Imported vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus. Side effects of tetanus vaccination in adults Tetanus diphtheria vaccination for children 7 years old

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To date graft from diphtheria represents the introduction not of the causative agent of the disease itself, but of its toxin. This diphtheria toxoid causes a specific reaction immune system, during which special substances are produced - antitoxins. It is antitoxins that ensure subsequent immunity of a person to diphtheria infection. History of mass application vaccines from diphtheria dates back to 1974, when World organization Health began implementing the Expanded Program on Immunization of the Population. Over the past almost 40 years, in countries where the population was massively vaccinated against diphtheria in childhood, managed to reduce the incidence of this infection by 90%. Antitoxins remain in the body after vaccination and have an effective protective effect for about 10 years.

Diphtheria vaccination

Vaccination against diphtheria will help adults and children protect themselves from a dangerous infectious disease caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae. In the development of infection, the key role is played not by the microorganism itself, but by the toxin it secretes in the human body. The main manifestation of diphtheria is the formation of dense films that form on the mucous membranes of the throat, nasopharynx or intestines. These films cannot be removed, and if they are forcibly torn off, ulcerative-necrotic lesions of the mucous membrane will open. The course of the infection is extremely severe. If serum is not used for treatment in combination with antibiotics, then mortality among children reaches 50–70% of cases.

Mortality is especially high among sick children, so they are vaccinated against diphtheria from a very early age. In Russia, vaccination against diphtheria is given from the age of three months, and is a complex vaccine - DTP, which is also intended to develop immunity to tetanus and whooping cough. If a person was not vaccinated against diphtheria as a child, then this should be done as an adult. Adults also need protection from diphtheria because their susceptibility to infection is no less than that of children, as is the course of the disease and mortality. To form full protection against this disease, it is necessary to administer several doses of the vaccine in order to develop a sufficient amount of antitoxin.

After a full course of diphtheria vaccinations (three pieces), a person acquires immunity, which has a limited duration. Increasing the period of immunity of the body to this infection is achieved by introducing additional doses of the vaccine, which are called booster. Such booster doses are administered a year later (at 1.5 years) after a full course of three vaccinations against diphtheria, then at a younger age. school age(at 6–7 years), after which it is enough to update your immunity to infection once every ten years.

Today, two types of vaccines against diphtheria are produced - with a preservative (thiomersal) and without it. Vaccines with a preservative are usually ampoules containing a certain volume of the drug, sufficient for several doses. Preservative-free vaccines are bottled in disposable syringes, ready-to-use, containing only one dose of the drug. Such drugs have a limited shelf life and a significantly lower risk of side effects. Any vaccine preparation against diphtheria should be stored at a certain temperature – from 2 to 4 o C, without freezing. If these storage conditions are violated, the vaccine cannot be used.

Today, the diphtheria vaccine is practically not used in its isolated form. Typically, the diphtheria vaccine is administered in combination with antitetanus (tetanus) and antipertussis (DTP) components.

Vaccination against tetanus and diphtheria

The most commonly used combination of toxoids in a complex vaccine (ADV) is tetanus and diphtheria components. ADS is used for children and adults, both for the primary course of vaccinations and as booster doses necessary to maintain previously formed immunity. Children are usually given a vaccine with a pertussis component (DTP), but if they are intolerant to the pertussis component, ADS is used. Adults and children over 4 years of age are given only ADS, since whooping cough is no longer dangerous for them, but diphtheria and tetanus still require active immunoprophylaxis.

The combination of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids in one vaccine is justified, since both components require a special substance - aluminum hydroxide, onto which they are adsorbed. On the other hand, the schedules for administering vaccinations against diphtheria and tetanus separately are completely the same, which makes it possible to administer these vaccines simultaneously. The timing of revaccination against tetanus and diphtheria is also the same. Due to the development of industry, it has become possible to place two components in one drug, which makes it possible to administer one vaccine that will protect against two infections at once. One vaccine against two infections means that the number of injections is reduced by exactly half.

Diphtheria and polio vaccine

Only the drug Tetracok can protect against diphtheria and polio at the same time. Tetracoc contains components against diphtheria, tetanus and whooping cough. The vaccine is purified and therefore minimally reactogenic. In addition, Tetracoc contains an inactivated polio component, which can never cause vaccine-associated polio, unlike the live oral vaccine (oral drops). To create full immunity of the child’s body against all four infections - diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough and polio, a complex of four doses of Tetracoc is required. The drug can be used to vaccinate children, instead of using two vaccines - DTP and against polio (in the form of drops in the mouth).

Should I be vaccinated against diphtheria?

The answer to the question “should I be vaccinated against diphtheria?” is a personal matter for each person. To make the right decision, you should put aside your emotions and, under the influence of an exceptionally cold mind, weigh all the pros and cons.

The diphtheria vaccine protects a person from an infectious disease that has killed thousands of children over the centuries. Death from diphtheria is caused by blockage of the respiratory tract of a child or adult by specific films formed on the mucous membranes during the course of the infection. With the rapid progression of diphtheria, films are formed in large quantities and clog the airways. In this case, in the absence of emergency assistance, death occurs.

Blockage of the respiratory tract with diphtheritic films can occur within a very short period of time - from 15 to 30 minutes, during which it is not always possible to simply get to the hospital. Emergency help in such a situation consists of a tracheostomy - a hole is made in the larynx, a tube is inserted into it, through which the person breathes. At this time, diphtheritic films are removed if possible and sucked out with special devices.

At the end of the 19th century, diphtheria epidemics claimed the lives of approximately half of those affected. But after the First World War, diphtheria antitoxin was invented - a specially prepared immunobiological drug, like an antidote, which made it possible to cure up to 90% of those sick. Today, the disease is treated with antitoxin and antibiotics. Antitoxin relieves the manifestations and further progression of the infection, and antibiotics suppress the proliferation of bacteria that cause the disease.

A sick person is also dangerous because he is a source of infection for others. Moreover, such asymptomatic carriage and fairly high infectiousness to others persists even after clinical recovery. Bacteria, causing diphtheria, can only live in the human body. Therefore, when the percentage of vaccinated people in a population is high, the infection simply stops circulating - it can be eliminated, as was done with smallpox.

After recovery, immunity may or may not develop. This depends on the individual properties of the human immune system. Therefore, experiencing diphtheria as a full-fledged disease does not at all guarantee a person subsequent immunity to this dangerous infection. But a consistent series of four doses of the vaccine allows one to develop immunity to infection, which has been convincingly proven in developed countries, where almost 98% of the population has been vaccinated, and diphtheria is a rarity.

Vaccination against diphtheria is very easy to tolerate and almost never causes serious complications. Due to the danger of the infection itself, and the high effectiveness and safety of the vaccine, there is an opinion that it is still worth getting vaccinated.

Diphtheria vaccination for adults

An adult can be vaccinated against diphtheria again if he has not been vaccinated previously. If in childhood a person received a full course of vaccinations against of this disease, then adults should receive one dose of the vaccine every 10 years to activate and maintain immunity to infection. Such revaccination of adults vaccinated in childhood is carried out at the ages of 18 - 27, 28 - 37, 38 - 47, 48 - 57 and over 58 years, according to the order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation N 174 of May 17, 1999.

If an adult has not previously been vaccinated against diphtheria, then he needs to receive three doses of the vaccine to develop immunity. The first two are administered with a break of 1 month between them, and the third - a year after the second. Then 10 years are counted from the third vaccination, after which revaccination is carried out with one dose of the drug.

Adults should be revaccinated against diphtheria, since this infection is dangerous at any age, which makes it necessary to maintain immunity to the disease. Vaccination is mandatory for students, military personnel, construction industry workers, excavators, railway workers, as well as all adults living in a region where the epidemiological situation for diphtheria is not favorable. Adults receive the ADS-m, AD-m, Imovax or Adyult vaccination, which is also a revaccination against tetanus.

Immunization of children

Children are vaccinated against diphtheria with a complex vaccine - DTP, which also contains antitetanus and antipertussis components. In case of intolerance to the anti-pertussis component in the DPT vaccine, vaccination in children is carried out only for tetanus and diphtheria with DPT preparations. Vaccination against diphtheria includes the mandatory administration of five doses of the vaccine preparation within the following periods:
1. At 3 months.
2. At 4.5 months.
3. At 6 months.
4. At 1.5 years.
5. At 6–7 years old.

To develop full immunity to diphtheria, it is sufficient to administer three doses of the vaccine, with an interval of 30 to 45 days between injections. But the peculiarities of the functioning of the immune system of children lead to the need to maintain this immunity to infection by administering booster doses at 1.5 years and at 6–7 years. After the last booster dose at 6–7 years of age, immunity to diphtheria persists for 10 years. Thus, the first revaccination is necessary only at 15–16 years of age. After 16 years of age, revaccination is carried out only once every 10 years, counting from the last vaccination.

Diphtheria vaccination and pregnancy

Pregnant women cannot receive live vaccines because there is a risk of infection in the baby. Live vaccines include measles, mumps, rubella, chickenpox and polio. As for the diphtheria vaccine, they contain only toxoid. Diphtheria and tetanus vaccines, according to the recommendations of the World Health Organization, can be freely administered to pregnant women for the purpose of immunization against dangerous infections. Pregnancy is not a contraindication or obstacle to revaccination against diphtheria if 10 years have passed since the last vaccination.

If a pregnant woman has not previously been fully vaccinated against diphtheria, the World Health Organization recommends a course of three vaccinations during pregnancy so that the newborn child has antibodies during the first months of life. Due to the lack of objective data and observations, it is not recommended to administer vaccine preparations only before 12 weeks of pregnancy, and from the 13th week, diphtheria vaccinations do not pose a danger to the fetus.

It is best, of course, to plan your pregnancy and get all the vaccinations in advance. In this case, after immunization against diphtheria, one month must pass before conception so that the drug does not have a negative effect on the development of the fetus.

Vaccination schedule

According to the National Vaccination Calendar, the following dates for vaccinating children and adolescents against diphtheria have been adopted in Russia:
1. 3 months.
2. 4.5 months.
3. Six months (6 months).
4. 1.5 years (18 months).
5. 6 – 7 years old.
6. 16 years.

This vaccination schedule is carried out if the child has no contraindications to vaccination. Vaccination at 16 years of age is considered the first revaccination, which subsequently should be carried out once every 10 years. That is, the next vaccination against diphtheria must be given at 26 years old, then at 36, 46, 56, 66, 76, etc.

If a child aged from one year to 7 years has not been vaccinated against diphtheria, then when the opportunity arises, vaccination is recommended according to the following scheme: two doses are administered with a break of 2 months between them, then the third six months to a year after the second. Adults who have not previously received the diphtheria vaccine are also vaccinated according to the same scheme. You can start an immunization cycle at any age if a person has no contraindications. In this case, after the last vaccination, immunity against infection remains for 10 years, after which it is necessary to carry out reimmunization by administering one dose of the drug. All subsequent reimmunizations are carried out 10 years after the last one. Even if more than 10 years have passed since the last vaccination, in order to re-induce immunity to infection, it is enough to administer only one dose of the drug.

Where is the vaccine injection given?

The vaccine must be placed in a muscle, so the vaccine should be injected into the thigh or under the shoulder blade. The choice of injection site is determined by the fact that on the thigh and under the shoulder blade the muscle layer is close to the skin, and the thickness of the subcutaneous tissue is minimal. It is necessary that the drug gets into the muscle - then the effect will be maximum and the severity of the reactions will be minimal.

Where is immunization carried out?

Diphtheria vaccination is available at any public clinic, special vaccination centers or hospital departments. If a person is likely to develop a severe reaction (for example, an allergy), then it is best to administer the vaccine in a hospital setting. In all other cases, you can get vaccinated in outpatient setting– at a clinic or vaccination center.

IN government institutions Medicines are available that are purchased by the state, and they are free for the patient, and in vaccination centers you can be vaccinated with an imported vaccine, which costs significantly more. If you wish, you can buy a certain drug at a pharmacy, and then go to the vaccination office of a clinic or vaccination center so that a medical worker can simply do intramuscular injection. If you buy the vaccine yourself at a pharmacy, take care in advance of the proper conditions for transporting and storing the drug.

Is diphtheria vaccination required?

In our country, according to the law Russian Federation“On Immunoprophylaxis of Infectious Diseases” of July 17, 1998, Articles No. 5 and No. 11, a person has the right to refuse preventive vaccinations, including against diphtheria. However, according to the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation N 825 of July 15, 1999 “On approval of the list of works, the performance of which is associated with a high risk of disease infectious diseases and requires mandatory preventive vaccinations", immunization against diphtheria is mandatory for people working in the following sectors of the national economy:
1. Agricultural, drainage, construction and other work on excavation and movement of soil, procurement, fishing, geological, survey, expedition, deratization and disinfestation work in areas unfavorable for infections common to humans and animals.
2. Work on logging, clearing and improvement of forests, areas of health and recreation for the population in areas unfavorable for infections common to humans and animals.
3. Work in organizations for the procurement, storage, processing of raw materials and livestock products obtained from farms affected by infections common to humans and animals.
4. Work on the procurement, storage and processing of agricultural products in areas unfavorable for infections common to humans and animals.
5. Work on the slaughter of livestock suffering from infections common to humans and animals, the procurement and processing of meat and meat products obtained from it.
6. Work related to animal care and maintenance of livestock facilities in livestock farms that are vulnerable to infections common to humans and animals.
7. Work on catching and keeping stray animals.
8. Maintenance work on sewerage structures, equipment and networks.
9. Working with patients with infectious diseases.
10. Work with live cultures of infectious disease pathogens.
11. Working with blood and biological fluids person.
12. Work in all types and types of educational institutions.

All these people are vaccinated at the expense of the state budget, and it is free for the person.

Despite this order, a person may refuse in writing preventive vaccination from diphtheria. But in this case, a person may not be allowed to work or study during a period of epidemic or threat of an outbreak of infection.

After vaccination against diphtheria

After vaccination against diphtheria, local reactions most often develop, that is, various symptoms at the injection site. The likelihood of developing these local reactions slightly increases when a vaccine containing anti-diphtheria and anti-tetanus components (ADS) is administered compared to a drug against diphtheria (AD) only.

After vaccination against diphtheria, you should follow a number of rules that will help reduce the severity of post-vaccination reactions. Firstly, the vaccine can only be given against a background of complete health, on an empty stomach and after bowel movements. Try to minimize the time you spend inside the clinic to avoid contracting a cold or ARVI.

After the procedure, try to stay at home for several days so that you can lie down in a calm environment. For 2 – 3 days, observe a semi-starvation regime with plenty of warm liquid intake. Do not eat any exotic or unfamiliar foods, avoid salty, spicy, sweet, spicy, etc. Also, for 7 days you cannot visit the bathhouse, sauna, swimming pool, go on hiking trips, participate in competitions and visit places large cluster people (cafes, theaters, cinemas, etc.).

Diphtheria vaccination and alcohol. After vaccination against diphtheria, you must refrain from drinking alcohol for three days.

Is it possible to wash after diphtheria vaccination and wet the injection site? In general, there are contraindications to water procedures No. However, you should not take a too hot bath with foam or salt, so as not to develop irritation on the skin at the injection site. Also, when washing, do not rub the injection site with a washcloth. Otherwise, the injection site can be wetted.

Reaction to the vaccine

Vaccine reactions are normal occurrence, and not pathology. Symptoms of post-vaccination reactions can be unpleasant, but they go away on their own and without leaving a trace, without causing problems with human health. Diphtheritic vaccine belongs to the class of low-reactogenic, that is, it very rarely causes reactions. The most common local reactions are at the injection site. It is also possible to have a fever, lethargy, drowsiness, general malaise and slight fatigue, which disappear within a few days (maximum of a week). Let's take a closer look at the most common reactions to diphtheria vaccination:

The diphtheria vaccine hurts. Since local inflammation forms at the site of vaccine injection, which is always accompanied by pain, such a reaction is quite natural. The pain will persist as long as there is inflammation. And the inflammation will persist until all the drug is absorbed - usually this takes up to 7 days. If the pain is too annoying, you can take non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (for example, ibuprofen, imesulide, or regular Analgin).

The diphtheria vaccine is swollen. Swelling of the injection site is also due to the presence of local inflammation, and will persist until all the drug is absorbed into the blood. If the swelling does not hurt or cause discomfort, leave it alone - it will go away within a week.

Lump after diphtheria vaccination. The formation of a lump is caused by the vaccine preparation entering not the muscle, but the subcutaneous tissue. In such a situation, the drug forms a depot and is slowly washed out into the blood, which is manifested by the formation of a lump at the injection site. This condition does not require treatment, but the formation will have to wait at least a month for resorption. During this period of time, carefully observe the hygiene of the injection site so as not to accidentally introduce an infection, since in this case suppuration is possible.

Temperature after diphtheria vaccination. If the temperature rises immediately or within 24 hours after the injection, then this is normal reaction body. Since temperature does not help in any way to develop immunity to diphtheria, it makes no sense to endure it. It can be reduced with conventional antipyretic drugs based on paracetamol or ibuprofen. If the temperature rises after two or more days, then this is a symptom of a completely different disease, and this condition has nothing to do with vaccination. You should consult a doctor to find out the causes of the temperature.

Side effects of the diphtheria vaccine

Diphtheria vaccination is one of the safest in terms of side effects. To date, not a single case of the development of anaphylactic shock, eczema or diathesis has been identified. It is precisely such cases that are classified as complications.

Contraindications

An absolute contraindication to diphtheria vaccination is only the presence of a severe allergic reaction to the components of the vaccine. In this case, the vaccine can never be given. Temporary vaccination should not be given against a background of fever, acute period diseases or allergies, and after the condition has normalized, immunization can be done without fear.

Refusal of diphtheria vaccination

Every person has the right to refuse diphtheria vaccination. Your refusal must be formalized in writing, and the application must be submitted to the head of the institution (clinic, school, kindergarten, etc.). The statement of refusal to vaccinate must contain a legal justification for your step, as well as a signature with an explanation and date. An example of writing a refusal to get vaccinated against diphtheria is presented below:

DPT vaccination is one of the main ones in the national vaccination calendar. But what should you do if your child has serious complications from this vaccine? What to administer if the baby has already had whooping cough and has received lifelong immunity. Is it worth exposing his body to additional danger?

Below we will talk about alternative DTP vaccinations specifically for these groups of children. ADS - what kind of vaccine is this? What are its contraindications and indications, does it cause complications and adverse reactions? When and where to get this vaccination? Let's figure it out.

What kind of vaccine is ADS?

Interpretation of the ADS vaccination - diphtheria-tetanus adsorbed. This vaccine provides protection against two diseases - diphtheria and tetanus. It is indicated for the following groups of patients:

children who have had whooping cough;
children from three years old;
vaccination of adults;
persons who have serious negative effects after administration of DPT.

If the child had a pronounced reaction to DTP vaccine, then most likely it arose due to whooping cough antigens.

The ADS vaccine contains the following components:

tetanus toxoid;
diphtheria toxoid.

Accordingly, this vaccine protects against tetanus and diphtheria.

The manufacturer of the ADS vaccine is the Russian company Microgen. The vaccine has no identical analogues. But ADS-M, a more weakened vaccine with the same composition, can be considered as such.

Instructions for vaccination

The ADF vaccination schedule in accordance with the national calendar is carried out differently depending on the situation. If ADS is a replacement for DTP, then it is administered twice with an interval of 45 days. In this case, revaccination is carried out once every year. The next administration of ADS is carried out at 6–7, and then at 14 years.

Children who have had whooping cough are given the ADS vaccine at any age instead of the DPT vaccine.

Adults can be given either ADS or ADS-M. To maintain permanent immunity, vaccination is done every 10 years.

If the child received a one-time injection of DTP, which provoked serious side effects(encephalopathy, convulsions), then the next one is administered ADS once with an interval of 30 days. Revaccination is carried out after 9–12 months.

Only revaccination with DPT is possible after one to one and a half years, if the previous 3 vaccinations were done with DTP.

ADS vaccination in adults is done if injections were previously missed. In other cases, ADS-M is administered. Medical workers, teachers, sellers and other persons in contact with food, and kindergarten teachers are subject to mandatory vaccination.

ADS vaccination is contraindicated for pregnant women. If a woman wants to get vaccinated against tetanus and diphtheria, then this is allowed 45–60 days before planning a pregnancy.

Where is the vaccination given? The instructions for the ADS vaccine say that it is administered intramuscularly. The buttock and upper outer thigh area are recommended. Large muscles are more suitable for injection. For adults and children over 7 years of age, ADS can be administered subcutaneously into the subscapular region.

The drug can only be mixed and administered simultaneously with the polio vaccine.

Contraindications

Vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus has the following contraindications.

How to prepare for vaccination

The risk of severe complications from whooping cough after DTP is much higher than from the DTP vaccine, which does not have this component. Therefore, the decision about which vaccine to give for vaccinating children who have not been ill should be made only by a doctor. Severe consequences ADS vaccinations occur in less than 0.3% of cases. While almost half of those sick die from tetanus.

To minimize the risk of possible complications, the child should be examined by a pediatrician before vaccination and on the day of administration. The temperature is measured. It is advisable to donate blood and urine in advance for general analysis. If you have problems with neurology, you should definitely see a specialist. Together with him, weigh the pros and cons, and if necessary, obtain an exemption from vaccination.

But still, the decision whether to vaccinate with ADS or not is made by parents. But vaccination should not be canceled just because it is fashionable. The reason “I'm afraid” is also not suitable. The consequences of diphtheria and tetanus are much worse. Must be real contraindications for medical drainage, justified clinically and laboratory.

Reaction to ADS vaccination

The absence of the pertussis component greatly improves the tolerability of the ADS vaccination, since it has the greatest reactogenicity (the body's reaction to foreign agents).

Statistics show that side effects after this vaccination occur much less frequently than after DTP. But they still exist.

The most common, as with most vaccinations, are local reactions. The child may be bothered by redness, swelling, induration, or pain at the injection site. They go away on their own within 2-3 days. Typically, no assistance is required. But if the lump really bothers the child, then it is recommended to apply warm lotions so that it dissolves faster. Painful sensations at the injection site can be relieved with half the dose of an antipyretic drug. In this case, it will act as a pain reliever. Physical activity and light massage will also help the infiltrate disappear faster.

Another possible reaction to ADS vaccination is an increase in temperature. This is the second most common complication. It usually occurs on the day of injection. Can last up to three days. If the temperature is below 37.5 °C, it is not worth reducing it. And if it’s higher, you can give single dose antipyretic, drink plenty of fluids. Temperature after ADS vaccination is a protective reaction and its occurrence is quite natural.

Most often, such reactions occur in infants. ADS vaccination at 6 years of age is well tolerated. There are practically no side effects at this age.

In rare cases, severe complications were observed after ADS vaccination, such as convulsions, encephalopathy, neurological disorders in the form of prolonged continuous crying, collapse and loss of consciousness. If you suspect these conditions, you should urgently call an ambulance.

It cannot be ruled out allergic reaction. It can occur either as a rash or anaphylactic shock or Quincke's edema. These side effects occur in the first minutes after the injection, so it is not recommended to leave the clinic area for about 20–30 minutes.
How to vaccinate if serious complications arise after ADS vaccination? In this case, ADS-M is recommended.

What to do after vaccination with ADS

Is it possible to wash after getting a diphtheria and tetanus vaccination? Even taking into account that adverse reactions occur rarely, it is not recommended to wet the vaccine for 24 hours. It is not advisable to visit baths and saunas, or take hot baths, as they can reduce immunity.

How to behave after administration of ADS? A gentle regime is recommended. It is advisable not to swim, walk or overeat. Frequent breastfeeding is recommended for infants. Hypothermia and drafts also pose a danger; they can reduce immunity, and if a cold occurs, the risk of adverse reactions increases several times.

Let's summarize. ADS is a vaccine that creates immunity in the human body against tetanus and diphtheria. It contains only pathogen toxoids. But it is they who cause the clinic and the terrible consequences of these diseases. The introduction of this vaccine is justified if the child has suffered from whooping cough or had a strong reaction to previous administrations of DPT. It is also administered for revaccination to children after three years of age, since whooping cough is already excluded in them. Adults are given the vaccine less frequently. Preference is given to ADS-M.

The adsorbed vaccine against tetanus and diphtheria is better tolerated than analogues with a pertussis component. Complications are represented by reactions typical for most vaccinations: local redness, soreness, increased body temperature. The vaccination does not pose a great danger and is recommended for all eligible persons.

Content

Tetanus and diphtheria infections are very dangerous. Their pathogens secrete poisons that cause harm internal organs. Prevent negative consequences that, in extreme cases, lead to fatal outcome, it is possible through vaccination - the most effective measure to stop the spread of viruses.

Why do adults need diphtheria and tetanus vaccinations?

ADS is one of the few vaccines that are administered to a person not only in emergency cases, but also routinely. Vaccination protects the body from acute infectious pathologies, however, cannot provide permanent immunity. Antibodies developed in childhood are not able to persist for a long time, so adults have to be periodically vaccinated against diphtheria and tetanus. If young children are vaccinated with ADS, then after 6 years of age doctors use the ADS-M serum, which differs from the first only in the concentration of toxoids. One standard dose of the vaccine contains:

5 units tetanus toxoid;
5 units diphtheria toxoid;
auxiliary components (thiomersal, aluminum hydroxide, formaldehyde, etc.).

IN early age give an injection of DTP (adsorbed pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus serum). To ensure that immunity is constantly maintained, adults are vaccinated every 10 years using a drug without pertussis toxoid. At the same time, if a person was not vaccinated as a child, administration of ADS is allowed at any age according to the standard vaccination schedule. Because the preventative measure is not mandatory, you can refuse vaccination against tetanus and diphtheria. The only exceptions are health workers, teachers, laboratory workers, cooks, etc.

For diphtheria

This disease often affects the upper respiratory tract, resulting in 95% of cases. dangerous complications in the oropharynx area, as evidenced by tissue swelling and white coating on its surface. Diphtheria is quickly transmitted by airborne droplets and is difficult to treat. In the worst cases, the pathology affects the nerves and causes inflammation of the heart and kidneys.

Adults are rarely vaccinated with ADS, as a rule, if a preventive injection was not given in childhood. Since the child's body absorbs the vaccine more easily, it is recommended to give the injection before reaching 6 years of age. As a rule, parents follow the schedule and vaccinate their child at 3, 6, 12, 18 months. If you did not receive the vaccine as a child, you can get vaccinated as an adult. After administration of diphtheria serum, immunity to the disease is formed. In this case, a dead vaccine (toxoid) is used, which starts the process of creating protective active substances.

Against tetanus

Because the this pathology It is extremely difficult to treat; vaccination is considered the optimal method to combat it. When is a tetanus shot given? From the age of 17, vaccination against the disease is carried out every 10 years. Previously, ADS was stopped being administered at 66 years of age, but now the age limit has been removed, which is associated with an increase in life expectancy and the widespread spread of the disease. If the immunization schedule is violated or an emergency occurs, an emergency tetanus vaccination may be given. The basis for this is:

availability long non-healing wounds, purulent abscesses on the skin;
appearance of wounds on skin or mucous membrane as a result of frostbite, injury, severe burns;
animal bite;
upcoming surgery (if earlier DTP vaccination didn't).

ADS revaccination for children

If ADS replaces DTP, then it is administered in two doses with an interval of 45 days, while revaccination is carried out once a year later. Subsequent vaccinations are given at 7 and 14 years of age. Children who have had whooping cough are given the ADS vaccine at any age and their immunity is maintained every 10 years by repeating the procedure. If a child was vaccinated once with DTP, and the medicine caused an allergy or provoked adverse reactions, then it is changed to an analogue. It is created without a pertussis component (ADS is administered a month after DPT). Revaccination is carried out after 9-12 months.

Where is the vaccine given?

According to the instructions for the ADS drug, children are vaccinated by injecting the vaccine into the thigh muscle or subscapular region. For adult patients, the injection is given subcutaneously (the skin thickness in these areas is small). Injecting ADS serum into muscle tissue, the doctor reduces the risk negative consequences and side effects. It is recommended to do the preventive procedure in the morning on an empty stomach, so immunization will be as fast and easy as possible for the body.

Indications and contraindications

Almost all people are vaccinated against tetanus and diphtheria; contraindications to immunization are minor. If a child/adult has intolerance to the components of the serum or hypersensitivity to them, the procedure is canceled. Tetanus vaccination and alcohol are incompatible, the patient is warned about this in advance. If such drinks are consumed 1-3 days before immunization, it is delayed. In addition, the doctor can reschedule the ADS vaccination if:

diseases of the nervous system;
acute diseases;
pregnancy up to 12 weeks;
exacerbation of an allergic disease;
high body temperature;
diathesis/eczema;
the patient is taking potent medications.

Consequences

Any reaction of the body to ADS vaccination should not be considered a deviation. When immunity to diseases is formed, unpleasant symptoms only indicate this and disappear 1-3 days after vaccination on their own. Many children complain that the tetanus shot hurts - this is also natural reaction. Local compaction and redness in the area where the vaccine was administered should not frighten parents. Such symptoms disappear after 3-4 days.

Normal reaction in adults

Diphtheria vaccination for children and adults can cause certain side effects, but complications after vaccination are extremely rare. Their appearance indicates the beginning of the formation of immunity and the individual reaction of the body. The ADS vaccine does not have a negative effect on human health, but may cause temporary symptoms such as:

drowsiness/lethargy;
temperature increase;
redness/swelling/hardening of the injection site;
decreased appetite;
general malaise;
indigestion, vomiting.

How does the diphtheria vaccine affect the body?

During the first days after the injection, temporary general and local reactions may appear. After 1-3 days, such symptoms disappear, they do not require treatment and do not pose a threat to human health. These include:

increased irritability/aggression;
soreness at the injection site, near the lymph nodes under the arms;
decreased immunity;
prostration.

Complications

With the exception of isolated cases, ADS vaccination does not affect human health in any way. Complications are recorded extremely rarely; if they occur, you should immediately consult a doctor. The following should be cause for concern: pathological conditions after vaccination:

a lump/red spot at the injection site with a diameter of 8 cm or more;
encephalopathy (impaired consciousness, convulsions);
rhinitis;
dermatitis;
pharyngitis;
otitis.

Is it possible to wet the tetanus and diphtheria vaccine?

With this type of immunization, doctors advise not to wet the injection site, but patients are not prohibited from washing. The main thing is not to rub the injection area with a washcloth to avoid the wound becoming infected. Swimming after vaccination should be done carefully and only under running water. It is prohibited to visit saunas, swimming pools, baths and take baths with oils or salt. Such procedures cause skin irritation and increase the risk of infection.

Video

IN modern world For children, vaccination against diphtheria is a necessity. This disease affects several human organs and poses a major health threat. Therefore, doctors recommend that every child be vaccinated against diphtheria so as not to suffer from the disease in the future.

Why is diphtheria dangerous?

A disease such as diphtheria is infectious. During its development, the upper respiratory tract, nose, throat, eyes and even genitals become inflamed. The main threat is not the inflammation itself, but poisoning with a toxin produced by the pathogen (diphtheria bacillus). It is this harmful element that creates problems for the nervous and cardiovascular systems.

The disease is accompanied general weakness, localization of noticeable pain in the throat, as well as high body temperature. You can become infected with it at absolutely any age, and this is done quite easily, since it is transmitted by airborne droplets.

Treatment and prevention of diphtheria in children

Young children and adolescents who become ill with diphtheria must be hospitalized. They will have to remain on strict bed rest for the next two weeks.

Antitoxic serum is considered the main remedy for treating the disease. It can be administered either intramuscularly or intravenously. At the same time, the doctor prescribes antibiotics, among which penicillin is the most effective.

Treatment can also be symptomatic. To achieve this, certain medications are taken to suit different symptoms (for example, high temperature antipyretics are taken). Careful monitoring by a doctor is also necessary for the emergence and progression of complications.

Most effective method Prevention of the disease is vaccination against diphtheria. Side effects in children, of course, occur after it, but quite rarely, since it all depends on age. Today, there are several vaccines, which will be discussed in detail below.

Is vaccination necessary?

To understand why children need diphtheria vaccination, it is necessary to understand the exact medical indicators. Every year, hospitals in any country keep a tally of patients who have fallen ill and died from this disease. Although there is another component, which is not so easy to calculate - saving time and money for parents, which they do not spend for nothing, because children practically do not get sick with this disease.

Over the past few decades, vaccinations indicate that:

in states where almost 100% of the population was vaccinated, only visitors or patients who were unable to get vaccinated in a timely manner suffered from the disease;
already suffered diphtheria does not provide a complete guarantee that a person will not become infected with it again;
fatality rate is 4%;
At the time of the advent of vaccinations, diphtheria accounted for about 20% of diseases in children, while the number of deaths reached 50% of patients.

Types of vaccines

In order to prevent the disease in Russia, they use combination vaccines. They all contain diphtheria toxoid. It is a drug that produces antibodies to the main pathogen. Today there are three types of vaccines:

DTP vaccination. The consequences for children after it are not so serious. It has a triple effect - not only against diphtheria, but also against whooping cough, as well as tetanus.
ADS. Among specialists it is called the diphtheria-tetanus vaccine. It is the most common, as it is actively used for the prevention of both diphtheria and tetanus. In addition, the timing of vaccination of these two vaccinations coincides.
ADS-M. It is an ADS vaccine, but in smaller doses.
AD-M. It has existed for quite a long time, but is used extremely rarely. Modern specialists do not always agree to work with it, since it is a monovaccine, and as a good prophylaxis it is necessary to use a complex version.

Other drugs

In addition to the already well-known vaccines described above, other injections are actively used in some hospitals. They have also existed for quite a long time, but they have not lost their popularity during all this time. These include:

"Pentaxim" is a drug that helps the body develop protection against diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, hemophilus influenzae infection, and polio.
"Infanrix Hexa" - a six-component vaccine, is used as a prophylaxis not only against diphtheria, whooping cough and tetanus, but also against Haemophilus influenzae infection and hepatitis B.
"Infanrix" - imported analogue DTP containing protective cells against whooping cough, tetanus and, of course, diphtheria.

Vaccination schedule

Young parents who care for their own child are always interested in when their children are vaccinated against diphtheria. Russian vaccination calendar claims that it must be done until the child is one year old. The vaccination is done only three times: at 4, 5 and 6 months. Thanks to these vaccines, the body will develop resistance to the pathogen.

The next diphtheria vaccination for children will be given in order to maintain immunity. The first step is to do it at 18 months. Further, diphtheria vaccination is recommended for children aged 7 years. The last vaccination will be at 14 years of age.

All these vaccinations guarantee that the body will be resistant to infection. Subsequent vaccinations will need to be done much less frequently - only once every ten years.

It is also worth noting that children aged 14 years or 4 months are required to be vaccinated against diphtheria. The doctors themselves strongly recommend that parents do not skimp on their child’s health and still visit a clinic where they can get vaccinated. It doesn't hurt at all and won't take much time, so there's no reason to refuse it.

Method of administration

In addition to the vaccination schedule, parents are also interested in children. This question remains the most important for them.

Vaccines are administered intramuscularly only. Unlike antitoxic serum, vaccinations cannot be given intravenously or subcutaneously.

The most common grafting sites are:

hips;
shoulder delta.

For small children (up to three years old), the injection is administered into the middle third of the anterolateral part of the thigh. And for slightly older patients (up to 14 years and above) - in the upper third of the shoulder protrusion.

Immediately after an injection into the muscle, the area around it may hurt. As a rule, these are not severe pain sensations, so even the smallest patient can endure them. Plus they don't last long.

Indications

The indication for diphtheria vaccination in children is only the necessary prevention of severe forms of the disease, as well as its consequences. There are no other points requiring vaccination.

Contraindications

In contrast to the indications, the vaccine has many more contraindications. Any vaccination causes an imbalance in the functioning of the human body systems. It is for this reason that most contraindications are associated with a temporary state of the immune system.

Both DTP vaccination in children, the consequences of which are practically never serious, and other types of vaccination are not recommended in the following cases:

The presence of bacterial, viral and other diseases. In such a situation, the specialist only recommends waiting until the child is completely healthy.
Development of allergic reactions to any pathogens.
Any post-vaccination complications due to vaccination given shortly before.
Diseases associated with neurology. If they are present and in the active phase, it is strictly forbidden to administer toxoid. In this case, you will need to wait for the onset of remission or a period without any exacerbations.
Mild forms of diseases are redness of the throat, rhinitis and the like. They, of course, do not pose a danger and do not prohibit vaccination, but it is still worth waiting for the vaccination until the symptoms go away.

Compared to other vaccinations, the list of contraindications for the diphtheria vaccine does not include diseases such as cancer, immunodeficiency conditions, and powerful chemotherapy.

Reaction to vaccination

All parents should be prepared for the possibility that there will be at least some reaction to the diphtheria vaccine in children. Normal consequences include:

apathy;
slight lethargy;
redness of the treated area;
increased body temperature;
slight pain in the first week after vaccination;
slight malaise;
the formation of a small lump at the site where the needle was inserted, which will resolve within three to four weeks.

All these reactions cannot be called complications, since they will not last very long, and nothing will have to be done to eliminate them. In addition, they may not appear in all children. Therefore, do not worry if no consequences are observed after vaccination - this is also the norm.

Side effects

Most often, side effects manifest themselves in the form of allergic reactions to various components of the drug used. At the same time, they can be provoked by refusal to comply with contraindications.

Complications

Besides usual reaction For vaccination and classic side effects, it is worth considering complications after the procedure. They need to be addressed Special attention, since these are the consequences that can worsen the child’s condition, and curing them may not be so easy.

Even though complications occur extremely rarely, you still need to be aware of them. The list of them is not too long:

runny nose;
cough;
profuse sweating;
dermatitis;
otitis;
diarrhea;
bronchitis;
scabies;
pharyngitis;

These diseases are considered complications that occur immediately after the injection. But it is worth considering that they are only mild adverse effects. In addition to them, more serious complications may also arise if parents refuse to comply with contraindications.

There are often problems with cardiovascular system. In this case, myocarditis may begin to develop, and the heartbeat. They are considered the most serious complications that small child It's quite difficult to survive.

At the same time, there is a chance of adverse neurological consequences. They are caused by damage to peripheral, as well as cranial nerves. Such complications manifest themselves in the form of limbs and strabismus. There are also more severe cases, which include paralysis of the muscles of the diaphragm, as well as the respiratory muscles.

Medical practice shows that so far not a single case of death has been recorded after the ADS vaccine. In addition, there were no children who went into anaphylactic shock. Thanks to these facts, you can be confident in the benefits and complete harmlessness of the injection.

Parents' concerns about the need for vaccination can be understood, because they all care about their children and want only the best for them. But even despite certain concerns, you should not immediately refuse vaccination. Anyway the best solution problems will be to seek advice from a specialist. He will tell you in detail what the injection is, why it is needed and whether it should be administered to a small child. Whether to vaccinate or not is ultimately decided by the parents themselves.

Complications are quite difficult moments in the period after the injection is administered to the child’s body. Of course, it is possible to avoid them, because they are usually caused by failure to comply with basic contraindications.

After visiting the doctor, you need to carefully monitor your child. You definitely need to catch the moment when any hint of side effects appears. As soon as they occur, you should immediately go to the pediatrician to make sure that such a reaction is completely normal.

Specialists and experienced parents who have already seen many cases of diphtheria in children can give good recommendations to beginners. By adhering to them, you can be sure that your child will not have any problems. The main tips are:

Consultation with a specialist. As mentioned above, you should consult your doctor about the specifics of the vaccination, vaccination schedule, side effects, advantages and disadvantages of the injection. Based on the information received, it will be much easier to understand whether vaccination is needed.
Careful choice of clinic. If parents definitely decide to send their child to the doctor, then they need to take the choice of the clinic where the procedure will be performed with particular seriousness. It is best to give preference state clinics or trusted specialists with whom you have worked before.
The child's condition before vaccination. Before agreeing to a vaccination, you need to make sure that the child is not sick. Otherwise, adverse consequences cannot be avoided.

People often wonder whether it is possible to wet the area where the needle was inserted. In fact, this is allowed to be done on the very first day, but only with cool or lukewarm water. At the same time, you should avoid baths and wash your child only in the shower. At the same time, there is no need to use all kinds of shower gels in the near future, since during this period regular shower gels are best suited. baby soap. Also, for seven days after vaccination, you should not wash with a washcloth, as this can be the main cause of redness or inflammation at the injection site.

In the first days after the procedure, experts recommend ensuring that the child does not overheat or become hypothermic. If this is allowed, the patient’s immunity may deteriorate significantly.

Many parents believe that vaccination is mandatory, although in fact you can safely refuse it. You just need to remember that it protects the baby from infection, and even if the disease does appear, after vaccination it will be much easier to get over it.

Six months (6 months).

4. 1.5 years (18 months).

Where is the vaccine injection given?

Where is immunization carried out?

Is diphtheria vaccination required?

1. Agricultural, drainage, construction and other work on excavation and movement of soil, procurement, fishing, geological, survey, expedition, deratization and disinfestation work in areas unfavorable for infections common to humans and animals.

2. Work on logging, clearing and improvement of forests, health and recreation areas for the population in areas unfavorable for infections common to humans and animals.

3. Work in organizations for the procurement, storage, processing of raw materials and livestock products obtained from farms affected by infections common to humans and animals.

4. Work on the procurement, storage and processing of agricultural products in areas unfavorable for infections common to humans and animals.

5. Work on the slaughter of livestock suffering from infections common to humans and animals, the procurement and processing of meat and meat products obtained from it.

6. Work related to the care of animals and maintenance of livestock facilities in livestock farms that are vulnerable to infections common to humans and animals.

7. Work on catching and keeping stray animals.

8. Maintenance work on sewerage structures, equipment and networks.

9. Work with patients with infectious diseases.

10. Work with live cultures of pathogens of infectious diseases.

11. Work with human blood and biological fluids.

12. Work in all types and types of educational institutions.

After vaccination against diphtheria

Reaction to the vaccine

Side effects of the diphtheria vaccine

These conditions are easily treatable and do not cause permanent impairment of human health.

Complications

Contraindications

Refusal of diphtheria vaccination

Cities (villages, hamlets)

From (name of applicant)

I, ____________full name, passport details______________, refuse to give (indicate which specific vaccinations) to my child (full name) / myself, date of birth_________, registered at clinic no. Legal basis - “Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on the protection of the health of citizens” dated July 22, 1993, Articles 32, 33 and 34 and “On the immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases” dated September 17, 1998, No. 57 - Federal Law, Articles 5 and 11.

Write who knows information about various vaccinations (measles, tetanus and others) and whether it is worth getting them at all. in the vaccination office of the med. employees insist on them because they get bonuses and plans from it!

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Tetanus and diphtheria vaccination: vaccination schedule, side effects and contraindications

Vaccination is the most accessible and completely safe way protecting the baby’s body from deadly diseases. Although DTP is included in the calendar mandatory vaccinations However, after the injection, children and some adults experience side effects. Many parents, fearing complications, refuse to vaccinate their children, putting their lives in danger.

Not everyone realizes the full benefits of vaccination. In some cases, DTP may actually be contraindicated. As an alternative, the diphtheria-tetanus vaccine without the pertussis component can be used. It's called ADS. After such an injection, complications occur extremely rarely, and the vaccination is much easier to tolerate.

Tetanus and diphtheria are deadly diseases, so every parent should know about preventive measures and vaccination methods

Why do you need a tetanus and diphtheria vaccination?

ADS is administered routinely to young patients. After the injection, a person receives immunity to acute infectious diseases, but it does not last long. After some time, the amount of antibodies produced after the injection decreases sharply. Adults and children need to re-visit treatment room for introduction new dose ADS vaccines.

As a rule, DPT is administered to children under 6 years of age. Older children are given ADS or ADS-M. Adults are recommended to be vaccinated against diphtheria and tetanus every 10 years as a preventive measure.

Of course, vaccinations are voluntary; you can always refuse vaccination. There are many professions in which refusal of ADS is impossible. For example, doctors, teachers and cooks who have not been vaccinated against diphtheria are not allowed to work.

Vaccination frequency

At what age is the initial vaccination carried out, and how many times does the serum need to be administered? In the absence of contraindications, a small patient can be vaccinated for the first time at the age of 3 months. Each body reacts to the administration of the drug differently, so if side effects occur, the next revaccination with the same drug will have to be abandoned.

If the first diphtheria vaccination for children did not cause complications, the serum is reintroduced to the baby the next day. At 6 months and 1.5 years, the child must be vaccinated again against diphtheria. The DPT vaccine is given for the last time at 6-7 years of age, then for adolescents and adults, DPT is given at intervals of 10 years.

Sometimes the vaccination schedule may change due to circumstances. There are a number of reasons for this:

individual reaction of the child’s body to the first or second injection;
child's illness;
parents' decision to refuse vaccination and subsequent consent;
the desire of a patient who has not previously been vaccinated on the initiative of the parents to be vaccinated after reaching adulthood;
the need for vaccination against diphtheria in connection with a change in occupation.

Types of vaccines against diphtheria and tetanus

The following vaccines are currently available against tetanus and diphtheria:

multicomponent DPT serum, including pertussis toxoid;
ADS-M is used to prevent diphtheria and tetanus in adults and children over 7 years of age;
the diphtheria vaccine AD-M is given in emergency cases and contains only diphtheria toxoid;
Pentaxim injection allows children's body develop immunity to fight whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus, Haemophilus influenzae and polio;
a foreign analogue of the DTP vaccine - Infanrix;
The six-component vaccine Infanrix Hexa is used to prevent diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, Haemophilus influenzae, polio and hepatitis B.

In what cases is vaccination contraindicated?

The medical community insists on the need for vaccinations. Deadly diseases are killing children around the world. The only one effective way the fight against diphtheria and tetanus is a forced intervention in the functioning of the patient’s immune system.

Experts have been working on creating an effective serum against diphtheria and tetanus for many years, but they have not been able to create a vaccine that is absolutely safe for everyone. There are many contraindications for the administration of ADS. Before vaccination, the doctor carefully examines the little patient. Children with:

In foreign clinics, reasons for refusing vaccination may be:

increased body temperature;
allergy to serum components;
exacerbation of chronic diseases;
immunodeficiency.

WHO is inclined to believe that a child with a mild cold, diathesis or runny nose will tolerate the vaccine without serious complications, and the risk of infection is fatal dangerous diseases will be kept to a minimum.

In our country, ADS is not given to pregnant women, although there is no danger to the developing fetus. The vaccine contains no living microorganisms, it is impossible to become infected with diphtheria or tetanus, but the antibodies produced will protect not only expectant mother, but also the child after birth for 6 months.

Sometimes ADS vaccination is completely banned, since the consequences are unpredictable. Vaccination is contraindicated for people with:

progressive diseases of the central nervous system;
encephalitis;
oncological diseases;
history of angioedema, urticaria and anaphylactic shock;
convulsive syndrome;
serum sickness.

Caring for the injection site and other rules after vaccination

Any vaccination is stressful for the body, so it is important for parents to know how to care for their child in the post-vaccination period. After the drug has been introduced into the child’s body, there is no need to rush to leave the clinic. Doctors recommend observing the baby for some time within the walls of a medical institution. If everything is fine with the child and no allergic reaction has developed, then 30 minutes after the procedure you can go home.

An increase in temperature in the first days after vaccination is a normal reaction of the child’s body.

The doctor may prescribe for the child antihistamines, which are allowed to be given within 2-3 days after vaccination. Some experts are inclined to believe that it is not at all necessary to wait for the body temperature to rise to 38.5 degrees, so the child is given an antipyretic immediately upon returning home. Not everyone agrees with this statement, but it has been proven that antipyretic drugs do not affect the formation of antibodies.

If the injection site is very bothersome, adults can take non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. For kids, you can apply a absorbable ointment to the inflamed area or apply a bandage. The child needs to be offered more liquid; his menu should not be overloaded with heavy foods. For several days after vaccination, the baby may refuse to eat - you cannot force him to eat the entire portion.

Unlike the Mantoux test, after ADS you can wash and wet the injection site. The child is bathed under running water. At first, you should not visit baths and swimming pools; you should refrain from taking salt and aromatic baths.

Possible adverse reactions in a child

Side effects on ADS occur extremely rarely; they do not cause serious harm to the child’s body.

Possible adverse reactions after vaccination include mild gastrointestinal upset

A child’s reaction to vaccination may be accompanied by:

diarrhea;
itching and redness of the skin;
cough;
increased sweating;
nasal congestion;
bronchitis;
pharyngitis;
otitis media

All of the above complications are easily treatable. According to statistical data, no deaths were recorded after the administration of ADS serum. The position of parents who refuse to vaccinate their children is unclear. The effectiveness and benefits of the vaccine have been proven; it has many more advantages than disadvantages.

How to get rid of redness, swelling and other complications after vaccination?

ADS is much easier to tolerate by children than DTP, but in some cases the injection site may become inflamed, causing discomfort to the child. Not everyone knows where the diphtheria vaccine is given - it is administered intramuscularly. For young patients, the injection is given in the thigh, for 14-year-old children - in the shoulder, for adults - under the shoulder blade.

Typically, pain and swelling after diphtheria vaccination occurs due to the medicine getting under the skin. The serum is less absorbed into the blood, and discomfort. If your hand hurts, anti-inflammatory drugs (Ibuprofen, Nimesil) will help relieve pain and inflammation. Young children should be given medications only after consulting a doctor.

As a rule, the pain from the injection goes away within 3-4 days, when the vaccine is completely absorbed into the blood. During this period, you can use ointments for external use (Diclofenac, Troxevasin). You can apply a sterile bandage or bactericidal patch to the inflamed area after wetting it first. special means. Experts often recommend that their patients take a course of Suprastin to relieve unpleasant symptoms.

I remember once upon a time I was vaccinated under my shoulder blade. 10 years have passed since then, I want to get vaccinated again, but I don’t know where to turn. I'm more worried about tetanus because cuts, scrapes and gardening increase the risk of getting an infection where you don't expect it.

I don’t know what parents are thinking when they refuse to vaccinate their children. This is so stupid! Many fatal diseases disappeared from our planet precisely thanks to vaccination. Because of such parents, diphtheria and tetanus still do not exist

Attention! All information on the site is provided for informational purposes only and is for informational purposes only. For all questions regarding the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, you must consult a doctor for an in-person consultation.

ADS vaccine - vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus

Below we will talk about an alternative option for DTP vaccination specifically for these groups of children. ADS - what kind of vaccine is this? What are its contraindications and indications, does it cause complications and adverse reactions? When and where to get this vaccination? Let's figure it out.

What kind of vaccine is ADS?

Interpretation of the ADS vaccination - diphtheria-tetanus adsorbed. This vaccine provides protection against two diseases - diphtheria and whooping cough. It is indicated for the following groups of patients:

children who have had whooping cough;
children from three years old;
vaccination of adults;
persons who have serious negative effects after administration of DPT.

If a child had a pronounced reaction to the DTP vaccine, then most likely it arose to whooping cough antigens.

The ADS vaccine contains the following components:

Accordingly, this vaccine protects against tetanus and diphtheria.

The manufacturer of the ADS vaccine is the Russian company Microgen. The vaccine has no identical analogues. But ADS-M, a more weakened vaccine with the same composition, can be considered as such.

Instructions for vaccination

Children who have had whooping cough are given the ADS vaccine at any age instead of the DPT vaccine.

Adults can be given either ADS or ADS-M. To maintain permanent immunity, vaccination is done every 10 years.

If a child received a one-time injection of DTP, which caused serious side effects (encephalopathy, convulsions), then the next one is administered DTP once with an interval of 30 days. Revaccination is carried out after 9–12 months.

Only revaccination with DPT is possible after one to one and a half years, if the previous 3 vaccinations were done with DTP.

ADS vaccination is contraindicated for pregnant women. If a woman wants to get vaccinated against tetanus and diphtheria, then this is allowed 45–60 days before planning a pregnancy.

The drug can only be mixed and administered simultaneously with the polio vaccine.

Contraindications

Vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus has the following contraindications.

Individual intolerance. This also includes the occurrence of allergies during previous administrations of the drug.
ADS vaccination is contraindicated in patients with cancer undergoing immune system suppression and radiation therapy. And also for those suffering from epilepsy or seizures.
A contraindication for vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus is acute illness, for example, a cold, or an exacerbation of a chronic illness.
If a person suffers from tuberculosis, hepatitis or meningitis, then vaccination with ADS can be carried out only a year after treatment.
You need to wait 2 months with the vaccine if you have had another vaccine. This may increase the risk of side effects.

How to prepare for vaccination

The risk of severe complications from whooping cough after DTP is much higher than from the DTP vaccine, which does not have this component. Therefore, the decision about which vaccine to give for vaccinating children who have not been ill should be made only by a doctor. Severe consequences of ADS vaccination occur in less than 0.3% of cases. While almost half of those sick die from tetanus.

To minimize the risk of possible complications, the child should be examined by a pediatrician before vaccination and on the day of administration. The temperature is measured. It is advisable to donate blood and urine for a general analysis in advance. If you have problems with neurology, you should definitely see a specialist. Together with him, weigh the pros and cons, and if necessary, obtain an exemption from vaccination.

But still, the decision whether to vaccinate with ADS or not is made by parents. But vaccination should not be canceled just because it is fashionable. The reason “I'm afraid” is also not suitable. The consequences of diphtheria and tetanus are much worse. There must be real contraindications for medical withdrawal, clinically and laboratory justified.

Reaction to ADS vaccination

The absence of the pertussis component greatly improves the tolerability of the ADS vaccination, since it has the greatest reactogenicity (the body's reaction to foreign agents).

Statistics show that side effects after this vaccination occur much less frequently than after DTP. But they still exist.

The most common, as with most vaccinations, are local reactions. The child may be bothered by redness, swelling, induration, or pain at the injection site. They go away on their own within 2-3 days. Typically, no assistance is required. But if the lump really bothers the child, then it is recommended to apply warm lotions so that it dissolves faster. Pain at the injection site can be relieved with half the dose of the antipyretic drug. In this case, it will act as a pain reliever. Physical activity and light massage will also help the infiltrate disappear faster.

Another possible reaction to ADS vaccination is an increase in temperature. This is the second most common complication. It usually occurs on the day of injection. Can last up to three days. If the temperature is below 37.5 °C, it is not worth reducing it. And if it is higher, you can give a single dose of an antipyretic and drink plenty of fluids. Temperature after ADS vaccination is a protective reaction and its occurrence is quite natural.

Most often, such reactions occur in infants. ADS vaccination at 6 years of age is well tolerated. There are practically no side effects at this age.

In rare cases, severe complications were observed after ADS vaccination, such as convulsions, encephalopathy, neurological disorders in the form of prolonged continuous crying, collapse and loss of consciousness. If you suspect these conditions, you should urgently call an ambulance.

An allergic reaction cannot be ruled out. It can occur in the form of a rash, anaphylactic shock or Quincke's edema. These side effects occur in the first minutes after the injection, so it is not recommended to leave the clinic area for about 20–30 minutes.

How to vaccinate if serious complications arise after ADS vaccination? In this case, ADS-M is recommended.

What to do after vaccination with ADS

Is it possible for a 7-year-old child to play in the pool on the third day after receiving ADS vaccination? There is slight swelling and redness at the injection site.

My child is 7 years old. After getting used to the ADS, a temperature appeared every 5-6 hours, I reduce it with an antipyretic drug. I still need to do something. How should I proceed?

Ainura, you need to immediately go to the doctor urgently, so that he can tell you what to do and direct you where you need to go.

Daughters are 7.5. Before school, while collecting all the documents, the nurse at the kindergarten pointed out that her daughter did not have this particular ADS vaccination... They came and did it.

Daughters are 7.5. Before school, while collecting all the documents, the nurse at the kindergarten pointed out that her daughter did not have this particular ADS vaccination... They came and did it. Day - everything is fine, no changes, in the evening complaints of pain in the leg. It is difficult to lift, step on it, difficult to bend. The next day they left her at home, although she is an athlete, at the camp. Lying down all day (difficult to walk, difficult to stand, difficult to bend the knee). We started making compresses on the recommendation of the nurse. Little girl felt better - she asked to go for a walk - slowly, swinging and without the usual sports movement. After 10 minutes, my daughter asked to go home because she was cold. Although it was warm outside, as a mother I realized that not everything is so simple. At home we measured the temperature, it was normal. While putting my daughter to bed, I, the mother, noticed that my daughter was too hot... The thermometer showed 38.2. Paracetamol was immediately given and my sunshine was already asleep. Sorry for the long story, the question is: is this a normal reaction to the vaccine or should I see a doctor?

On the second day after the vaccine, the temperature is 37.5-38.5, sniffles, and sneezing. Is this normal and when will this all go away? Waiting for an answer.

Lily, the article says about this: “the temperature usually occurs on the day of the injection. Can last up to three days. If the temperature is below 37.5 °C, it is not worth reducing it. And if it is higher, you can give a single dose of an antipyretic and drink plenty of fluids. The temperature after ADS vaccination is a protective reaction and its occurrence is quite natural.”

The last time I did it was when I was 31, I almost died after it, I had a fever for 2 weeks, my shoulder blade was swollen. I have never been so sick. I won't do it again.

Good afternoon I am a health worker and I was required to get the ADS vaccine. The reaction began after 5-7 minutes, palpitations, dizziness, difficulty breathing, then convulsions began. The result was taken away in an ambulance, and here’s a harmless vaccination for you!

"Menactra" - a vaccine for the prevention of meningococcal infections

ADS vaccination

Tetanus and diphtheria infections are very dangerous. Their pathogens secrete poisons that cause harm to internal organs. Negative consequences, which in extreme cases lead to death, can be prevented through vaccination - the most effective measure to stop the spread of viruses.

Why do adults need diphtheria and tetanus vaccinations?

ADS is one of the few vaccines that are administered to a person not only in emergency cases, but also routinely. Vaccination protects the body from acute infectious pathologies, but cannot provide permanent immunity. Antibodies developed in childhood are not able to persist for a long time, so adults have to be periodically vaccinated against diphtheria and tetanus. If young children are vaccinated with ADS, then after 6 years of age doctors use the ADS-M serum, which differs from the first only in the concentration of toxoids. One standard dose of the vaccine contains:

5 units tetanus toxoid;
5 units diphtheria toxoid;
auxiliary components (thiomersal, aluminum hydroxide, formaldehyde, etc.).

At an early age, they give an injection of DTP (adsorbed pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus serum). To ensure that immunity is constantly maintained, adults are vaccinated every 10 years using a drug without pertussis toxoid. At the same time, if a person was not vaccinated as a child, administration of ADS is allowed at any age according to the standard vaccination schedule. Since the preventive measure is not mandatory, you can refuse vaccination against tetanus and diphtheria. The only exceptions are health workers, teachers, laboratory workers, cooks, etc.

For diphtheria

This disease often affects the upper respiratory tract, resulting in dangerous complications in the oropharynx in 95% of cases, as evidenced by tissue swelling and white plaque on its surface. Diphtheria is quickly transmitted by airborne droplets and is difficult to treat. In the worst cases, the pathology affects the nerves and causes inflammation of the heart and kidneys.

Against tetanus

Since this pathology is extremely difficult to treat, vaccination is considered the optimal method to combat it. When is a tetanus shot given? From the age of 17, vaccination against the disease is carried out every 10 years. Previously, ADS was stopped being administered at 66 years of age, but now the age limit has been removed, which is associated with an increase in life expectancy and the widespread spread of the disease. If the immunization schedule is violated or an emergency occurs, an emergency tetanus vaccination may be given. The basis for this is:

the presence of long-term non-healing wounds, purulent abscesses on the skin;
the appearance of wounds on the skin or mucous membrane as a result of frostbite, trauma, severe burns;
animal bite;
upcoming surgery (if you have not previously received DPT vaccination).

ADS revaccination for children

Where is the vaccine given?

According to the instructions for the ADS drug, children are vaccinated by injecting the vaccine into the thigh muscle or subscapular region. For adult patients, the injection is given subcutaneously (the skin thickness in these areas is small). By injecting ADS serum into muscle tissue, the doctor reduces the risk of negative consequences and side effects. It is recommended to do the preventive procedure in the morning on an empty stomach, so immunization will be as fast and easy as possible for the body.

Indications and contraindications

diseases of the nervous system;
acute diseases;
pregnancy up to 12 weeks;
exacerbation of an allergic disease;
high body temperature;
diathesis/eczema;
the patient is taking potent medications.

Consequences

Any reaction of the body to ADS vaccination should not be considered a deviation. When immunity to diseases is formed, unpleasant symptoms only indicate this and disappear 1-3 days after vaccination on their own. Many children complain that the tetanus shot hurts - this is also a natural reaction. Local compaction and redness in the area where the vaccine was administered should not frighten parents. Such symptoms disappear after 3-4 days.

Normal reaction in adults

drowsiness/lethargy;
temperature increase;
redness/swelling/hardening of the injection site;
decreased appetite;
general malaise;
indigestion, vomiting.

How does the diphtheria vaccine affect the body?

increased irritability/aggression;
soreness at the injection site, near the lymph nodes under the arms;
decreased immunity;
prostration.

Complications

With the exception of isolated cases, ADS vaccination does not affect human health in any way. Complications are recorded extremely rarely; if they occur, you should immediately consult a doctor. The following pathological conditions after vaccination should be a cause for concern:

a lump/red spot at the injection site with a diameter of 8 cm or more;
encephalopathy (impaired consciousness, convulsions);
rhinitis;
dermatitis;
pharyngitis;
otitis.

Is it possible to wet the tetanus and diphtheria vaccine?

Video

The information presented on the site is for informational purposes only. The site materials do not call for self-treatment. Only a qualified doctor can make a diagnosis and make recommendations for treatment based on individual characteristics specific patient.