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The first signs and symptoms of sexually transmitted diseases in women (STDs, STIs)

The content of the article:

The negative side of sexually transmitted infections is that certain types of pathology are difficult to treat. The only option for the patient is to promptly identify inflammation, i.e., the first signs and symptoms of STDs and get tested for venereal diseases. This increases the likelihood that complications will not arise, and the underlying health problem can be eliminated in a short time.

The first signs of sexually transmitted diseases in women

There are seven main early signs of sexually transmitted diseases in women, which, if discovered, do not require postponing a visit to the gynecologist:

Unusual copious discharge from the genitals, having an unpleasant odor and a specific consistency.

Frequent urination, accompanied by pain and general discomfort.

Increase in regional lymph nodes(especially the groin area).

Pain in the lower abdomen and inside the vagina.

Painful menstruation (previously uncharacteristic).

Discomfort during intimacy, a feeling of the presence of a foreign object, general inflammation of the mucous membrane of the genital tract.

Along with the listed symptoms of venous diseases, a woman will notice redness of the genital area and anus, and in certain cases, erosions, blisters, and rashes.

Symptoms of STDs in women

The symptoms of sexually transmitted diseases that occur in women are similar only at first glance. Signs such as discharge and rash may differ in color, consistency, and location; an increase in temperature is not always relevant, and enlargement of the lymph nodes is not a phenomenon characteristic of every sexually transmitted infection. Therefore, in order to differentiate pathology, not one symptom is taken into account, but a complex of them.

List of STI infections in women

Chlamydia

The first signs of STDs in women are observed 1–4 weeks after infection. A woman appears purulent discharge, urination becomes painful, the unpleasant sensation spreads to the lower abdomen and lumbosacral back. Noteworthy is the fact that bleeding occurs between menstruation.

If you ignore the listed symptoms of STDs in women and do not begin treatment for the pathology, there is a high probability of inflammation of the fallopian tubes and cervix. Chlamydia also negatively affects the course of pregnancy and creates additional difficulties in the process. labor activity. A newborn whose mother is sick with the venereal disease in question may develop conjunctivitis, inflammation of the nasopharynx and lungs.

Trichomoniasis

Changes in health status become noticeable between 4 and 21 days from the moment of infection.

The course of this disease confirms that the first signs of sexually transmitted diseases in women do not always appear in the form of purulent vaginal discharge. With trichomoniasis, the patient notes copious discharge of a foamy consistency. They are white or yellowish-green in color and are accompanied by a pungent odor. As it is released, the secretion comes into contact with the genital tract, which causes severe itching, intense irritation of the genitals, pain - both at rest and during urination.

A woman prefers to maintain sexual rest, since intimacy causes discomfort due to extensive inflammation inside the organs of the reproductive system. Quite often the pathology proceeds without severe symptoms STI.

It is important to identify the disorder as early as possible, since the complications that it entails are serious - damage to the cervix and inner layer of the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, ureters, and urethra. Along with diseases such as cystitis, endometritis, a critical condition defined as peritonitis may develop. Its signs are stable heat body, abdominal pain, sepsis.

Mycoplasmosis

The disease develops rapidly. The first symptoms of STIs in women are detected 3 days after contact with an infected partner. In rare clinical cases, detection occurs only after a month. Noteworthy is the incessant itching and discomfort in the area of ​​the external and internal genital organs. Urination causes excruciating pain, discharge from the urogenital tract is insignificant, more often transparent.
Unlike men, in whom mycoplasmosis causes problems with sperm production, functional activity reproductive organs women do not suffer, and the main health problems are reduced to chronic inflammation genitals.

Syphilis

A common venereal disease caused by the penetration of the pale spirochete into the body. The first signs of STIs in women are noticeable only after 3 weeks from the moment of infection (this is the minimum period).

Identifying the infection is quite simple: the obvious symptoms of STDs in women are limited to extensive enlargement of the lymph nodes, the appearance of roseola (red spots) and chancre. The patient’s general condition undergoes sudden changes - a period of remission may be replaced by an exacerbation. At the time of development of pink and red multiple spots on the surface of the skin, the level of body temperature rises.

Hard chancre is a specific neoplasm that clearly indicates the presence of syphilis. A well-defined erosion with a hard bottom is approximately 1 cm in diameter. The inflammatory element heals on its own; timely treatment will help speed up this process. If the enlarged lymph nodes are located near the chancre, they are absolutely painless.

Among other manifestations of sexually transmitted infections, massive hair loss attracts attention. If the patient for a long time doesn't apply for medical care, extensive damage to internal organs occurs, which in 25% of cases leads to death.

Gonorrhea

Common infection. Women never experience an STD without symptoms: within a week (on average) after infection, vaginal discharge characteristic of gonorrhea appears. Pathological masses have a yellow or slightly greenish color, extremely unpleasant purulent smell. Due to constant contact of secretions with the mucous membrane Bladder, cystitis develops - inflammation of this organ. Urine excretion becomes more frequent, the process is painful, and constant nagging pain in the lower abdomen, additional bleeding occurs between periods.

Against the background of these signs, body temperature rises, general malaise occurs, problems with the condition of the skin, the disease also affects the condition of the hair. If long time ignore a sexually transmitted infection, the spleen and liver suffer. The immune system reduces its natural properties.

Often, gonorrhea is detected only when they contact a gynecologist or urologist with complaints of suspected cystitis, adnexitis or endometritis. Gonorrhea tends to involve the underlying tissue lesion anus, uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes. The most serious complication of the disease is infertility.

Laboratory diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections in women

When the doctor collects maximum information regarding the condition of the disease, clarifies the existing complaints and conducts an examination, the patient needs to undergo a series of tests. Since the symptoms of sexually transmitted diseases in women resemble those of many other diseases, laboratory examination includes the following aspects:

1. Culture of secretions. The procedure carried out in bacteriological laboratory, takes a long time (at least 1 week), although its result unmistakably indicates an existing health problem.

2. Microflora smear. A sample of discharge from three points of the genital canal is taken from the patient using a special medical probe. Then the material is placed on a glass slide, stained with a special medium to more accurately study the composition of the secretion, and carefully examined under a microscope. In this way, a pathogen of bacterial and fungal origin is detected. Viruses cannot be detected using a smear.

3. ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). A sample of vaginal discharge is examined. The result of the study is ready 5 hours (on average) after taking the analysis.

4. PCR. The most informative analysis to confirm the preliminary diagnosis. To perform a polymerase chain reaction or DNA test for the pathogen, a sample of urine or genital discharge is taken from the patient. The duration of the study on average does not exceed 2 days, the accuracy of the analysis is up to 95%. The method allows you to identify latent or chronic infections. If the patient has purulent inflammation, it is recommended to do ELISA or culture.

5. To determine specific antibodies, venous blood is taken. The purpose of the study is to determine whether an immune response will occur to the presence of a specific pathogen. The method is effective in cases where it is necessary to confirm infections of viral origin (HIV, genital herpes) and syphilis. Since antibodies to bacteria remain in the blood for quite a long time (including after a therapeutic course), the method is never used to diagnose bacterial STIs, including chlamydia. You can read more about testing for STDs on our website.

In addition to the tests listed, the venereologist prescribes biochemical and clinical trial blood, where leukocytosis and increased ESR are detected.

Not all sexually transmitted infections can be treated - genital herpes and human papillomavirus infection, for example, can only be stopped. Necessity long-term treatment and the wide range of possible complications should serve as motivation for early consultation with a doctor.

Sexually transmitted diseases are infectious, that is, arising due to the introduction of various pathogens. They are broadcast from person to person only contact and mainly during sex.

The generally accepted definition does not raise questions among doctors, but for patients it is better to decipher it point by point:

• Pathogens can be bacteria, protozoa, fungi, rickettsiae or viruses. Mixed infection is possible - infection by several types of microorganisms at once.
• A sexually transmitted disease is a local and general manifestation of the impact of infection on a person.
• For infection, you need a source of infection (the patient or a carrier) and the route through which the pathogens are transmitted. Infection with a sexually transmitted disease is possible if there is:
  1. Sexual transmission during any sexual activity (traditional, oral or anal intercourse). Pathogens are transmitted from the skin or mucous membranes of the genitals, anus (anus), lips and oral cavity.
  2. Transmission - infection through blood - through transfusion of whole blood, red blood cells; infection from needles or instruments on which the blood of a patient or a carrier of infection remains.
  3. Contact and household route: through linen or objects that are contaminated with infectious secretions.

The word “venereal” is associated with the name of Venus, the Roman goddess of love: it emphasizes that diseases are more often transmitted through sexual contact.

What diseases are considered sexually transmitted, their classification

Modern sources provide a list of sexually transmitted infections. The list includes only two dozen diseases. Among them are 5 original venereal diseases:

And a number of STDs, which today are conventionally called “venereal”, based on the sexual route of infection:

• , And , , .
• Some sources also classify intestinal giardiasis and amebiasis as STDs, although sexual transmission (mainly anal) is not the main route for them.

Sexually transmitted diseases are classified in very different ways:

According to etiological principle(based on the reasons for the development of diseases), ailments are divided into viral, bacterial, fungal, etc.

According to the effect on the body There are genital types of sexually transmitted diseases (for example, gonorrhea, vaginal trichomoniasis), skin types (pediculosis pubis, scabies, condylomas) and those affecting other organs and systems of the human body (viral hepatitis B and C, amoebiasis, AIDS, giardiasis).

In accordance with the age of the description of the signs distinguish between classical ones, known even before our era, venereal diseases- syphilis, gonorrhea, donovanosis, chancroid and lymphogranuloma venereum (all of them are oral infections), and the so-called new sexually transmitted diseases - the rest of the list.

The names of some classic STDs have historical roots: the godfather of gonorrhea was an ancient Roman doctor Galen, who observed the "flow of seed" and used Greek words to describe this feature. The word “syphilis” is associated with a myth according to which the gods, offended by disrespect, punished a shepherd named Syphilus with a genital disease. There was even a poem dedicated to this plot, where the main symptoms were described in detail. A later name is lues ( lues) – translated from Latin means “contagious disease”, and it appeared after the syphilis epidemic in Europe, which lasted about 50 years (late 15th – mid 16th centuries). The names of new STDs are derived from the names of pathogens (trichomoniasis, chlamydia, etc.) and virus serovars (viral hepatitis B and C), main manifestations (scabies, condylomas) or symptom complexes (AIDS).

Prevalence and risk groups

Top lines of the world rankings, including the most common sexually transmitted diseases , Trichomoniasis and chlamydia are firmly occupied: up to 250 million cases are identified annually, and the proportion of those infected is about 15% of the total population of the Earth. They are followed by gonorrhea (100 million “fresh” cases of the disease per year) and syphilis (up to 50 million). The graphical representation of the incidence resembles a wave, the peaks of which occur during times of social change for the worse and the post-war years.

Reasons causing an increase in the incidence of STDs:

1. Demographic – population growth, an increase in the proportion of young and sexually active people, traditions of early sexual activity.
2. Progress in the socio-economic sphere - labor migration, tourism development, more free time and money, youth attraction to cities and availability of sexual contacts.
3. Behavioral norms are changing: more divorces, easy change of sexual partners; women are emancipated, and men are in no hurry to start a family.
4. Medical reasons - frequent cases of self-medication and the transition of diseases into a latent form; women and men feel safe using condoms and instant STD prevention.
5. Prevalence of drug addiction and alcoholism.

Traditional risk groups include prostitutes, homeless people, illegal migrants, alcoholics and drug addicts leading a “non-prestigious” lifestyle. However, they are confidently being overtaken by the growing incidence rate among quite successful people: personnel of companies operating abroad; those employed in the tourism business and tourists; sailors, pilots and flight attendants are also included in the list of unreliable STDs.

Incubation period

The appearance of visible changes at the site of infection is the result of the reproduction and vital activity of STD pathogens. A small number of infectious agents can be rebuffed by the immune system and die, and for the development of signs of the disease, the law of the transition of quantity into quality needs to work. Therefore, any infectious diseases have an incubation period - a period of time necessary for an increase in the number of pathogens and the appearance of the first visible symptoms infection (for STDs - rash, discharge).

Typically, the incubation period figures are given in days, for viral infections - in hours. Incubation time may vary, which is associated with the duration of contact, the amount of a single dose of pathogens, the route of transmission and the state of the immune system of the recipient person. Incubation period(IP) is shortened in elderly and weakened patients, with transmission of pathogens and in patients with immunodeficiency syndrome.

IP for some common sexually transmitted infections (per day):

• Chlamydia: 7-21 days;
• Trichomoniasis: 7-28 days;
• Gonorrhea: 2-10 days;
• Urea and mycoplasmosis: 21-35 days;
• Syphilis: 21-28 days;
• Genital herpes: from 1 to 26, usually 2-10 days;
• (pointed): 30-90 days.

The main manifestations of classical venereal diseases

Symptoms of sexually transmitted diseases are divided into primary signs that appear on the skin or mucous membranes at the site of entry of pathogens, and are common associated with their toxic effects on the body. For example, - these are local manifestations of sexually transmitted infections, and fever is a general symptom.

Syphilis

The causative agent of syphilis ( Treponevapallidum, spiral-shaped bacterium or spirochete) is predominantly transmitted through sexual contact. The risk of infection during unprotected sex reaches 30%. In external environment spirochetes are unstable; to maintain activity they require certain temperatures and humidity. The mucous membrane of the genital organs, mouth or rectum serves as such an “incubator”. The infection can also be transmitted in utero - to the child from the mother, or through a transfusion of contaminated blood.

Primary a sign of syphilis infection: it appears at the site of direct introduction of treponemes and does not initially cause concern. A compaction appears, then in its place a round ulcer with a hard bottom and raised edges appears. There is no pain, but the chancre can be small in size - from 1 cm in diameter. After a couple of weeks, the lymph nodes, which are located closer to the chancre, enlarge, but they are also painless and do not bother the patient. The chancre heals on its own in 1-1.5 months. after appearance, however, the infection remains in the body and syphilis goes into the secondary period.

Start secondary syphilis is a symmetrical venereal rash ( roseola), which often appears even on the feet and palms. When the rash occurs, the temperature rises and the lymph nodes enlarge throughout the body. Characteristic is the alternation of deterioration and improvement of the general condition - periods of exacerbations and remissions. Among skin manifestations, warts (condylomas lata), which are localized in the perineum and anus, can attract the patient’s attention; Hair loss on the scalp is also noticeable.

syphilitic roseola

Tertiary the period of syphilis is associated with severe internal diseases, which develop over several years after infection. If left untreated, about 1/4 of patients die.

Gonorrhea

The causative agent is paired cocci, which under a microscope look like coffee beans, with their concave side facing each other. The name is sonorous - Neisseriagonorrhoeae, given to microbes in honor of their discoverer, venereologist A.L. Neisser. Gonococci are introduced exclusively through the mucous membranes, more often - the genitals, rectum and orally, less often - the eyes (gonoblepharrea of ​​newborns when a child is infected from the mother). The household route of transmission of infection is impossible, because gonococci are very sensitive to temperature and humidity conditions.

in the photo: gonorrheal discharge in men and women

Basicsigns infections - purulent inflammation of the mucous membranes. When transmitted sexually, both partners almost always develop (inflammation of the urethra). Gonorrhea is distinguished by (urination), ; even at rest they can. Allocations in acute period profuse and purulent, color from white to yellow. When transitioning to the chronic form, there is little discharge, they become whitish and thick.

Important: in contrast, with gonorrhea they are often minor, they can be mistaken for a symptom of nonspecific urethritis, cystitis or. Be sure to make an appointment with a doctor if the discharge occurs for more than one cycle and has a putrid odor; if there is bleeding between menstruation; if you “don’t have the strength” and your lower back is constantly aching.

Complications are associated with ascending urogenital infection. In women, gonococci affect the uterus, tubes and ovaries, in men - the testicles, epididymis (), and prostate. The standard result of chronic gonorrhea is adhesions internal organs. If adequate treatment is not received or the immune system malfunctioned, then gonococcal is possible sepsis(blood poisoning) with fatal or the spread of infection to internal organs(liver, heart, brain) and an unclear prognosis for later life. The sad, although not fatal, result of chronic gonorrhea is 100% male and female infertility.

Soft chancre (shacroid)

The causative agent is a bacillus Haemophilusducreyi. The disease is mainly “associated” with countries where there is a warm and humid climate (Africa, Asia, South America), is rare in European countries. Infection occurs through sexual contact, through anal and oral sex. The chances of getting an infection during one time of unprotected sex are 50 to 50.

differences between soft chancre and hard chancre (syphilitic)

Signsinfection: the primary manifestation is a red spot, indicating the locus of infection. Then a purulent blister appears and turns into an irregularly shaped ulcer, soft and painful. The diameter of the ulcer varies from 3-5 mm to 3-10 cm or more. Then the lymph vessels become inflamed ( lymphangitis), forming painful subcutaneous cords. In men they are palpated on the back of the penis, in women - on the skin of the labia majora and on the pubis. After 7-21 days, inflammation spreads to the lymph nodes ( lymphadenitis); dense buboes appear, which later turn into soft ulcers and open. Complications- swelling foreskin, pinching of the glans penis, gangrene of the genitals.

With chancre, skin manifestations are numerous and are on different stages development: spots, ulcers and scars are visible at the same time.

Lymphogranuloma venereum (inguinal lymphogranulomatosis)

The causative agent of lymphogranuloma venereum - some serotypes Chlamydiatrachomatis. The disease is quite rare in Europe; mainly “imported” infections and cases associated with port cities are recorded. The possibility of becoming infected through everyday life exists, but transmission of the infection mainly occurs through sexual contact.

in the photo: signs of lymphogranulomatosis venereum - inflamed inguinal lymph nodes in women and men

Basicmanifestations: 1-3 weeks after infection, a vesicle appears at the site of chlamydia penetration, which disappears without treatment and may go unnoticed. Then the regional lymph nodes enlarge, merging with each other; the skin over the source of inflammation is purple-violet, palpation causes pain. Next, suppuration occurs, the formations are opened with the flow of yellowish pus.

Complications inguinal lymphogranulomatosis – fistulas anal, scrotum, urethra, recto-vaginal, between the rectum and bladder. Later development is possible elephantiasis genitals due to local lymphostasis, strictures(narrowing) of the rectum and urethra.

in the photo: manifestations of donovanosis on the genitals

Donovanosis (venereal (inguinal) granuloma)

Donovanosis is an exotic disease native to the tropics. The causative agents are callimatobacteria or corpusclesDonovan, they become infected through sexual and household contact. Symptoms develop slowly. It begins with the formation of a red nodule on the skin or mucous membrane of the genitals, mouth, or anus. Then the nodule turns into an ulcer with a velvety bottom and raised edges, the size of the defect increases over time. Strictures urethra, vagina and anus, elephantiasis– main complications of donovanosis.

Signs of infection with new STDs

photo: typical discharge from chlamydia

Chlamydia

Primary signs of infection atmen– urethritis with characteristic morning discharge in the form of a transparent drop. Uwomen– urethritis, inflammation of the cervix with scanty and cloudy secretions, associated pain and acyclic bleeding. Transmission of the infection is possible only through sexual contact; oral transmission is unlikely. Impossible become infected through contact and household contact (through pool water, toilet seats, bathhouses or bed linen.). Newborns can get chlamydial conjunctivitis or pneumonia from their mother during childbirth.

Trichomoniasis

The infection is transmitted sexually or by everyday means(the only one of the sexually transmitted diseases! although such cases are extremely rare), oral and anal infections are uncommon. In men, symptoms of urethritis and colpitis prevail, in women – colpitis. Typical for trichomoniasis is a yellowish, profuse, foamy discharge with unpleasant smell, itching in the perineal area, pain during sexual intercourse and when urinating.

Mycoplasmosis

"sexual" types of mycoplasmas

Mycoplasmas occupy an intermediate position between bacteria and viruses and can live in the body of humans, animals and even plants. Capable of multiplying on the mucous membranes of the mouth and pharynx, and organs of the genitourinary tract. Often detected in healthy people, up to 50% of women are carriers of mycoplasmas. Mycoplasmahominis And M. genitalium are the cause of the development of urethritis in men, and bacterial vaginosis in women ( gardnerellosis), inflammation of the fallopian tubes and ovaries. Mycoplasma pyelonephritis may also develop. Infection occurs through sexual contact; transmission of the infection is unlikely through household contact.

Ureaplasmosis

Pathogens - Ureaplasmaparvum And U. urealyticum, causing urethritis in men and inflammation of the uterus and ovaries in women. How does the complication develop? urolithiasis disease, during pregnancy, spontaneous abortion or early birth is possible. Many completely healthy people become carriers of the infection; more often these are women.

Genital herpes

The causative agent is a virus herpes simplex (Herpessimplex); Sexual transmission occurs through oral, anal and genital contact. Household spread of this virus is unlikely. The first sign of the disease is a painful spotty-bubble rash at the site of virus introduction; the patient feels sharp pain and burning, local swelling increases. At the same time it gets worse general state, the temperature rises and a headache begins. The bubbles transform into erosions, from which a yellowish liquid is released. After 5-7 days, the erosions heal, leaving pigmentation. Relapse of the disease or reinfection is always possible.

HPV (human papillomavirus)

HPV causes a spectrum of different skin lesions, including pointedcondylomas. The cause is sexually transmitted infection, including oral infection, with HPV serotypes 6 and 11. Epithelial outgrowths resembling cockscombs form on the genitals. Formations can merge and increase in size. In women, genital warts are most often found in the vulva and vagina, in men - on the penis and inner leaf. preputium(foreskin). Warty growths are possible in the corners of the lips and on the tongue.

skin manifestations of papillomavirus infection - papillomas

Candidiasis (thrush)

Candidiasis is the result of rapid proliferation of fungi (genus Candida), which are normally always present in healthy people on the mucous membranes of the mouth, urogenital and intestinal tracts. It is classified as a sexually transmitted disease due to the possible sexual transmission and skin manifestations that are often observed in the genital area. Candidiasis can develop after treatment with antibiotics and corticosteroids (prednisolone, dexamethasone), with diabetes, AIDS, after prolonged stress, in the third trimester of pregnancy. Symptomsgenital candidiasis in women - cheesy, with a sour odor vaginal discharge, pain when urinating and during sexual intercourse. In men, a whitish coating is visible on the head of the penis, pain is present during miction and after sexual intercourse.

Laboratory diagnostics

Laboratory examination using various techniques– the basis for diagnosing sexually transmitted diseases. Previously, preference was given visualidentification of pathogens, performing (cervix, vagina, urethra, rectum, pharynx) followed by microscopy. The technique is quite accurate, but the result comes in at least a week, and the loss of time is serious problem for the attending physician and the patient.

It is done quickly, the method is inexpensive and simple. The discharge is taken with a sterile swab: in men - from the urethra, in women - from three standard points (urethra, vestibule of the vagina, cervix). The material is then applied to a glass slide, stained, and examined under a microscope. You can determine the degree of inflammation by the number of leukocytes and evaluate the qualitative composition of the microflora. Viruses cannot be seen with light microscopy.

Modern diagnostic options in venereology - PIF analyzes ( straightimmunofluorescence), (immunoenzyme). The material is secretions; the doctor receives the examination results within a few hours. The methods are cheap and widely available, but the accuracy is disappointing - only up to 70%. Therefore, these tests are used for preliminary diagnosis.

The final diagnosis is made based on the results, which means “ polymerase chain reaction "or a DNA test for the pathogen. The material is excretions and urine, the time to obtain the analysis result is up to 2 days, the accuracy is up to 95%. Preferably PCR is used to determine. In acute purulent inflammation It is recommended to do PIF, ELISA, culture.

(material – venous blood) indicates that there is an immune response to the presence of this pathogen, i.e. infection is determined by indirect signs, rather than being detected directly. Mainly used to determine viral diseases (genital herpes, HIV, viral hepatitis, cytomegalovirus) and syphilis. Antibodiesto bacteria remain in the blood for a long time; they are present even after complete recovery, which is why this method is never used to test for bacterial venereological diseases, chlamydia and ureaplasmosis.

Treatment

Treatment for bacterial STDs is carried out antibiotics, additionally including local procedures (urethral instillations), immunotherapy and physiotherapy. For combined infections (gonorrhea and chlamydia, syphilis and gonorrhea), drugs are used that act simultaneously on several pathogens. Viral infections(HIV, hepatitis B or C virus, herpes simplex virus) are treated by special means, and antibiotics are prescribed only for concomitant complications caused by bacteria. It should be remembered that antibiotics do not work on viruses!

• Treatment acuteuncomplicated gonorrhea: tablets cefixime, ofloxacin (0.4 g once) or ciprofloxacin (0.5 g once).
• Chlamydia: doxycycline tablets 0.1 g x 1, or azithromycin 0.1 x 2, course 1 week.
• Soft chancre: once - azithromycin tablet. 1.0 g, or ciprofloxacin tab. 0.5 g x 2 courses for 3 days, or erythromycin tab. 0.5 g x 4 - course 1 week.
• Venereallymphogranulomatosis: tab. doxycycline (0.1 g x 2, course 3 weeks) or erythromycin (tablet 0.5 g x 4, course 1 week).
• Donovanosis: trimethoprim (0.16 g x 2) or doxycycline (0.1 g x 2), course up to 3 months.
• Ureaplasmosis: azithromycin tab. 1.0 g once, or doxycycline (tablet 0.1 g x 2, course 1 week).
• Candidiasis: for skin lesions - clotrimazole cream, twice a day, course 5-7 days. Orally – fluconazole tablets, 50-100 mg per day, course 5-7 days. For women - vaginal suppositories (clotrimazole, isoconazole). Suppositories betadine, polzhinax, terzhinan are considered ineffective against candidiasis, and can also cause vaginal dysbiosis and, as a result, the development of gardnerellosis.
• Herpetic rashes in the genital area: antiviral agents (acyclovir, Valtrex, farmciclovir). Ingestion and intravenous administration solution is more effective than topical use in the form of ointments or creams. It is impossible to completely get rid of the herpes simplex virus; symptoms reappear when there are problems with the immune system (stress, acute respiratory infections and acute respiratory viral infections, AIDS).
• Condylomas acuminata removed (laser, cryotherapy, electrocoagulation), interferon injections are prescribed at the base of each wart. Antivirus pharma. the remedies are ineffective. Approximately a third of patients recover without treatment within 1-3 months; 25% experience a relapse after therapy or removal of genital warts.

Prevention of STDs

Spermicidal drugs (contraceptin, pharmatex) have not undergone clinical trials regarding protection against STDs, therefore their use as a means of prevention is not recommended.

The only and guaranteed way not to get sexually transmitted infections is a traditional monogamous relationship, a happy life with one partner.

Video: sexually transmitted diseases – “Health Expert”

STI is an acronym that stands for "sexually transmitted infections." The development of these infections does not depend on the type of contact they received: vaginal, anal or oral. More recently, such diseases were usually called sexually transmitted diseases; now they are more often called STIs, but what is important is not their name, but the fact that they can be transmitted by a person who does not even suspect that he is sick. There are a number of infections that can be transmitted during injections (or through careless needle sticks), when a needle is shared, or when breastfeeding a child.

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Difference from STDs

In the 1990s, these diseases were classified as sexually transmitted diseases. Currently 2 terms are used:

1. 1. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
2. 2. Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).

If the term “infection” is used, this means that a person is affected by one or another virus, microbe or bacterium that is in his body, but there are no external signs and symptoms of the disease yet, although viruses are already infecting the body.

If the term "disease" is used, then not only is the virus, microbe or bacterium present and damaging the body, but there are also obvious signs and symptoms of the disease.

If a person is sick, he begins to notice deviations from the norm and feels unwell. The term “sexually transmitted infection” is considered broader and covers not only those who are clearly sick and who have all the manifestations of the disease, but also those who are its carrier, but for whom it has not yet manifested itself.

Often patients do not even suspect that they are infected with STIs and continue to infect other people with them, so the term STD is used much less frequently than the term STI, which is more true.

Another feature of the term STD is that it can be used depending on the factors and means of transmission of the disease. For example, a disease such as meningitis can be transmitted through sexual contact, but it is not an STI because transmission during sexual intercourse is not the primary cause of contracting the disease.

There are a number of other infections that can be sexually transmitted, but this method is not the preferred one. STIs include those diseases that are mainly transmitted during sexual intercourse. If a person is sick with chlamydia or gonorrhea, then he could only get such diseases through sexual contact. But there are a number of pathologies that, in addition to sexual transmission, can be transmitted in other ways, the list of them is considerable. For example, AIDS can be transmitted both through sexual contact and through blood, and SARS can be transmitted when a sick person sneezes or coughs.



Generally accepted classification

Eat a large number of infections that can be transmitted during sexual contact, therefore there is a certain qualification for them, namely:

Bacterial infections include:

• bacterial vaginosis, which, although not an STI, is transmitted during sexual intercourse;
• lymphogranuloma venereum;
• staphylococcal infection;
• chancroid;
• nongonorrheal urethritis;
• syphilis;
• gonorrhea;
• donovanosis.



Diseases caused by fungi are:

• yeast infection;
• shingles.

The list of viral diseases is as follows:

• adenoviruses, they can be present in respiratory and fecal fluids;
• viral hepatitis: hepatitis B is transmitted both through sexual secretions and through saliva, hepatitis A, E can be transmitted both oral and fecal, hepatitis C is rarely transmitted during sexual intercourse, but can lead to the development of liver cancer, hepatitis D is very can rarely be transmitted sexually, but this possibility cannot be excluded;
• herpes - transmitted through mucous membranes;
• HIV AIDS;
• genital papillomas;
• molluscum contagiosum;
• Kaposi's sarcoma;
• mononucleosis.
• scabies;
• pubic lice.

Abdominal infections include various bacteria, viruses and protozoa that are transmitted during sexual contact that occurs through the oral or anal route. This can happen due to the general use of sex toys and poor hygiene.



Oral infections such as influenza, adenoviruses, colds, papilloma, herpes, and hepatitis B can be transmitted sexually.



Symptoms of infection

There are so-called internal and external symptoms of STIs. The first category includes deterioration in health, fever, muscle pain, i.e. symptoms similar to those of a cold.



If gonorrhea or trichomoniasis develops, then discharge appears from the urethra, the person experiences pain and pain during urination.

When identifying diseases such as cervical erosion, chronic prostatitis, infertility, it is imperative to check for the presence of STIs.

With the development of syphilis, ulcers begin to appear on the skin, which are often confused with the development of herpes. Some people treat the sores that appear with soap and they disappear. Despite this, if the body is affected by syphilis, then in the absence external manifestations Damage to the body continues, and if treatment is not started, serious complications develop.

The appearance of a rash may indicate the development of both scabies and syphilis. The size of the pubic lice is no more than 1-2 mm, infection occurs both through sexual contact and through underwear or clothing. It develops in all areas where there is hair, except the head. As a result of itching, the skin scratches and infections enter the body.



If the mother has STIs, they can be passed on to the baby in the womb, during childbirth, or during breastfeeding.



Patterns of emergence and development

Most of these infections are easily transmitted through the mucous membranes found on the penis, vulva, rectum, oral cavity, eyes. If we talk about the mucous membrane of the glans penis, although it does not produce mucus, it contains it. The mucous membrane differs from the skin in that pathogenic microorganisms penetrate into it more quickly. They penetrate easily even in the presence of any damage to the skin, for example, a tear, cut or crack.



If we talk about the surface of the head of the penis, then during friction that occurs during sexual intercourse, it becomes especially susceptible. Most often, infections are transmitted through genital secretions, followed by saliva and mucous membranes, followed in descending order by skin, feces, urine and sweat. The number of microorganisms that is necessary to infect a person cannot be seen with the naked eye and, depending on the type of infection, it will vary.

The likelihood of transmitting most infections is much higher during sexual intercourse than through other types of contact. For example, with a deep kiss, the likelihood of infection is much lower than during oral sex. If we talk about HIV, then there will be much more of it in the genital secretions than in the saliva of a sick person.

Depending on the type of STI, the spread of infection can occur either with or without signs of its presence. It is more likely to become infected with herpes when its external manifestations are present than when they are not, and HIV can be infected even when the carrier does not have obvious signs of AIDS.

To reduce the risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases, it is recommended to use condoms. Although this method of protection is the most reliable and affordable, even it cannot completely guarantee security.



Carrying out diagnostics

When conducting diagnostics, an examination may be performed for one infection or several. Although there are rapid tests that can cover several infections at the same time, there is no test yet that can be used to test for all STIs at once.



Tests carried out to determine STIs are carried out:

• as a diagnosis so that the symptoms of the disease can be determined;
• as a screening test to detect infections that occur without symptoms;
• to check partners who intend to have unprotected sex, for example, to conceive a child;
• a newborn to check whether he was infected from his mother;
• Before using donated blood or organs, make sure they are from a healthy person;
• to ensure the effectiveness of the patient’s treatment;
• for the purpose of conducting a mass epidemiological survey.

Many STIs are asymptomatic, and often symptoms do not appear until some time after infection has occurred. Such infections lead to women developing pain in the pelvic area. Both women and men can experience infertility and in some cases can be fatal.

Early diagnosis allows for timely initiation of treatment, which in this case is carried out much more effectively than in cases with an advanced form of the disease. Depending on the type of infection, the length of the "window" - the time after infection when tests are negative - will vary, during which time a person can continue to infect other people.

Testing for STIs should be carried out in every case when there is a suspicion that you have had contact with a sick person. First of all, you need to get tested for sexually transmitted infections. If this is done right away, the doctor can carry out active prevention, in which the external genitalia are treated with special preparations. This allows you to significantly reduce treatment time and prevent the development of serious complications.

A blood test is required for HIV or hepatitis; a smear for STDs is taken for urogenital infections. Reliable results from a smear are obtained when the infection was recently introduced. For advanced diseases it is carried out bacteriological culture, in this case it is applied PCR method, a blood test is performed. To correctly diagnose an STI, a comprehensive analysis must be carried out, which includes several types of studies.



It is necessary to be tested for sexually transmitted infections if you have had unprotected sexual contact with a stranger, even in cases where there are no signs of the disease.

Treatment methods

There is a high risk of contracting an STI during rape; in this case, a complex of drugs that contain antibiotics is prescribed. If you are infected with gonorrhea or chlamydia, then it is possible to self-treatment, but before doing this you must consult a doctor.



When carrying out such treatment, the doctor may use antibiotics, antimicrobials, it is much easier to carry out treatment when the disease is detected on time. Some people believe that there is a pill that you just need to take to get rid of STIs, but this is not true; such infections require complex and long-term treatment.

The treatment process is especially difficult when several such diseases are detected at once, and there is a high risk of complications.

If a person has several infections, it is necessary to take complex drugs or combine them.



In any case, treatment is necessary; there are no cases of self-healing from such diseases. Can be misleading when illness progresses to chronic stage, and there are no external symptoms of its development. In this case, the person also continues to infect other people, and there is a high risk of developing serious complications. Self-medication is also dangerous; treatment should only be carried out by a specialist after a full diagnosis.

Preventive actions

The best way to protect yourself is prevention, and the most in an accessible way is safe sex. It protects against direct contact with a possibly already infected partner, and if you use a condom correctly, the risk of infection is significantly reduced.



The ideal option would be for both partners to be tested for STIs before engaging in sexual relations, then the risk of infection is minimized. It is not always possible to detect an infection immediately after infection; in many cases, this requires a certain period of time. If you had a suspicious contact, then time should pass from this time until the test is taken.

The immune system of a healthy person is able to prevent infection only in cases where the viral load is small. If other viruses appear, the load on the immune system increases, and it can no longer cope with its functions independently.

Timely vaccination can protect against some viruses, such as hepatitis B. Condoms only protect the area of ​​the body they cover, so those areas of the body that are left exposed remain susceptible to infection. For HIV, a condom provides a high degree of protection, since it is not transmitted through intact skin.

You must be able to use a condom correctly, and in order to do this, you must adhere to the following rules:

1. 1. When putting on, 1-1.5 cm recede from the beginning of the condom, this is the place for the ejaculate. It must be put on carefully so as not to damage it.
2. 2. It should not be too loose, otherwise it will not be able to fully provide your protection.
3. 3. A used condom should not be turned inside out.
4. 4. Only latex or polyurethane condoms can protect against HIV.
5. 5. Oil-based lubricants should not be used with latex products, as this may damage them.
6. 6. Flavored condoms are best used only for oral sex. The presence of sugar on them can cause yeast infections in women upon penetration.
7. 7. You cannot use a condom repeatedly, as this increases the chances of its damage, and it cannot fully perform its barrier function.

The most effective way protection against STIs is complete abstinence from any sexual contact. Few people can decide to do this, so it is necessary to give preference to secure contacts and have a relationship with 1 trusted partner.

If it happened unprotected contact, it is immediately recommended to douche and wash the external genitalia with a solution of chlorhexidine or miramistin. This must be done immediately, otherwise this procedure will not produce results.

If you see a doctor in the first days after infection, he may administer medications that block the development of certain infections. This is a good method of prevention, but it is often not recommended.

Every person wants to live their life brightly and interestingly. But many don’t even want to think about the consequences. A stormy and active sex life can often “give” a lot of unpleasant surprises.
Currently, scientists know more than 20 types of STDs of various types. If we remember the distant 70s, our parents had information about only two diseases that were transmitted “through the bed.”
Viruses can be divided into:

• Incurable
• Curable

Scientists around the world are trying to create drugs and antibiotics to cure these diseases, but many remain “killer”. Almost half of the people who contracted the disease through sexual intercourse were under 30 years of age.
The seven most dangerous sexually transmitted diseases

Immunodeficiency of the body, the last, fatal stage of this disease is called AIDS. Viruses in the body can develop in a latent form, more slowly or rapidly. The body exhibits tumors and multifocal infections caused by protozoan bacteria and fungi. They may not affect a healthy person, but they are deadly for someone infected with HIV.

A healthy person has a strong immune system; a sick body has a weakened immune system that is unable to fight infection. AIDS cannot be cured. It is possible to support the immune system with special drugs and medications, but the cost of such treatment is very high. Routes of transmission: through unprotected sexual intercourse, through blood and syringes, in some cases from mother to child.

An STD that is caused by the microorganism Triponema pallidum. A person with syphilis does not even know about his illness for the first month. The incubation period of the virus is about 30-35 days. The disease manifests itself on the skin in the form of eczema, spots, and purulent wounds. Further, it affects internal organs, mucous membranes, nervous system and bones.

Chlamydia

Today it is the most common disease. The causative agent of the infection is the intracellular organism chlamydia. You can become infected with this disease in several ways: unprotected sexual intercourse (instantly), through a towel and bed sheets patient (through secretions), during childbirth from mother to baby.

Sign of chlamydia: abundant unpleasant purulent discharge from the genital tract appears, sharp pain in the lower abdomen, pain and cramping in the vagina may be accompanied by short-term and profuse bloody discharge. Many of the patients who have had chlamydia remain infertile.

This disease can provoke and develop the following diseases: the appearance of atherosclerosis, bone destruction, pain in the spine, of varying complexity vascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, deterioration and loss of vision.

The causative agent of the disease is a dangerous microorganism, gonococcus. Signs of the disease in men appear on the 4th day after infection. This disease can be recognized by a sharp pain during urination. The external opening is covered with a dense film of mucus and pus. In women: on the 5th day you can see unpleasant mucus with pus in the vagina.

Heaviness appears and It's a dull pain in the lower back, lower abdomen. Many women may experience intermenstrual, light discharge and bleeding. If left untreated and not examined, gonorrhea can lead to inflammation of the uterus, appendages, and infertility.

Grip can be transmitted not only through sexual contact, but also through personal items (bed linen, dishes, cutlery, towels, underwear, toothbrush, washcloth).

Doctors call this disease “type 2 herpes.” This one is serious viral disease affects the entire body. Begins inflammatory process on the lips, then spreads to all other mucous membranes. Very often, with this disease, immunity decreases. The disease instantly spreads to the genitals, eyes, intestines, liver and even the brain. This virus does not develop rapidly and cannot be removed from the body. Routes of transmission: during sexual intercourse, through contact with affected areas of the skin of the hands and lips.

Ureaplasmosis

The carriers are ureaplasma. Symptoms of the disease are subtle, develop slowly, and are hidden. Many carriers of this virus may not take their illness seriously. Under stress and decreased immunity, the virus begins to “work” faster. Ureaplasma can disrupt sperm activity.

This disease is very dangerous for pregnant women. Many doctors suggest getting rid of the fetus. The incubation period of the virus is from one to two months. Signs urinary infection: slight burning sensation when urinating, white or transparent discharge, inflammation of the genital organs, pain during sex.

A dangerous disease for all humanity. Every year, 3 million people worldwide fall ill with this virus. This virus is the most resistant to the external environment. The virus persists on a dried blood stain, on a razor blade, or on a needle for up to 10 days.
At the first stage of virus development, it can be compared to mild stage ORZ. After a couple of days, the infected person loses his appetite, there is a loss of strength, lethargy, joint pain, headache, urine becomes dark color, signs of nausea and vomiting appear.

The chronic course of the disease is characterized by: pain in the right hypochondrium, enlarged liver, itchy skin, a change in body cover to a more unnatural one (yellow). In the chronic form of Hepatitis B, it is necessary to strictly follow all doctor’s instructions, follow a special diet, and give up tobacco and alcohol.

Unprotected sexual intercourse – 80% that infection will occur instantly. Random unprotected (oral, anal) relationships entail dire consequences. Prevention of this kind of disease can only be done through careful and protected sexual intercourse. Washing the genitals with water or interrupting sexual intercourse cannot be protection against STDs. The absence of symptoms of illness does not mean your partner is completely healthy. Trust but verify your partner.

Sexually transmitted viral infections are a group of diseases, the most common route of infection for which doctors call sexually transmitted. It should be noted that these pathologies most often affect organs genitourinary system, and only in advanced cases can they spread to other tissues. Modern medicine divides these processes into sexually transmitted diseases, which can be contracted through sexual contact, and which can be transmitted in other ways. In short, the entire group of diseases is called STIs.

Among those processes that can be transmitted not only through unprotected sexual intercourse, the most famous are HIV and viral hepatitis B and C. These diseases have parenteral route transmission, that is, through blood. The vertical path also stands out, that is, from mother to child. This is how chlamydia and HIV infection can be transmitted.

The direct contact route is characteristic of scabies, and the airborne route is characteristic of Ebola fever. It should be noted that not all scientists regard Ebola and scabies as infections that can be sexually transmitted.

Infectious and viral processes are distinguished. There is a group of diseases that are not classified as sexually transmitted diseases, since their causative agents are considered opportunistic microflora. This is candidal colpitis, gardnerellosis. However, doctors usually consider these pathologies together with sexually transmitted diseases, since their therapy is very similar.

Infectious, that is bacterial infections, the following are considered:

Viral infections include:

• HIV AIDS;
• hepatitis B and C;
• genital warts;
• molluscum contagiosum;
• herpes;
• Kaposi's sarcoma - how independent pathology or as a complication of AIDS.

Viral infections

Today, an impressive number of different viruses are identified, infection of which is possible through sexual contact. The most famous and widespread of them are those listed below.

HIV

One of the most terrible pathologies for which there is no treatment to this day. There are only a few antiviral drugs that can somewhat slow down the rate of development of the disease. Terminal stage HIV infection is AIDS, in which the human immune system is significantly affected. It is characterized by the development of many different infectious diseases.

Herpes

For the reproductive system, only the second type of virus is dangerous, and the pathology is called genital herpes. The first type of microorganism provokes a process on the face. It should be noted that herpes affects the nervous system and poses a high danger to those who have weak immunity, for example, for people suffering from AIDS, congenital immunodeficiency, after organ transplantation (the condition is caused by immunosuppressive therapy). Cytomegalovirus can also be included in this group.

Condylomas acuminata

Externally they resemble cauliflower, colored to match the body color. These growths develop on the genitals or in the perianal area, and during oral sex they can be localized in the oral cavity. The causative agent is considered to be papillomavirus. It is transmitted exclusively to humans and can cause changes in the growth of healthy tissue.

There are more than 100 species of this microorganism, and about a third are tropic to the genitals. Some of the rest may not be harmful to the human body, and another part provokes the development of warts, which can subsequently become malignant.

Viral parenteral hepatitis B and C

They belong to the hepadnavirus family. They are very resistant to factors environment, most chemical agents, exposure to temperature. They also survive freezing. On a razor blade, a syringe needle or a dried drop of blood without special treatment, that is, sterilization, these viruses can survive for up to several weeks under normal conditions.

Blood heated to 30 C can contain living microbial cells for up to six months, and at a temperature of -15 C the lifespan reaches 20 years. In order to neutralize it, it is necessary to carry out sterilization in an autoclave or dry-heat oven.

The disease, which is caused by these viruses, can proceed secretly for a long time, but with decompensation of hepatitis, cirrhosis of the liver and severe liver failure. Just like with HIV, there is currently no effective cure for viral hepatitis.

Kaposi's sarcoma

By its nature it is viral disease, but most doctors consider it as an oncological process of the skin. The disease received its name thanks to Moritz Kaposi, who first described the pathology;

Molluscum contagiosum

Like Kaposi's sarcoma, it is a skin process. Occurs under the influence of viruses belonging to the group of ospaviruses. The lesions can be the dermis and mucous membranes. Most often develops in children under 10 years of age.

Transmission of infection occurs during child contact with products personal hygiene who were infected. In a typical course, hemispherical nodules are noted on the genitals, thighs or lower abdomen. Their color is usually identical to normal skin, but sometimes it can stand out a little.

The center of the nodules is somewhat depressed, and the formations themselves are painless. Their size can reach 1 cm. If you put a little pressure on these elements, a cheesy discharge comes out of them, as happens with typical acne. This is the only pathology that should not be treated, as it usually goes away after six months.

Possible routes of transmission

The peculiarity of any sexually transmitted infection is that this group of diseases does not tolerate environmental factors well. This necessitates direct contact through which pathogens are transmitted.

In order to prevent the spread of STIs, the World Health Organization has developed the concept of safe sexual behavior. It includes simple postulates.

1. Protected sexual intercourse using condoms.
2. Use of local bactericidal drugs.
3. A survey of sexually active young people.
4. If an STI is detected, a necessary treatment, sexual abstinence and notification of sexual partners for the purpose of prescribing therapy for them.
5. Vaccination against viruses that can cause cancer. These include parenteral hepatitis and papillomavirus.

Sexually transmitted infections can also be transmitted to another person through oral contact, kissing, or through all kinds of sexual toys. Moreover, this situation is possible even when a condom was used during sexual intercourse itself, but not for the use of toys or during oral sex.

A broad understanding of infections that are transmitted through sexual contact also implies other methods of spread. For example, papillomaviruses can be transmitted in household conditions through various objects, and trichomonas persist for a long time in high humidity.

An intermediate stage of this pathogen can be a towel. Scabies can be contracted from any household items.

The vertical transmission route deserves special attention. It involves infection of the fetus from the mother's body. The most dangerous disease, which can arise in this way - HIV. It should be noted that HIV, like hepatitis, can also be transmitted parenterally.

Diagnostic measures

To detect an STI, the doctor must conduct an initial examination of the patient and collect medical history. After this, smears and a general blood test are performed. It must be borne in mind that symptoms such as pain or the presence of any discharge may be absent. Usually instrumental methods The surveys are quite subjective and therefore have an insignificant error. This means that it is necessary to use several methods at once:

• microscopy;
• cultural method - in other words, the crop is sown on a medium that is comfortable for growth;
• determination of antigens using enzyme immunoassay;
• DNA detection using polymerase chain reaction.

Principles of treatment

For genital warts, radio wave destruction is used. Herpes virus, in addition general therapy, lends itself better local treatment. The drug of choice is Acyclovir.

Among the preventive measures, the use of a condom should be highlighted. This is especially true for those individuals who do not have one regular sexual partner. It must be borne in mind that even barrier methods of contraception do not provide a 100% guarantee.