appetite, severe emaciation, mucopurulent conjunctivitis. characteristic feature for sick dogs - an increase in inguinal, popliteal and mandibular lymph nodes. Paresis and paralysis of the hind limbs are noted. Sometimes the disease is accompanied by signs of severe dysfunction gastrointestinal tract. By the end of the illness, severe weakness, decline in cardiac activity, as well as severe anemia of the mucous membranes. In cats, laxity and swelling of the regional lymph nodes of the head and neck, vomiting, emaciation, and death are observed.
1.5 Pathological features
The corpses of dead animals are depleted. The skin in the axillary region is ulcerated and necrotic. Under the skin and in the subcutaneous tissue various parts bodies reveal compacted areas with hemorrhages and foci of necrosis. The mandibular, pharyngeal, prescapular and axillary (and with a protracted course, internal) lymph nodes are enlarged and purulently inflamed. The mucous membrane of the nose is edematous and hyperemic. The pharynx is hyperemic; at the root of the tongue and in the tonsils caseous-purulent plugs. In lambs and piglets, in addition, fibrinous pleurisy and focal serous-fibrinous pneumonia, congestive hyperemia and necrotic foci in the liver are found. The spleen is swollen, its pulp on the cut has a dark red color and serous-yellow nodules. Pinpoint hemorrhages on the epicardium and adrenal glands. In general, it creates overall picture sepsis.
Pathological anatomical signs in rodents are similar to those observed in pseudotuberculosis.
1.6 Diagnosis and differential diagnosis
Suspicion of tularemia arises in the presence of this disease in rodents (mass mortality), diseases of agricultural and domestic animals, as well as humans. The diagnosis is made on the basis of an analysis of epizootological, clinical, pathoanatomical data, taking into account the results of bacteriological, serological (RA, RP, RIGA, RN) and allergic (intradermal administration of tularin) studies. To determine the antigen in the corpses of animals, an antibody erythrocyte diagnosticum is used.
For bacteriological research the whole corpses of rodents and small animals are sent to the veterinary laboratory, and from the corpses of large animals - the liver, kidneys, spleen, heart, affected lymph nodes. In the veterinary laboratory, bacterioscopy is carried out, seedings are made from the pathological material, followed by identification of the isolated cultures by cultural, morphological, biochemical and antigenic properties.
With a bioassay, an isolated culture, a suspension of pieces of organs and lymph nodes infect guinea pigs or white mice and, if necessary, examine the material in the precipitation reaction. In guinea pigs experimentally infected with a bioassay (whose death is noted after 2–3 days), inflammation and ulceration at the site of injection of the biomaterial (or pathogen culture), suppuration of regional lymph nodes, enlargement of the spleen and liver, nodular and focal lesions are considered pathognomonic changes. in the lungs. White mice die on the 3rd...4th day after infection. Diagnostic features they have a clay-colored liver, an enlarged spleen with gray-white nodules.
According to the results laboratory research the diagnosis is considered established:
When isolating a culture of F. tularensis from a sent pathological material;
With a positive bioassay with changes in the organs characteristic of tularemia and the subsequent isolation of a pure culture from them.
At differential diagnosis tularemia should be distinguished from anaplasmosis, pseudotuberculosis, tuberculosis, paratuberculosis, brucellosis and coccidiosis (eimeriosis) by bacteriological, serological and allergic studies.
Immunity, specific prophylaxis
After the disease, the animal develops a strong immunity. Antibodies are found in the blood of convalescent animals, and sensitization of the body occurs. Proposed for human immunization against tularemia live vaccine when administered to animals, it turned out to be weakly immunogenic, so animals are not vaccinated.
1.7 Prevention
In system preventive measures one of the first places is occupied by measures to neutralize the source of the infectious agent, transmission factors and carriers of the pathogen. A decrease in the number of ixodid ticks is facilitated by a change in the timing (late start) of spring grazing, a reduction in the area of natural meadows, grazing on artificial and cultivated pastures, planned or emergency treatments of ticked livestock.
Rodent reduction is achieved by pressing hay and straw into bales; high-quality processing of haystacks and straw throwers with ammonia, transportation of feed immediately after harvest to well-equipped storage facilities that rodents cannot penetrate. It is not recommended to install haystacks and straw along the edges of ravines or forest edges.
1.8 Treatment
Specific treatments have not been developed. Sick animals are treated with antibiotics (streptomycin, chloramphenicol, dihydrostreptomycin, oletethrin, tetracycline, chlortetracycline), sulfanilamide and nitrofuran preparations.
Conclusion
Control measures
Sick animals are isolated and treated. The slaughter of sick and suspicious animals for meat, as well as the removal of skins from them, is prohibited. In case of slaughter of sick animals, carcasses, along with organs and skins, are destroyed. Slaughter products obtained from healthy animals of a dysfunctional herd and contaminated with rodent droppings are cleaned and sent for the manufacture of boiled sausages (at a local enterprise).
The export of animals from dysfunctional farms is allowed after the study of blood sera in the agglutination reaction and treatment against pasture mites.
Human health measures
Measures for the prevention of human diseases in the territory of an epizootic focus in accordance with sanitary rules provide for an epizootological and epidemiological examination of the focus; the order of hospitalization and dispensary observation; immunoprophylaxis; monitoring the state of anti-tularemia immunity and familiarizing the local population with measures to prevent infection in different types works.
Bibliography
1. Bakulov I.A. Epizootology with microbiology Moscow: "Agropromizdat", 1987. - 415p.
2. Infectious diseases of animals / B.F. Bessarabov, A.A., E.S. Voronin and others; Ed. A. A. Sidorchuk. - M.: KolosS, 2007. - 671 p.
3. Altukhov N.N. Quick Reference veterinarian Moscow: "Agropromizdat", 1990. - 574s
4. Directory of a veterinarian / A.F. Kuznetsov. - Moscow: "Lan", 2002. - 896s.
5. Directory of a veterinarian / P.P. Dostoevsky, N.A. Sudakov, V.A. Atamas and others - K .: Harvest, 1990. - 784 p.
6. Gavrish V.G. Handbook of the veterinarian, 4th ed. Rostov-on-Don: "Phoenix", 2003. - 576p.
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TULARAEMIA IN DOGS
Tularemia is an infectious disease to which rodents are susceptible, fur animals, farm and domestic animals, as well as humans. It is characterized by an increase in lymph nodes, spleen and the formation of multiple granulomatous-necrotic foci in various organs.
epizootology. The main source of infection are small rodents: water rats, voles, house mice, ground squirrels, hamsters, etc. An important role in the spread of tularemia is played by blood-sucking arthropods: ticks, flies, mosquitoes, fleas, etc.
Infection of dogs can occur through water contaminated with secretions of sick rodents and their corpses, when eating the corpses of mouse-like rodents. Cases of dogs getting sick after feeding them the meat of hares with tularemia are described.
Symptoms. Tularemia infection in dogs presents with extremely varied symptoms. Patients report depression, loss of appetite. With a prolonged course of the disease, there is a sharp emaciation. Mucopurulent conjunctivitis is often recorded. Characterized by an increase in inguinal, popliteal and submandibular lymph nodes. Paresis and paralysis of the hind limbs are noted. Sometimes the disease is accompanied by a severe disorder of the gastrointestinal tract.
By the end of the disease, the dogs weaken, their cardiac activity drops sharply, anemia of the visible mucous membranes is expressed.
Pathological changes. Depending on the duration of the disease, the corpses of dogs are well-fed or severely emaciated. mucous membranes of the eyes, oral cavity pale, with a bluish tint. Subcutaneous tissue congestively hyperemic, sometimes lemon-yellow. Tularemia is characterized by an increase in subcutaneous, cervical, prescapular, inguinal, as well as pulmonary and mesenteric lymph nodes, on the cut they are smoothed, abscessed, often dotted with small pale gray foci of necrosis. In the thoracic and abdominal cavities, there is an accumulation of fibrinous exudative fluid hazy brown color.
Tularemia necrotic foci are often found in the lungs, spleen, liver. The lungs of dark cherry color are full-blooded, blood swells from the surface of the incision. Sometimes there is congestive pulmonary edema, with pressure, a reddish foamy liquid is released from the bronchi. The spleen is enlarged 2-3 times, dark cherry color with bluish tint, juicy on the cut. There are small whitish foci of necrosis on the surface and parenchyma.
In the kidneys, the phenomena of congestive hyperemia and dystrophy are noted; on the section, the tissue is moist, the boundaries of the layers are somewhat blurred. In the cortical layer, petechial hemorrhages and small whitish foci are sometimes found.
The liver is enlarged, brittle, flabby, brownish-gray in color, pale gray or whitish foci ranging in size from barely noticeable dots to 1-2 mm in diameter are visible on the surface and incision, sometimes merging with each other.
In other organs, tularemia lesions are rare.
Diagnosis. They put it on the basis of bacteriological and serological methods of research and infection of laboratory animals. For bacteriological examination, the corpses of dogs or affected organs, preserved in a 30% glycerol solution, are sent.
Treatment. There is no cure for tularemia in dogs.
Prevention and control measures. In dog breeding kennels, it is necessary to systematically destroy rodents - the main reservoir of infection. In the fight against tularemia, rapid diagnosis is of great importance, as well as the identification and destruction of sources of infection.
Tularemia can be transmitted to humans, so if dogs are suspected of having this infection, all precautions should be taken. Cadavers should be immediately sent to a veterinary laboratory for diagnosis.Back in the days cold war biologists in the USSR and the USA calculated that the effect of spraying this agent over the cities of a potential enemy would be such that even nuclear weapons would not be needed. So this disease is extremely dangerous, and you need to know as much as possible about it.
The disease is caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis. This organism can form spores, it belongs to the category of gram-negative microorganisms. Interestingly, Francisella tularensis is a "distant relative" of the pathogen.
The taxonomic status of Francisella has been revised in recent decades. So, in the recent past, the subspecies F. tularensis tularensis was discovered, disease-causing type "A", F. tularensis holarctica, which causes type "B" tularemia. There is also a subspecies of F. novicida, which causes, respectively, the disease type "C".
Read also: Distemper in dogs (Kare's disease, canine distemper)
This strain has low virulence and is almost uncommon. The most "poisonous" class "A" predominantly found in North America. Even with timely treatment mortality can reach 30%. Type "B" is not so dangerous. It is he who is the cause of more than 90% of cases of tularemia in our country and neighboring countries.
Epidemiology and transmission
The disease is most common in sheep, but tularemia in cats and dogs is also quite possible. Cats are at increased risk due to propensity to prey on mouse-like rodents. Also, recent studies prove that they have an increased susceptibility. One of the most characteristic natural hosts of F. tularensis tularensis are rabbits, and for F. tularensis holarctica, ground squirrels are a suitable "substrate".
Natural foci of infection exist in North America and Eurasia. Thus, in the territory of the former Soviet Union some territories of Northern Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan can be considered such a focus. The pathogen is often found in the Orenburg region, where tularemia is recorded relatively regularly in dogs and sheep.
Tularemia can be transmitted by airborne droplets, promotes the transmission of direct contact, infection also occurs with direct ingestion of the pathogen (water with amoebae), bites from ticks or infected animals. The most dangerous airborne transmission, as this develops a pulmonary form of infection.
Read also: Diarrhea in a puppy at 2 months: causes and first aid
Unfortunately very cases are often reported human infection through contact with sick pets. At the slightest suspicion of tularemia, you should immediately isolate the animal and immediately contact both the doctors and the veterinarian!
Clinical picture of the disease
What are the symptoms of this infection? The incubation period is 1-10 days. The fastest way is the development of the pathogen in the body of cats. Clinical manifestations depends both on the specific type of pathogen and on the ways of its introduction into the body. For domestic animals, bacteremia is most common, accompanied by fever and respiratory tract infection.
Also in cats common sign pathology is swelling and soreness of regional pharyngeal lymph nodes. There is a sharp increase in the frequency of the pulse and respiratory movements, there is
Characteristic.
Tularemia is an infectious disease to which rodents, fur animals, farm and domestic animals, and humans are susceptible.
It is characterized by an increase in lymph nodes, spleen and the formation of multiple granulomatous-necrotic foci in various organs.
Epizootology.
The main source of infection are small rodents: water rats, voles, house mice, ground squirrels, hamsters, etc. An important role in the spread of tularemia is played by blood-sucking arthropods: ticks, flies, mosquitoes, fleas, etc.
Infection of dogs can occur through water contaminated with secretions of sick rodents and their corpses, when eating the corpses of mouse-like rodents. Cases of dogs getting sick after feeding them the meat of hares with tularemia are described.
Symptoms.
Tularemny infection in dogs occurs with extremely diverse signs. Patients have depression, loss of appetite. With a prolonged course of the disease, there is a sharp emaciation. Mule-purulent conjunctivitis is often recorded. Characterized by an increase in inguinal, popliteal and submandibular lymph nodes. Paresis and paralysis of the hind limbs are noted. Sometimes the disease is accompanied by a severe disorder of the gastrointestinal tract.
By the end of the disease, the dogs weaken, their cardiac activity drops sharply, anemia of the visible mucous membranes is expressed.
General clinic:
1. Alopecia, Depilation (hair loss);
2. Anorexia, lack of appetite, refusal to eat;
3. Wet skin, wool;
4. Hematuria;
5. Generalized weakness;
6. Hepatosplenomegaly;
7. Physical inactivity;
8. Hypothermia;
9. Dehydration;
10. Ulceration, vesicles in the region of the tongue;
11. Icterus, jaundice;
12. Intra-abdominal masses;
13. Exhaustion, cachexia, neglect;
14. Skin fistulas;
15. Xerostomia, dry mouth;
16. Lymphadenopathy, lymphadenomegaly;
17. Fever, pathological hyperthermia;
18. Weight loss;
19. Swelling in the head, face, ears, nose;
20. Swollen skin, subcutis;
21. Vomiting or regurgitation;
22. Tachycardia, increased heart rate;
23. Tachypnea, increased respiratory rate;
24. Oppression, depression, lethargy;
25. Ulcers and vesicles of the nasal mucosa;
26. Ulcers, vesicles of the oral mucosa;
pathological changes.
Depending on the duration of the disease, the corpses of dogs are well-fed or severely emaciated. The mucous membranes of the eyes, oral cavity are pale, with a bluish tint. Subcutaneous tissue is stagnantly hyperemic, sometimes lemon-yellow in color. Tularemia is characterized by an increase in subcutaneous, cervical, prescapular, inguinal, as well as pulmonary and mesenteric lymph nodes, on the cut they are smoothed, abscessed, often dotted with small pale gray foci of necrosis. in chest and abdominal cavities there is an accumulation of fibrinous exudative fluid of a cloudy-brown color.
Tularemia necrotic foci are often found in the lungs, spleen, liver.
The lungs are dark cherry in color, full of blood, blood flows from the surface of the incision. Sometimes there is congestive pulmonary edema, with pressure, a reddish foamy liquid is released from the bronchi.
The spleen is enlarged 2-3 times, dark cherry in color with a bluish tinge, juicy on the cut. There are small whitish foci of necrosis on the surface and parenchyma.
In the kidneys, the phenomena of congestive hyperemia and dystrophy are noted; on the section, the tissue is moist, the boundaries of the layers are somewhat blurred. In the cortical layer, petechial hemorrhages and small whitish foci are sometimes found.
The liver is enlarged, brittle, flabby, brownish-gray in color, pale gray or whitish foci ranging in size from barely noticeable dots to 1-2 mm in diameter are visible on the surface and incision, sometimes merging with each other.
In other organs, tularemia lesions are rare.
Diagnosis.
They put it on the basis of bacteriological and serological methods of research and infection of laboratory animals.
For bacteriological examination, the corpses of dogs or affected organs, preserved in a 30% glycerol solution, are sent.
Immunofluorescent diagnostics of aspirated or biopsy material is now more popular, especially Bone marrow or lymph nodes; The cultivation of the inflictor is difficult.
Treatment.
There is no cure for tularemia in dogs.
Prevention and control measures.
In dog breeding kennels, it is necessary to systematically destroy rodents - the main reservoir of infection. In the fight against tularemia, rapid diagnosis is of great importance, as well as the identification and destruction of sources of infection.
Tularemia can be transmitted to humans, so if dogs are suspected of having this infection, all precautions should be taken. Cadavers should be immediately sent to a veterinary laboratory for diagnosis.
Tularemia — infection rodents, farm animals and birds. Man also suffers from tularemia!
Tularemia bacterium Francisella tularensis
Spread of disease and economic damage . Tularemia has been observed in humans and animals in many parts of the world.
The disease brings great losses to sheep breeding. The disease is accompanied by a large death of lambs and a decrease in the productivity of adult animals. Tularemia is a serious danger to humans. The source of infection are rodents and industrial animals.
Tularemia is the source of infection
The causative agent of the disease. Francisella tularensis - polymorphic immobile bacterium in size from 0.2 to 0.7 microns, does not form spores, gram positive.
External factors through which a person can become infected: rodents, blood-sucking insects
Epizootology of the disease. The most susceptible to tularemia are water rats, field and house mice, muskrats, beavers, hares, rabbits and cats; from farm animals - sheep, cattle, horses and pigs. Artificially it is possible to infect buffaloes, camels, goats and dogs. Sporadic cases have been described in chickens and wild birds.
Rodents are a source of infection for pets. , which pollute pastures, fodder, and water with their secretions and corpses. The causative agent of the disease can be carried by stinging insects and ticks.
Source of animal infection: rodents and ticks
The pathogenesis of tularemia is not well understood.. The infection develops as a bacteremia with damage to the vascular and lymphatic systems and the formation of necrosis in the liver, lungs and spleen. Microbes can be shed in external environment with urine and faeces.
Tularemia - signs of the disease
Clinical signs and course of the disease. In cattle, the course of the disease is mostly latent, but there may be an increase in lymph nodes, the appearance of mastitis and paralysis of the limbs. In weaned piglets, the disease is characterized by fever, depression, loss of appetite, rapid breathing, and cough. In horses, along with the latent course of infection, abortions are also observed.
Heavier tularemia passes into the lambs. The disease begins with a 2-3 day fever. Sick animals lag behind the herd, stand with their heads down, pulse and breathing are accelerated, feces are liquid. The mucous membranes are anemic. The pharyngeal, cervical and lobed lymph nodes are enlarged. Catarrhal, rhinitis, paresis and paralysis of the hind limbs are sometimes observed. The disease is fatal in most cases.
Micropreparation of a lung affected by tularemia
pathological changes. The corpses of animals that died from tularemia are depleted. Lymph nodes (pharyngeal, cervical, lobed) are enlarged, sometimes with the formation of abscesses. The liver is enlarged with the presence of small foci of necrosis, which are also found in the lungs. The spleen is edematous, its pulp is dark red. For all dead animals, the phenomena of septicemia (blood poisoning) are characteristic.
Human finger affected by tularemia
Diagnosis. When making a diagnosis of tularemia, epizootic data are taken into account, and bacteriological studies are also carried out.
For allergic diagnosis in sheep, tularin is used.
differential diagnosis. Tularemia must be distinguished from diseases such as,,, anaplasmosis and, using clinical and epizootological data, pathological changes, revealed during the autopsy of corpses, the results of bacteriological examination of pathological material.
Tularemia - treatment, immunity, disease prevention
Treatment. Treatment methods for tularemia have not been developed.
Immunity and immunization. Animals that have recovered from tularemia develop strong immunity.
A rodent that carries the bacterium tularemia
The corpses of dead animals are burned, disinfected, manure is disinfected by the biothermal method.
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