Is it possible to drink before donating blood - the rules for conducting a general, biochemical analysis or for sugar levels. A general blood test from a finger should be taken on an empty stomach or not, is it possible to feed children before the procedure

A blood sugar test measures the concentration of glucose in the blood plasma. The analysis is prescribed for the diagnosis of a number of diseases and pathologies. internal organs. Don't get false positive result help to follow the rules of preparation for analysis.

For analysis, blood is taken from a vein or from a finger. Norms of glucose values in the study of capillary and venous blood are slightly different.

A short-term increase in glucose occurs with strong psycho-emotional stress and stress. If on the eve of blood donation the patient was very nervous, you need to inform the doctor and consult about rescheduling the examination. The patient must be monitored emotional condition during blood donation. Stress provokes false positive results.

When donating blood from a finger, the result can be affected cosmetics used for hand skin care. Wash your hands thoroughly before testing as antiseptic treatment fingertips do not always get rid of cosmetic residues.

Breakfast is prohibited, blood is taken on an empty stomach. Do not drink caffeinated drinks in the morning, it is allowed to drink water. On the night before the visit to the laboratory, refrain from eating or sugary drinks. An eight-hour abstinence from food before analysis is considered optimal.

If the patient is undergoing treatment and taking medication, the doctor should be informed. Shells medicines capsules contain substances that affect the result of the examination. Coated or capsule formulations contain additives that increase enzyme production gastrointestinal tract leading to a false positive blood test.

Any weakening of the immune system provokes an increase in the concentration of glucose, since the amount of insulin produced during this period decreases. With colds that have led to a decrease in immunity, donating blood for sugar is not recommended. If you can not transfer the analysis, you need to inform the doctor about the cold.

The analysis is not carried out after physiotherapy treatment, as well as radiographic or ultrasound examination. Between the impact on the body and the delivery of the analysis, a break of several days is needed so that all the processes occurring in the body return to normal.

Increased physical activity can provoke a false positive result. It is recommended to refuse from sports activities two days before the analysis.

What foods should you avoid?

Not everyone knows that you can not eat and drink before donating blood for sugar. One day before the analysis, you can not use:

fast carbohydrates;
fast food;
confectionery;
sugary drinks;
packaged juices.

Such food is refused on the eve of the analysis, since a large number of carbohydrates leads to strong increase glucose. Even healthy body normalization of blood sugar takes a long time, which can adversely affect the reliability of the results of the study.

Often, patients abstain from prohibited foods, but forget about drinks, continuing to use packaged juices and sweet soda. Such drinks contain sugar, which leads to an increase in glucose and a distortion of the test result. You can drink water on the eve of the study. Avoid tea and coffee.

Three days before the analysis, you can not drink alcohol. You need to give up beer and kvass, these drinks can increase blood sugar.

On the eve of blood donation, you should not eat spicy, fatty and spicy foods.

What to have dinner?

Morning blood test is taken on an empty stomach, breakfast should be skipped. Before the analysis, you can not drink tea and coffee, water is allowed to be consumed no later than an hour before the examination.

Dinner should be light and healthy. good option there will be something dietary - boiled or baked chicken, porridge, green vegetables. You can drink a glass of kefir, but it is not recommended to use ready-made yogurts, as they contain a lot of sugar.

If before going to bed you unbearably want sweets, you can eat some dried fruits with honey or fruit. The results of the analysis are not affected by plums, apples and ripe pears.

A strict diet before the analysis is not needed. A low-carbohydrate diet reduces blood glucose and the result of the analysis may be lower than the norm for this value for the patient.

For 8-12 hours before donating blood, you should only drink clean water. Caffeine and sugar in the composition of various drinks adversely affect glucose levels, they should be discarded.

Smoking and brushing your teeth

Can I smoke before donating blood on an empty stomach? Smokers should be aware that nicotine affects the entire body. Smoking before analysis distorts its result. Doctors recommend refraining from cigarettes at least an hour before donating blood. Do not smoke electronic cigarettes before donating blood for sugar.

Smoking harms the health of patients with increased level glucose. It increases the load on the vessels and impairs blood circulation. This habit should be abandoned at the stage of diagnosing a prediabetic condition.

Given that the blood test is taken on an empty stomach, smoking is not recommended until the patient has eaten. Otherwise, nausea, weakness and dizziness may occur after the analysis.

There is no exact data on whether it is possible to brush your teeth before donating blood. How does toothpaste doctors only assume on results of inspection. To be safe, it is recommended not to brush your teeth in the morning with a product that contains sugar. To make sure that it is absent, studying the composition given on the back of the tube of toothpaste will help.

There are many opinions about what can affect the result of the analysis. Some doctors are of the opinion that dinner before donating blood should be part of the patient's normal diet. If the patient is used to eating carbohydrates, but reduces their amount two days before the analysis, the result will show a reduced glucose value. By adhering to the usual diet on the eve of the analysis, the patient will receive results that determine the normal value for his lifestyle.

What foods you can eat, what you can drink and how long to give up coffee and tea, the doctor will explain in detail.

Thanks

General blood analysis is a widely used laboratory test that allows you to establish and suspect a large number of pathologies, as well as monitor a person’s condition when chronic pathologies or during ongoing therapy. In a word, a complete blood count is both a universal and a non-specific test, since its results can be correctly deciphered and interpreted only in connection with a person's clinical symptoms.

General blood test - characteristic

General analysis blood is now properly called clinical blood test. However, doctors, laboratory staff, and patients in everyday life still use the old and familiar term "general blood test" or, in short, KLA. Everyone is used to the old term and understands what it means, therefore, various changes in terminology are simply not perceived by either doctors or patients, and therefore the name CBC continues to reign in everyday life. In the following text, we will also use the everyday term, familiar to everyone, and not the new one. correct name so as not to confuse or cause confusion.

Currently, complete blood count is a routine method. laboratory diagnostics the widest spectrum various pathologies. This analysis is used both to confirm a suspected disease, and to identify hidden, symptomatic pathologies, and for a preventive examination, and to monitor a person’s condition during treatment or a chronic course. incurable disease etc., since it gives wide range information about the state of the blood system and the body as a whole. Such universality of the general blood test is explained by the fact that during its implementation various blood parameters are determined, which are influenced by the state of all organs and tissues of the human body. And, therefore, any pathological changes in the body are reflected in varying degrees of severity on the parameters of the blood, because it reaches literally every cell of our body.

But such universality of the general blood test has also reverse side- it is non-specific. That is, changes in each parameter of the general blood test may indicate various pathologies from the side various organs and systems. The doctor cannot unequivocally say, based on the results of a general blood test, what disease a person has, but can only make an assumption, consisting of a whole list of various pathologies. And in order to accurately diagnose the pathology, it is necessary, firstly, to take into account the clinical symptoms that a person has, and secondly, to prescribe other additional research which are more specific.

Thus, a general clinical blood test, on the one hand, provides a large amount of information, but on the other hand, this information requires clarification and can serve as the basis for further targeted examination.

Currently, a general blood test necessarily includes counting the total number of leukocytes, erythrocytes and platelets, determining the level of hemoglobin, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and counting the number of different types of leukocytes - neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes and lymphocytes (leukocyte formula). These parameters are determined in any laboratory and are mandatory components of a general blood test.

However, due to the widespread use of last years various automated analyzers, other parameters determined by these devices (for example, hematocrit, average erythrocyte volume, average hemoglobin content in one erythrocyte, average platelet volume, thrombocrit, reticulocyte count, etc.) can be included in the general blood test. All these additional parameters are not required for a complete blood count, but since the analyzer automatically determines them, the laboratory staff includes them in the final test result.

In general, the use of analyzers allows you to perform a general blood test quickly and process a larger number of samples per unit time, but this method does not make it possible to deeply assess various pathological changes in the structure of blood cells. In addition, analyzers, just like people, make mistakes, and therefore their result cannot be considered the ultimate truth or more accurate than the result of manual calculations. And the number of indices automatically calculated by the analyzers is also not an indicator of their advantage, since they are calculated based on the main values of the analysis - the number of platelets, erythrocytes, leukocytes, hemoglobin, leukocyte formula, and therefore can also be erroneous.

That is why experienced doctors often ask laboratory staff to difficult cases to conduct a general blood test in manual mode, since this method is individual and allows you to identify such features and nuances that no device is able to determine, working according to some average canons and norms. We can say that a general blood test in manual mode is like individual tailoring, like handmade, but the same analysis on an automatic analyzer is like mass production of clothes according to average patterns or like working on a conveyor. Accordingly, the difference between a blood test in manual mode and on an analyzer is the same as between manual individual production and conveyor assembly. For example, when working on the analyzer, anemia (low hemoglobin level) can be detected, but additional studies will have to be performed to determine its cause. If the blood test is carried out manually, then the laboratory assistant can determine the cause of anemia in most cases by the size and structure of red blood cells.

Naturally, with sufficient experience of the laboratory assistant, a manual general blood test is more accurate and complete than that done on the analyzer. But to perform such analyzes, you need staff of laboratory assistants and their rather painstaking and long training, but to work on the analyzer, a smaller number of specialists is enough, and you don’t have to train them so carefully with the layout of various nuances and "undercurrents". The reasons for switching to a simpler, but less informative general blood test on the analyzer are diverse, and everyone can isolate them on their own. We will not talk about them, since they are not the subject of the article. But as part of the description of the differences between manual and automatic CBC options, we should mention this.

Any variant (manual or analyzer) of the CBC is widely used in medical practice doctors of all specialties. Without it, the usual preventive annual examination and any examination about a person's disease is unthinkable.

Currently, blood samples from a vein and from a finger can be used for a complete blood count. The results of the study of both venous and capillary (from a finger) blood are equally informative. Therefore, you can choose the method of donating blood (from a vein or from a finger) that the person himself likes more and is better tolerated. However, if you have to donate blood from a vein for other tests, then it is rational to take a sample of venous blood for a general analysis in one go.

What does a general blood test show?

The result of a general blood test shows functional state body and allows you to detect the presence of general pathological processes in it, such as, for example, inflammation, tumors, worms, viral and bacterial infections, heart attacks, intoxication (including poisoning with various substances), hormonal imbalances, anemia, leukemia, stress, allergies , autoimmune diseases etc. Unfortunately, according to the result of a general blood test, one can only identify any of the indicated pathological processes, but it is almost impossible to understand which organ or system is affected. To do this, the doctor must combine the data of the general blood test and the symptoms that the patient has, and only then can it be said that there is, for example, inflammation in the intestines or in the liver, etc. And then, based on the revealed common pathological process, to make a diagnosis, the doctor will prescribe additional necessary research and laboratory tests.

Thus, summarizing, we can say that a general blood test shows in which way (inflammation, dystrophy, tumor, etc.) a certain pathology occurs in a person. Together with the symptoms, according to the general blood test, it is possible to localize the pathology - to understand which organ was affected. But further for the diagnosis, the doctor prescribes clarifying tests and examinations. Thus, a complete blood count, together with symptoms, is an invaluable guide in the matter of diagnostics: "What to look for and where to look?".

In addition, a complete blood count allows you to track a person’s condition during therapy, as well as in acute or incurable chronic diseases and adjust the treatment in a timely manner. For the purpose of evaluation general condition of the body, a general blood test is also mandatory in preparation for planned and emergency operations, after surgical interventions to track complications, with injuries, burns and any other acute conditions.

Also, a general blood test must be given as part of preventive examinations for integrated assessment human health status.

Indications and contraindications for complete blood count

Indications for the delivery of a general blood test are the following situations and conditions:

Preventive examination (annual, upon admission to work, upon registration in educational establishments, kindergartens, etc.);
Scheduled examination before admission to the hospital;
Suspicion of existing infectious, inflammatory diseases(a person may be disturbed by fever, lethargy, weakness, drowsiness, pain in any part of the body, etc.);
Suspicion of blood diseases and malignant tumors (a person may be disturbed by pallor, frequent colds, prolonged non-healing of wounds, fragility and hair loss, etc.);
Monitoring the effectiveness of ongoing therapy for an existing disease;
Monitoring the course of an existing disease.

There are no contraindications for a general blood test. However, if a person has serious illnesses(for example, severe agitation, low blood pressure, impaired blood clotting, etc.), this can cause difficulties when taking a blood sample for analysis. In such cases, blood sampling is carried out in a hospital setting.

Before the complete blood count (preparation)

Taking a complete blood count does not require special preparation, so there is no need to follow any special diet. Enough to eat normally, refraining from consumption alcoholic beverages during the day.

However, since a complete blood count must be taken on an empty stomach, within 12 hours before taking a blood sample, you must refrain from any food, but you can drink liquid without restriction. In addition, 12 to 14 hours before taking a blood test, it is advisable to refrain from smoking, high physical exertion and strong emotional impressions. If for some reason it is impossible to refuse food within 12 hours, then a general blood test is allowed 4 to 6 hours after the last meal. Also, if it is not possible to exclude smoking, physical and emotional stress within 12 hours, then you should refrain from them for at least half an hour before taking the test.

Children should be reassured before taking a general blood test, as prolonged crying can cause an increase in the total number of leukocytes.

It is advisable to stop taking 2-4 days before the blood test. medicines, but if this is not possible, then it is imperative to tell the doctor which medications are being taken.

It is also advisable to take a complete blood count before any other medical manipulations. In other words, if a person has to go through comprehensive examination, then you first need to pass a general blood test, and only after that go for other diagnostic manipulations.

Delivery of a general blood test

General rules for taking a general blood test

For the production of a general analysis, blood is taken from a finger (capillary) or from a vein (venous) into test tubes. For half an hour before taking the test, you should refrain from smoking, physical activity and strong emotional impressions, as these factors can distort the result. It is advisable to go to the clinic half an hour before the test, undress and sit quietly in the corridor, calming down and coming into a good mood. If a general blood test is given by a child, then you need to calm him down and try not to let him cry, since prolonged crying can also distort the result of the study. It is advisable for women not to take a complete blood count before and during menstruation, since during these physiological periods the result may be inaccurate.

After passing a complete blood count, you can go about your usual activities, since taking a blood sample does not have a significant effect on well-being.

General analysis of blood from a finger

For the production of a general analysis, blood can be taken from a finger. To do this, the doctor or laboratory assistant wipes the pad of the finger of the non-working hand (left for right-handers and right for left-handers) with cotton wool moistened with an antiseptic (alcohol, Belasept liquid, etc.), and then quickly pierces the skin of the pad with a scarifier or lancet. Next, lightly squeezes the pad of the finger on both sides so that blood comes out. The first drop of blood is removed with a swab moistened with an antiseptic. Next, the laboratory assistant collects the protruding blood with a capillary and transfers it to a test tube. After taking the required amount of blood, cotton wool moistened with an antiseptic is applied to the puncture site, which must be held for several minutes to stop the bleeding.

Blood is usually taken from ring finger, but if after the puncture of the pad it is not possible to squeeze out even a drop of blood, then another finger is punctured. In some cases, you have to pierce several fingers to get the required amount of blood. If it is impossible to take blood from a finger, then it is taken from the earlobe or heel according to the same method as from the finger.

General analysis of blood from a vein

For the production of a general analysis, blood can be taken from a vein. Usually, the sampling is carried out from the cubital vein of the non-working arm (left for right-handers and right for left-handers), but if this is not possible, then blood is taken from the veins on the back of the hand or foot.

To take blood from a vein, a tourniquet is applied to the arm just below the shoulder, they are asked to clench and unclench their fist several times so that the veins clearly stand out in the elbow area, swell and become visible. After that, the elbow area is treated with a swab moistened with an antiseptic, and a vein is pierced with a syringe needle. Entering the vein, the nurse pulls the plunger of the syringe towards herself, drawing blood. When will it be collected right amount blood, the nurse removes the needle from the vein, pours the blood into a test tube, and puts cotton wool moistened with an antiseptic on the puncture site and asks to bend the arm at the elbow. The hand must be held in this position for several minutes until the bleeding stops.

On an empty stomach or not to take a general blood test?

A complete blood count should only be taken on an empty stomach, as eating food causes an increase in the number of blood leukocytes. This phenomenon is called - alimentary (food) leukocytosis, and is considered the norm. That is, if a person passes a general blood test within the next 4 to 6 hours after eating, and receives a large number of leukocytes, then this is the norm, and not a sign of pathology.

That is why, in order to obtain a reliable and accurate result, a complete blood count should always be taken only on an empty stomach after the previous 8-14 hour fast. Accordingly, it is understandable why it is recommended to take a general blood test in the morning on an empty stomach - when, after a night's sleep, a hungry period of sufficient duration passes.

If for some reason it is impossible to take a general blood test in the morning on an empty stomach, then it is allowed to take the test at any time of the day, but only at least 4 hours after last appointment food. Thus, at least 4 hours should pass from the moment a person has eaten to taking a general blood test (but it is better if more passes - 6-8 hours).

Indicators of the general blood test

AT without fail The general blood test includes the following indicators:

Total number of red blood cells (may be referred to as RBC);
Total white blood cell count (may be referred to as WBC);
Total platelet count (may be referred to as PLT);
Hemoglobin concentration (may be referred to as HGB, Hb);
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (may be referred to as ESR);
Hematocrit (may be referred to as HCT);
The number of different types of leukocytes in percent (leukocyte formula) - neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes and monocytes. AT leukocyte formula the percentage of young and blast forms of leukocytes, plasma cells, atypical mononuclear cells, if any, is also indicated separately in a blood smear.

Sometimes doctors prescribe an abbreviated complete blood count, called a "troika", for which only the concentration of hemoglobin, the total number of leukocytes, and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate are determined. In principle, such an abbreviated version is not a general blood test, but within the framework of application in one medical institution use such terms.

In addition to these mandatory parameters, additional indicators may be included in the general blood test. These indicators are not determined specifically, they are automatically calculated by the hematology analyzer on which the analysis is performed. Depending on the programs embedded in the analyzer, the following parameters can be additionally included in the complete blood count:

Absolute content(number) of neutrophils (may be referred to as NEUT#, NE#);
Absolute content (number) of eosinophils (may be referred to as EO#);
Absolute content (number) of basophils (may be referred to as BA#);
Absolute content (number) of lymphocytes (may be referred to as LYM#, LY#);
Absolute content (number) of monocytes (may be referred to as MON#, MO#);
Mean erythrocyte volume (MCV);
Average content of hemoglobin in one erythrocyte in picograms (MCH);
The concentration of hemoglobin in one erythrocyte in percent (MCHC);
The width of the distribution of erythrocytes by volume (may be referred to as RDW-CV, RDW);
Mean platelet volume (MPV);
Platelet distribution width by volume (may be referred to as PDW);
The relative content of monocytes, basophils and eosinophils in percent (may be referred to as MXD%, MID%);
Absolute content (number) of monocytes, basophils and eosinophils (may be referred to as MXD#, MID#);
The relative content of immature granulocytes - neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils as a percentage (may be referred to as IMM% or young forms);
The absolute content (number) of immature granulocytes - neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils (may be referred to as IMM # or young forms);
The relative content of all granulocytes - neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils as a percentage (may be referred to as GR%, GRAN%);
The absolute content (number) of all granulocytes - neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils (may be referred to as GR #, GRAN #);
The relative content of atypical lymphocytes in percent (may be referred to as ATL%);
The absolute content (number) of atypical lymphocytes (may be referred to as ATL#).

The above additional parameters are included in the complete blood count in cases where they are automatically calculated by the analyzer. But since the analyzers can be different, the list of such additional parameters of the general blood test is also different, and depends on the type of hematological apparatus. In principle, these additional parameters are not too necessary, since if necessary, the doctor can calculate them independently based on the main indicators of the general blood test. Therefore, in fact, in practice, doctors pay little attention to all additional parameters in the general blood test calculated by the analyzer. Accordingly, you should not be upset if there are few or no specified additional parameters in the general blood test, since they are, in principle, not needed.

The norms of a general blood test in adults

You need to know that an adult is considered a person who has reached the age of 18. Accordingly, the norms of various indicators of the general blood test for adults refer to people over 18 years of age. Below we will consider what are the normal values of both the main and additional parameters of the general blood test for adults. At the same time, you need to know that averaged normal values are given, and more accurate limits of the norms need to be clarified in each particular laboratory, since they may differ depending on the region, the characteristics of the work of analyzers and laboratory assistants, the reagents used, etc.

So, the total number of red blood cells is counted in pieces per liter or microliter. Moreover, if the count is per liter, then the number of red blood cells is indicated as follows: X T / l, de X is the number, and T / l is the tera per liter. The word tera means the number 1012. Thus, if the result of the analysis is 3.5 T / l, then this means that 3.5 * 1012 pieces of red blood cells circulate in one liter of blood. If the calculation is per microliter, then the number of red blood cells is indicated by X million / μl, where X is the number, and million / μl is a million per microliter. Accordingly, if it is indicated that erythrocytes are 3.5 million / μl, then this means that 3.5 million erythrocytes circulate in one microliter. It is characteristic that the number of erythrocytes in T / l and million / μl coincides, since there is only a mathematical difference between them in a unit of measurement of 106. That is, a tera is more than a million by 106, and a liter is more than a microliter by 106, which means that the concentration of erythrocytes in T/l and mln/µl is exactly the same, and only the unit of measurement differs.

Fine total number erythrocytes is 3.5 - 4.8 in adult women and 4.0 - 5.2 in adult men.

The total number of platelets in the blood is normal in men and women is 180 - 360 g / l. The unit of measure G/l means 109 pieces per litre. Thus, if, for example, the number of platelets is 200 g / l, then this means that 200 * 109 platelets circulate in a liter of blood.

The total number of leukocytes is normal in men and women 4 - 9 g / l. Also, the number of leukocytes can be counted in thousand / μl (thousands per microliter), and it is exactly the same as in G / l, since both the number of pieces and the volume differ by 106, and the concentration is the same.

According to the leukocyte formula, normal blood in adult men and women contains different kinds leukocytes in the following ratios:

Neutrophils - 47 - 72% (of which 0 - 5% are young, 1 - 5% are stab and 40 - 70% are segmented);
Eosinophils - 1 - 5%;
Basophils - 0 - 1%
Monocytes - 3 - 12%;
Lymphocytes - 18 - 40%.

Blasts, atypical mononuclear cells and plasma cells are normally not found in the blood of adults. If there are any, then they are also counted as a percentage.

The concentration of hemoglobin is normal in adult women 120 - 150 g / l, and in adult men - 130 - 170 g / l. In addition to g/l, hemoglobin concentration can be measured in g/dl and mmol/l. To convert g/l to g/dl, divide the g/l value by 10 to get the g/dl value. Accordingly, to convert g / dl to g / l, you need to multiply the hemoglobin concentration value by 10. To convert the value in g / l to mmol / l, you need to multiply the number in g / l by 0.0621. And to convert mmol / l to g / l, you need to multiply the value of hemoglobin concentration in mmol / l by 16.1.

Normal hematocrit for adult women is 35 - 47, and for men - 39 - 54.

The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is normally 5-15 mm/hour in women aged 17–60 years, and 5–20 mm/hour in women older than 60 years. ESR in men 17-60 years old is normally less than 3-10 mm/hour, and over 60 years old - less than 3-15 mm/hour.

The average erythrocyte volume (MCV) is normally 76-103 fl in men and 80-100 fl in women.

The concentration of hemoglobin in one erythrocyte (MCHC) is normally 32 - 36 g / dl.

The distribution width of erythrocytes by volume (RDW-CV) is normally 11.5 - 14.5%.

The average platelet volume (MPV) in normal adult men and women is 6-13 fl.

The platelet distribution width by volume (PDW) is normally 10–20% in men and women.

The absolute content (number) of lymphocytes (LYM#, LY#) in normal adults is 1.2 - 3.0 G/l or thousand/µl.

The relative content of monocytes, basophils and eosinophils (MXD%, MID%) is normally 5-10%.

The absolute content (number) of monocytes, basophils and eosinophils (MXD#, MID#) is normally 0.2 - 0.8 G / l or thousand / μl.

The absolute content (number) of monocytes (MON#, MO#) is normally 0.1 - 0.6 G/l or thousand/µl.

The absolute content (number) of neutrophils (NEUT #, NE #) is normally 1.9 - 6.4 G / l or thousand / μl.

The absolute content (number) of eosinophils (EO#) is normally 0.04 - 0.5 G / l or thousand / μl.

The absolute content (number) of basophils (BA#) is normally up to 0.04 G/l or thousand/µl.

The relative content of immature granulocytes - neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils as a percentage (IMM% or young forms) is normally no more than 5%.

The absolute content (number) of immature granulocytes - neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils (IMM # or young forms) is normally not more than 0.5 G / l or thousand / μl.

The relative content of all granulocytes - neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils (GR%, GRAN%) is normally 48 - 78%.

The absolute content (number) of all granulocytes - neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils (GR #, GRAN #) is normally 1.9 - 7.0 G / l or thousand / μl.

The relative content of atypical lymphocytes (ATL%) is normally absent.

The absolute content (number) of atypical lymphocytes (ATL#) is absent in the norm.

Table of norms for a general blood test in adults

Below, for ease of perception, we present the norms of a general blood test for adults in the form of a table.

Index	Norm for men	Norm for women
Total number of red blood cells	4.0 – 5.2 T/L or ppm	3.5 – 4.8 T/l or ppm
Total number of leukocytes	4.0 – 9.0 G/l or thousand/µl	4.0 – 9.0 G/l or thousand/µl
Neutrophils (neutrophil granulocytes) in general	47 – 72 %	47 – 72 %
Young neutrophils	0 – 5 %	0 – 5 %
stab neutrophils	1 – 5 %	1 – 5 %
segmented neutrophils	40 – 70 %	40 – 70 %
Eosinophils	1 – 5 %	1 – 5 %
Basophils	0 – 1 %	0 – 1 %
Monocytes	3 – 12 %	3 – 12 %
Lymphocytes	18 – 40 %	18 – 40 %
Hemoglobin concentration	130 – 170 g/l	120 – 150 g/l
Total Platelet Count	180 – 360 g/l or thousand/µl	180 – 360 g/l or thousand/µl
Hematocrit	36 – 54	35 – 47
Sedimentation rate of erythrocytes	17 - 60 years - 3 - 10 mm/hour Over 60 years old - 3 - 15 mm/hour	17 - 60 years old - 5 - 15 mm/h Over 60 years old - 5 - 20 mm/hour
Mean erythrocyte volume (MCV)	76 - 103 fl	80 - 100 fl
Mean erythrocyte hemoglobin (MCH)	26 - 35 pg	27 - 34 pg
Hemoglobin concentration in one erythrocyte (MCHC)	32 - 36 g/dl or 320 – 370 g/l	32 - 36 g/dl or 320 – 370
RBC Distribution Width by Volume (RDW-CV)	11,5 – 16 %	11,5 – 16 %
Mean platelet volume (MPV)	6 - 13 fl	6 - 13 fl
Platelet Distribution Width by Volume (PDW)	10 – 20 %	10 – 20 %

The table above shows the main indicators of the general blood test with their normal values for men and women.

In the table below, we present the values of the norms of additional indicators, which are the same for men and women.

Index	Norm
Absolute content (number) of lymphocytes (LYM#, LY#)	1.2 – 3.0 G/l or thousand/µl
Relative content of monocytes, basophils and eosinophils (MXD%, MID%)	5 – 10 %
Absolute content (number) of monocytes, basophils and eosinophils (MXD#, MID#)	0.2 – 0.8 g/l or thousand/µl
Absolute content (number) of monocytes (MON#, MO#)	0.1 – 0.6 G/l or thousand/µl
Absolute content (number) of neutrophils (NEUT#, NE#)	1.9 - 6.4 G/l or thousand/µl
Absolute content (number) of eosinophils (EO#)	0.04 – 0.5 g/l or thousand/µl
Absolute content (number) of basophils (BA#)	up to 0.04 g/l or thousand/µl
Relative content of immature granulocytes (IMM%)	Not more than 5%
Absolute content (number) of immature granulocytes (IMM#)	Not more than 0.5 g / l or thousand / μl
Relative content of all granulocytes (GR%, GRAN%)	48 – 78 %
Absolute content (number) of all granulocytes (GR#, GRAN#)	1.9 – 7.0 G/l or thousand/µl
Relative (ATL%) and absolute (ATL#) content of atypical lymphocytes	Missing

Complete blood count in children - norms

Below, for ease of perception, we will indicate the norms of indicators of a general blood test for children different ages. It should be remembered that these norms are averages, they are given only for approximate orientation, and the exact values of the norms must be clarified in the laboratory, since they depend on the types of equipment used, reagents, etc.

Index	Norm for boys	Norm for girls
Total number of red blood cells

Donation is a good and very useful event, especially when it comes to donating blood. However, so that your labors are not in vain, and the procedure is successful (quite often, whole blood is rejected due to bad tests), before the event you need to eat properly and balanced.

What can not be eaten before donating blood for donation, and what can be? Is it necessary to keep a constant diet in case of regular donation? Can I smoke before donating blood, drink coffee and water? What are general rules preparation for the event? You will read about this and much more in our article.

What to Eat Before Donating Blood

List of allowed products:

Of the additional features, it is possible to note the need to cook dishes from the above products only by steaming or by boiling - baking, raw food diet and, moreover, frying are not suitable for these purposes.

The nutrition scheme itself is fractional, in small portions, but 5-7 times a day.

Nutritionists do not give an exact period during which it is necessary to adhere to the above mini-diet. Only the boundary lower line of 1 day has been established. As practice shows, to get good analyzes and successfully donate blood, you must adhere to the indicated diet for at least 3-4 days prior to the donation procedure.

List of prohibited products before the procedure

Before donating blood for donation, you can not eat:

All types of fatty meat, especially pork;
Offal of meat or fish type;
Fatty types of fish;
Fresh pastries, especially puffs, fried pies;
Fast food in any form;
Rich soups and broths;
canned food;
Marinades, pickles, sauces;

It is also not recommended to introduce previously unfamiliar or very rarely used, exotic food into the diet., no matter how dietary and useful it is. It is undesirable to eat large portions with significant time intervals between sittings. Sweet - in moderation and only simple ingredients, not cakes or cream-saturated rolls.

Beverages

The use of liquids by the future donor deserves special attention. As practice shows, they affect the results of analyzes no less strongly than eating food.

The list of allowed drinks that can be used within 3-4 days before donating blood includes:

Regular filtered or boiled water. It will not harm the body, but it will not improve the quality of blood either;
Tea. Best of all, not very strong - for example, green. Sugar can be added sparingly;
Compote. Any kind of compotes made from dried fruits are suitable;

Meals on the day of donation

How much should I not eat before donating blood? In no case should you starve before the donation procedure! It is only necessary to adhere to a certain power scheme.

Immediately before the blood donation procedure, you need to adjust your own diet again and strictly adhere to the recommendations of medical specialists. On the last day before the day of blood donation, in the evening it is necessary to eat food strictly until 20:00, using products prepared exclusively by cooking.

The best option is a light lean salad and porridge on the water. An alternative is a small piece of boiled veal fillet and vinaigrette.

Get enough sleep (at least 8 hours without breaks). In the morning, have breakfast with tea with 2 tablespoons of sugar, a simple bun without filling (preferably yesterday). As an addition - a glass of apple fresh (from non-acidic varieties of this fruit), 100 grams of "zoological" cookies and 1 cracker.

You should not use any other products - the last 12 hours before taking the tests are the most responsible, so adhere to the indicated nutrition scheme as strictly as possible, both in terms of products and their volume, and in terms of timing.

How to prepare for blood donation?

In addition to a correct, strict and balanced diet, it is also necessary to adhere to a number of general recommendations, which will help to carry out the donation procedure simply, quickly and with a positive result.

Rules for preparing for the donation procedure:

Nutrition after the donation procedure

After taking 1 standard dose of whole blood in the amount of 450 milligrams, it takes about 4 weeks to complete it. That is why a person involved in donation needs good nutrition.

Main nutritional features:

Nutritionists during this period recommend limiting the consumption of fast food, offal, sausages, marinades, pickles, sauces and dressings as much as possible. At the same time, both red and white meat are necessarily included in the diet - beef, lean pork, chicken, turkey and, of course, fish with other healthy seafood.

It is also worth adding to the diet dairy and sour-milk products (all types, including medium fat content), vegetables, fruits, greens - potatoes, beets, pumpkin, spinach, peaches, broccoli, artichokes, apples, kiwi, ripe fresh tomatoes, citrus.

In addition, it is desirable to use nuts, dried fruits, pumpkin seeds and other products recommended by a nutritionist, endocrinologist, hematologist or therapist.

What diet should be followed when constantly donating blood for donation?

Are you going to become a permanent donor? This requires not only desire, inner convictions and opportunities, but also a change in lifestyle in the context of rationalizing one's own diet and transferring it to a permanent basis.

The best option for regular donation is diet No. 15 according to Pevzner. It is the mildest among all the options for therapeutic and rational nutrition and allows you to use a maximum of products with few restrictions. There are relatively few of them - this is the exclusion from the diet of products based on refractory animal fats (for example, margarine, spread, fatty butter), fatty meats, as well as pepper and mustard. The rest of the food can be used as usual, naturally in moderation.

The daily energy value for diet No. 15 for an adult is about 2800 Kcal.

Of these, up to 100 grams of proteins (60 percent of which are of animal origin and 40 are vegetable), the same amount of fats (70 percent of animals and 30 are vegetable), as well as up to 400 grams of carbohydrates (of which 300 grams are complex and only a quarter - simple).

Eat right and your donated blood will always be perfect!

When collecting the test material for analysis, for the accuracy of the result, adhere to certain rules, so many are interested in whether it is possible to smoke before passing urine? It is important to take care of yourself and periodically monitor the blood and urine parameters in your body, laboratory monitoring of blood plasma and urine is also necessary to confirm urolithiasis, pathologies Bladder, pyelonephritis and to detect inflammatory process in the genitals. However, in order for the results to be accurate, before taking the tests, they review their diet and exclude from it everything that affects the response of the study.

To deliver high-quality biomaterial, you need to follow a certain diet.

Can medications be taken?

Before donating blood or urine, you need to familiarize yourself with the recommendations that can improve the physico-chemical characteristics of urine in terms of their reliability. Thus, it is impossible to take a urine test if the patient has previously been prescribed pharmaceuticals that can affect its results. However, not all medications and not every diagnostic method distorts the answers. So, if it is necessary to pass urine to establish the level of adrenal hormones, it is categorically contraindicated to take medications, after which the level of neurotransmitters increases, and also which contain:

caffeine;
rauwolfia;
ethanol;
glycerol trinitrate.

Upon delivery clinical analysis urine, it is better not to take diuretic medications, as they increase urination, in which the volume of fluid in the tissues decreases. In addition, diuretics change the sodium index due to the ability to increase its excretion from the body through urine. Before a laboratory study of urine to detect protein in it, you must stop using such drugs:

It is better to refrain from taking pills before taking urine for analysis.

"Aminoglycoside";
"Nafcillin";
"Acetazolamide";
"Methicillin";
"Colistin";
"Cephalosporin";
"Oxacillin";
"Tolbutamide";
"Griseofulvin";
"Amphotericin".

Change biochemical composition urine is capable of vitamins, antipyretic drugs, as well as pharmaceuticals that are aimed at relieving pain symptoms. You can find out which medications you can’t take before a urine test, you can consult a medical specialist.

What can you drink before donation?

There are no significant restrictions on drinking, but mineral water should not be consumed in excessive amounts, which affects the acidity of urine. Do not drink water before taking the test, which contains chemical dyes, as they can change the color of urine. It is contraindicated 24 hours before the urine test for hormones to use coffee tree grains, black tea and any drinks sedative action. And, of course, the main prohibition is alcohol. Many are interested in how much alcohol you can drink so that the results laboratory research were they reliable? However, specialized doctors recommend completely limiting the consumption of alcoholic beverages 2-3 days before the diagnosis.

What is allowed to eat?

You can eat almost everything before a urine test, so if you plan to take an analysis, you should not limit yourself to eating food that is not able to color urine in a different color or give it a specific “flavor”. There is an opinion that if you eat a lemon or pomegranate before the procedure, then the composition of the urine returns to normal, even if you have previously eaten peppered, fatty, oversalted and sweet food. However, doctors given fact do not confirm.

What can not be eaten before passing urine?

Before collecting urine for analysis, exclude strong-smelling and coloring foods from the diet.

In order for the results of the laboratory test to be correct, sweets should not be consumed, as they can increase glucose levels, also various products that color the liquid. In this regard, it is not recommended to eat beets and strawberries the day before. In addition, it should be borne in mind that urine will change the smell if you eat the following foods before collecting the analysis:

carrot;
rhubarb;
Bay leaf;
garlic;
spices;
horseradish.

Can't eat before laboratory examination watermelon urine, because after its use in the fluid secreted by the kidneys, nitrates can be diagnosed. Excessive consumption of salt should be abandoned, for example, pickles should not be eaten, otherwise the analysis results will show phosphates. In order for the analysis to be accurate, in addition to food restrictions, emotional stress and increased physical activity should be limited at the time of the laboratory study, as they can increase the protein level in the sample of the test material. Should not be analyzed after examination inner surface bladder through an endoscope.

Donating blood for a donation is a serious procedure, and in order for it to be safe, a person must complete a number of activities. In addition to general recommendations, doctors advise the donor to follow a certain diet immediately before the procedure. A person who has decided to do a noble deed and donate his blood must accumulate strength and saturate the body with useful microelements as much as possible. It is recommended to start preparing the body for the procedure a couple of days in advance, and it is during this period that, in addition to the diet, alcohol and certain medications should be completely abandoned.

Restrictions

When donating blood, the donor loses about four hundred milliliters of blood. This is a significant loss for the body, which for some time after the procedure will have to work at its limit. During this procedure, the donor's body gives about 72 grams of protein, up to 0.3 grams of iron and up to 4 grams of various mineral salts. In addition, a person who donates blood loses up to 2 grams of fat and up to 350 milliliters of water. All these losses should be painless for a person, so it is important to saturate the body as much as possible before donation.

People who donate frequently are less likely to suffer from various diseases of cardio-vascular system. Statistics show that the donor lives on average five years more.

In addition, the quality of the blood should be high, and therefore some food groups that can adversely affect its main indicators should be excluded from the diet a couple of days before the procedure. On the day when blood will be donated, it is imperative to have a hearty breakfast and saturate the body with useful microelements. All restrictions that exist in the nutrition for the donor are of a short-term nature and are mainly aimed at improving the quality of blood parameters.

A few days before donating blood, it is advisable to include foods containing a large amount of carbohydrates in the donor's diet. It is recommended to consume almost all fruits, with the exception of bananas, as well as vegetables. A person can eat bread, crackers, and cookies without restrictions, giving preference to those products that are made from wholemeal flour. There are no restrictions on boiled cereals, but it is better if they are cooked in water without the addition of fat, butter, milk.

Favorably on the donor's body will be affected by fish served boiled or steamed, as well as white meat, such as turkey. It is allowed to use various varieties of jams and preserves. From drinks it is better to use mineral water, as well as all kinds of juices, fruit drinks, compotes, and, of course, sweet tea. The donor's diet should be varied and rich in vitamins.

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Food restrictions

Before donating blood, a person should exclude fatty and smoked, as well as spicy and fried foods from their diet. On the eve of the procedure, restrictions are introduced on the use of dairy and fermented milk products. In addition, you should completely abandon butter and eggs, chocolate and nuts. Bananas, avocados and all kinds of citrus fruits are banned.

It is highly undesirable to drink sweet sparkling water, especially on the day of the procedure.. It is recommended to abandon sausages and sausages, all kinds of semi-finished products. A total ban is introduced on all types of alcoholic beverages. In addition, doctors recommend quitting smoking for a while. All these recommendations should be followed when donating blood for plasma.

Photos of foods to avoid

On the day of blood donation

A person should not donate blood on an empty stomach, on the contrary, a prerequisite on the day of the procedure is light breakfast. Before going to the transfusion station, you can eat sweet porridge cooked in water, such as buckwheat, oatmeal or rice. It is recommended to add honey to it. In addition, the donor can be given fruits or dried fruits. It is also recommended to eat lean dryers or crackers. Immediately before donating blood, you should drink a glass of sweet tea.

After the procedure

If a person is completely healthy, then after donating blood for donation, his body is completely restored within a few hours. Nevertheless, it is recommended to spend the whole day in a gentle restorative mode. You should eat well and regularly for two days after donation. It is advisable to include in the diet more fruits and vegetables that are saturated with carbohydrates.

Studies have shown that no more than 15% of the population can be blood donors in the world, however real people who became donors ten times less.

In the first hours after donation, you should drink as much liquid as possible. Pomegranate or cherry juices, sweet tea, and also mineral water. The food should be saturated with proteins and iron, as well as calcium, which will help block the body's loss in plasma. Doctors advise to consume chocolate and take hematogen within two days after donating blood.

Donating blood for donation is a complex procedure, however, if all the above recommendations are followed, it will pass without a trace for the body. Correct and balanced diet will help the donor to quickly restore their strength and minimize all possible risks.