Bronchopneumonia in children and adults - causes and symptoms, diagnosis and treatment, complications and prevention. Why is bronchopneumonia dangerous in children: causes and symptoms of inflammation, treatment and prevention of the disease

Bronchial pneumonia is a type of pneumonia. Harmful bacteria and viruses, together with the inhaled air, enter the lungs and affect the smallest branches of the bronchial tree.

What causes bronchopneumonia

Bronchial pneumonia can be caused by many viruses and bacteria. In most cases, the inflammation is the result of an upper respiratory tract infection. For example, bronchitis or SARS can lead to the development of the disease. The most common pathogens are bacteria such as streptococcus, pneumococcus, and many viruses.

Pneumonia can also be the result of food entering the respiratory tract, compression of the lungs by a tumor, inhalation of toxic gases, and a postoperative complication.

Who is at risk of getting sick

Anyone can get pneumonia. But there are groups of people who are especially vulnerable to this disease.

High risk groups include:

Newborns and children under 3 years old;
Children with congenital diseases respiratory system;
Children with congenital or hereditary defects of the immune system (immunodeficiencies);
The elderly over 65 years of age;
People who already have lung conditions (such as asthma and bronchitis);
HIV-infected;
Suffering from heart disease and diabetes;
Smokers.

The main signs of the disease are:

Fever. An increase in body temperature to 37.5 - 39 degrees within 1-3 days. Accompanied by severe weakness, loss of appetite or complete refusal of food, sweating and chills, insomnia, pain in the calf muscles. Fever is a manifestation of the body's fight against inflammation. Therefore, at temperatures up to 37.5-38C, it is not recommended to take antipyretic drugs.
Cough. At the beginning of the disease, dry, frequent, hacking. As the pneumonia progresses, sputum appears. The sputum has a characteristic greenish-yellow color, sometimes streaked with blood.
Dyspnea. In adults with a severe course of the disease, there is a feeling of lack of air, frequent shallow breathing. Sometimes shortness of breath persists even at rest.
Pain in chest. Worried when coughing or taking a deep breath. With pneumonia, pain appears on the side of the affected lung, often stabbing or pulling, disappears after coughing.

Features of symptoms in children

Due to the fact that the airways of children are short and do not yet have protective immune barriers, inflammation is sometimes lightning-fast. Bronchopneumonia is especially dangerous in newborns and infants.

Symptoms such as heat body and cough, in children may be mild or absent. Sometimes inflammation of the lungs can develop at normal or reduced body temperature. Loud wheezing and shortness of breath come to the fore.

To suspect pneumonia in children, parents should pay attention to prolonged bronchitis or SARS, child's lethargy and lack of appetite, shortness of breath, shortness of breath.

What diagnostic examination should be carried out

If the above symptoms appear, you should consult a doctor. At the appointment, the doctor will conduct an initial examination, which includes:

Measurement of body temperature.
Percussion (percussion) of the lungs. With the help of fingers, the doctor performs percussion over the surface of the lungs (above the collarbones, between the shoulder blades, in the lower chest). In the presence of pneumonia, a shortening of the sound over the affected area is characteristic.

AT this moment this method is considered uninformative and is almost never used in the diagnosis of pneumonia.

Listening (auscultation) of the lungs. This is done with a stethoscope or phonendoscope. The essence of the method is to listen in the affected area for wheezing, weakened breathing, pleural friction noise. The appearance of these sound phenomena depends on the period of the disease (onset, peak, recovery) and cannot always be heard.

On the basis of complaints, characteristic symptoms and examination, a diagnosis of pneumonia can be made.

For documentary confirmation of the disease, it is necessary to conduct an x-ray of the chest organs and a number of laboratory tests. In special cases, you will need computed tomography, sputum analysis, tests for the identification of the pathogen, bronchoscopy.

X-ray of the lungs is the "gold standard" in the diagnosis of pneumonia. This research method should be performed twice - at the time of diagnosis and after treatment. Using this method, it is possible to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment and determine the further prognosis.

Treatment includes measures for the regimen, nutrition, as well as the appointment medical preparations and physiotherapy.

Mode.

At the beginning of the disease, bed rest is recommended. Be sure to ventilate and clean the room. With the normalization of body temperature, walks in the fresh air are allowed. Resumption of hardening from 2-3 weeks after the completion of pneumonia. Resumption physical activity from 6 weeks of recovery.

Diet.

There are no food restrictions. Nutrition should be balanced high content proteins and vitamins. Fractional and frequent meals are recommended. It is mandatory to use a large number liquids in the form of warm fruit drinks, herbal teas, warm mineral water.

Physiotherapy treatment.

Should be started after normalization of body temperature. Chest massages, inhalations with drugs that facilitate breathing and sputum discharge are useful.

Used types of drugs

The use of antibiotics is the main treatment for pneumonia. The choice of antibiotic is made individually for each patient. The type of pathogen, risk factors, severity of the disease are taken into account.

Treatment involves the appointment of antibiotics in the form of tablets or injections (intravenous or intramuscular).

Also in the treatment of bronchopneumonia, antipyretics, expectorants, antiallergic drugs, and vitamins are used. In some cases, oxygen is prescribed.

Therapy in childhood

Treatment of children is carried out only in a hospital. If necessary, the child can be placed in the intensive care unit.
When prescribing drugs, the dose is calculated relative to the weight of the patient. If pneumonia is caused by viruses, then in severe cases, antiviral agents may be prescribed.

Children are more at risk of dehydration. The threat is especially high against the background of elevated body temperature, so much attention is paid to maintaining water balance. Sometimes the missing liquid is administered using droppers. Oxygen inhalation is used to prevent shortness of breath.

At present, due to effective treatment bronchitis and SARS early stages, the number of children with severe forms of pneumonia is quite rare.

The consequences of inflammation and prevention

For most people, pneumonia goes away without a trace. Residual manifestations of the disease (weakness, shortness of breath when walking fast) disappear within 1 month.

To prevent relapse, you must follow simple rules:

Wash your hands regularly;
Avoid smoking;
Avoid contact with sick people;
Adhere to a healthy diet;
Do sport;
Get enough sleep, rest regularly.

The causative agent of bronchopneumonia is less often a specific influenza virus, more often a mixed infection, pneumococcus (not the first groups, that is, a common inhabitant of the mouth), hemolytic streptococcus (severe pneumonia with suppuration), staphylococcus aureus, influenza bacillus. The latter, when administered to monkeys, causes tracheobronchitis, hemorrhagic pulmonary edema, bronchiolitis, bronchopneumonia, and in humans, inflammation of the respiratory tract and lungs of various strengths, from catarrhal to necrotizing bronchitis. Up to 5-10% of all cases of pandemic influenza are complicated by pneumonia, probably as a result of a decrease in the body's immune forces.

Anatomically the lungs on the cut are variegated - from red-gray protruding areas of compaction; along with normal, air-containing tissue, bluish areas of collapsed alveoli with blockage of the afferent bronchus and emphysematous parts. Foci of compaction are polygonal, with a dark red center, hyperemic, with a grayish-whitish dot in the center, from which a drop of yellow mucopurulent exudate is squeezed out (bronchiolitis); the foci are isolated or located in groups, sometimes in the form of a false lobe "confluent bronchopneumonia".

A pronounced inflammation of the interstitial peri-bronchial and interlobular connective tissue. The walls of the bronchi are swollen, filled with blood, with mucopurulent exudate, naked in places (devoid of epithelium), with abnormal expansion of the bronchi. Anatomically, in severe cases, there is hemorrhagic ulcerative tracheobronchitis and "variegated pneumonia".

Causes of bronchopneumonia

Pathogenesis Influenza bronchopneumonia has not been sufficiently studied in its main parts, especially with regard to the undoubted and significant involvement of the nervous system. The origin of such leading symptoms of the disease as shortness of breath, cyanosis, cardiovascular collapse, pulmonary edema, is closely related to dysregulation of a largely reflex nature, since foci of inflammation are a source of pathological impulses. More studied are individual secondary mechanisms of the development of the disease - toxic effects on the central nervous system and vascular wall, violations of the broncho-pulmonary barrier with the transition of the influenza virus and secondary infection to the interstitial peribronchial and interlobular connective tissue. Bacteremia is rare, even in fatal cases. Toxic vascular damage is accompanied by protein sweating, inflammatory pulmonary edema; increased secretion of bronchial mucus, which reduces the concentration of the toxin; spasm of the bronchi and bronchioles occurs as a result of irritation, which, along with the separation of mucus, contributes to the development of atelectasis.

Clinically influenza bronchopneumonia is characterized by the absence of a change in certain periods of the disease, it proceeds non-cyclically.

The onset is against the background of a flu-like lesion of the upper respiratory tract (or seasonal catarrh) with a further rise in fever, the appearance of shortness of breath, cough, and a deterioration in general well-being. Fever laxative or abnormal. Frequent nosebleeds; herpes rash is rare. The number of breaths is increased to 25-30 per minute, when inhaling, the wings of the nose expand; pulse often lags behind temperature.

When examining the chest, muffled foci are found, more often bilateral, in the lower fields of the lungs with increased bronchophony and voiced subcrepitating and small bubbling rales, in addition to diffuse bronchitis (common dry rales). Clear bronchial breathing is usually not determined, broncho-vesicular breathing takes place. The foci can be deeply located and, despite the serious condition of the patient, are not detected clinically.

Sputum is not very characteristic, scanty, mucopurulent, as in bronchitis, or more viscous and bloody. General phenomena range from weakness, weakness to sharp headaches, vascular collapse. Cyanosis is observed with extensive confluent bronchopneumonia. On the part of the blood - leukopenia, acceleration of ROE of varying degrees. X-ray examination reveals various changes, often large-focus, cloud-like infiltrates, basal, false lobe, as well as small-spotted rashes that differ little! from the picture of hematogenous tuberculosis dissemination.

Course, forms and complications of bronchopneumonia

Along the course, one can distinguish between the usual and toxic forms.

The usual form of bronchopneumonia develops from the very beginning or on the 2nd-4th day of influenza infection, or only on the 4th-10th day, already in the period of apparent recovery. Subjective symptoms differ from ordinary bronchitis only in greater shortness of breath and more persistent fever.

The course is different - either the fever lasts 4-5 days (especially with seasonal influenza) with a lytic (more often) fall, or bronchopneumonia drags on for 2-4 weeks or longer with a possible outcome in suppuration and various other pulmonary and extrapulmonary complications.

The toxic fulminant form (as a rule, only with pandemic influenza) begins acutely, among full health, with signs of severe common disease: severe shortness of breath - up to 60 breaths per minute, rapidly developing (hemorrhagic) pulmonary edema, cyanosis due to pulmonary insufficiency and vascular collapse, erythrocytosis from blood clotting. Death occurs suddenly with rapidly progressive prostration and stupor after 1-2 days (the so-called "Spanish flu", as the severe pandemic influenza was called during the First World War).

Influenza bronchopneumonia may also have other features of the course: it may occur in the form of false lobar (confluent) pneumonia or with toxic effects such as vomiting, diarrhea, delirium (especially in children).

A protracted course is possible as a result of necrosis of the lung tissue, suppuration, pneumosclerosis.

During the transition to suppuration, sputum becomes abundant, yellowish-purulent.

Complications: atelectasis, outcome in suppuration, bronchiectasis, pneumosclerosis, pleural empyema (often caused by hemolytic streptococcus); various extrapulmonary localizations of secondary infection - otitis media, mastoiditis, sinusitis, rarely - carditis, nephritis, hemorrhagic encephalitis.

Mortality reaches 15% (in severe epidemics it reaches 50%). Pregnant women suffer from pneumonia more severely. Following the influenza epidemic, pulmonary suppurations (gangrene, abscess) become more frequent.

Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of bronchopneumonia

Recognition of influenza bronchopneumonia is helped by both Clinical signs, and X-ray examination (it was found that it is not so rare that a pneumonic focus is found in a patient with very unclear complaints and symptoms), as well as laboratory data. Friedlander's confluent bronchopneumonia occurs with bloody, sometimes clearly mucous sputum and often leads to lung abscesses. Streptococcal bronchopneumonia occurs after tonsillitis or as a complication of influenza, without a violent onset, often accompanied by pleural empyema.

It is necessary to differentiate influenza bronchopneumonia primarily with tuberculosis, which is not always easy; with influenza bronchopneumonia, there may also be little auscultatory data, unsharp leukocytosis.

Significant intoxication, headaches, eye pain, severe weakness and incapacity to work, pronounced cough, and sometimes herpes speak for the flu; damage mainly to the lower lobes; tuberculous lobular pneumonia almost does not resolve, is complicated by decay, or cicatricial bands and calcified foci remain. The focal pneumonia listed below should also be borne in mind.

Prevention and treatment of bronchopneumonia

Prevention of influenza pneumonia is carried out according to the instructions outlined in the section on bronchitis. The fight against influenza focal pneumonia is carried out simultaneously with the general anti-influenza fight, headed by a special committee for the fight against influenza.

In the treatment of influenza pneumonia, the regimen is carried out according to the same rules as for lobar pneumonia, which is even more important, since specific agents against the influenza virus are not known. Sulfonamides and penicillin, however, are usually widely prescribed from the first days of bronchopneumonia and even with severe bronchitis at a dose about 1/3 less than with croupous pneumonia, in order to prevent or suppress secondary infection. In pneumonia caused by hemolytic streptococcus, large doses penicillin, with pneumonia caused by influenza bacillus, streptomycin 2.0 in the first days.

In severe cases, oxygen therapy is also widely used, cardiovascular and nervous system tonic drugs - caffeine, strychnine, lobelia, adrenaline, cortin, in severe collapse - glucose, ascorbic acid, calcium; foxglove is shown less often, with heart failure. To influence the nervous system, water and other skin-irritating procedures are used. Good nutrition, clean air are especially important in protracted cases. With thick sputum, expectorants are appropriate to prevent atelectasis.

Previously, salicylates, urotropine, quinine were widely used, which hardly shortened the course of the disease; also not very reliable. intravenous infusions alcohol and novarsenol to prevent complications.

Bronchopneumonia is a pulmonary inflammatory disease caused by various pathogens: pneumococci, staphylococci, streptococci, etc. characteristic feature is foci, i.e. damage to individual, small areas of the lung. Lots of hearths. And they affect one or more lobules of the lungs.

The course of the disease is long, with possible relapses. In order to avoid serious complications, professional medical treatment is mandatory, which should be started as early as possible. Additionally, it is useful to use well-known folk remedies.

Factors that increase the risk of developing bronchopneumonia include: smoking, infectious colds, as well as poor, vitamin-poor nutrition. It should be noted that this disease very often develops as a result of secondary infection of the body (cold, viral disease), as well as after some medical resuscitation procedures.

How exactly bronchopneumonia disease manifests itself, the symptoms and treatment in adults of the disease are what they are - this is what we will talk about now.

Symptoms of bronchopneumonia in adults

There are two forms of this disease: normal and toxic. Consider the main manifestations of both forms:

Normal. Symptoms begin to appear from the first days of infection of the body. Or it occurs at the beginning of an imaginary recovery - for 5-10 days. The main symptom that distinguishes the appearance of bronchopneumonia from bronchitis is severe shortness of breath and an elevated stable temperature of about 38-39C.

Toxic. It is characterized by rapid, lightning-fast development and course. It always begins acutely, with the appearance of a strong, sharp shortness of breath, transient occurs. This form is very typical for a pandemic and is very dangerous with a sudden lethal outcome.

Bronchopneumonia due to bronchitis

In this case, the lung disease develops as a complication of a long, often untreated bronchitis. It is characterized by late manifestations of symptoms. Patients complain of chills, insomnia,. There is a strong fever due to high temperature (up to 39 degrees), which lasts for several days.
There is a strong dry or wet cough.

Often these signs are accompanied by pain in the chest area and calf muscles, rapid breathing. During the examination, wheezing is heard in the lungs, it is diagnosed. In severe cases, a characteristic symptom is when there is a feeling of lack of air.

Bronchopneumonia - treatment in adults

The disease of bronchopneumonia requires prompt professional treatment, as, indeed, any disease of the respiratory system. Therapy is aimed at blocking the spread of infection throughout the body, preventing the development of complications and exacerbations.

The patient is shown a mandatory, lightweight diet food, drug treatment with the use of antibiotics, other drugs from different clinical groups.

At the initial stage, broad-spectrum drugs are prescribed.

Usually, sulfonamides and penicillins are used in the treatment. After a laboratory study and determination of the pathogen, an antibiotic is prescribed that has a detrimental effect on the identified microorganism.

Examples of the use of drugs:

Pneumonia is not severe - (Ecobol), Ecoclave, Cefuroxime, Cefotaxime, Ceftriaxone

Severe pneumonia - + Ecomed, Cefotaxime + Ecomed, Ecoclave + Ecomed.

Treatment is always prescribed by a doctor individually. The choice of treatment regimen and drugs is up to the doctor.

In addition, the patient is taking medication and herbal remedies, liquefying, removing sputum. In the treatment, desensitizing drugs are used. They are aimed at reducing the inflammatory process, and also remove toxins from the body. To improve the functioning of the immune system, you need to take vitamin complexes. Additionally, warming up is carried out, a course of massage and physiotherapy exercises are prescribed.

The treatment is long-term and must be carried out under the direct supervision of the attending physician.

Folk remedies for the treatment of bronchopneumonia

On the recommendation of the doctor, it is useful to include proven folk remedies in the main therapeutic measures. They help relieve symptoms and speed up the healing process. Here are some helpful recipes:

Cut off large leaves of perennial aloe. Previously, the plant should not be watered, at least 2 weeks. Rinse the leaves, dry on a towel. Place in a bag and refrigerate. They can be used in three days.

Now finely chop them with a knife. A total of 250 g is required. Transfer to a jar, add 350 g of liquid honey, mix. Fill everything with half a liter of natural Cahors. Close the jar tightly, shake. Clean in the pantry or cellar (the place should be cool, dark). The medicine will be ready in 2 weeks.

Now you need to strain everything, squeeze it out, pour it into another clean jar or bottle. Keep cold. Take a small sip, one hour before meals.

Mix an equal amount of birch buds and natural honey in a saucepan. Put in a boiling water bath, simmer for an hour. Then let cool slightly, strain. Take 1 tsp, stirring the mixture in a glass of warm water or weak tea. Drink before bed, about an hour before bed.

Rinse and dry fresh plantain leaves. Lay them out on the surface of the bed. Lay the patient on them, spread the remaining leaves on the chest. Cover with a very warm blanket. It's best to do this before bed. Remove the leaves in the morning.

Treatment of the disease in adults can be carried out using garlic tincture: Peel, finely chop the cloves from 10 heads of garlic. Put fragrant gruel in a jar, pour a liter of vodka. Close tightly, put in a dark but relatively warm place for a week.
Take the finished medicine for 1 tsp, preferably half an hour before meals.

Remember that bronchopneumonia is dangerous for its complications and requires immediate, adequate treatment. Therefore, with any symptoms of bronchial or lung disease, be sure to consult a pulmonologist. Be healthy!

Bronchopneumonia is an inflammatory disease that affects small areas of the lung. Consider the main symptoms, types, methods of diagnosis, treatment and measures to prevent the disease.

The disease is called focal pneumonia, as it differs from the classical clinical symptoms of inflammation. There are several types and forms that differ in the nature of the course and the complexity of therapy. The peculiarity of the disease is that the patient is waiting for a long-term treatment, which does not exclude relapses.

Most often, the disease occurs in elderly patients and in children in the first years of life. This is due to the specifics of the regulation of respiration, the structure of the organs of the respiratory system and metabolic processes.

ICD-10 code

By international classification diseases of the 10th revision, bronchopneumonia refers to:

Diseases of the respiratory organs (J00-J99):

J00-J06 Sharp respiratory infections upper respiratory tract

J10-J18 Influenza and pneumonia:

J10 Influenza due to an identified influenza virus
J11 Influenza, virus not identified
J12 Viral pneumonia, not elsewhere classified
J13 Pneumonia due to Streptococcus pneumoniae
J14 Pneumonia caused by Haemophilus influenzae (Afanasiev-Pfeffer wand)
J15 Bacterial pneumonia, not elsewhere classified
J16 Pneumonia due to other infectious agents, not elsewhere classified
J17 Pneumonia in diseases classified elsewhere
J18 Pneumonia without specification of the causative agent
- J18.1 Lobar pneumonia, unspecified
- J18.2 Hypostatic pneumonia, unspecified
- J18.8 Other pneumonia, agent not specified
- J18.9 Pneumonia, unspecified

J20-J22 Other acute respiratory infections of the lower respiratory tract

J30-J39 Other disorders of upper respiratory tract

J40-J47 chronic diseases lower respiratory tract

J60-J70 Diseases of the lung due to external agents

J80-J84 Other respiratory diseases primarily affecting interstitial tissue

J85-J86 Purulent and necrotic conditions of the lower respiratory tract

J90-J94 Other diseases of the pleura

J95-J99 Other diseases of the respiratory system

To identify the root cause of the disease and its causative agent, an additional coding for microbial 10 can be used.

ICD-10 code

J18.0 Bronchopneumonia, unspecified

Causes of bronchopneumonia

The defeat of the respiratory system of an inflammatory nature has several causes, as a rule, they are associated with infectious pathogens.

Consider the main factors:

An infection that starts in the bronchi and spreads to the lungs. Inflammation can be triggered by pathogens such as: Staphylococcus aureus, pneumococci, coli, Klebsiella.
Prolonged exposure to the respiratory system of aggressive chemical or physical irritants.
In most cases this individual disease, but can be a complication or symptom of other advanced and chronic ailments that cause severe disorders in the immune system (bronchitis, bronchiolitis).
External infections that develop against the background of a weakened immune system and other diseases. So, with the flu, the bronchial mucosa changes, because of this, bacteria and viruses begin to multiply, provoking focal inflammation.

If the disease has a bacterial form, then this is due to the invasion of bacteria into the parenchyma of the lung tissues. The immune system responds to infection and inflammation occurs. This reaction provokes the filling of alveolar sacs with exudate. The focal form has several isolated foci, so the replacement of air with liquid affects one or more lung lobes.

The causative agent of bronchopneumonia

In most cases, low-virulent microorganisms act as the causative agent of the inflammatory process. These can be: streptococci, E. coli, staphylococci, fungi, Haemophilus influenzae. The spectrum of pathogens is quite wide, and varies depending on the age category of patients.

In young children it is viruses, in older children and patients young age- mycoplasmas (microorganisms are similar to both viruses and bacteria, provoke atypical inflammations). In any case, the symptoms of the disorder develop slowly.
In adults, these are bacteria: streptococci, hemophilus, staphylococci.
In elderly patients, with oncology, a weakened immune system, after transplantation, and those who take immunosuppressants, these are viral, bacterial and fungal infections. In this case, even fungi of the genus Candida, Pneumocystis carinii and tuberculosis, can provoke the disease.

Pathogenesis

The mechanism of development of damage to the organs of the respiratory system is closely related to bronchiolitis and acute bronchitis. The pathogenesis is hematogenous in nature, therefore, it can occur with generalization of infection (septic pneumonia). Most often, inflammation spreads to the lung tissue in a descending way (bronchiolitis, catarrhal bronchitis), that is, itrabronchially, less often peribronchially (destructive bronchitis and bronchiolitis).

Of great importance in the development of the disorder are:

aspiration pneumonia - autoinfection during aspiration;
hypostatic pneumonia - congestion in the lungs;
postoperative pneumonia - neuroreflex disorders;
immunodeficiency pneumonia - immunodeficiency states.

Usually, the basal sections of the lungs on each side fall under the lesion. Despite the differences in the cause and causative agents of the disease, morphological changes have a number of common features.

With any etiology of the disease, bronchiolitis or acute bronchitis is the basis, which can be represented by various forms: serous, mixed, mucous or purulent.
The mucous membrane swells, becomes full-blooded, which provokes copious excretion mucus by goblet cells and glands. Damage to the bronchial tree occurs due to desquamation of the integumentary prismatic epithelium of the mucous membrane. Due to edema, the walls of the bronchioles and bronchi thicken.
The drainage function of the bronchi is disturbed, which causes aspiration of infected mucus along the distal parts of the bronchial tree. Pathology usually occurs in the posterior and posterior segments of the lungs.
Depending on the size of the lesion, there are lobular, acious, confluent lobular, segmental and polysegmental forms of the disease. Exudate with mucus, erythrocytes, neutrophils and macrophages accumulate in the alveoli. The fluid is unevenly distributed, while the interalveolar septa are also saturated with cellular infiltrate.

Particular attention should be paid to the fact that the disorder has some features in patients of different ages. So, in newborns, hyaline membranes from compacted fibrin are formed on the surface of the alveoli. In children from 1-2 years old, the pathology affects the posterior parts of the lungs adjacent to the spine and not completely straightened after birth. In patients older than 50 years, the process is slow, which is associated with age-related reduction of the lymphatic system.

Symptoms of bronchopneumonia

All inflammatory diseases that affect the respiratory system have similar symptoms. Symptoms of bronchopneumonia develop slowly, especially if it appears against the background of another disease.

Patients complain about:

high fever
Chills
Dry cough or cough with sputum production
Pain in the chest
Tachycardia
Rapid breathing
Wheezing in the lungs
Leukopenia
Leukocytosis
ROE increase

If the disease has a secondary form, that is, it develops, for example, against the background of bronchitis, then the symptoms manifest themselves as a sharp deterioration in well-being. There is increased weakness, fatigue, headaches. The temperature rises to 38-39 degrees, there is a cough and shortness of breath.

With percussion, the sound does not always change (the focus is small or localized in the central lobes), but it can be shortened or acquire a tympanic character (with close proximity to the foci of inflammation or their fusion). Fine-bubble or dry rales of a non-permanent nature appear, breathing remains vesicular. Blood tests often reveal leukocytosis, but in rare cases there may be a reduced number of leukocytes.

First signs

Inflammatory damage to the respiratory system, like any other disease, does not appear immediately. The first signs can be seen when the disease begins to progress, spreading throughout the body. The process of determining the disease is also complicated by the fact that it can develop against the background of other infections and lesions of the body.

Regardless of its form, it has the following features:

A sharp deterioration in well-being
Severe headaches, migraines
Increased weakness
Fatigue
Increase in body temperature
Dry or wet cough

If it develops against the background acute bronchitis, then in addition to a high temperature, a feverish state, loss of appetite, muscle weakness, chills, and intoxication of the body are possible. The patient complains about pain behind the sternum, which appear when coughing and taking a deep breath.

Temperature

Regardless of the form of the disease, there is a certain clinical picture that allows you to diagnose it. Temperature is one of the symptoms indicating pathological processes in the body. If the disease develops against the background of bronchitis or catarrh of the upper respiratory tract, then it is difficult to suspect bronchopneumonia, since there are no other symptoms other than a slight increase in temperature. But in some cases, the secondary form of the disorder manifests itself acutely, as a rule, in young patients. The temperature rises to 38-39 ° C, accompanied by chills, increased weakness, headaches, cough and pain in the chest.

An elevated temperature indicates that the immune system is fighting with all its might against bacteria and viruses that affect the organs of the respiratory system. Against the background of the above symptoms, tachycardia appears, breathing becomes vesicular. A blood test may reveal neutrophilic leukocytosis. The temperature is especially acute in the first days, after which it becomes subfebrile.

Cough

Against the background of various pathological symptoms accompanying bronchial lesions, a number of signs are distinguished that appear regardless of the form of inflammation. Cough is one of those symptoms. It may be wet with mucopurulent sputum streaked with blood or dry. Against its background, shortness of breath and rapid breathing appear, tachycardia and pain in the chest develop.

The cough reflex is a protective function of the body against various infectious pathogens that enter the respiratory tract. If this reflex is suppressed, it will lead to a violation of the drainage function of the bronchial tree. This will aggravate the course of the disease, since the body will not be able to get rid of the accumulated inflammatory exudate on its own.

As a rule, at first, the cough is dry and hacking. The sputum is greenish in color, begins to stand out gradually, later streaks of blood appear in it. Against the background of coughing and rapid breathing, serous-mucous discharge comes from the nose. When tapping the lungs, weak wheezing and vesicular increased breathing are determined. If the cough goes away without fever, then X-ray and fluorographic studies are used to identify the disorder. Using these methods, it is possible to determine the foci of shading and their size in the pulmonary lobes.

Bronchopneumonia without fever

Respiratory diseases have a certain set of symptoms, with the help of which the disease can be quickly and diagnosed. But in some cases resort to differential diagnosis. One such example is bronchopneumonia without fever. This phenomenon is very rare and most often in children. As a rule, the absence of temperature is accompanied by the following symptoms:

Tachycardia
General intoxication of the body
Anxiety
Weakness and lethargy
convulsions
Paleness of the skin
Chest pain on movement
unhealthy blush
Drowsiness
Decreased appetite

The atypical form of inflammation is associated with individual body reactions to infectious stimuli. The reasons for the latent course of the disease can be factors such as: immune status, improper use of antibiotics. It is almost impossible to identify pathology without a medical examination and special diagnostic methods.

Effects

Inflammatory diseases of the respiratory organs negatively affect the entire body, causing malfunctions in the work of all organs and systems. The consequences of the disease directly depend on its form, complexity, correctness of diagnosis, the chosen therapy and individual features the patient's body. Most often, the disease leads to the development of chronic bronchitis with inflammation of the bronchial mucosa, bronchial asthma.

More negative consequences are considered - fibrosis and lung abscess:

An abscess is the decomposition of the tissues of an organ due to the formation of pus in the focus of inflammation. It can form both singly and in groups, affecting several areas of the lung at the same time.
Fibrosis - develops due to severe damage to the tissues of the organ during the period of inflammation. In places of damage, connective tissue is formed. The disease causes severe chest pain due to insufficient oxygen supply to the affected areas. In this case, bronchopneumonia takes a chronic form.

Another negative consequence pathology is an infectious-allergic myocardium, acute cardiovascular failure, dysbacteriosis, infectious-toxic shock. In elderly patients, respiratory failure most often occurs due to impaired gas exchange in the lungs and problems with the cardiovascular system.

The consequences of bronchopneumonia in children are somewhat different from similar processes in adults. The difference is that the general intoxication of the body is more pronounced than the pulmonary ones. pathological symptoms. Because of this, problems arise in the diagnosis, which means that wrong treatment leading to serious complications.

Incomplete or incorrect treatment in children leads to such pathological results:

Delayed diuresis - many children who have had diseases of the respiratory system have urination disorders. To eliminate them, various medications are used.
Syndrome of intoxication children's body the waste products of viruses and bacteria gradually accumulate, which exacerbates inflammation. A high temperature, lethargy, lack of appetite persist for a long time. In addition, there may be a violation of the gastrointestinal tract, exhaustion, headaches.
Neurotoxicosis - the disorder has several stages. The first is characterized by a sharp increase in the activity of the child, tantrums. After this, a period of inhibition begins, the baby becomes lethargic, loses its appetite. At the last terminal stage, the temperature rises sharply, clonic convulsions appear and respiratory arrest is possible.
Chronic pneumonia - negatively affects the development of the baby's body, causes frequent relapses diseases, reduced immunity. In addition, deformation of the chest is possible.
Exudative pleurisy - an inflammatory exudate accumulates between the sheets of the pleura. Without proper treatment, it leads to hydrothorax of the lungs, which is treated with pleural puncture.
Adhesive pleurisy - fibrin appears in the pleural cavity, causing severe pain in the chest area. To eliminate the pathology, abdominal surgery is required.
Sepsis is the most serious consequence of the disease. Pathology occurs due to infection from the lungs into the blood, which spreads it throughout the body. Characterized sharp rise temperature, the appearance of ulcers on different areas body. It is almost impossible to cure this complication, therefore the lethal outcome is 100%.
Asthenia - after a course of therapy, the child complains of increased weakness, there is a decrease in activity and performance, poor appetite and low temperature body. As a rule, the syndrome quickly passes and does not require medical attention.

Complications

The aggressive course of respiratory diseases or their improper treatment leads to negative results. Complications cause violations of all organs and systems. Most often, the disease provokes the development of pleurisy, empyema, that is, suppuration of the pleura and abscesses. It is extremely rare that one of the life-threatening complications occurs - pneumothorax, that is, a rupture of lung tissue. In this case, if the patient is not given timely health care, that is, the risk lethal outcome.

There are two types of complications, consider them:

Pulmonary
- Pulmonary edema
- Reactive pleurisy
- Lung destruction
- Abscess
- Gangrene
- Pleural empyema
- Acute or chronic respiratory failure
Extrapulmonary
- Chronic and acute cor pulmonale
- Intoxication psychosis
- Impaired kidney function
- Meningitis
- Hemolytic anemia
- Meningoencephalitis
- Sepsis

Severe inflammation leads to the development of multiple foci of infection and acute respiratory failure. If harmful microorganisms enter the blood, this leads to sepsis, which leads to death. The presence of complications directly affects the course of the disease and the functioning of the body as a whole. The task of the doctor is to identify complications in a timely manner and prescribe a stronger therapy.

Diagnosis of bronchopneumonia

The effectiveness of the treatment of any disease directly depends on the methods used to detect it. Diagnosis of bronchopneumonia is a set of studies that allow you to determine the presence of the disease in the early stages. After examining the patient and collecting an anamnesis, the doctor sends him for x-rays. The x-ray image clearly shows the focus of inflammation. After that, it is carried out microbiological research sputum, mucus, or throat swab. This will determine the causative agent of the disease and select effective drugs to which the harmful microorganism is sensitive.

Particular attention is paid to differential diagnostic methods. This is necessary to separate the inflammatory process from other pathological processes in the lungs, determining the severity and complications. The development of pneumonia is indicated by characteristic symptomatic signs: intoxication of the body, cough with sputum, rapid development of fever and elevated body temperature.

With the help of a physical examination, it is possible to determine the compaction of the lung tissue and the auscultatory picture characteristic of the disorder - sonorous, finely bubbling, focal, wet crepitations or wheezing. Ultrasound examination of the pleural cavity and echocardiography can detect pleural effusion. A general blood test is taken from the patient, in which the inflammatory process is reflected in the form of leukocytosis, an increase in ESR and a stab shift. In the anal urine, proteinuria or microhematuria may be detected.

Auscultation

When diagnosing diseases of the respiratory system, special attention is paid to the study of sound phenomena. Auscultation is performed by applying a listening instrument to the chest. Distinguish direct, mediocre and mediated listening. The procedure is carried out using a stethoscope and phonendoscope. The patient should be in a standing or sitting position, breathing should be calm, even.

Comparative auscultation is used to detect pathological wheezing. This is due to the fact that more accurate data can be obtained by comparative listening to symmetrical sections of the lung tissue. First, the anterior surface of the lungs is heard, starting from the area of \u200b\u200bthe apexes, and then the posterior surface and checking the symmetrical points. As a rule, 2-3 complete respiratory cycles are studied at each point, that is, inhalation and exhalation.

Sounds heard above the lungs are divided into groups such as:

The main breath sounds are the different types of breathing that are heard over normal lungs.
Adverse breath sounds are sounds that form over breathing, normal and pathological. They are heard simultaneously with the main respiratory sounds, these can be wheezing, pleural friction rub, pericardial noise.

Everyone has it healthy person the following types of breathing are heard above the lungs:

Vesicular - occurs over a large surface of the lung tissue. It is formed when the alveoli expand due to the entry of air into them and the tension of their elastic elements.

Increased vesicular breathing is possible both during inhalation and exhalation. As a rule, it occurs due to the difficulty of passing air through the small bronchi, with their swelling or spasms.
Weakened - occurs with emphysema due to a decrease in the number of alveoli. This occurs as a result of the destruction of the interalveolar septa and a decrease in the elasticity of their walls. Occurs with inflammation of the respiratory muscles and intercostal nerves, bruises and fractures of the ribs.

When filling the alveoli with inflammatory exudate, this type of breathing may not be heard. Complete blockage of the large bronchus and the development of atelectasis lead to its disappearance.

Bronchial breathing - occurs over limited areas of the airways and lungs. It is formed when air passes through the glottis, along the bronchial tree, spreading to the surface of the chest.

Stenotic breathing - occurs due to narrowing of the trachea or main bronchus. It is characterized by increased laryngotracheal breathing.
Mixed breathing - occurs above the foci of compacted lung tissue, which are located deep in healthy tissue. The inspiratory phase is similar to vesicular breathing, and the exhalation phase is similar to bronchial.
Rigid - heard when the bronchial lumen is narrowed due to an inflammatory process or edema. It is characterized by a loud and long breath, but a normal exhalation.

In addition to the above types of breathing, there are side breathing noises:

Wheezes - can be dry and wet. Formed when air passes through the bronchial tree. Dry appear when there is a viscous, thick secret in the bronchi, and wet - when the bronchi are filled with a wet secret.

Crepitus - occurs as a result of the expansion of collapsed alveoli, which contain a small amount of exudate.
Pleural friction noise - indicates the development of dry pleurisy. It differs from other noises in that it is heard both during inhalation and exhalation, but does not change after coughing.

Auscultation shows increased signs of bronchophony. Respiration is bronchial or vesiculobronchial with dry and moist rales. Crepitus is heard in the initial phase of the disease. If the inflammation spreads to the pleura, then a pleural friction rub appears. In severe cases, tachycardia and arterial hypotension, collapse.

Analyzes

In the process of diagnosing damage to the respiratory tract, the patient is prescribed many procedures to determine the causative agent of the disease, the severity and other features. Analyzes for bronchopneumonia are necessary to confirm it and establish its variety. For these purposes, blood and urine are taken for research. If the disease has a mild course, then moderate leukocytosis and an increase in ESR are observed in the blood. With moderate severity - pronounced leukocytosis and elevated ESR. The severe form occurs with a large increase in leukocytes, high ESR, a decrease in lymphocytes and toxic granularity of neutrophils.

To obtain reliable results, blood is taken on an empty stomach, last appointment food should be at least eight hours before analysis. The study is carried out before the start of antibiotics or 2-3 weeks after their cancellation. When passing urine tests, any deviations from the norm and changes indicate complications.

There is a specific research program used for inflammation of the organs of the respiratory system, which includes tests such as:

General analysis of blood and urine
Sputum bacterioscopy
Sputum culture (quantification of flora and determination of sensitivity to antibiotics)

Radiography of the lungs in two projections

If necessary, the above list is supplemented with a study of the function of external respiration and a study of blood gases, pleural punctures. With appropriate indications, lung tomography and serological tests, a biochemical blood test are performed. To determine the chronic form of bronchopneumonia, radiography of the lungs in three projections, lung tomography, sputum examination, spirography, biochemical blood test, bronchography and fibrobronchoscopy are performed.

Sputum with bronchopneumonia

One of the most important studies in the defeat of the respiratory system is the study of the material coughed up. Sputum in bronchopneumonia contains opportunistic bacteria, the analysis of which allows you to draw up a treatment plan. To confirm the inflammatory process, a cultural study is carried out for anaerobic microflora.

Material is obtained from the lower respiratory tract by tracheal aspiration, protected brush biopsy, or transtrocal puncture. All procedures are invasive, therefore they are not used without appropriate indications. If the patient has a pronounced cough, then the collection of sputum is not difficult. If the patient does not have a cough with sputum, then inhalations with a 3% sodium chloride raster are required.

Particular attention is paid to the study of the gas composition arterial blood. The analysis is carried out with a severe course of the disease and the presence of complications. With its help, it is possible to identify various degrees of hypercapnia, a decrease in oxygen saturation, and hypoxemia. All the described signs are an indication for oxygen therapy.

Instrumental diagnostics

Various methods of studying the symptoms of pneumonia make it possible to recognize signs of pathology in a timely manner and draw up a treatment plan. Instrumental diagnosis of bronchopneumonia is represented by many methods, but the most valuable and informative are bronchoscopy and radiography. Most often, the second method is used, since it can be used to visually see the localization of foci of inflammation on the x-ray.

Bronchoscopy is used in differential diagnosis. To do this, it is necessary to take bronchoalveolar lavage for research and study the harmful microorganisms that caused the disorder. Instrumental methods help to identify the causative agent of the disease and the localization of inflammation. Thanks to this, the doctor can draw up an effective treatment plan that prevents complications of the disease and its relapses.

x-ray

X-ray examination in case of damage to the organs of the respiratory system is one of the main diagnostic methods. X-ray is necessary to recognize atypical forms of inflammation, the symptoms of which are not sufficiently pronounced. Different types of bronchopneumonia differ both in etiology and pathogenesis, but can give similar radiological semiotics.

Severe bronchopneumonia - the x-ray picture is clear, the focal nature of inflammation is visible. Foci of infiltration can capture groups of lung lobules or be limited to the defeat of several acini. On x-ray, they range in size from 1-15 mm in diameter, can merge into large spotted shadows, which causes continuous lobar shading.

Focal inflammation - the foci have an irregular shape, which is explained by the projection fusion of individual elements. Through the shadow of a large focus, it is possible to trace the pulmonary pattern, which is enhanced due to vascular hyperemia and swelling.
Acious form - individual focal shadows do not differ from the foci that occur during hematogenous tuberculosis dissemination. On the radiograph, there is an increase in the bronchovascular pulmonary pattern and an expansion of the shadows of the roots.
Viral form - X-ray indicates the segmental nature of inflammation. On the side of the pulmonary roots, moderate darkening. Sometimes a specific path appears that connects the dilated root with pneumonic obscuration.

Differential Diagnosis

Most often, bronchopneumonia has to be differentiated from bronchitis, pleurisy. This is due to the fact that all the ailments mentioned are accompanied by similar symptoms. Since, pneumonic foci cause shortness of breath, cough, and sometimes cyanosis.
Differentiation with tuberculosis is more difficult. This is explained by the fact that the infiltrate has the same localization and gives the same data during auscultation and percussion. In this case, X-ray examination and bronchoscopy are used.

Treatment of bronchopneumonia

Any inflammatory diseases require immediate treatment, especially when it comes to the respiratory system. Treatment of bronchopneumonia involves the adoption of effective measures to prevent the spread of infection throughout the body, the development of various complications and exacerbation of chronic infections.

To eliminate the inflammatory process, the following methods are used:

The patient is provided with bed rest to minimize the load on the cardiovascular system and the body as a whole. Particular attention is paid to nutrition, which should consist of easily digestible foods.
Antibiotics are used only after determining the sensitivity of the pathogen to them. Most often, broad-spectrum drugs are prescribed, as well as drugs from different clinical groups. The duration of the course of therapy is determined by the attending physician, who controls changes in the analyzes and the status of the patient.
It is mandatory to use medicines that thin and remove sputum. It is better to give the advantage to funds for plant-based, since they are not addictive, have a minimum of contraindications and side effects.
It is necessary to use desensitizing drugs to reduce local inflammation and remove toxins from the body.
Vitamin therapy is needed to restore the protective properties of the immune system. As a rule, complex multivitamin preparations are used, which contain all the necessary vitamins, minerals and macronutrients.

Based on this, we can conclude that the treatment is a rather lengthy and complex process, which should be occupied only by a doctor.

Care for bronchopneumonia

The healing process for any disease largely depends not only on the drugs used, but also on care. With bronchopneumonia, bed rest and a number of other procedures are indicated, the observance of which is necessary to prevent complications.

Consider the main nuances of patient care:

Ensuring bed rest until general well-being improves.
Compliance with a dairy-vegetarian diet.
Abundant fluid intake.
Reception of thinning and expectorant drugs.
Compliance with symptomatic therapy prescribed by the doctor.

If the treatment takes place in a hospital, then the intervention of medical personnel is required to conduct a dynamic assessment of the patient's condition. Nurse should control the position of the patient in bed, taking medications and procedures prescribed by the doctor.

If treatment is prescribed for a child, then in addition to the above procedures, the following are added:

Teaching your child how to breathe properly.
Vibration massage.
Ensuring a drainage position (with head down).
Prevention to prevent complications.

Treatment of bronchopneumonia at home

Simple forms of inflammatory lung diseases, as a rule, are not treated in a hospital, since the therapy is not complicated. Treatment of bronchopneumonia at home is most often carried out with the help of sulfonamides. But do not forget that even mild forms of inflammation have, although not pronounced, but pathological processes - respiratory failure, hypoxemia, anemia. Therefore, special attention should be paid to the organization of the patient's regimen, if home conditions do not allow this, then hospitalization is better.

Therapy should be differentiated depending on the severity of the disease and the characteristics of the patient's body. The use of sulfonamides quickly eliminates malaise, reduces fever and weakens toxic effects. With intoxication, combined treatment with antibiotics with a wide spectrum of action is used.

It is extremely important to organize a dietary diet with high content vitamins of groups B and C, since they play a leading role in the pathogenesis of respiratory failure. Since the disease causes increased vascular permeability, calcium chloride is used to eliminate this defect. The drug causes irritation of connective tissue cells by increasing the tone of the vagus nerve. For these purposes, you can use ascorbic acid. The task of home treatment is not only to eliminate structural changes in the lungs, but also restore their normal functioning.

Medicines for bronchopneumonia

Treatment of inflammatory lesions of the respiratory system should begin at the first painful symptoms. Medicines are prescribed after determining the pathogen, so broad-spectrum antibiotics are used at the beginning of therapy. Since many harmful microorganisms quickly develop resistance to such agents, constant improvement is required.

For treatment, antibiotics such as:

Semi-synthetic penicillins
Carbapenems
Fluoroquinolones
Cephalosporins
Tetracyclines
macrolides
Aminoglycosides
Monobactams

Modern antibacterial agents have high bioavailability and an extended spectrum of action. They have minimal toxic effects on the kidneys, central nervous system, and liver.

Antiviral therapy is carried out with such drugs:

Saquinavir
Arbidol
Acyclovir
Foscarnet
Ganciclovir
Valaciclovir
Zidovudine
Zalcitabine
didanosine

Bronchodilators in inhalation form:

Anticholinergics
β-2-agonists
Methylxanthines
Expectorant and mucolytic drugs:
Acetylcysteine
Amroxol
Lazolvan
Ambrobene
Bromhexine
Bronchosan
Sinupret
Gedelix.

Calcium chloride

Calcium is very important for the normal functioning of the body. The thing is that the ions of this substance contribute to the transmission of nerve impulses, the reduction of smooth and skeletal muscle, blood clotting, the functioning of the muscles of the heart and other organs. With a decrease in the calcium content in the blood plasma, a number of pathological reactions are observed, primarily severe hypocalcemia and tetany.

Indications for the use of calcium chloride:

Function deficiency parathyroid glands
Tetany
Spasmophilia
Dehydration
Allergic complications associated with medication
Pulmonary, nasal, gastrointestinal bleeding
Before surgical interventions to increase blood clotting

The drug is prescribed intravenously drip / jet and inside. When using the medication, side effects may occur: heartburn, bradycardia, pain in the epigastric region, a feeling of heat. The drug is not used intramuscularly for necrosis or severe tissue irritation. Calcium chloride is contraindicated in atherosclerosis, a tendency to thrombosis and a high level of calcium in the blood.

Antibiotics for bronchopneumonia

Therapy of pneumonia is a long process that involves the use of different medications. Antibiotics for bronchopneumonia fight harmful microorganisms that cause the disease. To select an effective drug, a number of tests are carried out, one of which is sputum analysis. This study allows you to adjust the treatment regimen for a speedy recovery.

When choosing drugs, it is necessary to take into account such factors as: the type of bronchopneumonia, contraindications, drug toxicity, the spectrum of action of the drug, the speed of penetration into body fluids and the rate of reaching a therapeutic dose in the foci of inflammation. In some cases, antibiotic drugs do not give the desired result. This occurs due to improper selection of the drug, its dosage and duration of administration, the development of resistance of pathogens and frequent changes in drugs.

To eliminate the hospital form of the disease, the following means are used:

The first line is Amoxicillin, Ceftazidime, Penicillin, Cefepime. If these medications are intolerant, alternative means can be used: Ticarcillin, Cefotaxime, Ciprofloxacin. In some cases, a combination of medications is used to quickly improve the patient's condition.
Second line - used when the first line drugs were ineffective. For therapy, Cefipime, Fluoroquinolone, Meropenem, Ticarcillin are used.
The reasons for using the above funds are severe course diseases, mixed type of infection, combinations of harmful microorganisms that are resistant to many drugs.
For the treatment of community-acquired inflammation, the following drugs are used:
Average and easy stage- Fluoroquinolone, Aminopenicillin, Clarthromycin, Doxycycline.

Severe stage - Azithromycin, Ceftriaxone, Cefotaxime.

If the patient has to use antibiotics for a long time, then probiotics and eubiotics are mandatory - Linex, Lactobacterin, Bifiform, Bifikol. They prevent intestinal dysbacteriosis, that is, they maintain the normal composition of the microflora. Antibiotics are taken only according to medical indications. If in the first 2-3 days after the start of treatment a positive effect of therapy does not occur, then there is a risk of intoxication of the body and increased inflammation.

Alternative treatment

In the treatment of bronchopneumonia, many methods are used, which together give a positive result, accelerating the healing process. Alternative treatment is effective in that herbal natural ingredients are used to eliminate inflammation. Such drugs have anti-inflammatory, vasodilating, analgesic and other effects, but they have a minimum adverse reactions and contraindications. If such remedies are combined with classical treatment, then the pathological process can be quickly eliminated.

Consider the most popular folk recipes:

The balm has anti-inflammatory properties, for the preparation of which you will need: 250 g of aloe, 500 ml of Cahors and 350 g of liquid honey. Before cutting aloe leaves, it is recommended not to water the plant for 14 days. After the cut, carefully wipe off the dust, grind and place in a glass jar. The plant is poured with honey and Cahors, mixed well and infused for 14 days in a dark, cool place. After the balm has been infused, it must be filtered and squeezed. The medicine is taken 1 spoon 2-3 times a day.
Special inhalations work well on the respiratory system. To do this, you need to take a piece of bandage 10-15 cm, carefully rub with onions and put in a mug for inhalation. To achieve a therapeutic effect, it is necessary to breathe over a mug for 10-15 minutes 5-6 times a day.
Particularly effective are such products as: linden honey, onion and garlic juice, dried cranberries and raspberries, aloe juice, rose hips, oregano, Linden blossom. From these ingredients, you can prepare decoctions and infusions to eliminate inflammation and strengthen the immune system.
From a decoction of coltsfoot and violets or honey with marshmallow, you can prepare an excellent expectorant. All ingredients are taken in equal proportions. The medicine is taken 3-4 tablespoons 2-3 times a day.

Herbal treatment

Alternative treatment methods are the use of only natural plant components that have a beneficial effect on the body. Herbal treatment is especially popular, as such remedies are safe to use, have a minimum of side effects and contraindications.

Consider effective herbal recipes for bronchopneumonia:

Pour 1 tablespoon of ivy-shaped budra with 750 ml of boiling water and insist for 60 minutes. Infusion should be taken 2 tablespoons 3-4 times a day before meals. It is not recommended to exceed this dosage to avoid the toxic effect of the plant.
Pour a handful of viburnum berries with melted linden honey and let it brew for 6-8 hours. Pour a spoonful of medicine with 250 ml of boiling water, and insist for 2 hours. The product should be well filtered and taken warm, 150 ml 1-3 times a day. Effectively eliminates coughing and removes mucus.
Take linden flowers, mullein flowers and wild raspberries in a ratio of 2:3:3. Pour 1 liter of boiling water over the herbs and infuse for 6-8 hours. The cooled infusion should be filtered and taken 100 ml 3-4 times a day. Helps with dry, debilitating cough.
To prepare an alcohol infusion for pneumonia, the following ingredients are required: aloe leaves, blueberry leaves, lingonberries, beet juice, rutabaga and wild rosemary roots (all components are taken in equal proportions). Herbal collection is poured into 1 liter of vodka and insisted in a dark, cool place for 10-15 days. Before use, honey and butter should be added to the medicine. Take 1-2 spoons 2-3 times a day.
Pour boiling water over 2 parts of coltsfoot leaves and raspberries, 1 part of oregano. The remedy should be infused for 2-4 hours, take 1 spoon diluted in a glass of water.

Homeopathy

For the treatment of bronchopneumonia and the restoration of the normal functioning of the respiratory system, many methods are used to stop the inflammatory process. Homeopathy is one of the most popular remedies, as it is suitable for patients with intolerance to potent drugs. chemicals. Homeopathic remedies can effectively cure any kind of ailment and prevent the development of relapses.

At the initial stage of the disease, when fever, chills and other symptoms of fever appear, Aconite is taken in 3x and 3rd dilutions. After a couple of days, this remedy is replaced by Briony or Belladonna in the same proportions.
Further use of drugs depends on the overall symptomatic picture. So, if there is a dry cough with a rusty sputum discharge, then Sanguinaria is taken in 3 dilutions.
To eliminate dry and wet rales, wheezing and sputum separation, Antimonium Tartaricum is used in 3 and 6 dilutions. If the cough is accompanied by pain in the chest, then use Iodum or Kalium Yodatum in 3 and 6 dilutions.
If the disease has a long course, and antibiotic agents do not help, then such homeopathic medicines: Sulfur, Arsenicum Album, Gepar Sulfur and Arsenicum Iodatum in 3rd and 6th dilutions.

All homeopathic medicines should be prescribed by a homeopathic doctor, after a thorough examination. It is contraindicated to take such medicines on your own.

Surgical treatment

Protracted and chronic forms of bronchopneumonia entail many serious complications. Surgical treatment is indicated for pathological damage to the respiratory organs, when a prolonged inflammatory process has led to irreversible changes in lung tissue. Most often, surgery is necessary for chronic abscesses, the formation of a primary cancerous lesion of the lung, or bronchogenic cancer.

Patients may be prescribed lung resection to improve their general condition and save lives. The most commonly used segmental resection, pneumectomy and lobectomy. All procedures are performed by separate ligation of a lobe, segment or elements of the lung root.

If the pathology is bilateral in nature, capturing separate segments of several lobes, then segmental resection is indicated in this case, which allows radical cure of a patient who was previously considered hopeless. If inflammation has become the cause of purulent intoxication, then in addition to restorative therapy, postural drainage is performed to facilitate the removal of sputum and exudate.

Prevention

In addition to the main treatment used to eliminate bronchopneumonia, methods of preventing the disease are important. Prevention is indicated for patients of all ages, regardless of the form of the disease.

Elderly patients are recommended to be vaccinated against streptococcal infection, which is the most common causative agent of the disease. Children at risk are vaccinated against pneumonia.
To prevent pathology, it is necessary to undergo an annual flu vaccination. Since very often this disease causes complications in the form of bronchopneumonia.
Compliance with basic hygiene rules, that is, washing hands with soap, using individual towels and utensils, also prevents infection by pathogens.
Particular attention should be paid to strengthening the immune system. For these purposes, vitamin therapy, various complexes of microelements and minerals are used. Healthy nutritious nutrition also applies to prevention methods, as it increases the immune status.
Giving up bad habits such as smoking and alcoholism, which reduce the resistance of the bronchi and lungs to infections, is an important method of preventing not only diseases of the respiratory system, but also the body as a whole.

Singulair for the prevention of bronchopneumonia

Singulair is a medicine for the treatment of bronchi and lungs, from pharmacological group leukotriene receptor antagonists; and anti-asthmatic agents. It is prescribed, as a rule, for patients of childhood. The active ingredient of the drug is montelukast. It inhibits leukotriene receptors in the epithelium of bronchial and lung tissues, making them resistant to the effects of cysteinyl leukotrienes. Tablets prevent bronchospasm, an increase in eosinophils and sputum production. The agent causes relaxation of the bronchi within 2 hours from the moment of administration and reduces the content of intra- and extracellular factors of inflammation of the respiratory system.

For patients over 15 years old, 10 mg once a day at bedtime is prescribed. Children from 2-5 years old, 4 mg once a day, and for patients 6-14 years old, 5 mg per day. The tablet must be thoroughly chewed and washed down with plenty of liquid.
Side effects occur when the rules for the use of the drug are not followed. As a rule, the patient complains of bouts of thirst, increased anxiety, headaches, allergic reactions on the skin. In especially severe cases, anaphylaxis, increased bleeding, paresthesia, tachycardia and swelling are possible.
With an overdose, epigastric pain, drowsiness, intense thirst, vomit. Treatment is symptomatic, hemodialysis is not performed.
Tablets are contraindicated in patients under 2 years of age. The ban on the use is hypersensitivity to the active substance and other components of the drug.

Forecast

The course and effectiveness of treatment of inflammatory lesions of the bronchi and lungs largely depends on the type of disease, severity and individual characteristics of the patient's body. The prognosis is based on the state of the cardiovascular system, as it is closely associated with bronchopneumonia. In addition, there is a dependence of the outcome of the disease on the age of the patient. That is, the older the patient, the more difficult the malaise is and the worse the prognosis may be, since the disease often recurs.

Bronchopneumonia has a serious prognosis (up to death) in patients with circulatory failure, various diseases cardiovascular system, with dystrophy, vitamin deficiency and diseases accompanied by cachexia. With timely diagnosis and treatment, the prognosis is positive.

Right-sided bronchopneumonia is a disease that occurs on one side. Despite the same pathogens that cause the disease, this type of bronchopneumonia has its own characteristics.

This is an insidious and dangerous disease that requires timely treatment, and it does not matter on which side it is localized, so it is extremely important to diagnose it in time. It is worth knowing what it is, and most importantly, how to get rid of the disease.

Features of right-sided bronchopneumonia

Bronchopneumonia, or in another way - bronchial pneumonia, bronchogenic, focal - this is a disease accompanied by inflammatory process developing in the walls of the bronchioles. Most often, unilateral inflammation is diagnosed, and in most cases it is located on the right. This has its own explanation. The branches of the trachea, which enter the right lung, are located obliquely from top to bottom, making it very easy for pathogens to penetrate into lower divisions body and concentrate there.

Both left-sided bronchopneumonia and right-sided bronchopneumonia are sometimes complicated by the fact that the lung tissues become inflamed at the very roots of the organ. This is one of the most complex lung diseases, and most often it is detected with right side. The so-called hilar bronchopneumonia leads to infection of the large bronchi, and later to the development of the periprocess.

Pathogens and causes of the disease

Among the main causative agents of right-sided bronchopneumonia, the following pathogenic microorganisms can be noted:

Pneumococcus;
golden staphylococcus aureus;
streptococcus;
influenza bacillus (hemophilic);
influenza virus;
yeast-like fungi of the genus Candida;
mycoplasma;
Enterobacterium Klebsiella.

With the development of the disease in children, enteroviruses and rod-shaped bacteria eschirichia can be pathogens.

Often, pneumococcus manifests itself against the background of diseases such as measles, rickets, malnutrition. This is typical of a child's body.

In patients of any age, the development of bronchopneumonia can be observed when the body is weakened and the immune system is reduced.

Prolonged exposure to the respiratory tract can provoke bronchopneumonia chemical substances or physical stimuli.

The right-sided form may be a separate disease, but there are cases when it is a complication of other ailments that have not received timely treatment or manifested in a chronic form.

The risk group includes newborns and children under one year old, tk. they have poor ventilation. The anatomical feature is the wide entrances of the alveoli, which are an excellent entrance for pathogenic pathogens, including bronchopneumonia. In children, the disease is acute, difficult to tolerate, and if treatment is not prescribed in time, then the prognosis is disappointing.

Symptoms of the right-sided form

In 75% of cases, the onset of bronchopneumonia occurs without significant symptoms, in this case the clinic is erased, which means that it is extremely difficult to diagnose the disease at this moment. But some people still have clear signs of the disease. Among the main symptoms of the disease, which most often appear on the third or fourth day, the following conditions can be noted:

Temperature rise. It can vary in the range of 37-39 ° C. If the patient has a fever, then the body is trying to cope with the infection on its own, therefore it is not recommended for adults to lower the temperature to 38.5 ° C, for children - 38 ° C.
Weakness. A person becomes lethargic, feels bad, sweating increases, chills, discomfort in the calf muscles are observed.
The patient's appetite decreases or he may refuse food altogether.
Anxiety appears and sleep is disturbed.
Cough. At the initial stage of bronchopneumonia, it is dry, but later becomes wet. By this period, scanty yellow-green sputum is discharged. If the patient did not receive treatment on time, then with a severe form of the disease, blood is observed in the sputum.
Shortness of breath is an optional symptom of the disease, which appears only in adults. Moreover, it can be observed both during movement and in a calm state.
Pain is an uncharacteristic symptom. They appear when the lesion is located near the pleura. Pain is felt in the chest (with a right-sided lesion from the right lung) during a coughing fit or attempts deep breath. Most often they are of a stabbing or pulling nature.
Frequent pulse, quickens to 100-110 beats per minute.

On examination, the doctor often listens to moist rales in the area of the inflammation.

Possible complications after illness

If the disease is accompanied by any concomitant diseases, conditions, or adequate and timely treatment has not been prescribed, then it can cause a number of complications:

Pleurisy. Inflammation spreads to the inner, and later the outer surface of the pleural sheets.
Pleural empyema. If the previous condition is not treated, the pleura rots, and this condition threatens the life of the patient.
Infection of the blood and necrosis of lung tissue. It is observed in the case of the inability of the body to cope with the infection (most often with immunodeficiency).
Pneumothorax. This is an extremely rare, but still possible complication, when there is an accumulation of gases and air in the pleural cavity.
Acute respiratory failure. It occurs when the infection affects neighboring areas.

Diagnosis and therapy of the disease

With the right-sided form of the disease, the most successful way to detect the disease is radiography in two projections: lateral and direct. This allows you to find and identify the focus of infiltration, assess the size of the infected area and track changes in pathological processes already in the course of therapy.

Before prescribing treatment, the doctor must find out which microorganism caused the development of the disease; for this, laboratory tests of sputum secretions are carried out. At the same time, the reactions of the pathogen to antibiotics are checked.

When identifying pathogen viral origin, antiviral agents are prescribed.

If pus is found in the sputum, then antibiotic therapy is used in combination with antimicrobial drugs. In this case, injections of gentamicin and oral administration of Besiptol with Ampicillin are often prescribed.

Treatment is prescribed complex, focused not only on eliminating the infection, but also on reducing the symptoms of the disease:

With a dry cough, mucolytic agents are prescribed: Bromhexine, ACC, Fluimucil, etc.
Antitussives, for example, Sinekod, Stoptussin, are used only when sputum comes with pus.
To reduce the temperature, it is recommended to take drugs based on Paracetamol or Ibuprofen (Paracetamol, Nurofen, Panadol).
To reduce swelling of the trachea and bronchi, are prescribed antihistamines: Suprastin, Tavegil, Loratadin, etc.
If the patient is not worried about the heat, then mustard plasters are used, it is allowed to massage the sternum.

Children are treated in a hospital, as there is a risk of respiratory failure. Therapy of adult patients is also possible on an outpatient basis, but it all depends on the general condition of the patient.

This video explains what pneumonia is.

During therapy, the following conditions must be met:

the patient must adhere to bed rest;
the load on the organs of the respiratory system should be minimal;
the air in the room is humidified;
patient provision plentiful drink will allow you to quickly remove toxic substances from the body;
adherence to a diet, the diet is enriched with products containing more protein of both animal and vegetable origin.

The video tells about the features of pneumonia in children.

Right-sided bronchopneumonia is able to deliver mass to patients discomfort, but still, the disease can be controlled if you seek medical help in a timely manner.