The causes of bad habits are quite diverse. These are psychological trauma or nerve disorder, laziness, our environment, financial problems or troubles at work and in the family. Do not forget about such grounds as disappointment with previous experiences, unfulfilled hopes, a fast pace of life and stressful situations.

Psychology of bad habits

The global causes of bad habits are the economic development of the country, the peculiarities of the mentality, and climatic factors. Moreover, all the consequences of the appearance of harmful addictions are not an excuse for an addicted person. This speaks of his weakness, laziness, lack of desire to develop and move on. Having found out the source of this condition, it is important to choose the appropriate treatment.

What are bad habits?

Mentioning the phrase types of bad habits, smoking, alcoholism and drug addiction immediately come to mind. These are the most common, and at the same time terrible diseases. Whatever species we list, any of them can adversely affect the health and quality of life of a person and his family. Someone biting their nails or a pen, using foul language, or not cleaning up after themselves are all weaknesses.

Listing the types of harmful addictions, one can single out bondage to the computer and computer games, or, for example, to coffee or sweet food. Such addictions, unfortunately, are quite common in the modern world. The consequences from them can be no less dangerous than from alcohol or cigarettes, so it is extremely important to be aware of the possible results.

Bad habits - smoking

The influence of bad habits on the cardiovascular system is great, especially if it is smoking. When smoking, the blood vessels constrict, which can slow down the metabolism and reduce the level of oxygen in the blood. This can lead to impaired blood clotting and the formation of blood clots, provoke a myocardial infarction or coronary heart disease.

In order to completely eliminate bad habits and their impact on health, you need to give up cigarettes and replace smoking breaks with exercise or a walk. If renunciation fails, attempts can be made to reduce the risk of exposure by reducing the number of cigarettes smoked. We must not forget that this is not a panacea, and in order to maintain a healthy state of health, vigor, and it is worth excluding dependence on any factors.

Bad habits - alcohol

Is alcoholism a disease or a bad habit? Many, faced with this problem, ask this question. The causes of alcoholism are comparable to the causes of any other addiction - dissatisfaction with life, financial problems and lack of work, idleness or unwillingness to learn and develop. It doesn’t matter what type this phenomenon belongs to, the consequences can still be terrible.

It should be noted that human health is paramount, and changes can sometimes be irreversible. A person who is on a drinking binge is sometimes insane, and can pose a threat to society. In this case, it doesn't matter if alcoholism is a disease or a bad habit. A person addicted to alcohol needs immediate treatment.

Bad habits - drugs

The impact of bad habits on the human body is very significant. If we talk about drug addiction, then in this case it will be not just significant, but huge. When using narcotic drugs, a considerable dose of toxic substances enters the human body, which leaves its irreversible mark. In most cases, the result of such a dependence can be fatal outcome, so a complete rejection of the source of the dependency is required. Much attention should be paid to the prevention and prevention of the development of drug addiction. Only in this case there is a place for a healthy society.

Bad habit - overeating

Overeating, as a bad habit, began to appear quite recently. This is due to an oversupply of food. That is why this problem is relevant not all over the world, but only in developed countries with a sufficient level of economy. The most common causes of food addiction are psychological factors, stress, disorder of the nervous system. Overeating has its consequences. The primary result is excess weight, and therefore the development of complexes. Excessive eating can lead to dangerous health problems. Hypertension, liver disease, hormonal disorders, joint problems may appear, so this phenomenon requires mandatory treatment.

Bad habit of biting nails

The nails contain dirt and bacteria that enter the human body and affect the human biological system. Gnawed nails look completely unaesthetic. Plus, this dependence can be the cause of diseases of the nervous system. It is not always possible to explain the harmfulness of bad habits to a child, but this simply needs to be done, including if your child bites his nails, in order to avoid unpleasant consequences.

Bad habit - coffee addiction

The concepts of bad habits and human health are not compatible. Many people forget about this by drinking several cups of coffee a day. This invigorating drink affects the cardiovascular system, leaches useful substances from the body, and causes nervous system disorders. It is necessary to exclude harmful addictions, and human health will gradually recover. This formula also works for coffee lovers. In the treatment of this dependence, you can completely refuse the drink, or you can reduce its consumption. To agree with the prescribed treatment or not is everyone's business.

Bad habit - gambling

Bad habits of a person are very dangerous both for himself and for society, and gambling is no exception. dependent person is able to earn a disorder of the psyche and nervous system, completely disconnect from the outside world and live in virtual reality, is able to transfer the actions of the game into his life. Often in computer games there are elements of violence or cruelty. Therefore, the patient has to be isolated from society during treatment. Even worse when it comes to gambling.

Bad habits - internet addiction

With the advent of the Internet, bad habits and their consequences have become more common. We cannot imagine our life without social media news. Books used to be searched in libraries, but now on popular sites. The spelling and meaning of words are no longer looked for in dictionaries, but are sought on the Internet. All this leads to the degradation of the population.

The presence of gadgets and Internet addiction have replaced football fields, hockey rinks, theaters, dance clubs, games on playgrounds for children. Unfortunately, this problem has no age limits. Travel, sports, and creativity can eradicate such bad habits, and their impact on health will be negligible for us.

What are the consequences of bad habits?

The influence of bad habits on the human body is so great that even modern medicine not always able to find a way out of the current situation. Psychological dependence on any factors does not lend itself surgical intervention or medications. We need the work of a competent psychologist who can distract a person from his problem.

Harmful weakness can be direct - for example, when alcohol or coffee enters the human body. Or the impact will be indirect, when a person has a mental disorder due to dependence on the Internet. The patient cannot live for a minute without a mobile device and reacts to any extraneous noise, similar to vibration or phone ringing.

Without timely medical intervention, the consequences of any addiction can be terrible:

• sleep disturbance;
• appetite
• mental retardation;
• lack of adaptation in society;
• problems in the family and at work;
• irreversible changes in the human body.

Bad habits and fighting them

Methods of dealing with bad habits are quite cardinal: a complete rejection of psychological dependence. This requires the willpower of a person and the professional approach of a doctor. As a rule, close people play a big role in giving up addictions. They know the patient and can distract with alternative activities and interests. Methods for dealing with addiction will vary depending on the problem and its severity.

Some measures must be applied immediately, while others should be introduced into the patient's regimen gradually. The most popular methods are psychological training, a change in the field of activity, place of residence or environment, as a last resort, medical intervention. You need to eliminate bad habits from your life, and their impact on health will be reduced to zero.

Summary: Bad habits and their impact on health

Plan

Introduction

3. Addiction

conclusions

Introduction

Habits are forms of human behavior that arise in the process of learning and repeated repetition of various life situations performed automatically. Once formed, the habit becomes an integral part of the lifestyle.

Among the many useful habits that are developed in the process of life, a person acquires many harmful, unfortunately, habits that cause irreparable harm to the health of not only modern, but also future generations.

Currently, bad habits include all types of substance abuse (from the Greek toxicon - poisonous, mania - madness, insanity) - diseases arising from the abuse of certain medicinal substances(narcotic, sleeping pills, sedatives, stimulants, etc.), as well as alcohol, tobacco and other toxic substances and complex compounds.

The medical and pedagogical community is aroused by the growing anxiety of children and adolescents becoming involved in the most negative habits - smoking, alcohol, drugs. Among the main factors in the formation and consolidation of bad habits in the younger generation are: poor organization of educational work; the process of acceleration in the absence of critical thinking; temporary obtaining of artificially created mental comfort and stress relief after taking drugs and alcohol with the formation of a dominant; simplification of ways to meet various human needs by inhibiting the central nervous system.

1. Smoking and its effect on the human body

The effect of smoking on the nervous system

Smoking is not a harmless activity that can be quit effortlessly. This is a real addiction, and all the more dangerous because many do not take it seriously.

Nicotine is one of the most dangerous plant poisons.

Our nervous system controls the work of all organs and systems, ensures the functional unity of the human body and its interaction with the environment. As you know, the nervous system consists of the central (brain and spinal cord), peripheral (nerves emerging from the spinal cord and brain) and autonomic, regulating the activity of internal organs, glands and blood vessels. The autonomic nervous system, in turn, is divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic.

The work of the brain, all nervous activity is due to the processes of excitation and inhibition. In the process of excitation, the nerve cells of the brain increase their activity, in the process of inhibition they delay. The process of inhibition plays a role in the body's response to the appropriate environment and stimulus. In addition, inhibition performs a protective function, protecting nerve cells from overvoltage.

A constant and correct balance of the processes of excitation and inhibition determines the normal higher nervous activity of a person.

The more developed the nervous system, the less resistant it is to nicotine. The effect of nicotine on the brain was studied by the Soviet scientist A.E. Shcherbakov. He found that small doses of nicotine increase the excitability of the cerebral cortex by very a short time, and then inhibit and deplete the activity of nerve cells. When smoking, an electroencephalogram (recording of brain biocurrents) notes a decrease bioelectric activity, which indicates a weakening of the normal activity of the brain. Some people's idea of ​​smoking as a performance booster is based on the fact that the smoker does initially experience short-term arousal. However, it is quickly replaced by inhibition. The brain gets used to nicotine "handouts" and begins to demand them, otherwise there is anxiety, irritability.

And the person starts smoking again, that is, he “beats his brain” all the time, weakening the process of inhibition.

The balance of excitation and inhibition is disturbed due to overexcitation of nerve cells, which, gradually exhausted, reduce the mental activity of the brain.

Violation of the processes of excitation and inhibition causes symptoms characteristic of neurosis (in neuroses, the processes of excitation and inhibition are also disturbed under the influence of unfavorable external psychogenic factors).

Nicotine acts on the autonomic nervous system and, above all, on its sympathetic department, speeding up the work of the heart, constricting blood vessels, and increasing blood pressure; The effect of nicotine on the work of the digestive organs and metabolism is negatively affected.

At first, when smoking, unpleasant sensations are observed: a bitter taste in the mouth, cough, dizziness, headache, increased heartbeat, excessive sweating. This is not only a protective reaction of the body, but also the phenomenon of intoxication. However, gradually the smoker's body gets used to nicotine, the phenomena of intoxication disappear, and the need for it develops into a habit, that is, it turns into a conditioned reflex, and remains all the time while a person smokes.

Under the influence of nicotine, narrowing of the peripheral vessels occurs, and the blood flow in them decreases by 40-45%.

After each smoked cigarette, the constriction of blood vessels persists for about half an hour. Consequently, in a person who smokes one cigarette every 30-40 minutes, vasoconstriction is maintained almost continuously.

Due to the irritating effect of nicotine on the hypothalamic region of the brain, antidiuretic hormone is released, which reduces the excretion of water from the body in the urine. Decreased diuresis is noted after smoking one cigarette. This action lasts 2-3 hours.

As a result of smoking, blood oxygen saturation gradually decreases and oxygen starvation develops, from which the function of the nervous system, primarily the brain, suffers.

Carbon monoxide found in tobacco smoke also adverse effect on psychomotor functions. So, under the influence of carbon monoxide, a person's ability to perform delicate operations with his hands, to assess the pitch of a sound, the intensity of lighting, and the duration of time intervals is reduced. This happens because carbon monoxide combines with hemoglobin, and this prevents the body from absorbing oxygen.

If we take into account that 20% of the total amount of oxygen entering the body is absorbed by the brain (with a brain mass of 2% of body weight), then one can imagine what such artificial oxygen starvation leads to.

The nervous system also suffers from the fact that vitamin C, necessary for its activity, is destroyed under the influence of nicotine, which in itself can already lead to irritability, fatigue, decreased appetite, and sleep disturbance.

For example, it is estimated that one cigarette smoked neutralizes half of the amount of vitamin C that the human body should receive per day.

In addition, under the influence of nicotine, the absorption of other vitamins is disrupted: a deficiency of vitamins A, B1, B6, B12 occurs in the body of a smoker.

With age, smokers more than non-smokers, increases the amount of cholesterol in the blood, increases the permeability of the walls of blood vessels. In tobacco smoke, a substance has been found that promotes the adhesion of blood cells (platelets) and the formation of blood clots. All this leads to the development of atherosclerosis of the cerebral vessels. Atherosclerosis in smokers develops 10-15 years earlier than in non-smokers.

The consequences of smoking can be neuritis, polyneuritis, plexitis, radiculitis. Most often, the brachial, radial, sciatic, and femoral nerves are affected. In some cases, smokers have a violation of pain sensitivity in the extremities. It is interesting that persons suffering from neuritis and polyneuritis, even if they do not smoke themselves, may feel pain in their arms and legs while in a smoky room.

Smoking can play a certain role in the occurrence of such a severe, progressive disease of the nervous system as multiple sclerosis, which leads to permanent disability and is characterized by impaired coordination of movements, the appearance of paresis and paralysis, mental disorders, damage to the optic nerve, etc. However, it should be indicated what is the etiology (cause of occurrence) multiple sclerosis has not yet been definitively established.

Nicotine excites the sympathetic part of the nervous system and through it enhances the function of the endocrine glands. After smoking a cigarette, the amount of corticosteroids and adrenaline sharply increases in the blood. This leads to an increase blood pressure. It is known that hypertension in smokers is observed 5 times more often than in non-smokers, it develops at a younger age and is more severe.

Teenagers who smoke high sensitivity their nervous system to tobacco more often than non-smokers, there are nervous and mental disorders. Such teenagers are often irritable, inattentive, sleep poorly, get tired quickly. They have reduced memory, attention, performance.

Early smoking often leads to the development of so-called juvenile hypertension. If at first the blood pressure rises periodically, for a short time, then after 4-6 years of smoking it is already steadfastly kept at high numbers.

The effect of tobacco on the cardiovascular system

Cardiovascular diseases are one of the important problems that modern medical science deals with. Smoking plays an important and far from harmless role in the development of diseases of the cardiovascular system. From products tobacco smoke nicotine and carbon monoxide are especially harmful to the cardiovascular system.

During the day, the smoker's heart makes about 10-15 thousand extra contractions. What a huge additional load the heart performs in this case! It is also necessary to take into account the fact that with systematic smoking, the vessels of the heart are sclerosed (narrowed) and the supply of oxygen to the heart muscle is reduced, which leads to chronic overwork.

It has been proven that one cigarette smoked briefly increases blood pressure by about 10 mm. rt. Art. With systematic smoking, blood pressure rises by an average of 20-25%. Studies conducted at the Research Institute of Hygiene for Children and Adolescents have shown that young smokers have metabolic disorders in the heart muscle, which is a prerequisite for future heart disease.

Inflicting great harm heart and blood vessels, smoking is the cause of many diseases. So, in smokers, the phenomena of "cardiac neurosis" are observed. After physical or mental stress, there are unpleasant sensations in the region of the heart, tightness in the chest, increased heartbeat. With increased smoking, cardiac arrhythmia (violation of the rhythm of the heart and the sequence of contraction of its departments) can be observed.

Currently, many suffer from coronary heart disease, which is associated with insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle. An early manifestation of coronary heart disease is angina pectoris.

An attack of angina pectoris is usually accompanied by retrosternal pain, radiating to left hand and shoulder blade, as well as in the neck and lower jaw. Often along with pain there is a feeling of anxiety, palpitations, sweating, blanching.

An attack occurs during physical or emotional stress and quickly, within 2-3 minutes, passes after the cessation of the load (at rest) or taking nitroglycerin. Angina attacks are observed in smokers 2 times more often than in non-smokers. With abstinence from smoking, the effects of angina pectoris decrease or disappear completely.

With coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction (heart muscle) can occur. It is a consequence of atherosclerosis of the heart vessels - cardiac arteries and develops as a result of their thrombosis (blockage). A section of the heart muscle is suddenly bled, which leads to its necrosis (necrosis) and the further development of a scar at this site.

Myocardial infarction develops acutely. Typical manifestations are acute pain behind the sternum, spreading to the left arm, neck, "under the spoon". The attack is accompanied by fear. Unlike an attack of angina pectoris, the pain lasts up to several hours and does not stop or subside at rest, after taking nitroglycerin. Sometimes, having subsided, they soon reappear. Modern rendered health care can do a lot to alleviate the course of myocardial infarction, its consequences and prognosis.

Smoking greatly contributes to the development of myocardial infarction. As already mentioned, it is one of the causes of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Nicotine keeps the vessels of the heart in a state of spasm, the heart is under increased stress (the frequency of its contractions becomes more frequent), and blood pressure rises. Less oxygen is delivered to the heart due to the formation of carboxyhemoglobin and reduced respiratory activity of the lungs. Carboxyhemoglobin increases blood viscosity and contributes to the development of thrombosis.

Combination of smoking with hypertension gives a sixfold risk of myocardial infarction.

With a favorable outcome of the disease, the heart can cope with its work. Smoking cessation after myocardial infarction reduces the risk of its recurrence within 3-6 years. But if a person continues to smoke, the heart will not bear the additional load from the harmful factors of tobacco. A second heart attack develops, which often ends sadly. According to Dr. med. Sciences V.I. Snowstorms (1979), a year after myocardial infarction among smokers, only 5% survive.

Smokers due to atherosclerosis and high blood pressure are more likely than non-smokers to develop cerebrovascular accidents, in particular stroke (bleeding into the brain and thrombosis of cerebral vessels, causing paralysis of the face, arms and legs, often speech disorder).

Many studies show that smoking activates blood coagulation processes and weakens its anti-coagulation system, especially in women, and leads to thrombosis in various vessels.

The development of atherosclerosis in the peripheral vessels of the legs leads to obliterating endarteritis, manifested in intermittent claudication. At the beginning of the disease, people complain of discomfort in the feet and legs: crawling, coldness, aching. When walking, these sensations intensify, pain appears, the patient is forced to stop. Pulsation in the arteries of the foot is absent or weakened. With the progression of the disease, gangrene (necrosis) of the fingers may develop, and if they are not removed in time, blood poisoning may occur. It has been proven that the main cause of obliterating endarteritis is chronic nicotine disease. In most patients, the symptoms of this disease disappear from the mere cessation of smoking and reappear when it is resumed. In this regard, there is no more effective treatment than helping them stop smoking. And in the prevention of the disease, the most effective is not to start smoking.

According to medical observations, a year after quitting smoking, the function of the cardiovascular system improves. This is confirmed by an increase in the amount of work performed on a bicycle ergometer (an apparatus for determining physical performance).

The effect of tobacco on the respiratory system

Harmful components of tobacco smoke enter the body through the respiratory system. The ammonia present in the smoke causes irritation of the mucous membranes of the mouth, nose, larynx, trachea and bronchi. As a result, chronic inflammation of the airways develops. Irritation of the nasal mucosa by nicotine can lead to chronic catarrh, which, spreading to the passage connecting the nose and ear, can lead to hearing loss.

Chronic irritation of the vocal cords changes the timbre and color of the sounds pronounced, the voice loses its purity and sonority, becomes hoarse, which can result in professional unsuitability for singers, actors, teachers, lecturers.

Entering the trachea and bronchi Airways through which air enters the lungs), nicotine acts on their mucous membrane and on upper layer, which has oscillating cilia that purify the air from dust and small particles. Nicotine paralyzes the cilia, and particles of tobacco smoke settle on the mucous membrane of the trachea and bronchi. Their smallest size allows them to penetrate deeply and settle in the lungs.

The mucous membranes of the larynx, trachea and bronchi from frequent smoking are irritated and inflamed. Therefore, chronic tracheitis and chronic bronchitis are common diseases for smokers. Numerous studies by Soviet and foreign scientists have revealed the detrimental role of smoking in the development of a chronic inflammatory process in the respiratory tract. So, those who smoke one pack of cigarettes per day, chronic bronchitis occurs in about 50% of cases, up to two packs - in 80%, in non-smokers - only in 3% of cases.

A typical sign of a smoker is a cough with the release of dark-colored mucus from tobacco smoke particles, especially tormenting in the morning. Cough is a natural protective reaction, with the help of which the trachea and bronchi are released from mucus, which is intensively produced by the glands of the bronchi under the influence of smoking and due to inflammatory edema of the bronchial mucosa, as well as from settled solid particles of tobacco smoke. Lighting the first cigarette in the morning, the smoker irritates the upper respiratory tract and causes a cough. No medicines help in such cases. The only remedy is to stop smoking.

Cough causes emphysema (expansion) of the lungs, manifested in the form of shortness of breath, difficulty breathing. The severity of chronic bronchitis, pulmonary emphysema depends on the duration of smoking, the number of cigarettes smoked, and also on the depth of the puff.

The lungs of a smoker are less elastic, more polluted, their ventilation function is reduced, and they age earlier. Long-term chronic inflammation of the airways and lungs leads to a decrease in their resistance and the development of acute and chronic diseases, such as pneumonia, bronchial asthma, increases the body's sensitivity to the flu.

Smoking contributes to the development of pulmonary tuberculosis. The French scientist Petit found that out of 100 tuberculosis patients, 95% smoked.

Smoking is the main cause of about a third of all respiratory diseases. Even in the absence of signs of disease, impaired lung function may occur. A young person who smokes a pack of cigarettes a day has about the same breathing as a person who is 20 years older than him but does not smoke.

Numerous studies have confirmed that those who quit smoking improved their performance within the first year. respiratory function lungs.

The effect of tobacco on the digestive system

Tobacco smoke, which has a high temperature, entering the oral cavity, begins its destructive work. The smoker's mouth smells unpleasant, the tongue is coated with a gray coating (one of the indicators of abnormal activity of the gastrointestinal tract). Under the influence of nicotine and tobacco smoke particles, teeth turn yellow and deteriorate. The temperature of tobacco smoke in the mouth is about 50-60 C, and the temperature of the air entering the mouth is much lower. A significant temperature difference is reflected in the teeth. Enamel deteriorates early, gums loosen and bleed, caries develops (destruction of hard tissues of the teeth with the formation of a cavity), opening, figuratively speaking, the gate for infection.

It is believed that smoking reduces toothache. This is due to the toxic effect of tobacco smoke on the dental nerve and mental factor smoking as a distraction from the pain. However, the effect is short-term, and besides, the pain often does not disappear.

Annoying salivary glands, nicotine causes increased salivation. The smoker not only spits out excess saliva, but also swallows it, exacerbating the harmful effect of nicotine on the digestive apparatus. Swallowed saliva with nicotine not only irritates the gastric mucosa, but also causes infection. This can lead to the development of gastritis (inflammation of the stomach), the patient experiences heaviness and pain in the pancreas, heartburn, nausea. Motor contractile activity of the stomach after 15 minutes. after the start of smoking, it stops, and the digestion of food is delayed for several minutes. But there are people who smoke before meals and during meals. Many people smoke after eating, making it difficult for the stomach to function.

Nicotine disrupts the excretion process gastric juice and its acidity. During smoking, the vessels of the stomach narrow, the mucous membrane bleeds, the amount of gastric juice and its acidity are increased, and nicotine swallowed with saliva irritates the stomach wall. All this leads to the development peptic ulcer. The mechanism of development and duodenal ulcer is similar. Professor S.M. Nekrasov, during a mass examination of men for the detection of gastric ulcer, found that it is 12 times more common in smokers. Later, when examining 2280 people, he was diagnosed with peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum among smokers in 23% of men and 30% of women, and among non-smokers - only 2% of men and 5% of women. If a person continues to smoke with peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum, the disease worsens, bleeding may occur, the need for surgery. It should also be borne in mind that stomach and duodenal ulcers can develop into cancer.

Sensitive to nicotine and intestines. Smoking increases its peristalsis (contraction). Violation of bowel function is expressed by intermittent constipation and diarrhea. In addition, rectal spasms caused by the action of nicotine impede the outflow of blood and contribute to the formation of hemorrhoids. Bleeding out hemorrhoids smoking is maintained and even enhanced.

Special mention should be made of the effect of tobacco on the liver. The liver performs a protective, barrier role in the neutralization of poisons entering our body. It converts prussic acid from tobacco smoke into a relatively harmless state - potassium thiocyanate, which is excreted with saliva for 5-6 days, and during these days it can be determined that a person has recently smoked. Smoking as a chronic poisoning, causing an increase in the neutralizing work of the liver, contributes to the development of many diseases. In turn, in some liver diseases, smoking plays the role of an aggravating factor. In experiments, when rabbits were injected with nicotine, they developed cirrhosis (damage and cell death) of the liver. Smokers have an increase in the liver in size.

Smoking to some extent satisfies the feeling of hunger due to the increase in blood sugar. This is reflected in the function of the pancreas, its diseases develop.

Nicotine inhibits the activity of the glands of the digestive tract, reducing appetite. Many people are afraid that quitting smoking will make them gain weight. A slight increase in body weight (no more than 2 kg) is possible and is explained by the restoration of normal body functions, including the digestive organs, as well as more intensive nutrition due to increased appetite, the desire to replace smoking with food.

In order not to gain weight due to smoking cessation, it is recommended to eat small doses, engage in physical labor, physical education and sports.

Smoking disrupts the absorption of vitamin A, vitamins of group B, reduces the content of vitamin C by almost one and a half times.

Smoking has the most adverse effect on the digestive organs in young people.

It should be noted that smoking changes the nature of diseases of the digestive system, increases the frequency of exacerbations and complications, lengthens the treatment time.

The effect of tobacco on the senses and the endocrine system

A person perceives all the diversity of the world through the senses. Smoking adversely affects them.

The eyes of a person who smokes for a long time and a lot are often watery, redden, the edges of the eyelids swell. There may be fatigue when reading, flickering, double vision. Nicotine, acting on the optic nerve, can cause its chronic inflammation, resulting in reduced visual acuity. Nicotine also affects the retina. When smoking, the vessels narrow, the retina changes, which leads to its degeneration in the central region, insensitivity to light stimuli.

The well-known German ophthalmologist Uthoff, having examined 327 patients with visual impairment for various reasons, found that 41 people suffered from tobacco smoking. Smokers often change their color perception first to green, then to red and yellow, and lastly to blue.

It should be emphasized that nicotine increases intraocular pressure. In this regard, patients suffering from glaucoma (increased intraocular pressure), smoking is strictly prohibited.

Smoking is also harmful to the hearing organ. Most smokers have hearing loss. Under the influence of nicotine eardrum thickens and retracts inward, the mobility of the auditory ossicles decreases. Simultaneously auditory nerve experiencing the toxic effects of nicotine. Hearing may be restored after smoking cessation.

Acting on the taste buds of the tongue, tobacco smoke and nicotine reduce the severity taste sensations. Smokers often poorly distinguish the taste of bitter, sweet, salty, sour. Narrowing blood vessels, nicotine disrupts the sense of smell.

Nicotine negatively affects the endocrine glands (endocrine glands that produce hormones that affect the metabolism in the body). These include the pituitary, thyroid and parathyroid glands, adrenal glands.

When smoking, adrenal function suffers the most. So, with chronic nicotine poisoning of rabbits for 6-9 months. the mass of the adrenal glands increased approximately 2.5 times.

Smoking 10-20 cigarettes per day enhances function thyroid gland: metabolism increases, heart rate increases. In the future, nicotine can lead to inhibition of thyroid function and even the cessation of its activity.

It has been established that tobacco smoking adversely affects the activity of the gonads. In men, nicotine inhibits the sex centers located in the sacral spinal cord. The oppression of the sexual centers and the neurosis, which is constantly maintained by smoking, lead to the fact that smokers develop impotence(impotence). A smoking man, other things being equal with non-smokers, shortens the time of a normal sexual life by an average of 3-7 years. There is evidence that 11% of sexual impotence in men is associated with tobacco abuse. In the treatment of impotence, regardless of the reasons for which it is caused, smoking cessation is a prerequisite.

Science has proven that smoking tobacco can cause infertility.

An interesting study in this direction was carried out by J. Pleskaciauskas. He found that smokers with an experience of 10-15 years in 1 ml of seminal fluid contains a smaller number of spermatozoa, they are less mobile than non-smokers. Moreover, if a man smokes 20-25 cigarettes a day, these changes are more pronounced. A decrease in the number of spermatozoa and their motility is especially noticeable in people who started smoking before the age of 18, that is, before the completion of the formation of sexual function.

Numerous laboratory studies have established that smoking adversely affects the chromosomes (heredity carriers) of germ cells, both in men and women.

Thus, tobacco smoking can disrupt intimate life, cause a deep personal tragedy.

smoking and cancer

Cancer is called the disease of the twentieth century. Currently, new causes of the risk of developing malignant tumors have been identified, among which a special place belongs to smoking.

It is known that tobacco smoke contains tar, benzpyrene and other substances that have a carcinogenic effect. About 2 mg of benzpyrene is emitted from 1000 cigarettes.

In tobacco, as already mentioned, there are also radioactive isotopes, of which polonium-210 is the most dangerous. Its half-life is long. In a smoker, this isotope accumulates in the bronchi, lungs, liver and kidneys. Smoking a pack of cigarettes daily, a person receives a radiation dose of approximately 500 R per year (for comparison, with an x-ray of the stomach, the dose is 0.76 R), says the Yugoslav doctor J. Jovanovich. A long-term smoker receives a dose of radiation sufficient to cause a change in the cells of the bronchi and lungs can be considered precancerous. In those who quit smoking, their reverse development was observed, which indicates the reversibility of precancerous conditions.

Smoking a pack of cigarettes a day, a person introduces 700-800 g of tobacco tar into his body per year. Two-thirds of tobacco smoke enters the lungs and covers up to 1% of the lung surface. Tobacco smoke products act 40 times stronger on lung cells than on any other tissue. When smoking in the final third of the cigarette, carcinogens are concentrated in greater quantities than in the initial part. Therefore, when smoking a cigarette to the end, the greatest amount of harmful substances enters the body.

Famous surgeon Academician of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences B.V. Petrovsky believes that the risk of developing cancer is closely related not only to the number of cigarettes smoked daily, but also to the "experience" of the smoker and increases significantly for those who began to smoke at a young age.

In the middle of our century, American scientists observed a large group of men aged 50-69 years, of whom 31,816 smoked and 32,392 were non-smokers. After 3.5 years, 4 people among non-smokers and 81 among smokers died of lung cancer.

American researchers Hammond and Horn give very convincing mortality rates from lung cancer per 100,000 population: among non-smokers - 12.8; among cigarette smokers: half a pack a day - 95.2; from half a pack to 1 pack - 107.8; 1-2 packs - 229 and more than 2 packs - 264.2.

In countries where smoking is widespread, deaths from lung cancer continue to rise, including among women, as the number of smokers has increased over the past few decades. So, in Mexico, where women smoke on an equal basis with men, the percentage of incidence and mortality from lung cancer in men and women, according to statistics, is approximately the same.

It has been established that the development of lung cancer is associated with the number of cigarettes smoked, the length of the smoker, as well as the way of smoking: frequent and deep puffs stimulate it. With smoking cessation, the relative risk of developing lung cancer gradually decreases and after 10 years becomes the same as that of never smokers. Studies conducted in the UK showed that over 15 years the total consumption of cigarettes has not changed, however, during this period, mortality from lung cancer among men aged 35-64 years increased by 7%, and among male doctors of the same age who stopped smoking, mortality decreased by 38%.

Numerous studies have established a link between smoking and the development of malignant tumors of the lips, oral cavity, larynx, and esophagus. This is explained by the fact that when smoking a cigarette or cigarette, 1/3 of tobacco tar, and for those who smoke a pipe or cigar, 2/3 of it remains in the oral cavity. Along with this, the development of malignant tumors is influenced by thermal (hot smoke) and mechanical (holding cigarettes, pipes, cigars in the mouth) factors. So, under the supervision of Professor G.M. Smirnov, there were 287 patients with cancer of the larynx, of which 95% were smokers.

Swallowed with saliva particles of tobacco soot and the nicotine contained in them contribute to the development of stomach cancer.

Cancer link established Bladder with smoking due to the fact that the harmful substances of tobacco smoke are excreted through urinary tract. Bladder cancer is approximately 2.7 times more common in smokers than in non-smokers.

Japanese scientist Tokuhata found that women who smoke are more likely to develop cancer of the genital organs. The widespread use of smoking in Japan leads to the fact that from year to year the first place is retained by cancer, primarily of the lungs and stomach.

For several years, scientists have been monitoring 200 smokers and 200 non-smokers.

Now let's see what the comparative results turned out to be.

№ p/p

smokers

non-smokers

1.nervous

2. hearing loss

3.bad memory

4.poor physical condition

5.poor mental state

6.unclean

7.bad marks

8. slow to think

It also turned out that tobacco has a much stronger effect on the girl's body: her skin withers, her voice hoars faster.

The effect of tobacco smoking on the body of a woman and her offspring

The harmful effect of tobacco on the body is universal, but smoking has a particularly destructive effect on the body functions of pregnant women.

Unfortunately, some women continue to smoke during pregnancy.

Gynecologists note that smoking before pregnancy also negatively affects the onset of pregnancy. In pregnant women who smoke, the placenta is less supplied with blood, low attachment of the placenta to the uterus is common, which leads to complications in childbirth. In women who smoke during pregnancy, uterine bleeding occurs 25-50% more often than in non-smokers. The course of pregnancy is often complicated by toxicosis.

Electron microscope studies have shown significant vascular changes in the placenta of smoking pregnant women, which suggests the presence of the same changes in the vessels of newborns.

It has been established that in pregnant women who are habitual smokers, the fetal heart rate increases. If the pregnant woman smoked for the first time in her life and did not drag on (this was asked to be done for control), the number of fetal heartbeats did not increase. This suggests that nicotine crosses the placenta and has a toxic effect on the fetus.

When smoking, every minute 18% of nicotine entering the body of a pregnant woman penetrates into the fetus, and only 10% is excreted. From the body of the fetus, nicotine is excreted much more slowly than from the mother's body. Thus, there is an accumulation of nicotine in the blood of the fetus and its content is greater than in the blood of the mother. Nicotine penetrates into the fetus and through the amniotic fluid.

Even if you smoke 2-3 cigarettes a day, amniotic fluid contains nicotine. In experiments on pregnant monkeys, it was found that after 10-20 minutes. after smoking, the content of nicotine in the blood of the mother and fetus is approximately the same. But after 45-90 minutes. the concentration of nicotine in the blood of the fetus was higher than that of the monkey itself.

In animal experiments, it has been established that nicotine causes increased contraction of the muscles of the uterus, which contributes to miscarriages, as well as high mortality of offspring (68.8%) and stillbirth (31.5%). In smoking pregnant women, such tragic events (spontaneous abortions, premature births, stillbirths, various developmental anomalies) are observed 2 times more often than in non-smokers.

An analysis of the causes of death of 18 thousand newborns in the UK showed that in 1.5 thousand deaths were caused by smoking mothers.

A regular increase in the risk of congenital malformations was established with an increase in the number of cigarettes smoked by a woman every day, especially during the 3rd month of pregnancy.

Swedish scientists have revealed a significant predominance of smokers in the group of women who gave birth to children with a cleft palate and cleft lip. It is appropriate to note at the same time that, according to the German scientist Knerr, intensive smoking of fathers also contributes to an increase in the frequency of various developmental defects in children.

It has been established that the body weight of children born from smoking mothers is 150-240 g less. Lack of body weight is directly related to the number of cigarettes smoked in the first half of pregnancy. This is caused by a decrease in appetite in a smoking woman, a deterioration in the supply of nutrients to the fetus due to vasoconstriction by nicotine, the toxic effect of tobacco smoke components and an increase in the concentration of carbon monoxide in the blood of a pregnant woman and fetus. Fetal hemoglobin binds more easily to carbon monoxide than maternal hemoglobin. Each cigarette smoked increases the supply of carboxyhemoglobin to the fetus by 10%, reducing the delivery of oxygen. It leads to chronic insufficiency oxygen and is one of the main causes of fetal growth retardation.

During the last 10 weeks During pregnancy, smoking even 2 cigarettes reduces the fetal respiratory rate by 30%.

Children born from mothers who smoked during pregnancy often have an altered reactivity of the body, a weak and unstable nervous system. By one year, children of smoking mothers are catching up with the development and body weight of children of non-smoking mothers. However, there is evidence that such children lag behind their peers in growth and development by 7 years.

It should be noted that children of smoking parents are born with a predisposition to early atherosclerosis.

In this regard, obstetricians and gynecologists around the world strongly recommend expectant mothers to stop smoking.

The 3rd month of pregnancy is especially important for the normal maturation of the fetus. At this time, the organs and systems of the body of the unborn child are formed. If a woman stops smoking in the first month of pregnancy, then the baby is born with normal weight body, the complications caused by smoking disappear.

In addition, a smoking woman loses her attractiveness, wrinkles appear, her complexion becomes earthy or gray. The voice of young women becomes rough, hoarse. On the hand holding the cigarette, the nails and fingers turn yellow. The entire body ages ahead of time.

Women who smoke often experience headaches, weakness, and fatigue quickly sets in.

It has been established that nicotine has a stronger effect on the heart of a woman than a man. A heavy smoker has a 3 times higher risk of developing a myocardial infarction than a man who smokes the same amount.

The teeth of a smoking woman become yellow, the enamel is damaged. According to the observations of the American dentist G. Daniell, among women who smoke at the age of 50, about half needed prosthetics, and among non-smokers, only a quarter.

According to world statistics, 30% of women who smoke suffer from hypertrophy of the thyroid gland. The frequency of this disease in non-smoking women does not exceed 5%. Quite often, smoking women experience symptoms resembling Graves' disease: palpitations, irritability, sweating, etc., which is reflected in the appearance: bulging eyes, emaciation, etc.

Nicotine changes the regulation of complex physiological processes in the female genital area. Acting on the ovaries, it disrupts their function in metabolism. This rarely leads to an increase in body weight, more often to its loss.

Out of fear of gaining weight, a woman may start smoking or continue smoking, unfortunately, forgetting about many other, much more harmful consequences.

Tobacco smoking leads to a decrease in sex drive. Nicotine, acting on the ovaries, can cause menstrual irregularities (lengthening or shortening), painful menstruation and even their cessation (early menopause). Under the influence of smoking (one pack of cigarettes per day), due to a decrease in immunological processes in women, the frequency of inflammatory diseases of the genital organs increases, which leads to infertility.

The German gynecologist P. Bernhard, having examined more than 5.5 thousand women, found that infertility was observed in women who smoke in 41.5%, and in non-smokers - only in 4.6% of cases. Professor R. Neuberg (GDR) writes about the consequences of women's smoking in this way: "Women will die prematurely, before they live their lives, before they have time to pass on to the next generation their experience in love and life. A young girl who starts smoking with 16 years old, reaches the age of danger in relation to cancer by 46 years old, and at 50 years old already dies from it.

It should be noted that female body compared to men, it can be faster and easier to give up nicotine addiction, i.e. smoking.

Ultrasound diagnostics allows you to register the lag of the fetus, which is more often observed in pregnant women when smoking, and in primiparous smokers, insufficient fetal weight occurs 4 times more often, and in multiparous women 3 times more often than in non-smokers.

Changes in the blood status of smoking pregnant women are also reflected in the body weight of their newborns: with a hematocrit value of 31-40, the body weight of newborns was on average 166 g. lower when compared with the body weight of newborns from non-smoking mothers; with hematocrit values ​​of 41-47, the difference in weight already reached 310 grams.

The restriction of intrauterine growth of the fetus as a result of the constant toxic effects of tobacco smoke was reflected in anthropometric indicators, namely: an increase in the intensity of smoking during the period of bearing a child was accompanied by a decrease in the body length and circumference of the shoulder girdle, regardless of the sex of the newborns.

Systematizing the experience of domestic and foreign clinicians, as well as our data on experimental reproduction and modeling of passive smoking, we want to draw attention to the following dangerous consequences for the body of a smoking woman and her offspring:

1) violation of the hormonal apparatus of a woman (discomfort of the menstrual cycle, decreased sexual desire, ovarian atrophy, loss of fertility, infertility);

2) decrease in the instinct of motherhood;

3) death of embryos in the early stages of pregnancy, underdevelopment of the placenta, bleeding during childbearing, an increase in the frequency of spontaneous abortions and miscarriages, premature births;

4) bleeding during childbirth, an increase in the number of stillborns, high percent early infant mortality;

5) syndrome sudden death newborns and children;

6) an increase in the number of premature newborns, malnutrition, lagging body weight, anthropometric and physiological parameters in newborns;

7) children of mothers-smokers are semi-disabled, their resistance to diseases is lowered, and they are prone to various diseases;

8) lag in the physical and mental development of children;

9) an increase in the number of congenital deformities, deviations and developmental defects in children.

2. Alcoholism is one of the insidious human diseases

The effect of alcohol on the human body

Alcoholism is a progressive disease that is caused by the systematic consumption of alcoholic beverages and is characterized by a pathological attraction to them, leading to mental, physical disorders and social maladaptation.

Alcohol is alien to the body, therefore, the biochemical mechanisms of a person, of course, are not "tuned" to its assimilation, and a negative reaction to alcohol is more clearly manifested at the first intake of alcoholic beverages - nausea, a feeling of nausea, vomiting, etc. Over time, after "meetings" with alcohol in the liver, a specific enzyme is formed - alcohol dehydrogenesis, which neutralizes alcohol, breaking it down to water and carbon dioxide. Interestingly, this function is not characteristic of the liver of children and adolescents. That is why at this age alcohol is especially toxic and causes irreversible changes in the internal organs.

In persons who abuse alcohol, cirrhotic degeneration of the liver develops over time, in which the production of the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenesis sharply decreases. This is due to their rapid intoxication from small doses of alcohol.

It has been established that cirrhosis of the liver that develops in people who abuse alcohol is mainly due to the effect of alcohol itself on liver cells, and not even moderate amounts of alcohol, if consumed regularly over many years, eventually significantly increase the risk of cavity cancer. mouth, esophagus, pharynx and larynx, as well as cirrhosis of the liver.

It was noted that in chronic alcoholism, in parallel with the main ailment, persistent diseases of internal organs are diagnosed, including disorders of the cardiovascular system - in 80% of patients, digestive tract - in 15%, liver - in 67%.

Many doctors believe that alcohol is also one of the most common causative factors chronic inflammation pancreas.

Alcohol is especially detrimental to nerve cells. Obviously, this is due to its easy solubility in fatty and fat-like substances, which form the basis of the nervous tissue.

Therefore, even a small dose of alcohol instantly causes changes in a person's mental activity.

General revival, talkativeness are not associated with a tonic

the effect of alcohol on the nervous system, as people who drink usually think, but, on the contrary, with the inhibition of inhibitory processes.

Frequent intoxication leads to gross and irreversible changes in nerve cells, inhibits and paralyzes their activity. Therefore, people who abuse alcohol have weakened memory and attention, dulled moral qualities.

It is not uncommon for people to drink alcohol and drugs at the same time. As a result, there are serious disorders of the cardiovascular system and severe complications, up to death. The systematic use of alcoholic beverages ultimately leads to the development of neuro- mental disorders. The most common of these is chronic alcoholism.

Chronic alcoholism is a severe neuropsychiatric disease in which a person develops a painful craving for alcoholic beverages, which eventually becomes obsessive, there is an acute "need" to get drunk.

Alcohol is a central nervous system (CNS) depressant, similar to other anesthetics. At a blood alcohol level of 0.05%, thinking, criticism, and self-control are impaired and sometimes lost. At a concentration of 0.10%, voluntary motor acts are noticeably disturbed. At 0.20%, the function of the motor areas of the brain can be significantly suppressed, and areas of the brain that regulate emotional behavior can also be affected. At 0.30%, the subject exhibits confusion and stupor; at 0.40-0.50%, a coma begins. At higher levels, the primitive brain centers that regulate breathing and heart rate are affected, and death occurs. Death is usually a secondary result of primary, direct respiratory suppression or aspiration of vomit. Alcohol suppresses REM sleep (REM) and causes insomnia.

Alcoholism is the cause of many neuropsychiatric diseases.

The role of injuries, infections, mental illnesses is convincingly shown. However, the first place among the most harmful factors belongs to alcoholism.

According to statistics, approximately 30% of all mental illnesses are caused by alcoholism.

But that's not all. Frequent use of alcohol changes the reactivity, resistance of the body and thereby creates conditions in the body that cause in some cases the development of alcoholic psychoses, in other cases provoking the occurrence of a number of serious mental illnesses, including such as epilepsy, schizophrenia, etc.

And this is not surprising. According to most researchers, the brain is the organ on which the effect of alcohol, even in small doses, first of all affects. Alcohol penetrates almost unhindered into the brain, where it is found in almost the same concentration as in the blood, which determines its direct effect on the central nervous system.

The effect of alcohol on metabolic processes in brain cells is beyond doubt by most scientists. At the same time, we note that data on metabolic disorders in the central nervous system occurring under the influence of alcohol are still at the stage of accumulation of experimental material.

Alcohol negatively affects the ability of brain cells to synthesize protein and ribonucleic acid (RNA), which plays a large role in memory function and a person's ability to learn.

The most severe and most dangerous mental illness associated with chronic alcohol intoxication is delirium tremens. The patient sees various nightmares, monsters threatening him. Then unmotivated fear, fearfulness appear, consciousness is darkened, a person loses orientation, cannot determine where he is, does not recognize his loved ones. All this is accompanied by an influx of false, painful perceptions - hallucinations (visual, sometimes auditory, etc.). It seems to patients that they are attacked by rats, snakes, cats, monkeys, etc.

Patients with delirium tremens, as a rule, experience fear, often scream and call for help, try to escape, throw themselves out of windows, attack imaginary enemies, which often ends in fatal injuries. After an attack of delirium tremens, they usually do not remember their experiences.

If, with delirium tremens, special therapeutic measures are not taken in a timely manner, the patient may die as a result of a sharp violation of the activity of the respiratory organs and the cardiovascular system. There are cases when patients hear imaginary voices for many months and even years. The content of these auditory hallucinations most often unpleasant, offensive or threatening. Wherever such a patient is, it seems to him that he is scolded, mocked, mocked. There is suspicion and alertness, the mood becomes depressed and anxious. Such patients avoid society, have little interest in life.

A very dangerous mental disorder in patients with chronic alcoholism is delusions of persecution and jealousy. The patient, for no reason, begins to suspect his wife of infidelity, watches her, insults her. French researchers in this regard called alcohol "the toxin of sexual jealousy." Often in such cases, severe alcoholic psychosis develops - the delirium of jealousy of alcoholics. Delirium is usually associated with the situation that has developed: divorce, discontent and cooling of the wife, who, naturally, cannot treat her alcoholic husband with love and warmth, as before. Life with such a husband is full of torment and danger.

A serious illness is Korsakov's psychosis, which is characterized by a sharp memory disorder, primarily for current events, loss of ability to work. The patient can greet the same person several times a day, is not able to remember with whom and what he just talked about, forgets what he recently read.

Along with the rough mental disorders in such patients there are disorders of sensitivity, paralysis of the arms and legs. On the basis of many years of systematic drunkenness, alcoholic dementia often develops, which is not treatable.

Sometimes drinking people, regardless of whether they drink frequently or sporadically, following alcohol intake, severe, so-called pathological intoxication develops. Suddenly there is a disorder of consciousness, frightening hallucinations and crazy ideas appear. The actions of a sick person are characterized by extreme excitement and extreme aggressiveness. In this state, patients often commit serious, cruel crimes - murder, arson, violence, suicide, self-mutilation, etc.

Alcoholism and sexual function

Alcohol abuse is known to have a negative effect on sexual function. The severity of these disorders depends on the stage of alcoholism, the individual characteristics of the organism. Sooner or later, in patients with alcoholism, a pronounced decrease in sexual function is found, which is the result of the toxic effect of alcohol on the central nervous and endocrine systems of the body. Alcohol intoxication causes a sharp decrease in sperm production and even atrophy of the gonads. Patients with alcoholism have premature aging organism with the extinction of sexual function.

American scientists have found that with the systematic use of alcohol in the liver, an enzyme is produced that blocks the production of the male sex hormone - testosterone.

Under the influence of alcohol intoxication, the sensitive component of sexual intercourse sharply weakens, and then completely disappears. Therefore, drunken sexual relations are always dulled, devoid of sharpness, brightness and subtlety of sensations, they are often accompanied by rudeness, violence, and cruelty.

The range of sexual disorders in patients with alcoholism undergoes natural dynamics - from short-term, physiotherapeutic and psychotherapeutic methods of influence. Before starting treatment, the patient is warned about the need for a complete refusal to take alcoholic beverages.

Women and alcoholism

All forms of alcoholism in women are characterized by a malignant course and rapid progression of the disease with the onset of severe biological and social consequences.

Women who abuse alcohol tend to start smoking. Alcohol intoxication leads to premature decrepitude, menstrual irregularities and pathological changes in endocrine system With early development menopause (35-40 years). Are celebrated a sharp decline fertility, (that is, childbearing), decreased sexual interest, motherhood instinct, emaciation. At the same time, many patients show signs of sexual promiscuity, which is explained not so much by hypersexuality as by a growing defect in emotional sphere, loss of subtle differentiated emotional reactions.

Pregnancy in women who abuse alcohol is often difficult, with severe symptoms of toxicosis. Many births end in miscarriage, premature birth or stillbirth. In a significant percentage of cases, children are born with various defects in the mental and somatic sphere, growth disorders. A peculiar type of combination of physical anomalies and mental retardation described as "fetal alcohol syndrome".

The detrimental effect of alcohol on a developing organism is explained by the main property of this poison to act mainly on the nervous tissue of the brain. Nerve cells are among the most highly organized; they finish their growth and formation later than all other cells in the body.

Alcohol, even in an insignificant amount, paralyzes, disrupts the metabolism in brain tissues, delays their growth, which, in turn, adversely affects the development of the brain and the vital activity of the whole organism.

When a person is intoxicated, all the cells of his body are saturated with ethyl poison, including germ cells. Germ cells damaged by alcohol cause the onset of degradation.

Even worse, if another (female) cell turns out to be alcoholized upon fusion, then in the embryo there will be, as it were, an accumulation of degenerative properties, which is especially hard on the development of the fetus, on the fate of the child.

The risk of having a sick (inferior) child in women suffering from alcoholism is perhaps 35%. Although the exact mechanism of fetal injury is unknown, it can be assumed that it is the result of intrauterine exposure to ethanol or its metabolites. Alcohol can also cause hormonal imbalance which increases the risk of having handicapped children.

3. Addiction

Effects of drugs on health

Drug addiction is a serious illness of the psyche and the whole organism, which, if left untreated, leads to degradation of the personality, complete disability and premature death.

The use of drugs, in addition to mental and physical dependence, always leads to an irreversible gross violation of the body's vital functions and social degradation of the drug addict. It is these consequences that constitute the greatest danger to human health and life.

Chronic poisoning of the body with narcotic drugs leads to irreversible changes in the nervous system, the disintegration of the personality. As a result, the addict loses some of his higher feelings and moral restraint. Arrogance, dishonesty appear, vital aspirations and goals, interests and hopes fade away. A person loses kindred feelings, attachment to people and even some natural inclinations. This is especially tragic when it comes to young people, about just emerging individuals, the most valuable for society.

Drug addiction leads to extreme exhaustion of the body, significant loss of body weight and a noticeable decline in physical strength. The skin becomes pale and dry, the face acquires an earthy hue, there are also imbalances and coordination of movements, which can be mistaken for a manifestation alcohol intoxication(Usually drug addicts avoid alcohol, although this is not the rule.)

Poisoning the body causes disease of internal organs, especially the liver and kidneys.

Additional complications come from intravenous drug injection with dirty needles and syringes. Drug addicts often have purulent skin lesions, thrombosis, inflammation of the veins, as well as infectious diseases such as hepatitis.

With morphine addiction, as well as addiction caused by other opium alkaloids, withdrawal syndrome develops 6-18 hours after the last drug use. There is a general malaise, physical weakness, dilated pupils, palpitations, increased breathing, some fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, chills, goose pimples", bursting pains in the joints of the arms, legs, in the lower back, a feeling of muscle contraction, convulsions, sweating, salivation, lacrimation, yawning, sneezing, insomnia, lowering the mood with irritability, hysterical reactions, explosiveness, anger, aggressiveness.

When smoking cannabis, manifestations are characterized by general malaise, lack of appetite. It should also be noted trembling of the limbs, sweating, fatigue, low mood, insomnia.

Withdrawal syndrome in the abuse of stimulants occurs with complaints of fatigue, low blood pressure, depression with ideas of self-blame and suicidal attempts.

When abused sleeping pills Withdrawal syndrome is manifested by an increase in all types of reflexes, trembling of the limbs, eyelids, tongue, motor restlessness, headaches, palpitations, low blood pressure with a tendency to fainting, often develop psychosis with profuse visual hallucinations.

With opiate addiction, there is a narrowing of the circle of interests, the concentration of all thoughts on obtaining drugs, deceit, a tendency to crime, to steal for the sake of obtaining a drug. On the part of the somato-neurological status, there is dryness and icteric coloration of the skin, mucous sclera, narrowing of the pupils, swelling of the face, slowing of the pulse, a drop in blood pressure, as well as all types of reflexes, a decrease and disappearance of sexual potency and menstruation, constipation, loss of appetite, falling weight to exhaustion.

Drug abuse leads to the development of egocentrism, malice, bouts of low mood with aggressiveness, memory loss, slowness and stiffness of thinking, dementia. Attention is also drawn to the disorder of coordination of movements, neuritis, ulcers on the oral mucosa, signs of anemia. In medical practice, a complex of mental and somatic abnormalities has been identified in children born to mothers who used drugs. The negative effect of drugs on offspring is most clearly manifested in drug abuse during pregnancy.

Drug addiction and pregnancy

Long-term drug use causes a variety of changes in people's physical and mental health.

Drug addicts usually suffer from digestive disorders, and their liver is affected, the activity of the cardiovascular system, and especially the heart, is disturbed. The production of sex hormones is rapidly decreasing, the ability to conceive.

And although the sex drive quickly fades with drug addiction, about 25% of drug addicts have children. And these children, as a rule, are burdened with serious illnesses.

Some narcotic substances, mainly causing hallucinations (LSD), can have a detrimental effect already at the stage of gamete formation, leading to chromosome breaks. Chromosomal abnormalities always cause adverse consequences for offspring. Most fetuses with these disorders die and are aborted. But the living develop malformations - deformities. The toxic effect of drugs on the fetus can be direct (through damage to its cellular structures) and indirect (through impaired hormone formation, changes in the uterine mucosa). Narcotic substances have a low molecular weight and easily cross the placenta. Due to the immaturity of the fetal liver enzyme systems, drugs are slowly neutralized and circulate in the body for a long time.

If drug poisoning in the first 3 months of pregnancy leads to various anomalies of the musculoskeletal system, kidneys, heart and other organs of the child, then in more late dates fetal growth retardation occurs. 30-50% of addicted mothers have low birth weight babies. The fetus, when the mother uses drugs, may form a physical dependence on drugs. In this case, the child is born with a withdrawal syndrome, which occurs due to the cessation of the regular supply of drugs in his body after birth. The child is excited, screams piercingly, often yawns, sneezes. He has an elevated temperature, and his muscle tone is altered compared to the norm. Due to prolonged intrauterine hypoxia, children of mothers who are drug addicts are born with respiratory disorders, disorders of the central nervous system, and various malformations.

conclusions

1. Alcoholism, smoking, drug addiction are the most harmful habits for the human body.

2. These habits cause irreparable harm not only to the person himself, but also to his offspring, as well as to the family, the team and society as a whole.

3. The main reasons for addiction to negative habits are: poor organization of educational work, insufficient awareness of adolescents about the negative impact of bad habits on their body.

4. Alcoholism, smoking and drug addiction negatively affect not just one human organ, but practically all organs and systems of the body.

5. One of the terrible consequences of these habits is their effect on offspring. Children in these parents are often born weak, inferior.

6. As a rule - people who long time abused alcohol, smoked or used drugs for a long time, they shorten their lives by more than a dozen years or even die at a young age.

7. All these bad habits cause not only physical pain, lead to moral degradation, but also cause great damage to a person and society.

8. It is necessary for public authorities, pedagogical and labor collectives significantly strengthen and intensify educational, explanatory work among children, adolescents and adults about the dangers of such bad habits as alcoholism, smoking and drug addiction.

List of used literature

1. Attention - Addiction - S. Gursky

2. Quit Smoking - Miriam Stoppard 1986

3. Tobacco smoking and the brain - L.K. Semenov 1973

4.Alcohol and children - E.V. Borisov, L.P. Vasilevskaya

Before starting this topic, it is worth getting an answer to the question: what is a bad habit? According to most experts, this is an automatically repeated many times a harmful action in terms of the health of a person who has fallen under the influence of a bad habit.

Today, each of us has our own bad habits. This problem affects almost everyone, and plays an important role in our lives. Some of the most common bad habits are: smoking, alcoholism and drug addiction.

In addition, they take away about 700 thousand people every year. Just think - this is the population of the whole city!

And therefore, we, with the editors of the site www.site, decided to “deal with” every bad habit, and for this we’ll talk today about pernicious influence bad habits on the body and human health.

Smoking

Nicotine is a poison - it's no secret. An active smoker or drinker lives about 10-25 years less than a person who does not consume these types of poisons.

We list the factors that indicate the harmful effects of smoking on the human body:

1. A smoker is 4 times more sick than a non-smoker;
2. constant smoking takes 6-15 years of life from a person;
3. smoking is the starting point for such common diseases as: myocardial infarction, stomach and intestinal ulcers, lung cancer, vasospasm in the extremities with the death of the latter;
4. smoking in a man contributes to the development of impotence;
5. smoking spoils the color and condition of the skin of the face.

Women should remember that it has a sharp bad influence on their unborn child and his health. In addition, in many countries of the world it is already considered a bad example and not at all fashionable. Do you want your children not to smoke?! So quit smoking yourself, and you are not a bad role model for them!

Do not forget that a smoking person standing nearby is a danger to a non-smoker. A passive smoker, one way or another inhaling smoke, may at first not notice the appearance different localization headaches, exacerbation of diseases of the lungs, bronchi and many other symptoms. Even more dangerous is passive smoking in children.

Alcoholism

Another bad habit is alcohol. Drinking is similar to smoking. When alcohol is taken, the entire body is under a destructive influence, leading to numerous serious diseases. Basically, the action is aimed at the brain, more precisely at its cortex, and therefore at the human reproductive system.

A person taking a small dose of alcohol can lose self-control, a sense of tact, which later makes him ashamed and annoying. Health and alcohol are absolutely incompatible things, despite the fact that the drinker often experiences a surge of strength and cheerfulness. Remember, this is all just a temporary illusion.

Needless to say, what happens to a person at the moment of drinking or a hangover. After all, for sure, everyone is familiar with a headache in the morning, which appears due to the fact that brain cells die.

Also, to all drinkers, the sign is “dry”, which is caused by the fact that the body “throws” all excess water in order to remove dead brain cells, preventing them from decay and decomposition.

Addiction

To our great regret in Russia, this habit is becoming very common day by day. Although everyone knows that drug addiction completely destroys the nervous system, develops egocentrism, malice, attacks of aggressiveness, causes memory loss, stiffness of thinking and dementia appear, nevertheless they try white powder or herbs ... And then, in addition to the above, they face a disorder in coordination of movements, neuritis, an ulcer of various localization, signs of anemia. Mothers who take drugs give birth to children with mental and somatic deviations.

The main motive that determines the behavior of drug addicts is the desire to find drugs, discard everything and ignore everyone that can interfere with their use.

All this explains the outbursts of rudeness, irritation, the desire to isolate oneself from the failures and troubles of one's loved ones, from acquaintances and friends who lead a lifestyle different from their addictions.

From all of the above, it follows that in society it is necessary to conduct explanatory conversations more productively. Society needs to prevent bad habits. Children with early age you need to instill: what is good and what is bad, and perhaps then the percentage of people with negative habits that affect the body will be less.

Today, unfortunately, all prevention is based on a few posters with various thematic inscriptions. Even in schools, universities and large companies, medical workers conduct seminars and lectures. But there are so few of them that the effect of them is not great.

And therefore, the knowledge of the younger generation, alas, does not go beyond the standard framework of knowledge that they receive in school textbooks. And for really effective prevention bad habits, you need to attract highly specialized specialists, as well as professional lecturers. They know the problems better than others, they have real examples, they know statistics and they are able to convincingly convey information to large masses of people. That is why they are ready for any questions from the crowd and can describe in detail the influence of habits and all the processes that occur in the body when consuming tobacco, alcohol and drugs.

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ESSAY

on the topic: "The influence of bad habits on the human body"

Prepared by:

Malkova Anna,

10 "A" class student

MOU secondary school No. 4

2010

Introduction

1. Harm of smoking

2. Alcohol

3. Harm of alcohol

4. Addiction

5. Drugs and health

Conclusion

Introduction

The problem of alcohol, tobacco and drug use is very relevant today. Now their consumption is characterized by huge numbers. The whole society suffers from this, but first of all, the younger generation is at risk: children, adolescents, youth, as well as the health of expectant mothers.

After all, alcohol, tobacco and drugs have a particularly active effect on the unformed organism, gradually destroying it.

The consequences of bad habits are obvious. It has been proven that when they enter the body, it spreads through the blood to all organs and adversely affects them up to destruction. This especially affects muscle tissue and mental activity.

In particular: with the systematic use of alcohol, a dangerous disease develops - alcoholism; with prolonged smoking - lung cancer and gum disease; with even a short-term use of narcotic substances - the destruction of the brain, and, consequently, the PERSONALITY.

1. Harm tabacocarhenium

Smoking is one of the worst habits. Studies have proven - the harm of smoking - in tobacco smoke containing more than 30 toxic substances: nicotine, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrocyanic acid, ammonia, resinous substances, organic acids, etc. In addition, some of the nicotine neutralizes formaldehyde, another poison found in tobacco. For 30 years, a heavy smoker smokes approximately 20,000 cigarettes, or 160 kg of tobacco, ingesting an average of 800 g of nicotine. It is this dose that enters the blood daily after smoking 20-25 cigarettes (one cigarette contains approximately 6-8 mg of nicotine, of which 3-4 mg enters the bloodstream). The systematic absorption of small, non-lethal doses of nicotine causes a habit, an addiction to smoking. Statistics say: compared to non-smokers, long-term smokers are 13 times more likely to develop angina pectoris, 12 times more likely to have myocardial infarction, and 10 times more likely to have stomach ulcers.

Smokers make up 96-100% of all lung cancer patients. Every seventh long-term smoker suffers from obliterating endarteritis - a serious disease of the blood vessels.

Nicotine is a nerve poison. In observations of people, it has been established that nicotine in small doses excites nerve cells, promotes increased respiration and heart rate, heart rhythm disturbances, nausea and vomiting. In large doses, it inhibits and then paralyzes the activity of CNS cells. A disorder of the nervous system is manifested by a decrease in working capacity, trembling of the hands, and a weakening of memory. Nicotine also affects the endocrine glands, in particular the adrenal glands, which at the same time release the hormone adrenaline into the blood, which causes vasospasm, increased blood pressure and increased heart rate. Adversely affecting the sex glands, nicotine contributes to the development of sexual weakness in men - impotence! Therefore, her treatment begins with the fact that the patient is offered to stop smoking.

Smoking is especially harmful to children and teenagers. Not yet strong nervous and circulatory system sensitive to tobacco.

In addition to nicotine, other components of tobacco smoke also have a negative effect. When carbon monoxide enters the body, oxygen starvation develops, because carbon monoxide combines with hemoglobin more easily than oxygen, and is delivered with blood to all human tissues and organs. Cancer in smokers occurs 20 times more often than in non-smokers. How longer man smokes, the more likely he is to die from this serious disease. Statistical studies have shown that smokers often have cancerous tumors in other organs - the esophagus, stomach, larynx, kidneys. Very often, smoking leads to the development of chronic bronchitis, accompanied by a persistent cough and bad breath. The role of smoking in the occurrence of tuberculosis is also great. So, 95 out of 100 people suffering from it, by the time the disease began, were smoking. Myocardial infarction in smokers occurs 3 times more often than in non-smokers. Smoking may be main reason persistent vasospasm lower extremities, contributing to the development of obliterating endarteritis, affecting mainly men. This disease leads to malnutrition, gangrene and, ultimately, to amputation of the lower extremities. Substances contained in tobacco smoke also affect digestive tract primarily the teeth and oral mucosa. Nicotine increases the secretion of gastric juice, which causes aching pain in the stomach, nausea and vomiting.

These signs can also be a manifestation of gastritis, gastric ulcer, which smokers occur much more often than non-smokers. Smoking can cause nicotinic amblyopia. In a patient suffering from this disease, partial or complete blindness occurs.

And, in general, let's say this: tobacco damages all organs and systems of the body. Smokers endanger not only themselves, but also those around them. Tobacco destroys those who smoke, and those who are born from smokers, and those who are close to smokers. And who is next to the smokers? Yes, the closest and dearest people.

bad habit alcohol addiction smoking

2. Alcohol

The thief of reason - this is how alcohol has been called since ancient times. People learned about the intoxicating properties of alcoholic beverages at least 8000 BC - with the advent of ceramic dishes, which made it possible to make alcoholic beverages from honey, fruit juices and wild grapes.

Pure alcohol began to be obtained in the 6th-7th centuries by the Arabs and they called it "al cogl", which means "intoxicating".

Why do people drink alcohol? Probably, you have repeatedly heard the expression: "let's drink, we'll warm up." It is believed in everyday life that alcohol is a good way to warm the body. No wonder alcohol is often called "hot drinks". Alcohol is believed to have therapeutic effect not only with colds, but also with a number of other diseases, including the gastrointestinal tract, for example, with a stomach ulcer. Doctors, on the contrary, believe that a peptic ulcer patient should absolutely not take alcohol. Where is the truth? After all, small doses of alcohol really excite the appetite. Or another belief that exists among people: alcohol excites, invigorates, improves mood, well-being, makes the conversation more lively and interesting, which is important for the company of young people. It is not for nothing that alcohol is taken “against fatigue”, with ailments, and at almost all festivities. Moreover, there is an opinion that alcohol is a high-calorie product that quickly provides the energy needs of the body, which is important, for example, during a hike, etc. And in beer and dry grape wines, in addition, there is a whole set of vitamins and aromatic substances. In medical practice, the bacteriostatic properties of alcohol are used, using it for disinfection (for injections, etc.), preparation of medicines, but by no means for the treatment of diseases.

So, alcohol is taken to cheer up, to warm the body, to prevent and treat diseases, in particular as a disinfectant, as well as a means of increasing appetite and an energetically valuable product. Where is the truth and where is the error?

Moderate alcohol consumption is not harmful to health. Statistics show that drinking moderate amounts of alcohol can have a beneficial effect on the heart and possibly lengthen life. However, alcohol affects the brain, so never drink and drive.

Excessive alcohol consumption causes social discontent, hangovers and decreased performance in the short term; in the long term, it causes irreversible liver damage, memory loss and impaired mental functioning, insomnia, slow reflexes with a corresponding increase in the risk of accidents, and deterioration in sanity and emotional control. Although alcohol tolerance is higher in men than in women, male alcoholics are at greater risk of liver damage, many forms of cancer, and immune system disorders.

Alcohol has four main effects in the body. 1) It provides the body with energy (alcohol has a high energy value but contains no nutrients). 2) It acts like anesthetic on the central nervous system, slowing down its work and reducing efficiency. 3) It stimulates the production of urine. With a large intake of alcohol, the body loses more water than it receives, and the cells are dehydrated. 4) It temporarily disables the liver. After a large dose of alcohol, about two-thirds of the liver can fail, but the liver usually fully recovers after a few days.

3. Harm of alcohol

Alcoholism - regular consumption a large number alcohol over a long period of time. It is the most serious form of drug addiction today, affecting 1 to 5% of the population in most countries. The alcoholic drinks impulsively, indicating a psychological or physical addiction from alcohol.

Let's take a look at what alcohol can do to our bodies.

Blood. Alcohol inhibits the production of platelets, as well as white and red blood cells. Outcome: anemia, infections, bleeding.

Brain. Alcohol slows down blood circulation in the vessels of the brain, leading to constant oxygen starvation of its cells, resulting in memory loss and slow mental degradation. Early sclerotic changes develop in the vessels, and the risk of cerebral hemorrhage increases.

Heart. Alcohol abuse causes an increase in the level of cholesterol in the blood, persistent hypertension and myocardial dystrophy. Cardiovascular insufficiency puts the patient on the brink of the grave.

Intestines. Constant exposure to alcohol on the wall small intestine leads to a change in the structure of cells, and they lose the ability to fully absorb nutrients and mineral components, which ends with the depletion of the body of an alcoholic. Constant inflammation of the stomach and later the intestines causes ulcers of the digestive organs.

Liver. This organ suffers from alcohol the most: an inflammatory process (hepatitis) occurs, and then cicatricial degeneration (cirrhosis). The liver ceases to perform its function of decontaminating toxic metabolic products, producing blood proteins and other important functions, which leads to the inevitable death of the patient. Cirrhosis is an insidious disease: it slowly creeps up on a person, and then beats, and immediately to death. The cause of the disease is the toxic effects of alcohol.

Pancreas. Alcoholic patients are 10 times more likely to develop diabetes than non-drinkers: alcohol destroys the pancreas, an organ that produces insulin, and profoundly perverts metabolism.

Leather. A drunk person almost always looks older than his years: his skin very soon loses its elasticity and ages prematurely.

From all this, the conclusion should be drawn - control and do not kill yourself.

4. Addiction

A drug is any chemical compound that has the ability to change the functioning of brain cells and thereby cause a false sense of pleasure and high spirits. Drug abuse is the use of drugs in any way that is medically and socially unacceptable or acceptable but wrong.

It is especially appropriate here to name psychoactive drugs - those that affect the body, causing behavioral changes, such as euphoria and hallucinations. The use and often production of many drugs that are abused by a large number of people is banned in many countries.

Why do people abuse drugs?

Social Consistency. If the use of a particular drug is accepted within a group to which a person belongs or identifies with, he will feel the need to use that drug to show his belonging to that group.

Pleasure. One of the main reasons why people use drugs is the accompanying and pleasurable sensations, from well-being and relaxation to mystical euphoria.

Curiosity about drugs leads some people to take drugs themselves.

Prosperity and leisure can lead to boredom and loss of interest in life, and in this case, drugs can seem like an exit and stimulation.

Avoiding physical stress. Most people manage to cope with the most stressful situations in their lives, but some try to take refuge in uniform. drug addiction. Drugs often become the false center around which their lives revolve.

5. Drugs and health

The drug addict is a social corpse. He is indifferent to public affairs. Nothing interests him. The acquisition and use of intoxicating substances becomes the meaning of his life. And one more feature. Drug addicts seek to introduce others to their hobby. No wonder drug addiction is sometimes called epidemic. noncommunicable disease. A short period of illusion after taking dope is replaced by a violation of consciousness, convulsions. Teenagers suddenly lose interest in school and work. There comes the objective destruction of the personality and its alienation from society. Most drug addicts are not married and do not have children. And among children born to drug addicts, there is a high percentage of developmental anomalies, congenital deformities, and brain damage. The drug addict does not return to society the funds spent on his upbringing and education, and does not participate in production. His medical care and treatment is expensive and ineffective. Among drug addicts, suicide attempts are not uncommon, mainly through a conscious overdose of drugs. So the consequences of intoxication are tragic both for the individual and for society as a whole.

The main disease of drug addicts is “dirty syringe disease” - AIDS. Also, drug addicts with experience have blood poisoning and vascular disease. The most terrible diseases of the brain, heart and liver. There is a complete degradation of personality.

Chronic poisoning of the body with narcotic drugs leads to the loss of moral restraint. Life aspirations and interests fade away. A person loses kindred feelings, attachment to people and even some natural inclinations. Narcotic intoxication and serious ailments make it burdensome to study and work, leading drug addicts to parasitism. All drugs are united by a deadly substance property: they cause physical and psychological dependence, subjugating the will of a person, destroying his body and mind. This is one of the deadly paradoxes: freedom and independence are the main values ​​of modern man, but volatile, intangible substances make him their slave. A person, being addicted to drugs, loses all orientation, he is no longer able to evaluate himself and his condition. Any drug addict (like an alcoholic) tries to convince himself and his loved ones that he can stop at any moment. Often, this illusion pays with life. The road to hell will be short, like one, two, three, four.

Conclusion

The rapid growth of drug addiction, alcoholism and smoking leads to the degradation of society and the gradual extinction of mankind. All this makes doctors, and just citizens who think about their future generation, think about how to warn people who have not yet succumbed to such harmful and harmful habits from addiction to these three evils of modern society. Smoking, alcoholism and drug addiction are not only the problem of the "sick" person, but also the problem of society as a whole. If humanity does not stop now, does not begin to think about itself, about its future, then it will doom itself to complete extinction. If measures are not taken to prevent the distribution of alcohol and tobacco products, drugs among young people, if there is no increased promotion of a healthy lifestyle, humanity will be left without a future, and perhaps in a few decades they will say about our time “they could not stop in time” ...

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Habit- this is an action that has become a need for a person. A person performs a habitual action without hesitation, without realizing what he is doing.

Bad habit A habit that harms a person's health or social interaction. Often, both.

The degree of harmfulness of habits can be different. Picking your nose is also a bad habit, as you can scratch the nasal mucosa or disappoint your girlfriend. In other words, harm health and social interaction.

But first of all, bad habits mean the most dangerous of them, associated with the introduction of harmful substances into the human body. it smoking, alcohol and drug use.

• They harm not only the person who uses harmful substances, but also the people around them.
• As they develop, they begin to subjugate the whole life of a person.
• They are painfully addictive.
• They are extremely difficult to get rid of.

Harmful Substances and Addictions

Painful addictions or addiction called special group bad habits that have the most devastating effect on human health and personality. This is mainly due to the ingestion of various harmful substances for the purpose of entertainment.

Experts from the World Health Organization (WHO) offer the following classification of addictive substances.

• substances alcohol and barbiturates (ethyl alcohol, sedative barbiturates - meprobromate, chloral hydrate, etc.);
• amphetamines (amphetamine, phenmetrazine);
• cocaine-containing substances (cocaine and coca leaves);
• hallucinogenic substances (lysergide - LSD, mescaline);
• substances like kata - Catha ectulis Forsk;
• opiates (morphine, heroin, codeine, methalone);
• ethereal solvents (toluene, acetone and carbon tetrachloride).

All these substances, with the exception of essential solvents, are used for medicinal purposes.

They call drug addiction - addictive human body to the presence of certain drugs.

Since these substances are used without medical necessity and in arbitrary doses, they can cause irreparable harm to the body.

Tobacco, a non-medical drug, is also classified as a drug. It has a minor effect on the body as a stimulant, but along the way it causes incomparably greater harm to health, causing intoxication, impaired perception, motor functions and behavior.

The use of harmful substances at a young age is especially dangerous for the body. At the same time, young people are the most vulnerable social stratum in this regard, due to their natural “immaturity”.

Young people love to have fun, are prone to “herd mentality” (all my friends took the pill and I will take it), have little life experience and have not yet developed the habit of making informed decisions.

Addiction develops differently for each person. The speed and strength of addiction depends on hereditary characteristics, individual emotional perception of the sensations caused by the drug, the personal characteristics of a person and the position that he occupies in his socio-cultural environment.

Also important is the frequency of use, the mechanism of action of the narcotic substance and the way it enters the body - through the digestive system, respiratory tract, subcutaneously or intravenously.

Effects of drugs on adolescent health

Most often, a person acquires bad habits in early youth. What explains this? Teachers, doctors and psychologists name the following reasons:

• Lack of sense of responsibility and internal discipline.

For this reason, adolescents often come into conflict with parents, teachers and the entire “adult world”. Simply put, a teenager wants a lot, or maybe a little. And he puts the blame for it on adults. In this case, bad habits become a kind of rebellion, an unconstructive way to prove to adults that he is “independent” and “makes his own decisions”.

• No clear life purpose.

A teenager does not think about the future, does not make plans for his life, lives in momentary pleasures and cannot assess the consequences of his behavior.

• Anxiety, boredom, feeling miserable.

A teenager feels unhappy, misunderstood, life seems to him meaningless and hopeless. This often happens in people who are insecure, with low self-esteem.

• Communication difficulties.

If a teenager has communication difficulties, he can easily fall under the influence of "bad company". Such teenagers easily succumb to persuasion to “try the high”, and having felt euphoria and lightness under the influence of drugs, they hope to overcome communication difficulties with the help of drugs and increase their popularity.

• Desire to get away from problems.

This is the main reason for drug use in teenagers. All harmful substances cause inhibition of the central nervous system. A person is "disconnected" and "forgotten", which creates the illusion of leaving the painful problem. But the illusion remains an illusion. Problems do not disappear from this, but are exacerbated.

• Craving for experimentation.

"A man must try everything!" some teenagers think. Even if they are aware of the harmful effects of drugs on the body, curiosity wins. Fortunately, most of the "experiments" are one-time and do not lead to the rooting of bad habits. But if other provoking reasons listed above are added to the researcher's curiosity, then the “experiment” can be the first step towards the abyss.

As has been said, and it is worth repeating, adolescents are especially vulnerable to drugs. First of all, because their body is not yet fully formed, and it has a very high content of sex hormones.

It is the interaction of sex hormones with harmful substances that extremely shortens the period of formation bad habit and addiction.

If an adult person goes from abusing alcohol to a clinical alcoholic in 2-5 years, then it takes 3-6 months for a teenager to go through this path!

Therefore, preventive work among adolescents is extremely important. Illness - and bad habits are just a disease - can be prevented, but it is much more difficult or even impossible to cure!

Prevention of bad habits

• It is necessary to form socially significant motivations for behavior in children and adolescents, to educate healthy life needs.
• It is necessary to give children objective information about the dangers of bad habits, and do this taking into account the age and individual needs of the child.
• It is necessary to form in the child the skills of adequate communication with peers and adults, the ability to manage emotions and feelings. At the same time, it is necessary to develop sustainable negative attitude to drugs.
• We need to teach children to solve their problems, and not try to get away from them.
• It is necessary to instill in the child the skills of a healthy lifestyle and at the same time influence his self-esteem so that it is not underestimated.
• If the addiction still arose, you should help the child make the decision to fight it. Without active and friendly cooperation with the owner of a bad habit, it is impossible to overcome it.

Reasons for addiction

It depends on heredity, character, temperament, social environment and psychological climate where the teenager lives.

Experts have formulated the following "risk factors" for the emergence of bad habits, characteristic of young people:

• Hidden emotional disorder, the desire to get momentary pleasure.
• Criminal or antisocial behavior, the willingness to break social traditions and laws in pursuit of pleasure.
• Drug addiction as a result of self-treatment of inorganic mental disorders (stress, fear, disappointment, frustration, unhappy love)
• Regular intake of any medication to relieve physical suffering, prevent disease, or increase sexual potency.
• A serious illness that requires long-term use of painkillers.
• Excessive desire to achieve "popularity" in a certain social group ("like everyone else, so am I")
• Protest, challenge to parents and society.
• "Fashion" for smoking, drinking alcohol and drugs during social and cultural events (discotheques, clubs, concerts, etc.)

But any of these "risk factors" causes a painful predilection only in people who are weak, cowardly, morally unstable, easily hurt, dependent in character.

The roots of drug addiction are primarily social. The provocative factors that form the future drug addict or substance abuser lie in kindergarten, at school, in peer companies, in the student environment.

But the main role belongs to the family. Parents should form a child good habits and develop an aversion to harmful ones. Help the child build healthy system values. Provide him with an atmosphere of emotional comfort, love and trust in the family.

Then your child will never fall into the "risk group"!

Drunkenness and alcoholism

"Alcohol" is translated from Arabic as "intoxicating". It is a neurodepressant, ie. is a substance that reduces the supply of oxygen to the brain.

The symptoms that arise in this case are known to all. This is a violation of speech and coordination of movements, fuzzy thinking, slow reaction, loss of attention, up to complete insanity. Anyone who has seen a drunk person has had the opportunity to observe these symptoms in full.

According to statistics, every fifth road accident is committed while intoxicated, most drowned were drunk, and a drunken quarrel is the most “popular” reason for domestic murder. Moreover, a drunk person is equally at risk of becoming both the culprit and the victim of a crime or accident.

Sooner or later, a drinker will have health problems - digestive system, heart, liver. But the severity of physical illness cannot be compared with the horrendous degradation and disintegration of the personality.

Drunkenness brings with it economic damage. For example, it has been experimentally established that even small doses of alcohol reduce performance by 5-10%. And for those who abused alcohol during weekends and holidays, their performance is reduced by 25-30%. This is especially pronounced among mental workers and those whose activities are related to the performance of delicate and precise operations.

From a medical point of view, alcoholism is a disease. And drunkenness is a direct path to alcoholism. Long-term systematic use of alcohol, if in all cases it is accompanied by pronounced intoxication, inevitably leads to alcoholism.

Early symptoms of alcoholism

• Loss of the gag reflex.
• Loss of control over the amount of alcohol consumed.
• Promiscuity in drinks and the desire to “drink to the end” - to consume all the purchased alcohol.

The next clear sign is “withdrawal syndrome”. Also called a hangover. This is physical and mental discomfort, which manifests itself in the form of various objective and subjective disorders of the body. Headaches, palpitations, hand trembling, indigestion, sleep disturbance - this is from the side of physiology. Nightmares, depression, suspicion, fear, inadequate perception of reality - from the side of the psyche.

In the end, alcoholic degradation of the personality is manifested. It is characterized by impaired memory and intelligence, a decrease in the ethics of behavior, and the loss of a critical function. By this time, the body of the alcoholic is completely destabilized. He has many disorders and diseases of all organs and systems of the body.

Children born to drinking parents are doomed to a whole bouquet various diseases. Hippocrates also wrote that the culprits of epilepsy, idiocy, and nervous disorders in children are their parents, who drank alcohol on the day of conception.

The average life expectancy of a heavy drinker and alcoholic is 15-20 years less than the usual life expectancy. Not to mention that it is difficult, painful and unhappy.

In short, you wouldn't wish it on your enemy!

The effect of drugs on the body

All drugs are poisons, so they affect the body in a similar way. Experts identify the following phases of changes in the body with the systematic use of drugs:

Defensive reaction

As we have already said, narcotic substances are poison. For the first time, the poison that enters the body provokes its defensive reaction. The body protests against taking the poison - nausea, vomiting, dizziness, headache, etc. begin. As a rule, a person does not experience any pleasant sensations at the first use of tobacco, alcohol, drugs.

Euphoria

With subsequent use, the protective reaction of the body weakens, drugs begin to excite the receptors of the brain. The action of drugs at this stage is similar to the action of endorphins - natural human hormones that cause joy and pleasure. At this stage, the drug causes euphoria.

Mental addiction to drugs

But replacing endorphins, the drug disrupts their natural synthesis in the body. The body reduces the production of its own “hormone of joy”. And soon a person can improve his mood only with the help of taking drugs, or at least anticipating the reception. Whatever such a person does, he thinks only about drugs, about the pleasure that he expects from them, and how to get them. However, at this stage, others may still not notice anything.

Physical addiction to drugs

Finally, the body completely stops producing its own endorphins. Endorphins are not only responsible for mood, but also have an analgesic effect.

And this means that without getting drugs, a person experiences not only emotional, mental suffering, but also physical pain. This state is called "breaking", and is the same withdrawal syndrome, which is a hangover. Only much harder.

At this stage, the patient's attraction to drugs becomes irresistible. He is ready to humiliate himself, sell all his belongings, including clothes, steal, even kill - just to provide himself with a dose and alleviate his suffering.

And the required dose of the drug is constantly increasing, as the body gets more and more used to it. At this stage, the disease is already obvious to others. The patient himself may still be unaware of the terrible situation he is in. But if he realizes, wants to be cured and asks for help from those he trusts, he can defeat addiction.

Psychosocial degradation of personality

This is already the end. Man begins to rapidly degrade. He first weakens, then completely disappear subtle and complex emotions. He experiences constant mood swings for a while, and then the mood becomes steadily bad. A person constantly experiences fear, anger, depression, depression. The mind also weakens - memory, concentration ability and logic deteriorate. A person is "stupid" so much that it is impossible for him to communicate normally. You can’t trust him in anything - he will definitely deceive and let you down. Willpower disappears. A person is not able to make an effort on himself, he cannot bring anything to the end. The only area in which the patient can be persistent and achieve his goal is to get the next “dose”. From this phase, a few units return to normal life. Must be very lucky.

How not to reach such a life?

If you are offered to try cigarettes, alcohol, drugs, avoid this offer. Prepositions can be very different:

• No I do not want.
• No, I have no time now, I have things to do
• No, I have training tomorrow (test, a lot of things to do)
• No, it's bad for me.
• No, I don't want to acquire habits that are hard to get rid of later.
• No, I've seen examples of addiction, and I don't want to become the same.
• No, I do not want, and I do not advise you.

These are not ready-made recipes - you can and should come up with your own, especially convincing option for each situation. If your close friend is just starting to try drugs himself and wants you to "keep him company", try to dissuade him.

But if he doesn't want to listen, step aside. You can't help him unless he wants to. Help, first of all, yourself, you will not save a friend if you die with him.

Remember that the world is full of people who profit from your bad habits. The production and sale of drugs, alcohol, cigarettes is an incredibly profitable business.

Someone gets rich by destroying and devouring your youth, your health, your life. Learn to understand this and see such people as enemies. Don't let yourself be used!

Healthy habits should become the norm of your life. But what to do if you find that you have already acquired a bad habit? Get rid of her as soon as possible!

How to get rid of bad habits

• First of all, ask for help and advice from someone close to you whom you trust. Tell him about your intentions, convince him that they are serious. Say that you are counting on his understanding and support.
• At the same time, contact a good specialist - a psychotherapist, a narcologist.
• Break off relationships with people who use drugs and alcohol. Completely change your social circle. Until moving to a new place of residence. Look for a community of people who lead a healthy lifestyle, or, like you, are trying to do away with bad habits. You can help each other.
• Take advantage of every minute of your time. At first, you should be busy all the time - it will be easier to forget about bad habits. Take on additional responsibilities - at home, at school, at the institute. Sign up for a new circle, section or club of interest. Get a dog, finally!
• get busy exercise. By the way, the dog will help you with this if you are not very capable of sports. You will have a reason to make long hiking and outdoor runs.
• Make a plan, a written program of your actions and follow it. Celebrate your every victory. Be proud of even the smallest victories. Boost your self-esteem. Strengthen your will and inspire yourself that you can get rid of a bad habit.

How to help a loved one

• First of all, don't panic. Talk to him calmly and in a friendly way. Don't scare, don't threaten, don't shout. Explain the danger that threatens him and make it clear that he can count on your support and help.
• Convince him to see a specialist
• Offer options for activities that he will like. Help him make life interesting so that there is no room for bad habits.

Anyone can overcome bad habits. It is only important to firmly, firmly realize that this is necessary. Make a firm decision to change your life for the better and take it step by step, relying on the help of those who love you and are ready to support you!