Children's research project "The effect of dust on human health." It has been proven that cleaning is harmful to health. Dust is harmful to human health.

During cleaning, things are put in their places so that later you can save time and not be nervous when looking for a jar of cinnamon. However, order and clean air are also deep sleep, healthy lungs and a minimum of days on sick leave.
If, of course, during cleaning you remove “solid impurities” in the kitchen and shake out the lead from the doormat.

We spend about 93% of our time indoors, another 5% when moving from one room to another, and only 2% for walks in the fresh air. Almost no fresh air flows into our apartments, because we do not open the windows to keep warm. “As a result, rooms accumulate a large number of irritants such as dust and mold, says Richard Shaughnessy, a professor at Tusla University in Oklahoma. – There are chemical compounds in the air, such as lead and toluene. We are forced to breathe them.”
Of course, compared to car exhaust or tobacco smoke, the level of household pollutants is low. However, you still need to remember them. “Indoor air may be dirtier than outdoor air,” says Elizabeth Matsui, an allergist-immunologist at the Johns Hopkins Pediatric Center in Baltimore. Dirty air makes us sick more often.
However, as you clean, you can reduce the number of harmful bacteria and chemicals in the air. This will make you feel much better.
In the kitchen


When baking food in the oven or frying it, processes occur that contribute to the release of complex compounds into the air. chemical compounds, known as "particulate matter". Most of these impurities are released into the air during frying, followed by grilling, followed by baking, boiling and steaming. Important role What you cook also plays a role here. Cooking meat releases particles that can have a negative impact on human health, but vegetables are last on this list. What to do?
Start with the stove. If you are now faced with the choice of which kitchen stove to buy, then we would advise you to take a closer look at an electric hob, which, unlike gas ones, does not emit harmful carbon monoxide into the air. If you have a gas stove, then thoroughly ventilate the room.
Be sure to install a hood. Use it every time you cook. Ideally, the hood opening should cover the entire hob. And the hood itself went out onto the street or into a special box that ran along all floors of the house. If you have a recirculating hood, then try to cook mainly on the two distant burners, and change the filters at least as often as indicated in the instructions.
In each room


Always take off your shoes. About 80% of bacteria and dirt in the house are brought in with outdoor shoes. On the soles of your shoes you bring home lead, mercury and pesticides - especially if you walk along the roadway or Tverskaya. Once inside your apartments, all these substances come into contact with dust particles that you inhale and end up in your lungs. And if there are small children at home, then it is possible that they will get into the esophagus. Of course, here we are talking about completely small doses, but experts are convinced that every small particle - regardless of whether we are talking about lead particles brought from the street on shoes, impurities in the most ordinary tap water or jewelry with paint - accumulates throughout your life, can seriously affect the functioning of your brain, lungs and liver.
Carry out wet cleaning. This way you will be able to collect a lot more dust. Never forget that dust contributes to clogging of the skin, unreasonable overexcitability of pets, the appearance of dust mites, etc., which together can negatively affect your health and the health of your loved ones. According to a 2005 study, in 90% of asthmatics, this disease is caused by an allergy to dust and dirt. However, one should not think that there are no people left who do not suffer from asthma and allergic reactions. However, even they may become sensitive to dust over time. In any case, your lungs will thank you for wet cleaning at least once a week, including in the kitchen, and on all shelves and cabinets.
Sensitivity to dust may develop over time
Buy a good vacuum cleaner. It is advisable to use it at least once a week, because dust actively collects on carpets and upholstered furniture. It is best to purchase a vacuum cleaner with a highly efficient fine air filter (in the store, such an air filter will usually say HEPA (high-efficiency particulate air). In the meantime, be sure to use replaceable dust bags that will prevent it from leaking out of the vacuum cleaner during cleaning .
Install high-efficiency filters in your air conditioner. Opt for heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) filters with a minimum particle transfer efficiency rating. Be sure to check that the filter is the right size for your air conditioner.
In the living room


Vacuum your sofa every week. Dust mites love to huddle in warm covers or upholstery of upholstered furniture.
Dust accumulation on the sofa can contribute to constant sneezing, skin itching, watery eyes and even eczema.
When furnishing a room, try to pay attention to the environmental friendliness of materials. Many sofas, armchairs, bedspreads and wooden furniture are treated with a special fire-retardant compound. In addition to the negative impact on the respiratory system, this can cause headaches, unreasonable fatigue, and over time affect brain activity, liver and kidney function. Even when the chemical smell of a new chair's upholstery wears off, small fumes still remain, although they are no longer noticeable. Furniture retailers are gradually starting to replace products in their stores with eco-friendly products.
In bathroom


Wipe down your sink and tub after every use. Splashes of water, even small droplets, lead to the appearance of excess humidity and dampness, which mold loves so much. Any porous material, be it ceiling covering, wallpaper or cement, absorbs moisture and the first mold spores can appear on its surface within 48 hours, which affect the body in the same way as dust. According to the Berkeley Laboratory, whose research activities are supervised by the US Department of Energy, the presence of mold increases the risks respiratory diseases and the appearance of asthma by 30-50%.
Over time, mold can reduce the body's resistance to pneumonia. Of course, none of us live in the bathroom 24/7, but there is no guarantee that this moisture and mold will not spread to neighboring rooms. Therefore, make it a habit to wipe dry all surfaces in the bathroom. And try to avoid carpets, as they absorb moisture best. If mold appears, remove it using detergent and do not forget to ventilate this small room.
When using the shower, always turn on the exhaust or ventilation. This prevents condensation. In order for there to be a result, ventilation must work very well. How can I check this? Place a thin napkin near the ventilation grille and it should not fall. If you have neither ventilation nor a good exhaust hood, then try not to close the door to the bathroom, and dry your towels in another room, with a better ventilation system.
Avoid plastic curtains in the bathroom. They are typically made from polyvinyl chloride (PVC), which itself can emit an unpleasant chemical odor. By the way, these particles, when they enter the human body and accumulate in it, can negatively affect reproductive function. The phthalate released by such curtains continues to pollute the air even when the main unpleasant odor from the curtains has already disappeared. This can be clearly confirmed: over time, such curtains become lighter precisely due to the evaporation of this chemical substance, says Peter Yost, vice president of technical support at Building Green. It is best to replace such curtains in the bathroom with non-toxic vinyl.
In the bedroom


Be ruthless with your bedding. Remember how we talked about microscopic dust mites above? It is your bed that is the main place where they accumulate. They walk under your sheets, close to your skin, while you enjoy your sleep. And your wool blanket and the heat you generate contribute to their proliferation even more. “There could just be hundreds of thousands of them in your pillows and blankets,” warns Shaughnessy. If you are hypersensitive to dust and dust mites, or simply want to limit your contact with these creatures, change your bed linen every week, wash it at 90 degrees and try to dry it in a hot dryer. It is advisable to do the same with pillows every two weeks. Of course, if you, for example, have a pillow that cannot be washed (and you won’t carry out such manipulations with the mattress either), you can purchase anti-allergic special mattress covers and pillowcases, which are an obstacle to dust mites and prevent them from getting into the respiratory tract and on the skin .
Fight odors in your wardrobe. Instead of hanging moth sachets soaked in insect repellent chemicals in your closet, use muslin bags filled with lavender or dried zest. The effect of such natural sachets will be no worse. As for the clothes themselves, after picking them up from the dry cleaner, try to take them out of the bag and let them air out next to open window, and after that, return it to its place in the closet.

Housewives who constantly use chemical cleaning products begin to experience lung problems over time. Moreover, their other health indicators are also much worse than those of women who rarely use cleaning products.

This fact was proven by scientists from Norway. The results of their twenty-year study were published in the American journal Journal of Breathing. More than six thousand people took part in the experiment, average age of whom was 34 years old.

The study was carried out taking into account many parameters: bad habits, the weight of the participant, and even his education was taken into account.

The results of the study are striking: the lung performance of women who use chemical cleaning products is comparable to the lungs of a smoker with twenty years of experience.

Lung capacity also decreased. The results of exhaled air measurements dropped by 3.6 ml among housewives. per year and 3.9 ml. at the cleaners.

Doctors believe that the deterioration of lung health is associated with irritation of the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract. Most cleaning products can cause this.

Long-term use of chemical cleaning products can lead to the development of chronic diseases such as asthma.

Statistics confirm that asthma is more common among housewives (12.3%) and cleaners (13.7%) than among women who do not clean with chemicals (9.6%).

Thus, this study showed harm to health from chemicals.

– Bad influence One-time use of chemicals has been known to everyone for a long time, but the results of long-term use of such substances and their effect on the body are known only thanks to our research, says the head of the study, Cecile Svanes, a professor at the medical university. – We believe that cleaning products are very harmful to the body and in particular to the lungs.

Separately, it can be noted that men doing the same work were less exposed to chemicals.

This was shown by measurements of the volume of exhaled air, which remained at the same level. This once again proves that women have a weaker and more susceptible body.

However, scientists do not exclude the fact that the group of people who rarely did cleaning included few women. And also the fact that people from this group may constitute a more affluent part of the population.

“In any case, the study has proven that chemical cleaning agents are harmful to the body,” writes Svanes. “In many cases, you can do without them by taking only a rag and water.

He also noted the need to encourage manufacturers who develop safe chemistry.

Meanwhile, American scientists conducted a similar study. True, they studied how cleaning affects human immunity. It turned out that during cleaning the immune system is really tested. It is affected by germs and viruses contained in the dust raised.

Have you started to notice that the skin on your hands is drying out and no creams are helping the situation? Does your runny nose stubbornly resist nasal drops and doesn’t go away for weeks? Do you swallow handfuls of vitamins, but still constantly feel lethargic? Perhaps it's not a weakened immune system, but dust.

Composition of household dust

Dust - what's in it! Ordinary household dust consists of tens or even hundreds of types of particles of various origins. About a third of the dust consists of mineral particles, and 20% of dead skin flakes. We shed dead cells constantly, and over the course of a person’s entire life, on average, they lose about 18 kilograms of dead cells. Another 12–15% are tiny textile fibers. Their source is carpets, curtains, our clothes, wallpaper, soft toys, upholstery of sofas and armchairs. The more such items there are in the house, the more dust is generated in it. 7–10% of household dust is pollen, mold spores and other plant particles. The rest is microscopic balls of fat that stick other dust particles together and prevent cleaning, pet hair if you have them, and a huge number of microorganisms and tiny insects.

Where does dust come from at home?

Scientists have long found the answer to this question. In fact, from almost everywhere. Together with the air, billions of mineral particles are carried into our homes - these are the smallest grains of sand, and salt crystals, and microscopic flakes of soot from the street, and dust from old plaster. It's possible that some of these particles came from the Sahara Desert, while others were once ocean salt—during storms, the sea releases microscopic salt crystals into the atmosphere. Scientists from the University of Arizona conducted a study that confirmed that 60% of dust enters our apartments from the outside - brought in with a draft through windows and doors and carried by households on clothes and shoe soles. Accordingly, the larger the family, the more dust there will be in the house. The remaining 40% is dust generated by the home environment and people themselves.

Where is there more dust - in a metropolis or in the open air? According to statistics, a city dweller inhales about a billion dust particles per minute, while a rural dweller inhales only 40 million. Therefore, it is the townspeople who should pay Special attention cleanliness of the house. The dangers of house dust are not a myth, but a very real danger.

However, the most common harm caused by household dust is allergies. The most optimistic statistics say that every tenth inhabitant of the Earth is allergic to dust. But some believe that it affects about 40% of people. And this seems to be true, because often even the patients themselves do not suspect that the cause of their illness is ordinary household dust. Dust allergy symptoms are often confused with a cold. There really is something in common - this disease manifests itself chronic runny nose, sore throat, sneezing, inflammation of the mucous membranes, dry cough and redness of the eyes. Allergic dermatitis is also common, when the skin becomes very dry, irritated and sensitive, itching or characteristic blisters occur - the so-called urticaria.

In the worst case, allergies can trigger the development of bronchial asthma - very dangerous disease, which every year in our country alone claims the lives of 5,000 people, mostly children.

Why does dust cause allergies? It's all about its components. Mold spores and plant pollen are powerful allergens - everyone who suffers from hay fever in the spring and cannot calmly smell bird cherry knows this. But plants bloom only once a year, and dust surrounds us constantly. However, allergies to dust are most often caused not by flora, but by fauna - insects that live in every lump of dust.

If you follow all these recommendations, you can not only make life easier for family members who suffer from dust allergies, but also, over time, completely get rid of this disease. Sometimes, if the allergy sufferer succeeds for a long time Avoid contact with the allergen, the allergy goes away forever.

Did you know...

The Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers (AHAM) has certified the Rainbow system as an air purifier. No other vacuum cleaner has received such a certificate.

Did you know...

Constantly living in a dusty room can cause pneumoconiosis, fibrosis and even lung cancer. In order to reduce the risk, it is worth getting rid of the abundance of napkins, decorative pillows and soft toys in the house, and also clean using a vacuum cleaner at least once every two weeks.

Nekrasov Denis

House dust is one of the most common causes of allergic reactions, which over time can lead to the development of a full-fledged allergic disease, such as bronchial asthma.

Most components of house dust are potential allergens. We have known for a long time that house dust can cause allergic reactions in some people, but only about twenty years ago it became known that allergies are caused not by the dust itself, but by microscopic mites living in it.

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Municipal budgetary educational institution

"Gymnasium No. 3"

District competition of research and creative works

"Children of Altai explore the environment"

DUST AND ITS EFFECT ON HUMAN HEALTH

Nekrasov Denis

Student 9 "A" class

MBOU "Gymnasium No. 3"

Supervisor:

Kudryavtseva

Elena Alexandrova,

Biology teacher

Rubtsovsk

2013

I. Introduction page 3

II. Main part

1. Theoretical

1.1. Skin Eaters page 5

1.2. Composition of house dust page 7

1.3. Clean air is the key to health p. 7

1.4. Impact of dirty air on humans page 9

1.5.The problem of allergies and asthma p.10

2. Research part

2.1. House dust deposition rate p.13

2.2. What is contained and lives in house dust page 13

2.3. Let's look into the world of dust p.13

III. Conclusion p.15

V. References p.17

Introduction

House dust is one of the most common causes of allergic reactions, which over time can lead to the development of a full-fledged allergic disease, such as bronchial asthma. Of course, dust contains many allergens, but one of the most significant is house dust mites.

Every year, up to 40 kilograms of dust are generated in an ordinary three-room apartment. Considering that a person daily inhales about 12 thousand liters of air, one liter of which contains up to 500 thousand dust particles, the amount of dust entering our Airways just huge.
As you know, house dust can contain various components. For example, particles of sand and organic fats, skin and fur of pets, particles of your own hair and epidermis, as well as plant pollen and mold.
Most components of house dust are potential allergens. We have known for a long time that house dust can cause allergic reactions in some people, but only about twenty years ago it became known that allergies are caused not by the dust itself, but by microscopic mites living in it.

That is, the main cause of allergies caused by house dust are dust mites or dermatophagoids (skin eaters).

How does dust affect human health?I will have to answer this question after conducting research. After all, studying the influence of various external factors on our health is very important for modern science.

My goal: study house dust and its effect on the human body.

Tasks: 1) studying material on this topic;

2) study of allergic diseases associated with dust;

3) conduct research on the composition of house dust;

Hypothesis: If you examine house dust, you can find living organisms there.

Subject of study: house dust

Object of study:human health

Research methods:

1. studying theoretical material on the topic;
2. analysis;
3. practical work.

Relevance of the work:dust is a mysterious thing. No matter how much you remove it, it still accumulates.

Main part

1. Skin Eaters

These tiny (250 - 300 microns in length) insects live in your apartment without permission and use all the amenities. It is estimated that there are about two million in the average double bed. The most favorable conditions for the life of ticks are a temperature of 20-30 C and a humidity of 70-80%. Therefore, your bed becomes their main habitat. They do not cause harm, although these mites secrete up to 20 microscopic peas per day and cause allergies in some people.
Dust mites' favorite food is dead skin cells. Over the course of a year, a person loses up to 2 kilograms of dead epidermis, which mostly remains on the bed. The tick eats particles of the epidermis, processing them into feces in a volume 200 times greater than its own weight.

These waste products (about 30 microns in diameter), containing the P1 antigen, are the cause of allergic reactions. Due to their light weight and tiny size, tick excrement easily rises into the air and enters our respiratory tract, thereby contributing to sensitization of the immune system or the occurrence of allergic reactions.
Allergic reactions to house dust and mite waste products most often manifest themselves in the form of attacks of bronchial asthma or rhinitis (inflammation of the nasal mucosa), and less often - inflammation of the conjunctiva of the eyes. Allergy symptoms can appear throughout the year, but more often in autumn and winter when air humidity is highest.
Over the course of thousands of years of living together, ticks have become very attached to us, and it is very difficult to get rid of them. The only things that are harmful to them are probably ozone-enriched air, ultraviolet radiation and the natural level of air ionization. However, by keeping your home clean and low-humidity every day and frequently changing bedding, you can also reduce the risk of allergic reactions to house dust.

The body of a sleeping person is able to warm the bed up to 20-30 ABOUT With and additionally creating humidity are ideal conditions for the life of mites, as well as mold, with which they live in symbiosis and which they feed. One gram of mattress dust can contain between 2,000 and 15,000 dust mites.

To date, over 150 species have been found in the dust of apartments. These mites can be divided into three groups.

• To the first group These include mites that feed and reproduce in house dust. This group includes, first of all, pyroglyphid mites (family Pyroglyphidae) Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, D.farinae and some other species that feed primarily on desquamated scales of the human epidermis and the microflora developing on them. This group also includes mites of the granary-grain complex of the families Acaridae and Glycyphagidae, which live mainly in those places in the apartment where food is stored: cereals, flour, vegetables, etc.

These mites feed mainly on food products humans and molds. It has long been known that some of the barn mites cause occupational allergic diseases in agricultural workers and people associated with contaminated grain, products, etc. Acarus siro and Tyrophagus putrscentiae cause dermatitis in bakers; Glycyphagus domesticus – from grocers; Tyrolichus casei - “cheese” dermatosis. However, currently, allergies to these mites are becoming a problem in the modern city.

• To the second groupinclude predatory mites, whose food is mites of the first group. These are cheyletid mites (family Cheyletidae), some gamasid mites (Gamasina cohort) and some others.

• To the third groupThese include mites that accidentally fall into house dust, where they cannot reproduce. It is still generally accepted that mites from this group are not related to the development of allergic diseases.

1.2 Composition of house dust

House dust contains many components, but scientists cannot yet list them all. Doctors, speaking about asthma or other allergic diseases, tend to blame house dust in general for their occurrence, without identifying specific irritants and causative agents of these diseases.

So, one of the components of house dust is called salt, the same one that is found in the seas and oceans. Scientists believe that the waves that so picturesquely beat against the rocks become light particles of salt, and billions of such particles are formed. The wind carries them all over the Earth, and some of them end up in our houses and apartments.

Another component of house dust is considered to be volcanic dust, consisting of microscopic rock particles that are also carried across the planet by wind. A major source of volcanic dust is the Japanese volcano Sakurajima on the island of Kyushu. Its last major eruption took place on May 12, 2012. The volcano is constantly smoking, annually releasing about 14 million tons of dust into the atmosphere. The nearby city of Kagoshima is considered the dustiest city in the world, its streets are always covered in dust and ash.
An important source of dust for the entire globe is the Sahara Desert. Rain with pinkish dust, blown by wind from the Sahara, falls in both England and Florida. Dust from the Sahara colors the snow on the mountains of Central America. The wind annually raises from 60 to 200 million tons of dust in this largest desert in the world.

The most interesting component is stardust falling onto the surface of our planet from space: dust from distant planets, comets and asteroids. There is not much such dust - about 10 tons every year, but if you consider that it has been falling on our planet for millions of years, the picture becomes completely different.

Samples of all these types of dust are available in any apartment.

House dust is a strong allergen, or rather a whole group of allergens. It also contains animal and human dander, cotton and flax fibers, mold fungi, cotton wool, fluff, insects, their remains and secretions, as well as many other components.

The best way to reduce dust in an apartment is a draft.

1.3 Clean air is the key to health.

Humanity has not yet invented the “Elixir of Life”. Doctors' recommendations boil down mainly to maintaining the ecology of the habitat: food, water, air. A person consumes about 3 kilograms of water and food per day, but more than 20 kilograms of air. According to various estimates, inhaled air accounts for at least half of the pollution we receive. So what do we breathe? And what, if you dream, should you breathe?

Everyone knows the extraordinary feeling of “lightness” of breathing on a sunny morning in the forest: what we call “fresh” air. Scientific research confirm that sensations do not deceive us. The air that we call fresh is also the most beneficial for health, complete. How does the air of our apartments, institutions and city streets differ from it?

First of all, the presence of industrial and household contaminants in it. What is the air like on city streets? It is greatly “diluted” by emissions from industrial enterprises, exhaust gases from cars, other equipment and simply dust, containing almost all the elements of the periodic table in the form of various chemical compounds; some of them are still active.

Thus, when opening a window, instead of clean air, we get a flow of a kind of “cocktail”, which in the room mixes with house dust.

Dust is continuously formed during the aging and destruction of household fabric items (mattresses, pillows, upholstered furniture, carpets, curtains, soft children's toys and much more). Fabric fibers change their chemical structure during the aging process and, as a result, become allergens.

Allergens are also dander and animal hair, and the presence of these components in the dust is guaranteed if four-legged friends live under the same roof with you. Particles of glue from book bindings are also not harmless, cardboard boxes and furniture. Modern furniture also emits formaldehyde. Add here bacterial and viral contamination, sometimes also tobacco smoke and kitchen child, and get a fairly complete picture.

According to environmentalists, indoor air is 4-6 times “dirtier” and 8-10 times more toxic than outdoor air. Impressive?

Wet cleaning and wiping bring only temporary relief, and this is natural, since the process of dust formation is continuous. Moreover, dust particles smaller than 10 microns practically do not settle, even in still air, and wet cleaning is powerless against them. But the smaller the dust particles, the “deeper” they penetrate into the lungs. You can fight dust only by continuously absorbing new dust. And it’s better not to do it lightly. But is it enough to just clean the air in the room from household and industrial pollutants, i.e. take into account only its chemical composition? This problem has long been successfully solved by simple filtering. However, even at the stage of mass introduction of air conditioners, doctors were faced with an incomprehensible phenomenon. People who spent the whole day in air-conditioned, i.e. filtered air, complained about headache, fatigue, drowsiness.

Most of us, spending up to 90% of our time indoors (office, apartment, transport), almost completely deprive ourselves of negative oxygen ions, since the air of a closed room in which at least one person is located gradually acquires a positive charge. That’s why we call the air “stale” even when there is enough oxygen (electrically neutral) in it.

1.4 Impact of dirty air on humans.

Polluted air

Impact on people

According to Roshydromet, Moscow has caught up with New York in terms of gas pollution. The concentration of formaldehyde in the atmospheric air exceeds the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) by 2 times, the level of nitrogen dioxide by 1.5 times, phenol and nitrogen oxide by 1.3; 90% of colds and infectious diseases purchased indoors; A person spends 90% of his time indoors; According to environmentalists, indoor air is 4-6 times “dirtier” and 8-10 times more toxic than outdoor air;

Experts World Organization health authorities have recognized indoor air pollution as the main risk factor for human health and the main cause of the catastrophic increase in cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases; 84% of all diseases are transmitted by infectious viral (airborne) routes; From 2006 to 2011, the number of patients with bronchial asthma in our country doubled, At the same time, according to experts, the real number of people suffering from bronchial asthma is 5-6 times higher than official data. According to Science Center children's health During the first year of life, the child literally loses health before our eyes. TO primary school Only 10-12% of students do not have chronic diseases, 8% in middle school, and only 5% in graduation; The human immune system spends 80% of its resources on neutralizing the effects of an unfavorable environment; Flying dust particles in the air, dander and pet hair cause irritation of the mucous membrane of the eye, allergies, eye, ear and nose infections, asthma attacks, fatigue and depression; Phenol and formaldehyde cause hand eczema, allergic dermatitis, asthma, respiratory tract lesions (bronchial tubes, lungs), malignant neoplasms, cardiovascular diseases; Cadmium causes acute chronic respiratory diseases, renal dysfunction, and disrupts metabolism.

In addition to pollution, the air in its physical composition does not correspond to that for which Nature created man. For the normal functioning of our body, the air we breathe must contain light air ions (both negatively and positively charged), and in a strictly defined ratio.

Violation of this balance in any direction (both towards the positive polarity and towards the negative) is very unfavorable for our life and directly affects our well-being and health. Moreover, negatively charged air ions, according to modern scientific data, are necessary for humans just like vitamins in food.

1.5 The problem of allergies and asthma

Currently, about 200 million people worldwide suffer from bronchial asthma, and 12 percent of the world's population suffers from hay fever.

Here are the statistics:

- every 10 people on Earth suffer from allergies
- annually 35-40 million people join the “army of allergy sufferers”
- 45 - 85% of all allergic diseases are household allergies
- up to 3% of children in Russia suffer from bronchial asthma
- asthma “gets younger” - it occurs even in children in the first months of life
- 6 - 7% of cases of bronchial asthma lead to fatal outcome

“The incidence of bronchial asthma is growing rapidly, it covers all continents, and there is not a single society today that could say that they do not have it. This is actually a very pressing problem for Russia,” noted Alexander Chuchalin, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Director of the Federal State Institution Research Institute of Pulmonology of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency of the Russian Federation, Academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences.According to the Federal State Budgetary Institution Central Research Institute of Health Organization and Information, bronchial asthma affects from 0.5 to 3% of the entire child population in Russia.

Study: There are 1016 students in my gymnasium, of which, according to my data, 7 people have bronchial asthma (0.6%). In the Municipal Institution "Children's City Hospital" polyclinic No. 1 at the 3rd site according to pediatrician V.N. Klimova. There are currently 781 children being observed, of which 4 are asthmatic (0.5%). In 2009, there were 3 children with asthma in the same area. From these data I can conclude that the number of children with bronchial asthma is gradually increasing.

The main reason for the increase in allergic diseases, according to the journal "Health of the Russian Federation", is the fact that in Russia only 15 percent of the urban population lives in areas with levels of pollution atmospheric air within the limits of hygienic standards.

Unfavorable environmental conditions lead to an increase in the spread of a number of other diseases in Russia, reducing the level of immunity of the population as a whole.

In the age of scientific and technological progress, the atmosphere of most cities in the country is saturated with organic and inorganic compounds, microorganisms, the concentrations of which exceed the maximum permissible values ​​several times. In this case, the concentration of light air ions is no more than 200 ions/cc, but heavy air ions exceed 65,000 ions/cc.

In rooms where a person spends 90% of his time, the air condition is even worse. Such an atmosphere gives rise to a number of allergic and respiratory diseases, which leads to a decrease in the labor potential of the population and, consequently, to economic losses.

Clean, ionized air is of particular importance in children's institutions in cities to preserve the health of children and medical institutions to use it for medicinal purposes.

Many years of research and clinical experiments conducted by domestic and foreign scientists have confirmed the effectiveness of aeroion therapy as a therapeutic and prophylactic, helping to improve health and increase human life expectancy.

Therapeutic practice of using light negative ions of air oxygen and clinical and physiological data indicate that in patients under the influence of dosed aeroionotherapy the general state, sleep improves, decreases arterial pressure, fatigue decreases, rest time is reduced, a cheerful neuropsychic tone is created, which contributes to more rapid recovery ability to work.

It has been proven that light negative air ions increase gas exchange (absorb oxygen, release carbon dioxide), change the rhythm and depth of breathing, reduce its frequency, breathing becomes rhythmic and deep. The beneficial effects of aeroion therapy on the treatment of diseases such as bronchial asthma, initial stages hypertension, various vegetative neuroses, insomnia, headaches, acute respiratory infections, skin diseases and etc.

According to the latest data, aeroion therapy prevents and treats cancer.

Research part

2.1 Rate of house dust deposition

IN different conditions The rate of house dust deposition may vary depending on how dusty the surrounding air is. The dust was caught on squares of adhesive tape located on the floor of the bedroom along the radiator (1), in the bedroom at a height of 2.2 meters from the floor (2), in the kitchen, at a height of 1.6 meters from the floor (3).

Bedroom floor under radiator

Kitchen at a height of 1.6m from the floor

Bedroom at a height of 2.2m from the floor

Conclusion: Analyzing the graph data, I conclude that a larger amount of dust and faster is deposited on the floor in the bedrooms under the radiator (almost 2g/sq.m.)

2.2 What is contained and lives in house dust?

I took dust samples from the window sill, under the radiator and the bed. Samples of all these types of dust are available in any apartment. I placed the resulting dust samples under a microscope.

In these samples it was found: pollen (especially a lot of it was on the windowsill), black hair of a pet (cat), in samples taken from under the bed and under the battery, white and green synthetic fibers were found. There were also some yeasts here.

2.3 Let's look into the world of dust Now let's proceed to the direct study of the object of study. Purpose of the study: detect dust mites in ordinary house dust. Devices and materials:microscope, vacuum cleaner, piece of cloth, thin needle on a wooden handle, strong magnifying glass, test tube or beaker, table salt solution, glass vessel with a flat bottom. Let's start work. Having put a piece of cloth on the vacuum cleaner pipe to immediately sift out large debris, I simply vacuumed the mattresses, pillows and blankets, and upholstered furniture. The collected dust was sifted again (to free it from fabric threads, hair and other fibrous material). We examine the resulting dust under a strong magnifying glass. The size of the ticks is 1-2 tenths of a millimeter, that is, at the limit of visibility by the human eye. For the convenience of carrying out the experiment, we will install the magnifying glass on a tripod. Good lighting is necessary. We pick up the spotted tick (it gave itself away by moving) with a thin needle on a wooden handle and transfer it to a microscope slide in a drop of glycerin. So that the movement of the tick does not interfere with observation. Then we cover the drop with a coverslip and place it under a microscope. The tick's body is covered with a thick chitinous covering, which it apparently sheds when molting. These organisms are classified as arthropods, because. their limbs consist of several parts - segments. Microscopic hairs are barely visible on these small paws. Glycerin brightens chitinous cover mite, so the features of the internal structure of this microscopic arachnid gradually become clearer. This way you can only see living ticks. And in order to examine their skins shed during molting, we will use the so-called method florotation . Fill one volume of sifted dust in a test tube or beaker with 20 parts of a saturated solution of table salt. Mix the mixture quickly, but so that no foam forms. Add 5-10 drops of a 10% solution of washing powder (as a surfactant) and leave for 10-15 minutes. Then the top layer of the solution is poured into a wide glass vessel with a flat bottom and viewed under a strong magnifying glass or at low magnification of a microscope. Lighter organic particles float in the salt solution, while heavier mineral particles settle to the bottom. Among skin flakes and other organic dust particles, it is not too difficult to find dead mites. Conclusion: There really is life in ordinary house dust. These are dust mites. Using a microscope, I studied their external structure and vital functions.

Conclusion

The great F. Ranevskaya once wittily remarked that dust does not bother anyone if it is not touched. But the trouble is that we touch it all the time. As constantly as it is formed. This is a continuous process: carpets and furniture upholstery are wiped, paint is peeling off walls and ceilings, dirt is brought in from the street on the soles of shoes, etc. While conducting research on this topic, I studied a lot of theoretical material about house dust. Conducted a study of the composition of house dust and studied allergic diseases. And I came to the conclusion that my hypothesis was confirmed:

House dust contains living organisms.

In the process of this research work, I developed several recommendations for the fight against bed mites.

1. To combat dust mites, you need to ventilate, iron or warm up bed linen, pillows, mattresses, blankets more often - these arthropods are afraid of both cold and heat, say a temperature of plus 40°C kills them in two days, and a higher temperature much faster.
2 . They are also afraid of direct rays of the sun, and ultraviolet radiation not only kills ticks, but also decomposes the allergens contained in them and their excrement in two hours (these allergens can withstand boiling in water for an hour without disintegrating). If there is a strong infestation, it is necessary to change all pillows and mattresses, preferably with new ones with synthetic filling (feather filling for some types of ticks serves as an additional source of food).

3. Although bed mites do not disperse far from their habitat, in an apartment heavily infested with them, it is advisable to wash the floor with a 10-20% solution of table salt. And once a month, etch house slippers, where they also find shelter, food, and a means of transport to neighboring rooms with formalin vapor or vinegar essence, tying the slippers for a while in a plastic bag with a few drops of liquid at the bottom.

4. Dry cleaning.

5. Do not use thick blankets or products made from animal skin. Replace floors covered with carpets and rugs with linoleum or parquet. If possible, try to reduce the number of dust accumulators: heavy curtains on the windows, do not have pets, etc. Soft pillows should be removed from the children's bedroom.

6. When cleaning, use a vacuum cleaner more often, vacuum mattresses and beds entirely and regularly, while making sure that there is no allergy sufferer nearby.

7. Please note that synthetic materials accumulate less dust, but they also cannot be considered safe, because... they often impart an electrical charge to the dust in the surrounding air, as a result of which the dust forms a suspension that does not settle on the floor for a long time. This especially applies to curtains and tulles.

8. You can purify the air by ozonation, conditioning, filtration using technical means. Air conditioning provides optimal air parameters (temperature, relative humidity, etc.). When ozonizing premises - increasing the concentration of ozone in the air - the number of microorganisms is reduced and mold is destroyed. Air ionizers cleanse it of radon, trap dust, tobacco smoke, allergens, and microorganisms.

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House dust is one of the most common causes of allergic reactions, which over time can lead to the development of a full-fledged allergic disease, such as bronchial asthma. Most components of house dust are potential allergens. We have known for a long time that house dust can cause allergic reactions in some people, but only about twenty years ago it became known that allergies are caused not by the dust itself, but by microscopic mites living in it.

How does dust affect human health? I will have to answer this question after conducting research. After all, studying the influence of various external factors on our health is very important for modern science. My goal: to study house dust and its effect on the human body. Objectives: 1) study material on this topic; 2) study of allergic diseases associated with dust; 3) conduct research on the composition of house dust; 4) develop recommendations for the control of ticks. Hypothesis: if you examine house dust, you can find living organisms there. Subject of research: house dust Object of research: human health Research methods: study of theoretical material on the topic; analysis; practical work. Relevance of the work: dust is a mysterious thing. No matter how much you remove it, it still accumulates.

House dust is a strong allergen, or rather a whole group of allergens.

These tiny (250 - 300 microns in length) insects live in your apartment without permission and use all the amenities. It is estimated that there are about two million in the average double bed. Dust mites' favorite food is dead skin cells. The tick eats particles of the epidermis, processing them into feces in a volume 200 times greater than its own weight.

Statistics: - every 10th inhabitant of the Earth suffers from allergies - every year 35-40 million people join the “army of allergy sufferers” - 45 - 85% of all allergic diseases are household allergies - up to 3% of children in Russia suffer from bronchial asthma - asthma is “getting younger” - it occurs even in children in the first months of life - 6 - 7% of cases of bronchial asthma lead to death

I took dust samples on the windowsill, in the kitchen, under the radiator and the bed.

In different conditions, the rate of house dust deposition may differ, depending on how dusty the surrounding air is. floor in the bedroom under the radiator kitchen at a height of 1.6 m from the floor bedroom at a height of 2.2 m from the floor

Composition of house dust: Pollen Cat hair Synthetic fibers Cotton wool Yeast

Purpose of the study: to detect dust mites in ordinary house dust. Equipment and materials: microscope, vacuum cleaner, piece of cloth, thin needle on a wooden handle, strong magnifying glass, test tube, table salt solution, glass vessel with a flat bottom. Having put a piece of cloth on the vacuum cleaner pipe to immediately sift out large debris, I simply vacuumed the mattresses, pillows and blankets, and upholstered furniture. I sifted the collected dust again. We examine the resulting dust under a strong magnifying glass. The size of ticks is 1-2 tenths of a millimeter, that is, at the limit of visibility with the human eye. For the convenience of carrying out the experiment, we will install the magnifying glass on a tripod. Good lighting is necessary.

We pick up the spotted tick (it gave itself away by moving) with a thin needle on a wooden handle and transfer it to a microscope slide in a drop of glycerin. Then we cover the drop with a coverslip and place it under a microscope. The tick's body is covered with a thick chitinous covering, which it apparently sheds when molting. These organisms are classified as arthropods, because. their limbs consist of several parts - segments. Microscopic hairs are barely visible on these small paws. Glycerin brightens the chitinous cover of the tick, so the features of the internal structure of this microscopic arachnid gradually become clearer.

Conclusion: there really is life in ordinary house dust. These are dust mites. Using a microscope, I studied their external structure and vital functions.

Modern methods of combating dust mites - special vacuum cleaners; steam cleaners, air purifiers; ozonation of air in the apartment with anti-mite treatment; anti-allergenic additives for washing clothes.

Conclusion The great F. Ranevskaya once wittily remarked that dust does not bother anyone if it is not touched. But the trouble is that we touch it all the time. As constantly as it is formed. This is a continuous process: carpets and furniture upholstery are wiped, paint is peeling off walls and ceilings, dirt is brought in from the street on the soles of shoes, etc. While conducting research on this topic, I studied a lot of theoretical material about house dust. Conducted a study of the composition of house dust and studied allergic diseases. And I came to the conclusion that my hypothesis was confirmed: There are living organisms in house dust.

Thank you for your attention!

Research work on the topic “The effect of dust on the human body”

Introduction.

Dust is common and taken for granted in any room. Together with our shoes, we bring dirt from the street into our home and school every day. It is known that a family of three produces about 1 kg of dust per month, which consists mainly of dead skin particles. At home, every week my parents force me to do wet cleaning: wash the floors, wipe the dust from the window sills, cabinets, shelves, tables. Surely, at least once while cleaning, the evil one whispered in your ear: “Come on! Don’t sweep under the bed, no one will look there anyway!” And the dust remained in lush “drifts” until better times. Sometimes you think: “Why take a rag every day? I’d better clean it up once, when there’s more dust.” In the classroom, they also require general cleaning.
The school maintains removable shoes, but sometimes some students ignore the school's requirements for a mandatory change of shoes.
A modern teenager spends most of his time at school, at home and on the street, loves to sit at the computer, work out in the gym, play outside, so he constantly interacts with “street” and “house” dust.
I was interested in the question of whether dust is as harmless as it seems at first glance, where it most often lives, where it comes from and how to deal with it.

Chapter 1. What is dust and where does it come from?

1.1. Dust and its sources.

Dust is a suspension of solid particles in the air with a size of 0.1-100 microns.
There are four main causes of dust: destruction of materials, the street, animals and humans themselves.
Foam rubber furniture upholstery, deteriorating after 8–10 years of use, emits a huge amount of harmful substances that settle on the floor, bookshelves, bedside tables and other items they “liked”. Also particles of finishing and building materials, carpets, paper, resulting from wear and tear. Dust inevitably comes from the street: from nearby industrial enterprises, construction sites, plant pollen, Poplar fluff, rubber dust (vehicle tires). Pets leave “their mark” in the form of scraps of fur and pieces of skin. And, of course, the person himself: the share of dead particles of our skin is approximately 10% of the total amount of house dust. Plus pieces of clothing and textiles located in the room.

1.2. Composition of dust.

The composition of house dust is very complex; in general, all dust substances can be divided into six parts:

Skin flakes.

A family of 3 produces about 1 kg of dust per month. Its microscopic part consists more than half of particles of dead human skin. Each of us sheds up to 450 g of dead skin tissue per year. This dead tissue collects on floors, beds and upholstered furniture and is the main food source for dust mites and molds.

Sand and grease.
Together with our shoes, we bring dirt from the street into our home every day, which is usually a mixture of sand and natural fats. Hard coatings can be destroyed under the influence of sandy dirt, because... Sand, in fact, is a mixture of small particles of stones with sharp glass-like edges. Therefore, sand increases the dust content in the room many times. Not only are fats natural contaminants, but their viscosity also binds to other debris, preventing it from being removed.

Pollen.
Pollen granules appear in our homes thanks to flowering plants, and often cause allergic reactions in the body. Although these allergic reactions usually occur outdoors, in our homes, pollen can also collect on the floors due to irregular cleaning and adversely affect human health.

Pet hair.
Pet fur serves as food for dust mites, and may also contain a certain secretion that can cause allergies and even asthma. In public places, such as schools and offices, the concentration of cat and dog allergens in dust is often at the same level as in homes where these animals are kept. Allergens are carried from the home into the environment through clothing or hair.
Wool and fur clothing can cause various allergic reactions. It has been established that the epidermis and human hair are also strong allergens.

Mites living in dust and their waste products.
Dust mites are insects that live in carpets, upholstered furniture and beds. 70-80% of dust consists of different types ticks. Their main food is organic components of dust (wool and dead skin particles). House dust mites live for about four months. During this time, the tick produces 200 times its own weight in excrement. And lays up to 300 eggs. Now it is clear why the concentration of allergens indoors increases rapidly in a short time. To date, about 150 species of mites have been found in house dust. 1 gram of dust can contain from hundreds to several thousand mites! Small fragments of mites (from 10 to 40 microns) and their metabolic products (especially fecal particles) have an exceptional ability to cause allergies.
Having risen into the air, these allergens do not settle for a long time, and when inhaled they enter our respiratory tract. The main habitat of ticks is the bed, where there is enough food for them and conditions are close to optimal (temperature about 25 ° C and relative humidity 75%). There are many of them in carpets, armchairs, curtains, and textiles. The size of mites is from 0.1 to 0.4 mm, depending on the phase of development; per day, each mite produces up to 20 fecal pellets measuring 10-40 microns, which easily rise into the air. The number of ticks is not constant throughout the year. Largest quantity– end of August – beginning of October.

Mold fungus.
Mold is usually present in the air, but it also grows in house dust, growing on flakes of dead skin in humans and animals. It can also affect the tissues of indoor plants.

Yeast mushrooms.
The direct source of yeast in house dust can be: houseplants, which are also colonized by yeast. Along with them, yeast fungi are constantly excreted from the human body (they are components of its normal microflora).

Chapter 2. Dust is not as harmless as it seems!

2.1. The effect of dust on humans.

If you “breathe dust” day after day, then diseases are inevitable respiratory system (chronic diseases nasal cavity, pharynx, bronchi, lungs, allergic reactions), inflammatory processes, headaches, irritation of the mucous membranes of the eyes.
The constant presence of dust can cause allergies over time, even in an absolutely healthy person. Allergy to house dust most often manifests itself in the form of asthma and rhinitis, less often - conjunctivitis. An attack of bronchial asthma often begins in the early morning. Symptoms of the disease occur throughout the year. When the patient leaves his apartment for at least a few days, he feels much better.
The allergenic properties of dust have been known for several centuries. One of the first mentions dates back to the 17th century; Flemish physician John Baptista described a monk who began to choke while sweeping.
The main causative agents of allergies are bed and paper mites. Their number is more than 500/g of dust (the allergen concentration is above 10 μg/g of dust) – a factor that provokes an attack of bronchial asthma. But even a smaller number of mites can cause disease, especially in children (an allergen concentration above 2 μg/g of dust or a number of mites of 100/g is sufficient to increase the sensitivity of a child).
These scary animals, similar to microscopic rhinoceroses, live in mattresses, pillows, bed linen and upholstered furniture, in accumulations of dust on the floor and other “dust collectors”. They feed on exfoliated skin flakes. They themselves do not cause allergies; the disease is caused by constant inhalation of their excrement.
The content of plant pollen in dust also causes allergies. On average, every third person in Russia is susceptible to allergic reactions to pollen.
Pet hair may also contain a certain secretion that can cause allergies and even asthma.
Some types of mold can cause poisoning if their spores are inhaled.

2.2. How do you know if you are allergic to house dust mites?

This type of allergy can be suspected if the condition clearly worsens upon contact with house dust (for example, when making the bed, sweeping the floor, knocking out carpets or removing curtains), if the periods of deterioration coincide with the periods of active mite reproduction, if it becomes bad in rooms where there are a lot of carpets and objects that accumulate dust (including animal skins, soft toys, heavy curtains, etc.). Manifestations may vary: allergic rhinitis, most often year-round, allergic conjunctivitis, dermatitis (eczema), bronchial asthma, i.e. manifestations depend on which organ reacts more: skin, mucous membranes of the eyes, nose or bronchi. To clarify the diagnosis, you should contact an allergist.

Chapter 3. Research work.

3.1. Questioning of school students.

To find out whether students know the importance of changing shoes at school, wet cleaning, harmful influence dust on the human body, students in grades 5, grades 9-11 were asked the following questions:

1. Do you need replacement shoes at school?
2. Is it necessary to do general cleaning at school?
3. Do you think dust affects your body?

Do you need replacement shoes at school?

Yes

No

Is it necessary to carry out wet cleaning?

Yes

No

Dust is harmful to health

Yes

No

Survey results:

1) 5% of school students consider changing shoes unnecessary.

2) 97% of respondents were in favor of carrying out wet cleaning, the remaining 3% believe that this is not necessary.

3) 85% of the students surveyed consider dust harmful to their health, and coughing, sneezing, and allergic reactions are possible.

3.2. The dustiest places in the school.

To conduct the study, we used the following methods:

1. Study of the degree of dust in the room.

Target:

Identify the dustiest place in the room and monitor the accumulation of dust over several days.

Progress:

On the window sills in the offices, in the foyer, in the gym, in the locker room, in the kitchen, a sheet of white paper was taped with adhesive tape. A few days later, the results of the study were compared with the original material.

Conclusion: As a result of the study, the most dusty places in the school were identified. The locker room was especially dusty. This is explained by the fact that it is into the locker room that students come from the street, bringing dirt on their shoes. A huge amount of dust is also generated in the gym. For 5-6 lessons, an average of 100 people attend the gym, and they all complete physical exercise, run, play with the ball, provoking the formation and raising of dust into the air. A lot of dust has accumulated in the kitchen due to the lack of an exhaust hood. The least amount of dust accumulates in classrooms. This is understandable, because in the classroom we sit most of the time, without causing dust to rise into the air. There is also little dust in the school foyer, as there are benches for relaxation and many indoor plants.

2. Determination of the mass of dust accumulated in the room.

Target: determine the mass of dust in the premises.

Progress:

1.Prepare cotton balls using electronic scales.
2. Prepare the surface for dust collection and determine its area.
3. Use cotton balls to collect accumulated dust and determine its mass using a scale.
4.Calculate the mass of accumulated dust using the formula

5. Determine the dust content in the air. To do this, we divided the mass of dust accumulated in the room by the volume of the room.

The result of the studied places.

Room

Surface area

Room area

Room volume

(V)

(mass of dust)

The amount of dust in the air

Biology class

0,14

47,8

151,53

0.05 mg

0 , 08

Computer Science Room

0,14

65,5

207,64

0.05 mg

0,11

School foyer

0,14

64,73

205,20

0.05 mg

0,13

Gym

0,14

163,3

841,0

0.40 mg

0,55

Dining room kitchen

0,14

36,9

117,71

0.20 mg

0,45

Locker room

0,14

27,1

85,43

0.25 mg

0,57

According to sanitary standards, the dust content in the air of residential premises should not exceed 10 mg/m3. As a result of this experiment, I found out that the dust content in our school exceeds acceptable standards several times in the gym, in the kitchen, in the dining room, in the locker room.

Conclusions.

1. Dust causes great harm to our health: it contains a huge amount of harmful substances that provoke the development of allergies, diseases of the respiratory system, various inflammatory diseases even in a completely healthy person with prolonged contact.

2. At school, more dust is generated in places where students are in constant motion; in the locker room where street shoes are stored; in a kitchen where there is no hood.

3. Chalkboard is a source of solid dust particles. With irregular wet cleaning, there is a serious risk of lung damage from mineral particles.

Based on the facts studied and the research conducted, I have developed recommendations for dust control that can be used at school and at home. I consider it necessary to familiarize school students with these recommendations and the work itself. The material will help convince students of the need to change shoes and carry out wet cleaning. The work material can also be used during class and parent meetings.

1. The method of cleaning the premises has a great influence on the dust content, as well as the presence of the environment. Wet cleaning gives better results than dry cleaning, because... At the same time, dust does not rise and dissipate.

2. Regular ventilation frees the room only from large suspended particles, while the smallest volatile particles - pollen, mold spores, etc. remains in the air and settles on surfaces.

3. The main secondary source of dust thus becomes the surfaces of cabinets, shelves, and lamps. They should be wiped regularly with a damp cloth to prevent dust from accumulating.

4. It is better to remove chalk dust from the surface of the board and floor with a damp cloth. In addition, at least 1-2 times a month - with a cloth moistened with a weak solution of citric acid, which can dissolve lime particles.

5. Strictly monitor compliance with the school hygiene regime (change of shoes, washing hands, wiping desks and chairs with disinfectant solutions, etc.).

6. It is necessary to actively promote hygienic knowledge among schoolchildren.

Literature

1. Ashikhmina T.Ya. School environmental monitoring. - “Agar”, 2000.
2. Brockhaus and Efron. Dictionary, St. Petersburg, 1905.

3. Life of Plants, Volume I, M., “Enlightenment”, 1974.

4. Ivantsov A.P. “Let’s look into the world of dust,” Science and Life magazine, No. 5-1986.

5. Ivantsov A.P. “Let’s look into the world of dust,” “Science and Life” No. 2, 1985.

6. Timakov V.D., Microbiology, M. “Medicine”, 1973.

7. Internet sources

www.alteros.ru/proffesional/fiterbags/dust
www.allergoid.ru/predotvrashhenie_allergii.html
www.medportal.ru/encyclopaedia/allergology/allergy/4/