Throat cancer. Laryngeal cancer - symptoms at different stages of the disease

A malignant tumor localized in the throat area poses a serious danger to human health.

Throat cancer is accompanied by painful sensations, inflammation of the mucous membranes and other unpleasant symptoms that make speech and eating difficult.

Throat cancer, the symptoms of which are clearly defined, is a malignant neoplasm that forms directly in the larynx or pharynx. From dangerous disease 4,000 people die every year in the world. Timely detection of cancer allows you to quickly and effectively cure it.

The main causes of throat cancer

To date, there are no exact causes that contribute to the onset of the disease, but scientists identify the main risk factors. These include genetic inheritance, unhealthy lifestyle, unfavorable environmental conditions, infectious and viral diseases. oral cavity. The main reason that provokes cancer of the larynx is long-term smoking. Therefore, each person can reduce the risk of developing the disease by giving up the destructive habit - smoking.

The cigarette contains a huge amount of substances dangerous to the human body, which are carcinogens. They cause the development of malignant tumors. Throat cancer, photos of which are frightening with their symptoms, develops mainly in people who smoke more than 2 packs of cigarettes a day. If you have been smoking for more than 15 years, then the risk of developing cancer increases by more than 40 times compared to a non-smoker.

In addition, factors that cause oncology are:

alcoholism;
inhalation of asbestos-cement dust, gasoline vapors and oil products;
prolonged stay in a room with paint and varnish products;
the presence of diseases that are of a precancerous nature (papillomas, chronic laryngitis, and others).

When there are several factors in a person's life that provoke oncological diseases, they reinforce each other, which negatively affects the patient's condition. If a person has a papilloma virus, then he needs to carefully monitor his well-being, since the disease, as a rule, is the initial stage malignant tumor.

If you find the first signs of the disease, you should urgently consult a doctor. Ignoring the symptoms can lead to disastrous consequences, including death. Only timely, adequate treatment and the right lifestyle can save the patient from a dangerous disease and its consequences. In addition, in no case should you self-medicate. Therefore, the only right decision is to visit a specialist who can accurately diagnose the type, form, nature of the disease.

The first signs of the disease

Laryngeal cancer has a pronounced symptomatology, so a person can independently identify the disease. But only a doctor can make an accurate diagnosis. For this, an examination, examination of the patient is carried out, as well as blood and urine tests.

The first signs of throat cancer appear gradually. They have similar features with the symptoms of the common cold, which makes it difficult to diagnose the disease at an early stage. These include:

regular pain in the throat;
voice change;
the appearance of neoplasms, inflammatory processes;
difficulty in swallowing food.

On examination, the doctor may see white sores or spots on the larynx. In most cases, the initial form of the disease occurs without any symptoms. Obvious symptoms of the disease include a cough that has chronic form, a sharp weight loss, painful, unpleasant sensations that radiate to the ears.

At the same time, a person is constantly accompanied by a feeling of sore throat, which resembles the feeling of having a foreign object in the larynx. Sometimes the patient is faced with such a phenomenon as total loss vote. If the neoplasm is large, then the person will feel constant shortness of breath, which manifests itself during physical exertion.

In some cases, it appears increased salivation, an unpleasant odor from the oral cavity. It is extremely rare for bleeding to occur. In any case, with a sharp appearance of symptoms of the disease, it is necessary to visit the local therapist, who will subsequently refer the patient to narrow specialist. It is important to remember that it is impossible to delay with throat cancer, since the disease is fraught with very serious consequences.

Throat cancer: symptoms in women

Reviews of women suggest that throat cancer appears due to smoking. A dangerous habit provokes the development of cancer cells not only in the throat, but also in other organs. Therefore, women need to carefully monitor their health and exclude all disease-provoking factors. Laryngeal cancer in the fairer sex manifests itself in almost the same way as in men. The main differences in symptoms are:

abrupt changes in the voice, which consist in hoarseness, hoarseness;
increase lymph nodes;
causeless persistent cough;
pain when swallowing, eating.

In order not to get throat cancer, you must adhere to healthy lifestyle life, give up bad habits and take preventive measures. For example, carefully monitor oral hygiene, increase immunity.

Stages of the disease

Today there are 4 stages of throat cancer. They differ in symptoms, form of the course and size of the tumor. The least dangerous is the first stage of a disease such as throat cancer. Photos of the initial stage can be seen in medical encyclopedia or on thematic sites. From them you can find out what the disease looks like, how to determine it.

The first stage is characterized by the presence of a neoplasm, which is localized on the mucous membrane. In this case, there is a natural mobility of the larynx, as well as the absence of metastases. This form of the disease is treated most effectively. Treatment is usually carried out with the help of special medicines.

In the second stage, the tumor grows. A malignant neoplasm spreads from the mucous membrane to the larynx. In this case, the entire department of the organ is affected, and the vocal cords become motionless. To eliminate the disease requires complex drug therapy, surgical intervention.

Throat cancer, the symptoms, the photo of which is striking in its appearance, at different stages has a clear clinical picture. In the third and fourth stages of throat cancer, a significant increase in the tumor occurs, which affects nearby organs and tissues. There are also metastases. The last stages of the disease are difficult to treat. In this case, only chemotherapy and surgery can help.

It is very important to identify the symptoms of the disease as early as possible, since the initial form is cured with the help of drugs in 90% of cases. The symptoms of throat cancer appear gradually, but they are common to everyone. With the appearance of a constant cough, sore throat, discomfort when swallowing food, loss of voice, it is imperative to pass comprehensive examination. It is possible to identify the disease at an early stage with an annual routine examination.

Methods of diagnosis and treatment

The main way to diagnose throat cancer is a procedure such as laryngoscopy. It is carried out using special mirrors or a fiberscope. Tissues and cells are taken from the mucous membrane. A biopsy allows you to accurately determine whether a person has cancer.

In order to establish the extent of the spread of the tumor, its size is performed computed tomography. Also produced is a general biochemical analysis blood, on the basis of which adequate treatment is prescribed. Throat cancer, the treatment of which is complex, in most cases is eliminated completely, without recurrence.

Cancer treatment is carried out with the help of:

combined treatment;
surgical intervention;
radiation therapy;
chemotherapy.

The method of treatment depends on the stage of the disease, the degree of damage to the organ and the size of the tumor. Thus, the initial form of laryngeal cancer is treated with conservative therapy which includes chemotherapy and radiation therapy. They are highly effective and do not disrupt the function of the oral cavity, larynx. At the same time, the person receiving treatment retains his ability to work and physical activity.

Combination treatment is indicated for patients who have large neoplasms that spread to nearby tissues. The therapy helps to reduce the size of a malignant tumor, and also significantly reduces the viability of cancer cells. The only negative factor of radiation therapy is that after it the wound heals slowly.

Symptoms of throat cancer in women are practically no different from the manifestations of the disease in men. Although, this disease men are more susceptible, treatment for all people is similar. For women, the dosage of drugs is reduced, since the dose medicines prescribed depending on the body weight of the patient.

If the conservative method of treatment does not bring the desired effect, then an operation is performed to remove the malignant tumor. Doctors turn to this method of treatment extremely rarely, since it does not always contribute to the complete elimination of the disease and has many consequences. In addition, after surgery, the patient needs long time for rehabilitation.

Throat cancer is a malignant tumor that has a predominantly squamous structure and develops from the epithelium of the mucous membrane. The disease occurs predominantly in men aged 40 to 75 living in the city.. Residents countryside this pathology develops much less frequently, which is associated with the maximum atmospheric pollution in big city emissions from transport, industrial facilities, power plants.

The neoplasm is located in one of the three sections of the larynx - upper, middle and lower:

Exophytic cancer of the larynx grows in the lumen of the organ, has a bumpy surface and clear boundaries. It is considered less aggressive, grows slowly and practically does not metastasize. An endophytic tumor grows deep into the tissues, often ulcerates and has no pronounced borders. Tumor mixed type, localized in the vestibule of the larynx, is characterized by the active spread of metastases to the lymph nodes, rapid development and frequent relapses.

Laryngeal cancer in most patients has a squamous structure.. Some individuals have glandular cancer, basal cell carcinoma, and sarcoma. There are two types of squamous cell carcinoma - keratinizing and non-keratinizing. The first form is a tuberous formation with exophytic growth, and the second is ulceration and erosion on the mucous membrane of the larynx.

Symptoms of the disease depend on the location of the tumor. Patients develop respiratory disorders, voice disturbance, pain, dysphagia, cough, cachexia. The symptoms of laryngeal cancer are considered quite vague and create certain difficulties for diagnosis.

The life expectancy of patients with laryngeal cancer depends on timely visits to an oncologist and the right therapy. In the elderly, the disease develops and proceeds more slowly than in young people. Features of the reactivity of a diseased organism play an important role in determining life expectancy. The more the body resists pathology, the longer the patient will live. The localization of a malignant neoplasm has a great influence on life expectancy. Crayfish vocal cords has a longer and more favorable course than tumors of other parts of the larynx. If the cancer spreads to the root of the tongue and the laryngopharynx, in addition, the patient has fixed lymph nodes, the prognosis in 100% of cases will be unfavorable.

Etiology

The etiological factors of this pathology are not fully understood and not scientifically proven. The cause of laryngeal cancer is a malignant degeneration of initially normal cells. Allocate factors that provoke this process and increase the risk of developing the disease.

These include:

Active and passive smoking. Nicotine, tar and other products of combustion have a carcinogenic effect. The temperature factor has a detrimental effect on the mucous membrane of the throat.
Alcoholism. Strong drinks irritate the epithelium and can cause burns to the mucous membrane.
Prolonged exposure to dust, gas and hyperthermia.
Non-observance of personal hygiene.
Elderly age.
Male gender.
hereditary predisposition.
Traumatic damage to the larynx and burns of the mucous membrane.
Chronic inflammation of the larynx.
Reflux esophagitis.
Papillomatosis is an infection with the human papillomavirus.
Unfavorable environmental conditions.
Regular tension of the vocal cords in persons of vocal professions.

The risk group consists of persons with a history of precancerous diseases: hyperplasia, keratosis, leukoplakia, granulomas, pachydermia, contact ulcers, polyps, fibroma, post-syphilitic or post-burn scars of the larynx.

Symptoms

The initial stages of the disease do not manifest themselves in any way or resemble a common cold. This makes it difficult to diagnose laryngeal cancer.

Patients develop regular laryngeal pain, problems with swallowing, swelling of the neck, voice changes. Such clinical signs are perceived by patients as a manifestation of a viral infection or allergy. Intoxication syndrome is always present in oncological diseases and is manifested by pallor of the skin, malaise, nausea, drowsiness or insomnia, cachexia.

After some time, white spots and small ulcers appear on the mucous membrane of the larynx., the pain when swallowing intensifies, becomes cutting and quite intense. Because of this, patients try to eat less often, their body is depleted. lingering dry or moist cough torments patients and is difficult to treat. Cancer patients complain of a feeling of lack of air and a feeling of a coma in the throat, paroxysmal ear pain, jumps in body temperature. Signs of tumor decay are hemoptysis and putrid odor from the mouth.

The timbre of the voice changes, hoarseness appears and the inability to speak loudly. These symptoms indicate damage to the vocal cords by a tumor. Violation of the voice function is called dysphonia and has a functional or organic origin.

The nature and degree of disorders are determined by the size, stage and type of growth of a malignant neoplasm. Symptoms of throat cancer also depend on the location of the tumor:

Differences in clinical manifestations laryngeal cancer in women and men are absent.

There are 4 stages of laryngeal cancer:

Zero or precancerous stage characterized by the absence of basic clinical signs. Atypical cells are present in the body, but they have not yet formed a neoplasm. Diagnosis of pathology is extremely rare.
1 stage- a tumor in the form of an ulcer or tubercle, located in one part of the larynx and not spreading to the rest. In patients, the voice and general well-being does not change.
2 stage- the neoplasm occupies the entire department and does not affect neighboring structures. Hoarseness of voice appears, metastases are absent.

throat cancer stage 3

3 stage- the tumor grows all the walls of the larynx, spreads to 2 or 3 sections and impairs the mobility of the larynx. In patients, the voice changes greatly or completely disappears. Cervical and regional lymph nodes increase, metastases appear in them.
4 stage- the tumor becomes huge and can block the entire lumen of the larynx. In this case, all neighboring tissues are affected: thyroid, trachea, esophagus. Metastases are present in almost all lymph nodes and other organs. Stage 4 laryngeal cancer cannot be cured. Patients receive only supportive and analgesic therapy. The fourth stage of pathology is the last. During this period, irreversible processes develop in the body, leading to the death of the patient.

Diagnostics

The first signs of laryngeal cancer are detected by the patients themselves and serve as an alarm signal. If the lymph nodes remain enlarged for 3 weeks or more, swallowing is difficult, the face constantly swells, the voice suddenly becomes rough or disappears completely, you should consult a doctor.

Diagnosis of laryngeal cancer begins with the collection of complaints, history, general medical examination and palpation of the neck. and hoarseness of voice - symptoms characteristic of a number of diseases:,. That is why patients are often treated incorrectly, and cancer is detected late.

Palpation allows you to assess the configuration and volume of the tumor, its location relative to neighboring tissues. The patient leans forward while the doctor palpates cervical lymph nodes and muscles and makes a conclusion about the presence of metastases.

Medical diagnostic methods - laryngoscopy, radiography, ultrasound, CT and MRI, biopsy.

Treatment

Currently, complex treatment of laryngeal cancer is being carried out. Diet therapy, radiation therapy, surgical removal tumors and chemotherapy.

diet therapy

Patients are advised to use mainly vegetable food, consisting of vegetables, fruits, herbs, berries, beans. You can include dietary meats and fats in the diet plant origin. Preference should be given to chicken, turkey, rabbit meat, olive, refined sunflower oil. Lactic acid products with a minimum shelf life are useful for patients with oncopathology.

It is necessary to exclude from the diet strong tea and coffee, carbonated drinks, smoked meats, marinades, pickles, canned food. It is better to replace sugar with honey. Portions should be small, and meals should be fractional. You need to chew your food thoroughly.

Radiation therapy

Treatment for squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx usually begins with radiation, since this type of tumor is most sensitive to radiotherapy. Radiation therapy consists in exposing the genetic structures of cancer cells to high-frequency radiation, which inhibits the process of division. This method of treatment slows down the growth of the neoplasm or completely destroys it. In grade 3 laryngeal cancer, the entire neck is irradiated to reduce the size of the tumor, and two weeks later, it is removed and part of the larynx or the entire organ with regional metastases.

Radiation therapy is of two types:

External - the device is located next to the patient, its rays are directed directly at the tumor.

Internal - a radioactive needle or wire is brought directly to the tumor.

Currently, people receiving certain doses of radiation are prescribed radiosensitizers. These are drugs that increase the sensitivity of cancer cells to ionizing radiation. They allow you to correctly calculate the minimum dose that does not damage healthy body tissues. Radiation therapy is carried out simultaneously with hyperbaric oxygen therapy.

Complications and side effects of radiation therapy include: dry mouth, sore throat, tooth decay, voice change, impaired sense of smell and touch, skin lesions at the site of radiation.

After radiation therapy, patients undergo a long period of rehabilitation. A weakened body needs rest, rest, Fresh air. Doctors prescribe vitamins and immunomodulators to strengthen the immune system.

Surgery

The main types of surgical intervention:

Currently, laser removal of the tumor is quite often performed. This is a new and highly effective method of removing malignant neoplasms. Laser surgery has a number of advantages. It is easily tolerated by patients, does not cause pain and discomfort, is characterized by a short rehabilitation period and the absence of postoperative complications. The laser minimally affects the surrounding tissues and coagulates the blood vessels.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy complements radiation and surgery . Patients are prescribed cytostatics - drugs that suppress tumor growth and inhibit cancer cells.

Cytostatic drugs are administered orally, intramuscularly, intravenously, or directly into the affected organ. Especially popular is intra-arterial polychemotherapy, which involves catheterization of the external carotid artery. Chemotherapy is only effective for cancer of the upper larynx. It has many side effects and requires additional restorative treatment.

Side effects of chemotherapy include: hair loss, weakening of the immune system, disruption of the gastrointestinal tract.

ethnoscience

Alternative treatment for laryngeal cancer is just a helper method and is carried out only after consultation with a specialist. Effective folk remedies: tincture bay leaf, a decoction of Japanese arizema, a decoction or tincture of a spotted slipper, common cocklebur juice.

Prevention

Measures to prevent the formation of laryngeal cancer:

Video: throat cancer - symptoms and treatment

Throat cancer is a malignant neoplasm in the pharynx or larynx that has arisen as a result of tissue changes under the influence of adverse factors. Initially, the tumor is localized in the throat. As the pathological process develops, the tumor from the larynx and pharynx penetrates into neighboring tissues and organs.

All conditions for the treatment of throat cancer are created in the oncology clinic of the Yusupov hospital:

Patients during examination and treatment stay in comfortable rooms;
They are provided by individual means personal hygiene and quality diet food;
Examination of patients is carried out using the latest equipment from leading companies in the USA, Japan, Italy;
Doctors spend complex therapy oncology of the larynx and pharynx.

The medical staff provides professional patient care.

Throat cancer: causes

There are the following main causes of throat cancer:

smoking or chewing tobacco;
Alcohol consumption;
Poor oral hygiene;
hereditary predisposition;
Human papillomavirus infection.

How much do you have to smoke to get throat cancer? Studies carried out by scientists have found a link between the number of cigarettes smoked per day, smoking history and the likelihood of throat cancer. The higher the first 2 indicators, the higher the risk of cancer. Other forms of tobacco use also increase the risk. The potential risk of developing cancer of the larynx exists in both smokers and tobacco chewers. Individuals who have both of these habits are 3-4 times more likely to develop throat cancer. Excessive consumption of strong alcoholic beverages is the first reason that increases the risk of developing the disease.

Human papillomavirus-associated laryngeal cancer has characteristic biological features. In its treatment, less aggressive organ-preserving chemotherapy regimens are used. How long does it take for throat cancer to develop? The process of transformation of normal cells into atypical cells is individual for each person. Throat cancer does not develop immediately. It is preceded by long-term precancerous diseases:

Dyskeratosis of the larynx (leukoplakia, leukokeratosis);
Pachydermia;
Fibroma;
papillomas;
cysts;
Chronic inflammatory processes in the larynx, which are accompanied by frequent drinking and smoking;
Scars of the larynx as a result of past diseases or injuries.

The cause of the development of laryngeal cancer may be exposure to harmful factors at work, weakened the immune system, ionizing radiation, gastroesophageal reflux disease. Provoking factors are paints, wood dust, asbestos, sulfuric acid, nickel. How fast does throat cancer develop? Months or years may pass from the appearance of the first changes in the cells of the mucous membrane of the pharynx or larynx to the clinical stage of the disease.

Symptoms in the early stages

The first signs of cancer of the throat and larynx are very diverse. They depend on the form and place of growth of the tumor, the degree of its spread. initial stage throat cancer is hidden. The first symptoms are mild. First early signs malignant process, localized in different parts of the larynx, be the following symptoms:

Hoarseness of voice;
Tickle;
Feeling uncomfortable or foreign body in the larynx when swallowing;
Sore throat;
Persistent cough.

If they are, you should immediately sign up for a consultation with an otolaryngologist.

What does throat cancer look like in its early stages? Initially, the tumor may be in the form of a nodular or papillomatous formation, a polyp, as well as diffuse infiltration. The surface of the tumor is usually uneven and may be gray, red, or dark. Cancer of the laryngeal ventricle first looks like a small, gradually increasing bulging of the ventricular ligament upwards. Cancer of the epiglottis appears as a limited infiltration or tuberous, mushroom-like mass on its laryngeal surface, extending into the preepiglottic space.

The first signs of laryngeal cancer depend on the location of the neoplasm. On the early stages cancer of the middle part of the larynx, where the vocal cords are located, the first symptoms of throat cancer are hoarseness and other voice changes. The sensation in the throat of a lump or a foreign body intensifies while eating, swallowing water.

Swallowing dysfunction occurs when the tumor is localized in the epiglottis. Initially, a sore throat appears, radiating to the ear on the affected side when chewing, and then occurs constant feeling foreign body in the throat. Because of the pain, he begins to eat less, which leads to weight loss and exhaustion of the patient. A prolonged dry cough that does not respond to treatment may indicate the onset of throat cancer. In the first stage of throat cancer, the symptoms of the disease are not specific. How to detect throat cancer at an early stage? If hoarseness or other 1 signs of throat cancer do not go away within two weeks, you should consult an otolaryngologist.

The doctors of the Yusupov hospital conduct a comprehensive examination of the patient using the latest equipment and complex therapy in accordance with European protocols. If cancer of the throat and larynx is detected in the early stages, adequate therapy is carried out, the patient's chances of recovering increase. As the disease progresses, the prognosis worsens.

Symptoms and signs of throat cancer

How does throat cancer start? At the beginning of the disease, there are no symptoms of the disease. Throat cancer appears common symptoms characteristic of oncology:

A slight increase in temperature (up to 37.5 ° C);
Drowsiness and constant fatigue;
Weakness and general malaise;
Rapid fatigue.

When the swelling of the throat and pharynx increases in size, symptoms characteristic of a malignant neoplasm appear. Signs of laryngeal cancer depend on the location of the pathological process.

What are the symptoms of throat cancer located in the vestibular region of the larynx? Initially, the patient does not present any complaints. With the progression of the tumor of the larynx, the symptoms become specific. There is pain and discomfort when swallowing. This is due to deformation of the epiglottis and damage to the nerve endings. The epiglottis is deformed and does not completely close the entrance to the larynx. For this reason, the patient constantly chokes.

Malignant neoplasms of the vestibular region proceed aggressively. The tumor quickly spreads to the surrounding organs and metastasizes to the lymph nodes of the neck. The reason for this is the well-developed lymphatic system of the vestibular region and its numerous connections with the lymphatic vessels of the pharynx.

What are the signs of throat cancer localized in the supraglottic region of the larynx? At the initial stage of development of cancer of the supraglottic larynx, there are no symptoms and manifestations of the disease. With an increase in the size of the tumor, the patient's voice timbre changes, discomfort is felt during swallowing. When the tumor grows into the surrounding tissues, sharp pain during swallowing, which gives into the ear and hoarseness.

What are the symptoms of throat cancer in the localization of the pathological process on the vocal cords? With this arrangement of a malignant tumor, pain appears even with a small size of the neoplasm. The patient has the following symptoms of cancer of the throat and larynx:

The voice is broken;
There is hoarseness and hoarseness;
Loss of sonority and melody.

The patient begins to get tired even after a short conversation. If the tumor grows into the lumen of the glottis, the patient's breathing is disturbed.

Cancer of the middle part of the larynx proceeds most favorably. The lack of lymphatic vessels in this area explains the rare metastasis of malignant tumors. Hoarseness, which occurs even with a small tumor, makes a person see a doctor soon after the onset of this symptom.

How does throat cancer manifest if the tumor is located in the subglottis of the larynx? Malignant tumors of this area also have a number of features:

Endophytic form of growth;
Resistance to ionizing radiation;
Metastasis occurs predominantly in preglottic and pretracheal lymph nodes.

There are no early symptoms of the disease. The first sign of laryngeal cancer is dry paroxysmal cough. After the tumor grows into the vocal cords, the patient's voice is disturbed. With the progression of the pathological process and the germination of a malignant neoplasm in the lumen of the larynx, the patient develops such symptoms of cancer of the throat and larynx as respiratory failure with asthma attacks. If the disease enters the final stage and begins to destroy the surrounding tissues, there is a putrid smell from the mouth and a cough with blood clots.

A significant proportion of patients are admitted to the Yusupov hospital with lesions in two or three sections of the larynx. In such cases, there are signs of damage to various departments. In the presence of such symptoms, the tactics of treating patients are developed at a meeting of the Expert Council. Professors and doctors take part in its work the highest category. Leading oncologists-otolaryngologists collectively draw up a treatment plan for a patient with throat cancer.

How do you know if you have throat cancer? Malignant neoplasms of the pharynx and larynx do not have specific symptoms. The doctors of the Yusupov hospital establish an accurate diagnosis after examination and instrumental examination patient. If there is oncology of the throat, symptoms of the disease, doctors take a photo during the examination. It can be sent to a partner clinic and get advice from other specialists.

Stages of throat cancer

There are 4 stages of laryngeal cancer:

The first stage - the neoplasm is localized in the mucous membrane. The tumor is limited and does not occupy the entire larynx. The neoplasm does not affect adjacent tissues and organs, does not give metastases;
The second stage - a tumor or ulcer occupies one entire section of the larynx, but does not go beyond it. The mobility of the larynx is preserved. In regional lymph nodes, metastases are not detected;
The third stage is divided into 3A and 3B. At stage 3a, the tumor moves to neighboring sections of the larynx, causes immobility of the corresponding half of the organ, or although it is limited to one floor of the larynx, it is accompanied by immobility of the ligament or arytenoid cartilage, or ligament. Throat cancer stage 3B is characterized by the spread of the tumor to the organs adjacent to the larynx, regional lymph nodes;
Fourth stage - an extensive tumor occupies most of the larynx, infiltrates neighboring tissues, there are immobile metastases in the lymph nodes of the neck, or a neoplasm of any size with distant metastases.

With stage 1 throat cancer, patients develop a constant cough, the timbre of the voice changes. After properly selected treatment, tumor recurrence does not occur in 80% of patients within five years. Stage 2 throat cancer is manifested by a violation of work vocal folds, breathing problems. The patient's voice becomes hoarse, there are pains when swallowing. The five-year survival rate is 70%.

Throat cancer of the 3rd degree is manifested by the complete absence of a voice due to damage to the vocal cords. With laryngeal cancer of the 3rd degree, the life expectancy of 60% of patients is 5 years.

The diagnosis of "laryngeal cancer of the 4th degree" is manifested by symptoms of damage to the larynx and internal organs in which metastases were localized (esophagus, lungs and bronchi, digestive organs). Metastases to the liver and brain are less common. Can stage 4 throat cancer be cured? With stage 4 throat cancer, life expectancy is short. The five-year survival rate is less than 25%.

Diagnosis of cancer of the throat and larynx

How to diagnose throat cancer in the early stages? In the presence of symptoms of throat cancer, diagnosis should be comprehensive. Diagnosis of cancer of the throat and larynx by the doctors of the Yusupov hospital is carried out using the following methods:

Direct and indirect laryngoscopy,
Hypopharyngoscopy;
Computed tomography;
Histological examination;
Trial laryngofissure;
Cytological examination of prints from the larynx and lymph nodes;
Determination of the level of tumor markers.

How to recognize throat cancer? Otolaryngologists first perform indirect laryngoscopy. When examining the true vocal cords, attention is paid to their mobility during phonation and the asymmetry of the lesion inherent in the tumor process, the size of the lesion of the neoplasm and its localization are specified. To examine the posterior sections of the larynx, they resort to examining them with a laryngeal mirror from the bottom up, when the doctor is sitting in front of a standing patient.

How to diagnose throat cancer in an elderly person with an insufficiently clear picture or if the tumor is masked by secondary inflammatory phenomena with decay, infiltration and edema? In this case, otolaryngologists resort to local anesthesia, raising the epiglottis, palpation with a probe, using a magnifying mirror, and also give an appropriate tilt to the patient's head. If a lesion of the subglottis or lower pharynx is suspected, direct laryngoscopy and hypopharyngoscopy are used.

How to check the throat for oncology using computed tomography. This research method expands the diagnostic possibilities for tumors that are localized in the region of the ventricular and true vocal cords and laryngeal ventricles, as well as when the tumor spreads to the subglottis. In the Yusupov hospital, patients are examined using computed tomography latest generation with great resolution.

How to test the throat and larynx for cancer using laboratory methods? Histological examination determines the nature of the tumor, its structure, the degree of differentiation of cellular elements and the degree of malignancy of the tumor - all these details affect the course of the disease and are taken into account when choosing a treatment method

To avoid stimulation of increased growth and spread of the tumor process due to damage to the lymphatic and blood vessels during a biopsy, oncologists perform several sessions of radiation therapy before surgery. For serial microscopy, pieces are taken from the tumor and at the border of the neoplasm and healthy tissues. Histological verification of throat cancer is associated with many difficulties. The histologists of the Yusupov hospital have the highest qualification category, have extensive experience and do not make diagnostic mistakes.

How to diagnose laryngeal cancer by other methods? In cases where biopsy data are not convincing enough or it is impossible, a trial laryngofissure is used. Since during the procedure, seeding with atypical cells of surrounding tissues may occur, in such cases urgently produce histological examination at the operating table, having previously obtained the consent of the patient for a radical intervention. Cytological examination of prints from the larynx and lymph nodes is carried out in cases where the patient categorically refuses the operation, and a biopsy is not indicated.

How to identify throat cancer at an early stage? For early diagnosis of cancer of the throat and larynx, doctors at the Yusupov Hospital examine the level of tumor markers SCC and CYFRA 21-1. The high qualification of doctors, equipping the operating rooms with modern diagnostic equipment and tools allows the oncologists of the Yusupov hospital to improve the five-year survival rates for throat cancer.

How to treat throat cancer? Doctors at the Yusupov Hospital have extensive experience in treating laryngeal cancer. The method of treatment is selected depending on the stage of the disease, the type and spread of the tumor. The following methods are used:

Surgical interventions (cordectomy, resection of the larynx);
Organ-preserving laser surgery for tumors of the larynx;
Operations to remove neoplasms using a shaver;
Radiation treatment(remote gamma therapy);
Neoadjuvant, adjuvant and curative chemotherapy;
Palliative care.

The main treatment for laryngeal cancer is surgery. A radical surgical intervention for a malignant tumor is the removal of the larynx. The consequences may be different. After surgery, some patients lose their voice, tumor growth resumes.

The laryngofissure is superimposed when the exophytic tumor is localized on the free edge of the anterior two-thirds of the true vocal cord, without the neoplasm spreading to the anterior commissure and to the arytenoid region.

If a significant area of the larynx is affected by the cancerous process, and mobility in the affected area is very limited or even completely absent, the process is macroscopically unilateral, surgeons perform a throat operation for oncology - resection of half of the larynx. Hemilaryngectomy is indicated not only for internal cancer that does not grow through the cartilage of the larynx, but also for the spread of the tumor process to the anterior commissure and the region of the arytenoid cartilage.

If the tumor is localized in the anterior two-thirds of one true vocal cord with a transition to the anterior commissure or even to the anterior part of the other true vocal cord, a half resection of the larynx according to Otan is performed. During this operation, the anterior sections of the larynx are removed, leaving its back wall. After the intervention, swallowing and voice function are preserved. Partial surgical interventions for cancer of the larynx include frontal resection of the larynx. It is used for lesions of the anterior commissure.

Currently, chordectomy and diagonal resection of the larynx remain the most common organ-preserving operations for localized cancer of the larynx. After surgery, patients have impaired voice function, they note hoarseness, fatigue during a conversation, and a significant deterioration in sound when overloaded. An undesirable consequence of sagittal resection of the larynx is a disorder in the act of swallowing after surgery.

How to cure throat cancer at an early stage? Surgery on the larynx (removal of the tumor) is performed using a shaver. During the operation, healthy tissues are not injured. The operation is performed endoscopically. A tracheostomy for laryngeal cancer is superimposed after the total removal of the organ. The Yusupov hospital provides food after the removal of the larynx for throat cancer.

Throat cancer is treated with anticancer drugs. Oncologists practice two treatment options: monotherapy and polychemotherapy. In monotherapy, 1 drug is used, to which cancer cells are especially sensitive. The drug is prescribed in large doses. For polychemotherapy, several cytostatic drugs are used sequentially or simultaneously.

Chemotherapists at the Yusupov Hospital use combinations of cytostatics recommended by the International Association of Oncologists to achieve the greatest effectiveness of treatment. Use drugs that are highly effective and have minimal side effect. Patients of the oncology clinic have the opportunity to receive the latest anticancer drugs thanks to a research program in which the Yusupov Hospital participates. Evaluation of the effectiveness of radiation therapy for throat cancer is carried out by professors and doctors of the highest category.

A combined approach to the treatment of laryngeal cancer can improve treatment outcomes. Radiation therapy for throat cancer is used both as a primary treatment and as part of a combination therapy. Is there a cure for throat cancer? Most patients with early-stage laryngeal cancer are cured with radiotherapy. How suitable radiation therapy for laryngeal cancer is for a particular patient depends on the volume and location of the tumor, and is determined by the depth of its germination in the throat tissue.

In the early stages of the disease, in most cases, radiation sessions are carried out 5 times a week for 3-7 weeks. The radiotherapist calculates the total radiation dose for laryngeal cancer for the entire course, and then divides it into fractions. Such a separation allows to reduce the undesirable consequences of treatment. Can throat cancer be cured? If complex treatment is started on time, the prognosis for recovery is greatly improved.

Prognosis and how long they live with throat cancer

How long do people live with throat cancer? When a patient is diagnosed with throat cancer, the prognosis directly depends on the location of the tumor and the prevalence of the cancerous process.

Table number 1. Survival prognosis depending on the location of the tumor of the larynx

Is throat cancer deadly? If the disease is recognized in a timely manner, it is likely that the disease can be defeated. The five-year survival rate for patients with stage 1 throat cancer is 85%. If stage 4 cancer is detected, the prognosis is less optimistic. If grade 4 throat cancer is diagnosed, how long do they live? The prognosis of a five-year survival rate for patients with the fourth stage of laryngeal cancer is 20%. Much depends on whether the patient agrees to an operation to remove the larynx and vocal cords, which can make a person mute.

Long-term survival of patients with throat cancer has not changed much over the past 20 years, but the quality of life of cured patients has improved significantly. If radiation therapy does not lead to the expected result, the doctors of the Yusupov hospital use the methods of conservative surgery, which allow the patient to partially preserve the speech.

Throat cancer - treatment in Moscow

Treatment of throat cancer in Moscow with the help of modern methods carried out by the doctors of the Yusupov hospital. The oncology clinic specializes in the treatment of laryngeal cancer. Reception is conducted by leading oncologists of Moscow, who have scientific titles and the highest medical category. AT healing process Candidates and Doctors take part medical sciences, authors of scientific papers.

Patients are in comfortable rooms. Medical personnel carry out hygienic care of the tracheostomy. Cooks provide patients with special meals. The cost of treatment is lower than in other throat cancer clinics. The price of the services provided to the patient corresponds to their quality. How much does throat cancer treatment cost, you can find out by calling the Yusupov hospital.

Bibliography

ICD-10 (International Classification of Diseases)
Yusupov hospital
Cherenkov V. G. Clinical oncology. - 3rd ed. - M.: Medical book, 2010. - 434 p. - ISBN 978-5-91894-002-0.
Shirokorad V. I., Makhson A. N., Yadykov O. A. Status of oncourological care in Moscow // Oncourology. - 2013. - No. 4. - S. 10-13.
Volosyanko M. I. Traditional and natural methods cancer prevention and treatment, Aquarium, 1994
John Niederhuber, James Armitage, James Doroshow, Michael Kastan, Joel Tepper Abeloff's Clinical Oncology - 5th Edition, eMEDICAL BOOKS, 2013

Service prices *

Name of service	Price
Consultation with a chemotherapist	Price: 5 150 rubles
Administration of intrathecal chemotherapy	Price: 15 450 rubles
brain MRI	Price from 8 900 rubles
Chemotherapy	Price from 50 000 rubles
Comprehensive cancer care and HOSPICE program	Price from 9 690 rubles per day
Gastrointestinal oncology program	Price from 30 900 rubles
Lung Cancer Program	Price from 10 250 rubles
The program of oncodiagnostics of the urinary system	Price from 15 500 rubles
Oncodiagnostics program " women Health"	Price from 15 100 rubles
Oncodiagnostics program " man's health"	Price from 10 150 rubles

*The information on the site is for informational purposes only. All materials and prices posted on the site are not a public offer, determined by the provisions of Art. 437 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. For exact information, please contact the clinic staff or visit our clinic. The list of paid services provided is indicated in the price list of the Yusupov hospital.

Throat cancer is considered one of the dangerous and complex diseases, which is diagnosed mainly in men. Such a pathology is a tumor of a malignant nature, and the area of \u200b\u200bthe larynx and pharynx becomes its place of localization.

AT last years there is a downward trend in the growth of incidence and in most cases this is due to the rejection of. The first symptoms of throat cancer resemble the usual colds which creates certain difficulties in timely diagnosis pathology.

Conducted medical research showed that malignant neoplasms do not appear suddenly in healthy tissues. Usually, laryngeal cancer is preceded by pathological changes in an organ or tissues that are caused by exposure to certain factors:

smoking
consumption of alcoholic beverages
inhalation for a long time of high temperature air, fumes, alkalis and various gases

Most often, this pathology is diagnosed in the stronger sex. In addition, patients over the age of 60 are most susceptible to throat cancer. Experts say that the risk of developing such a disease increases the lack of oral hygiene.

In addition, there is a genetic factor, that is, if throat cancer is detected in the next of kin, the risk of developing such a disease increases several times.

A special category is made up of people who have previously been diagnosed with malignant tumors in the head and neck. The following factors can influence the development of pharyngeal cancer:

insufficient intake of vegetables and fruits in the human body
eating a lot of salty and smoked foods
detection of the Epstein-Barr virus in a patient

Despite the variety of causes that provoke the development of cancer, smoking is considered one of the leading factors. medical practice shows that the majority of patients diagnosed with throat cancer are heavy smokers. Tobacco smoke contains various toxic and irritating substances, soot particles and radioactive elements. In contact with the mucous membrane of the throat, they cause irritation and slight burns. This results in the development inflammatory process, which gradually transforms into a malignant neoplasm.

It is a misconception that smoking filter cigarettes can prevent the development of cancer. In fact, the filter only delays a small part harmful substances, which provoke the development of the inflammatory process in the larynx.

The first symptoms of pathology

In most cases, the first symptoms of throat cancer resemble the usual, so the patient does not pay due attention to this.

Usually the patient turns to a specialist already on late stages disease, which greatly complicates its treatment. Often there are no symptoms at an early stage in the development of such an oncological disease.

There are some symptoms that signal the onset of the development of a malignant neoplasm in the upper throat or nasopharynx:

regular occurrence in the pharynx and throat pain and discomfort
the appearance of problems with the act of eating
occurrence of changes different nature in voice
tumor formation in the neck
the appearance of hearing problems, and on the one hand
difficulty in breathing through the nasal cavity
an unpleasant odor begins to emanate from the mouth and nose
often the patient begins to worry

With the progression of an oncological disease in the patient's oropharynx, tumors can appear on the soft palate, palatine arches and near the tongue. With the development of such cancer, the patient may experience the following symptoms:

the appearance of a tumor formation, which gradually hardens and transforms into an ulcer
occurrence bad smell coming from the oral cavity
the appearance of problems with the use of the speech apparatus and breathing

In the event that the area between the oropharynx and the esophagus becomes the location of the tumor formation, then experts talk about the development of laryngeal cancer.It is possible to distinguish the first signs that may appear in a patient with the development of such a disease:

the patient begins to rapidly lose his weight
there are seizures that drag on for a long time
there is a feeling of presence in the throat of a foreign object
shortness of breath may occur both at rest and when carrying loads
the act of swallowing is accompanied by the appearance of painful sensations
difficulty breathing and swallowing food
arises in the voice, from which it is impossible to get rid of

Useful video - The first signs of throat cancer:

The appearance of such symptoms signals the development in the human body of such a dangerous disease as throat cancer. It is for this reason that when such signs appear, it is necessary to seek help from a specialist as soon as possible, who will conduct the necessary examination and prescribe possible ways problem solving.

As the pathology progresses, the patient's general health deteriorates, and more and more new symptoms appear:

increase located in the neck
metastases are diagnosed
severe anemia develops
the patient begins to spit up blood
an unpleasant putrefactive odor emanating from the oral cavity intensifies
the patient begins to lose weight rapidly
intense pain occurs
breathing becomes very difficult
begins to worry about a cough that cannot be cured by any methods

With cancer of the throat, it has a reflex nature, and proceeds with the release of mucus, in which streaks of blood may appear. One of the characteristic symptoms of the disease is pain syndrome, which is caused by tumor processes and cancerous lesions of the upper throat. The beginning of the process of disintegration of a malignant neoplasm leads to an increase in pain, and they can radiate to the ear area. In addition, the pain syndrome begins to bother during swallowing, so this often leads to the fact that the patient is from eating.

Treatment of the disease

The choice of one or another method of treatment is determined by the stage of the oncological disease. Specialists conduct a thorough examination of the patient and determine the stage of the disease, taking into account the size of the tumor, mobility and the presence of metastases.

The first stage of throat cancer is characterized by the formation of small tumors without metastases, and in the second stage, the presence of oncological cells in the lymph nodes is observed. In the event that a patient is diagnosed with stage 3 and 4 throat cancer, this indicates that the malignant tumor has spread to nearby tissues and organs.

Throat cancer is treated with the following methods:

radiation therapy
chemotherapy
surgical intervention

One of the popular drugs used to treat throat cancer is Erbitux. With its help, it is possible to stop the growth of pathological cells, but development is possible. Often, treatment with this remedy leads to the appearance of the patient:

severe headaches
rashes on the skin
bouts of vomiting
stool disorder

Treatment of patients with the first stage of throat cancer is carried out with the use of surgery and radiation therapy. When diagnosing metastases, several methods of therapy are combined at once, for example, radiation therapy is carried out in combination with chemotherapy.

All patients after the treatment undergo a monthly examination by a specialist for 5 years.

This need is due to the fact that this will prevent and timely identify possible, relapses and tumor metastases. Throughout the entire period of treatment, the patient should receive a high-calorie diet with a sufficient content of vitamins. Salty and spicy foods should be avoided, as this can further increase dryness in the throat and cause swelling of the tissues.

Patients need to stop smoking and drinking alcohol, as well as supercool and carry out any thermal procedures in the neck. It is important to remember that patients with throat cancer are prohibited from taking various stimulants, since they contain a large number of biological active substances may induce tumor growth.

When making a diagnosis, the specialist pays attention to both general state patient, and at the stage of the oncological process. When diagnosing the early stages of throat cancer, the survival rate of patients is quite high. This is because the tumor in the larynx is characterized by slow growth and rarely causes the appearance of metastases.

Squamous cell type of oncology is its active form with aggressive development, so the prognosis for this type of cancer is not so favorable. With the second and third degrees, the life expectancy of the patient depends on the five-year survival rate, and the 4th degree has the most unfavorable prognosis.

Throat cancer is considered a complex disease, but with timely diagnosis the chances of recovery are quite high.

It is important to remember that with hoarseness and hoarseness that does not disappear for a long time, you need to seek help from a specialist, and not self-medicate.

Laryngeal cancer, according to the frequency of diagnosis, is in the second ten oncological diseases. At the same time, every year the number of sick people is significantly reduced.

A malignant lesion of the larynx includes several types of cancer with localization in different parts of the organ. Each department has its own set of symptoms and the time of their manifestation.

Laryngeal cancer is a malignant formation that develops in the mucous membrane of the organ, during the growth of which, healthy tissue begins to be replaced pathological.

The disease is divided into types and forms, depending on the affected department. Most of them are characterized by rapid rates of development with active metastasis to adjacent organs and tissues.

Common initial symptoms

This pathology is characterized by early onset of symptoms that resemble common colds. In 80% of cases, a malignant lesion is most often diagnosed already in the later stages.

Basically, laryngeal cancer manifests itself as follows: first signs:

discomfort in the throat during a conversation or swallowing food, which is manifested by perspiration, a feeling of inflammation or a foreign object;
plaques of white color, covering the area of the arch, tonsils and walls of the larynx;
changes in the structure of the surface of the walls of the throat and larynx. They become heterogeneous with a pronounced increase in tubercles;
the presence of long-term non-healing wounds or small sores located in the larynx;
a change in the timbre of the voice, due to damage to the ligamentous apparatus and a violation of its elasticity. Most often there is dysphonia or hoarseness;
enlargement of regional lymph nodes;
cough that takes a chronic form;
painful manifestations of a cutting nature that occur during meals and radiate to the ear on the affected side;
severe anemia, as a result of which a person becomes exhausted and drowsy;
rapid weight loss;
constant feeling of dryness in the throat;
heat;
nausea that occurs as a result of poisoning the body with decay products of cells affected by cancer.

Kinds

The first manifestations of pathology will, first of all, depend on the type of cancer. There are 3 groups of initial signs.

The first symptoms of squamous cell nonkeratinizing cancer of the larynx

This type cancer develops in the cells of the mucous epithelium of the larynx, not capable of keratinization. Pathology is different impetuous the rate of its development and a large area of growth, in which adjacent tissues are deeply affected.

Squamous cell carcinoma of the non-keratinized type is characterized by primary metastasis to the oral cavity and lymph nodes. Today, this type of cancer is considered the most common.

Pathology mainly affects the ventricle of the larynx or epiglottis. During the period of growth, the tumor is localized on one side of the department, but gradually moves to the second half of it. This species can be identified at the initial pores according to certain characteristics.

At the beginning of the development of the disease, the appearance of a small but constant perspiration, which is accompanied by dryness of the mucous surfaces of the throat. Swallowing is accompanied by a sensation discomfort and lump in the throat.

Due to a violation of trophic processes, multiple erosion and manifestations small size. As they grow, discomfort develops into soreness, in which it becomes difficult or impossible to swallow. In addition, there is a strong shortness of breath associated with swelling of the tissues of the throat and narrowing of its lumen.

The first symptoms of keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx

Squamous cell carcinoma of the keratinizing type is the least dangerous type of pathology, which is characterized by slow spread and single metastasis to the nearest organs and tissues.

Most often, the pathology affects the lower part of the larynx, and primarily the vocal cords. It's reflected change voice timbre. During the onset of the tumor, the pathology is manifested by a slight violation of elasticity, which is displayed by a rare change in voice: the appearance hoarseness or dysphonia.

As the tumor grows, the change in the timbre of the voice becomes permanent. In the future, there is a partial or complete absence of voice. Also, it is observed puffiness adjacent tissues, which narrows the lumen of the throat. This leads to a constant lack of air, shortness of breath.

In addition to these symptoms, keratinizing cancer in the early stages of its development is practically not displayed, which in most cases leads to late diagnosis.

The first symptoms of highly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx

The highly differentiated species belongs to the most dangerous cancer, in which pathological process healthy tissues of all parts of the larynx are gradually involved. Most often, the pathology begins in the upper section, with supraglottic lesions.

This is characterized by a change in the shade of the mucous membrane of the throat, which becomes hyperemic and painful. At the same time, there is an excessive dryness, provoking perspiration and persistent cough.

In the lower parts of the visible zone and below it, the formation of whites painful plaques that can cover the tonsils and surrounding areas. In the future, in place of the plaques, small erosion.

As a rule, their healing is difficult and the use of drugs does not positive results. Erosion gradually degenerates into deep sores. As a result, food intake is disturbed, since swallowing is accompanied, first by severe discomfort, then by acute pain.

During the period of soft tissue damage, edema may occur, which causes narrowing of the lumen and violation of the respiratory process. As it spreads to lower divisions, there is a change in the mobility of the vocal cords, manifested by constant dysphonia or hoarseness.

Symptoms of the initial stage

A malignant tumor of the first stage is characterized by damage to the mucous layer of the larynx and spread beyond it. Most often at this stage, only submucosal tissue. In isolated cases, proliferation into the muscle layer is observed.

This stage is characterized by the growth of limited localization, covering a small area of the affected area. Due to the small size of the tumor, it is almost impossible to detect it during instrumental examination.

Spread of the neoplasm to another department is not observed. Surrounding tissues, lymph nodes and adjacent organs, in the pathological process not involved. For given period characterized by the complete absence of the process of metastasis and smoothed symptoms or its complete absence.

Determine the onset of the disease on the this stage overgrowth is possible by the following symptoms:

sensation in the affected area of a foreign body, due to inflammation of the mucosal area;
discomfort or pain when swallowing. especially strong this sign can be expressed when the tumor is localized in the epiglottis;
voice disorder resulting from damage to the ligaments. In this case, only a slight rare manifestation of hoarseness is observed, since the elasticity of only one ligament is violated. The second, still healthy, compensates for this factor;
a cough appears if the site of primary localization is the subpharyngeal canal. With constant irritation of the affected mucosa, there is a frequent, but not strong chronic cough.

Symptoms of the second stage

The second stage is characterized by more pronounced symptoms, due to the growth of the tumor throughout the entire department and beyond. As a rule, at the end of the second stage, it is affected whole larynx. At this stage, the neoplasm is also located in the submucosal and mucous layers, without spreading to the surrounding tissues.

The exception is a tumor localized in the supraglottic region, which can spread to adjacent muscle tissue. walls larynx and tongue root. But at the same time, there is a reaction of the lymph nodes, which increase in size and become painful when palpated.

Metastasis during this period is absent.

Stage 2 laryngeal cancer is diagnosed by the appearance of the following symptoms:

the appearance of noisy breathing, which is formed due to incomplete disclosure of the ligaments;
pronounced change in voice, characterized by severe hoarseness or hoarseness. This symptom becomes permanent, as both ligaments are damaged;
severe soreness of an acute nature, which occurs not only when swallowing, but also during a conversation;
instrumental examination reveals the presence of small seals growing into the lumen of the larynx;
with the defeat of the area of the supraesophageal space, there is a strong swelling and tuberosity of the walls, covered with a white coating;
when spreading to the zone of the tongue, an increase in its root and surface roughness are noted.

Listed symptoms not necessary should signal the onset of cancer. The combination of their manifestations is also characteristic of other pathologies that affect the upper respiratory tract. But, if with intensive treatment, within 2 weeks, the symptoms do not smooth out, but only worsen, then in most cases this is a sign of a malignant lesion of the organ.

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