Medicine blood tests decoding. General blood test in adults - deciphering the indicators. Red blood cells in the results indicate

– one of the most popular research methods for patients and doctors. If you clearly know what a biochemical analysis from a vein shows, you can early stages identify a number of serious ailments, including - viral hepatitis , . Early detection such pathologies makes it possible to apply correct treatment and heal them.

The nurse collects blood for testing within a few minutes. Every patient must understand that discomfort this procedure does not call. The answer to the question of where blood is taken for analysis is clear: from a vein.

Speaking about what a biochemical blood test is and what is included in it, it should be taken into account that the results obtained are actually a kind of reflection of the general condition of the body. However, trying to understand on my own, normal analysis or there are certain deviations from normal value, it is important to understand what LDL is, what CPK is (CPK - creatine phosphokinase), to understand what urea (urea) is, etc.

General information about blood biochemistry analysis - what it is and what you can find out by doing it, you will receive from this article. How much it costs to conduct such an analysis, how many days it takes to get results, should be found out directly in the laboratory where the patient intends to conduct this study.

How do you prepare for biochemical analysis?

Before donating blood, you need to carefully prepare for this process. Those who are interested in how to pass the test correctly need to take into account several fairly simple requirements:

You need to donate blood only on an empty stomach;
in the evening, on the eve of the upcoming analysis, you should not drink strong coffee, tea, or consume fatty foods, alcoholic drinks(it’s better not to drink the latter for 2-3 days);
do not smoke for at least an hour before the test;
the day before the test, you should not practice any thermal procedures - go to the sauna, bathhouse, and also the person should not expose yourself to serious physical activity;
pass lab tests necessary in the morning, before any medical procedures;
a person who is preparing for tests, upon arriving at the laboratory, should calm down a little, sit for a few minutes and catch his breath;
the answer to the question is it possible to brush your teeth before taking tests: in order to accurately determine blood sugar, you need to ignore this in the morning before the test hygiene procedure, and also do not drink tea and coffee;
You should not take hormonal medications, diuretics, etc. before taking blood;
two weeks before the study you need to stop taking medications that affect lipids in the blood, in particular statins ;
if you need to take a full analysis again, this must be done at the same time, the laboratory must also be the same.

If a clinical blood test has been performed, the readings are deciphered by a specialist. Also, the interpretation of biochemical blood test results can be carried out using a special table, which indicates normal test results in adults and children. If any indicator differs from the norm, it is important to pay attention to this and consult with a doctor who can correctly “read” all the results obtained and give his recommendations. If necessary, blood biochemistry is prescribed: extended profile.

Interpretation table for biochemical blood tests in adults

Indicator in the study	Norm
Total protein	63-87 g/l
Protein fractions: albumin globulins (α1, α2, γ, β)
Creatinine	44-97 µmol per l – in women, 62-124 – in men
Urea	2.5-8.3 mmol/l
Uric acid	0.12-0.43 mmol/l - in men, 0.24-0.54 mmol/l - in women.
Total cholesterol	3.3-5.8 mmol/l
LDL	less than 3 mmol per l
HDL	greater than or equal to 1.2 mmol per L - in women, 1 mmol per L - in men
Glucose	3.5-6.2 mmol per l
Total bilirubin	8.49-20.58 µmol/l
Direct bilirubin	2.2-5.1 µmol/l
Triglycerides	less than 1.7 mmol per l
Aspartate aminotransferase (abbreviated as AST)	alanine aminotransferase - normal in women and men - up to 42 U/l
Alanine aminotransferase (abbreviated as ALT)	up to 38 U/l
Gamma glutamyl transferase (abbreviated GGT)	normal GGT levels are up to 33.5 U/l in men, up to 48.6 U/l in women.
Creatine kinase (abbreviated as KK)	up to 180 U/l
Alkaline phosphatase (abbreviated as ALP)	up to 260 U/l
α-amylase	up to 110 E per liter
Potassium	3.35-5.35 mmol/l
Sodium	130-155 mmol/l

Thus, a biochemical blood test makes it possible to conduct a detailed analysis to evaluate the work internal organs. Also, decoding the results allows you to adequately “read” which macro- and microelements, needed by the body. Blood biochemistry makes it possible to recognize the presence of pathologies.

If you correctly decipher the obtained indicators, it is much easier to make any diagnosis. Biochemistry is a more detailed study than CBC. After all, deciphering the indicators general analysis blood does not allow obtaining such detailed data.

It is very important to conduct such studies when. After all, a general analysis during pregnancy does not make it possible to obtain complete information. Therefore, biochemistry in pregnant women is prescribed, as a rule, in the first months and in the third trimester. In the presence of certain pathologies and feeling unwell this analysis is performed more often.

In modern laboratories they are able to conduct research and decipher the obtained indicators within a few hours. The patient is provided with a table containing all the data. Accordingly, it is even possible to independently track how normal blood counts are in adults and children.

Both the table for deciphering a general blood test in adults and biochemical tests are deciphered taking into account the age and gender of the patient. After all, the norm of blood biochemistry, like the norm clinical analysis blood may vary in women and men, in young and elderly patients.

Hemogram is a clinical blood test in adults and children, which allows you to find out the amount of all blood elements, as well as their morphological features, ratio, content, etc.

Since blood biochemistry is a complex study, it also includes liver tests. Decoding the analysis allows you to determine whether liver function is normal. Liver parameters are important for diagnosing pathologies of this organ. Assess structural and functional state the liver is made possible by the following data: ALT, GGTP (GGTP norm in women is slightly lower), alkaline phosphatase, level and total protein. Liver tests are performed when necessary to establish or confirm the diagnosis.

Cholinesterase determined for the purpose of diagnosing the severity and condition of the liver, as well as its functions.

Blood sugar determined to assess the functions of the endocrine system. You can find out what a blood sugar test is called directly in the laboratory. The sugar symbol can be found on the results sheet. What is sugar called? It is referred to as "glucose" or "GLU" in English.

The norm is important CRP , since a jump in these indicators indicates the development of inflammation. Index AST indicates pathological processes associated with tissue destruction.

Index M.I.D. in a blood test it is determined during a general analysis. The MID level allows you to determine the development of infectious diseases, anemia, etc. The MID indicator allows you to assess the condition immune system person.

ICSU is an indicator of the average concentration in . If MSHC is elevated, the reasons for this are associated with a deficiency of or, as well as congenital spherocytosis.

MPV - average value of the volume measured.

Lipidogram provides for the determination of total, HDL, LDL, and triglycerides. Lipid spectrum determined to identify lipid metabolism disorders in the body.

Norm blood electrolytes indicates a normal course metabolic processes in organism.

Seromucoid – this is a fraction of proteins, which includes a group of glycoproteins. Speaking about what seromucoid is, it should be taken into account that if the connective tissue is destroyed, degraded or damaged, seromucoids enter the blood plasma. Therefore, seromucoids are determined to predict development.

LDH, LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) - This is involved in the oxidation of glucose and the production of lactic acid.

Research on osteocalcin carried out for diagnostics.

Analysis on ferritin (protein complex, the main intracellular iron depot) is carried out if hemochromatosis, chronic inflammatory and infectious diseases, or tumors are suspected.

Blood test for ASO important for diagnosing types of complications after a streptococcal infection.

In addition, other indicators are determined, and other investigations are carried out (protein electrophoresis, etc.). The norm of a biochemical blood test is displayed in special tables. It displays the norm of a biochemical blood test in women; the table also provides information about normal values in men. But still, about how to decipher a general blood test and how to read the data of a biochemical analysis, it is better to ask a specialist who will adequately evaluate the results in a comprehensive manner and prescribe the appropriate treatment.

Deciphering the biochemistry of blood in children is carried out by the specialist who ordered the studies. For this purpose, a table is also used, which indicates the norm for all indicators in children.

In veterinary medicine, there are also standards for biochemical blood parameters for dogs and cats - indicated in the corresponding tables biochemical composition animal blood.

What some indicators mean in a blood test is discussed in more detail below.

Protein means a lot in the human body, as it takes part in the creation of new cells, in the transport of substances and the formation of humoral proteins.

The composition of proteins includes 20 main ones, they also contain inorganic substances, vitamins, lipid and carbohydrate residues.

The liquid part of the blood contains approximately 165 proteins, and their structure and role in the body are different. Proteins are divided into three different protein fractions:

globulins (α1, α2, β, γ);
fibrinogen .

Since protein production occurs mainly in the liver, their level indicates its synthetic function.

If a proteinogram indicates that there is a decrease in total protein levels in the body, this phenomenon is defined as hypoproteinemia. A similar phenomenon is observed in the following cases:

during protein fasting - if a person follows a certain diet, practices vegetarianism;
if there is increased excretion of protein in the urine - with kidney disease;
if a person loses a lot of blood - with bleeding, heavy periods;
in case of serious burns;
at exudative pleurisy, exudative, ascites;
with the development of malignant neoplasms;
if protein formation is impaired - with hepatitis;
when absorption of substances decreases – when , colitis, enteritis, etc.;
after prolonged use of glucocorticosteroids.

An increased level of protein in the body is hyperproteinemia . There is a distinction between absolute and relative hyperproteinemia.

A relative increase in proteins develops in the event of loss of the liquid part of the plasma. This happens if it bothers you constant vomiting, with cholera.

An absolute increase in protein is noted if inflammatory processes or myeloma occur.

The concentrations of this substance change by 10% with changes in body position, as well as during physical activity.

Why do the concentrations of protein fractions change?

Protein fractions – globulins, albumins, fibrinogen.

A standard blood biotest does not involve the determination of fibrinogen, which reflects the blood clotting process. Coagulogram - analysis in which this indicator is determined.

When are protein levels elevated?

Albumin level:

if fluid loss occurs during infectious diseases;
for burns.

A-globulins:

for systemic diseases connective tissue ( , );
at purulent inflammations V acute form;
for burns during the recovery period;
nephrotic syndrome in patients with glomerulonephritis.

B-globulins:

for hyperlipoproteinemia in people with diabetes;
with a bleeding ulcer in the stomach or intestines;
with nephrotic syndrome;
at .

Gamma globulins are elevated in the blood:

for viral and bacterial infections;
for systemic connective tissue diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, dermatomyositis, scleroderma);
for allergies;
for burns;
with helminthic infestation.

When is the level of protein fractions reduced?

in newborns due to underdevelopment of liver cells;
for lungs;
during pregnancy;
for liver diseases;
with bleeding;
in case of plasma accumulation in body cavities;
for malignant tumors.

Not only cell construction occurs in the body. They also break down, and in the process, nitrogenous bases accumulate. They are formed in the human liver and are excreted through the kidneys. Therefore, if the indicators nitrogen metabolism elevated, then there is likely to be a dysfunction of the liver or kidneys, as well as excessive breakdown of proteins. Basic indicators of nitrogen metabolism – creatinine , urea . Less commonly detected are ammonia, creatine, residual nitrogen, and uric acid.

Urea (urea)

glomerulonephritis, acute and chronic;
nephrosclerosis;
poisoning with various substances - dichloroethane, ethylene glycol, mercury salts;
arterial hypertension;
crash syndrome;
polycystic disease or kidney;

Reasons causing the decrease:

increased urine output;
administration of glucose;
liver failure;
decrease in metabolic processes;
starvation;
hypothyroidism

Creatinine

Reasons for the increase:

renal failure in acute and chronic forms;
decompensated;
acromegaly;
muscle dystrophy;
burns.

Uric acid

Reasons for the increase:

leukemia;
vitamin B-12 deficiency;
acute infectious diseases;
Vaquez disease;
liver diseases;
diabetes in severe form;
skin pathologies;
carbon monoxide poisoning, barbiturates.

Glucose

Glucose is considered the main indicator of carbohydrate metabolism. She is the main one energy product, which enters the cell, since the vital activity of the cell depends specifically on oxygen and glucose. After a person has eaten, glucose enters the liver, and there it is utilized in the form glycogen . These pancreatic processes are controlled - and glucagon . Due to a lack of glucose in the blood, hypoglycemia develops; its excess indicates that hyperglycemia is occurring.

Violation of blood glucose concentration occurs in the following cases:

Hypoglycemia

with prolonged fasting;
in case of malabsorption of carbohydrates - with enteritis, etc.;
with hypothyroidism;
at chronic pathologies liver;
with chronic adrenal insufficiency;
with hypopituitarism;
in case of overdose of insulin or hypoglycemic drugs taken orally;
with, insulinoma, meningoencephalitis, .

Hyperglycemia

for diabetes mellitus of the first and second types;
with thyrotoxicosis;
in case of tumor development;
with the development of tumors of the adrenal cortex;
with pheochromocytoma;
in people who practice treatment with glucocorticoids;
at ;
for injuries and brain tumors;
with psycho-emotional agitation;
if carbon monoxide poisoning occurs.

Specific colored proteins are peptides that contain metal (copper, iron). These are myoglobin, hemoglobin, cytochrome, cerulloplasmin, etc. Bilirubin is the end product of the breakdown of such proteins. When the existence of a red blood cell in the spleen ends, biliverdin reductase produces bilirubin, which is called indirect or free. This bilirubin is toxic, so it is harmful to the body. However, since its rapid connection with blood albumin occurs, poisoning of the body does not occur.

At the same time, in people who suffer from cirrhosis and hepatitis, there is no connection with glucuronic acid in the body, so the analysis shows a high level of bilirubin. Next, the connection occurs direct bilirubin with glucuronic acid in liver cells, and it is converted into conjugated or direct bilirubin (DBil), which is not toxic. High level it is noted when Gilbert's syndrome , biliary dyskinesias . If liver tests are performed, they may show high levels of direct bilirubin if liver cells are damaged.

Rheumatic tests

Rheumatic tests – a comprehensive immunochemical blood test, which includes a study to determine rheumatoid factor, analysis for circulating immune complexes, determination of antibodies to o-streptolysin. Rheumatic tests can be carried out independently, as well as as part of studies that involve immunochemistry. Rheumatic tests should be carried out if there are complaints of joint pain.

conclusions

Thus, a general therapeutic detailed biochemical blood test is a very important study in the diagnostic process. For those who want to conduct a full extended HD blood test or OBC in a clinic or laboratory, it is important to take into account that each laboratory uses a certain set of reagents, analyzers and other equipment. Consequently, the norms of indicators may vary, which must be taken into account when studying what a clinical blood test or biochemistry results show. Before reading the results, it is important to make sure that the form issued by the medical institution indicates the standards in order to interpret the test results correctly. The norm of OAC in children is also indicated on the forms, but a doctor must evaluate the results obtained.

Many people are interested in: blood test form 50 - what is it and why take it? This is a test to determine the antibodies that are in the body if it is infected. An f50 analysis is done both when HIV is suspected and for the purpose of prevention in a healthy person. It is also worth properly preparing for such a study.

Education: Graduated from Rivne State Basic Medical College with a degree in Pharmacy. Graduated from Vinnytsia State medical University them. M.I. Pirogov and internship at his base.

Experience: From 2003 to 2013 – worked as a pharmacist and manager pharmacy kiosk. She was awarded diplomas and decorations for many years of conscientious work. Articles on medical topics were published in local publications (newspapers) and on various Internet portals.

Biochemical blood test is diagnostic test, which is widely used in all areas of medicine and allows one to judge the functioning of organs and systems and the entire organism as a whole. results this study can accurately indicate the beginning inflammatory processes in the body, malignant pathologies, hormonal imbalances and so on. In this material we will look at the decoding of the biochemical blood test in adults in the table.

What does a biochemical blood test show?

A biochemical blood test shows the presence of pathological processes in the body at the earliest stages, that is, when clinical symptoms have not yet appeared and the person is not even aware of the disease.

Correct interpretation of the study results allows you to determine the diagnosis and prescribe timely effective treatment. By and large, blood biochemistry shows how metabolic processes occur in the body, what the level of hormones is, the presence of cancer cells and other pathological foci.

Indications for the study

A biochemical blood test is prescribed to all patients who contact a therapist or other specialist with any complaints. Indications for this study are:

diseases of the female reproductive system - infertility, disruptions and irregularities of the menstrual cycle unknown etiology, inflammation of the uterus and appendages, fibroids, ovarian cysts, endometriosis;
liver and organ diseases gastrointestinal tract– pancreatitis, gastritis, peptic ulcer stomach, cholecystitis, enteritis, gastroenteritis;
diseases of the endocrine system - diabetes mellitus, hypo and hyperthyroidism, dysfunction of the adrenal cortex, obesity, suspected tumors of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland;
diseases of the heart and blood vessels - previous heart attacks and strokes, hypercholesterolemia, cerebral ischemia, ischemic disease hearts;
suspicion of renal or liver failure– for the purpose of identifying pathology or monitoring treatment;
oncological diseases;
inflammatory and degenerative diseases of the musculoskeletal system - arthritis, osteoporosis, arthrosis.

In some cases, a biochemical blood test is enough to give the patient a correct diagnosis, and sometimes this requires additional diagnostic methods, which depends on the course of the disease and the characteristics of the patient’s body.

How is a biochemical blood test performed?

Biochemical blood test is a sample biological material from the ulnar vein (or any other vein, if the ulnar vein is inaccessible for some reason) in the amount of 5 ml. Sometimes up to 20 ml of blood is drawn from a patient to perform several diagnostic tests. In order for the analysis results to be truthful and as accurate as possible, you should properly prepare for the procedure.

Preparing to donate blood from a vein involves the following steps:

3 days before the study, the patient needs to follow a certain diet - fatty, sweet, spicy, alcohol, strong coffee and strong black tea, spices and smoked meats, pickles and canned food are excluded from the diet;
the day before the test and on the day of blood sampling, you must stop smoking, eating and taking medications - if you stop taking life-saving medications important reasons is impossible, then you should definitely inform your doctor about this;
on the day of blood sampling you cannot eat anything - the test is taken strictly on an empty stomach!;
Avoid stress and overexertion the day before and on the day of blood sampling - test results such as blood tests for hormones may be unreliable if the patient becomes nervous or physically overloaded.

The results of the analysis are transmitted to the doctor who issued the referral for examination, and the specialist will inform the patient about the presence of deviations, depending on which he will select treatment.

Table of norms for biochemical blood tests in adults

The table shows the indicators of a biochemical blood test that doctors pay attention to, as well as the norms for men and women over 18 years of age.

Analysis indicator	Norm for men	Norm for women
Total protein
Protein fractions: Albumin Globulins
Hemoglobin
Urea	2.5-8.2 mmol/l	2.4-8.2 mmol/l
Uric acid	0.12-0.42 mmol/l	0.24-0.54 mmol/l
	3.3-5.5 mmol/l	3.2-5.5 mmol/l
Creatinine	61-114 µmol/l	52-96 µmol/l
Total cholesterol	3.4-6.4 mmol/l	3.4-6.4 mmol/l
	Up to 3 mmol/l	Up to 3 mmol/l
		0-1.2 mmol/l
Triglycerides	Up to 1.6 mmol/l	Up to 1.7 mmol/l
Bilirubin (total)	5-20 µmol/l	5-20 µmol/l
Direct bilirubin	2.2-5.0 µmol/l	2.2-5.0 µmol/l
ALT (alanine aminotransferase)	No more than 45 units/l	No more than 30 units/l
AST (aspartate aminotransferase)
Alkaline phosphatase	Up to 260 units/l	Up to 250 units/l
GGT (gamma-glutamyltransferase)

Pancreatic amylase
Creatine kinase (CK)	Up to 180 units/l	Up to 180 units/l
	130-150 mmol/l	130-150 mmol/l
	3.3-5.3 mmol/l	3.35-5.3 mmol/l
Alpha amylase

Total protein

Under the concept " total protein“mean the total amount of proteins that are generally contained in the blood. Proteins take an active part in the biochemical processes of the body:

are catalysts for chemical reactions;
transport substances to organs and tissues;
take part in immune defense body from infections.

Normally, in a healthy adult, the level of protein in the blood should not exceed 84 g/l. In the event of a significant increase in this rate human body becomes vulnerable to attack by viruses and infections.

Increased protein in the blood: causes

The main reasons for increased protein levels in the blood are:

rheumatism;
joint inflammation;
oncological neoplasms.

Reduced blood protein levels: causes

The reasons for low protein in a blood test from a vein are:

liver diseases;
intestinal pathologies;
disorders of the kidneys;
malignant tumors in organism.

When studying blood biochemistry indicators, attention is also paid to albumin. Albumin is a protein produced by the human liver and is the main protein in blood plasma. An increased level of albumin in the blood is observed when:

extensive burns;
uncontrollable diarrhea;
dehydration of the body.

A decrease in the level of albumin in the blood is typical for:

pregnant and lactating women;
liver cirrhosis or chronic hepatitis;
sepsis;
heart failure;
overdose and poisoning medicines.

Glucose

Normally, a biochemical blood test in an adult healthy person reveals from 3.5 to 5.5 mmol/l (glucose tolerance test is performed).

Increased glucose levels, causes

An increase in sugar levels in a biochemical blood test is a consequence of:

diabetes mellitus;
diseases of the endocrine system;
pancreatic tumor;
hemorrhagic stroke;
cystic fibrosis.

Short-term acceptable increases in blood sugar levels are caused by overeating, stress, and eating too many sweets.

Low blood sugar: causes

A decrease in blood glucose levels below 3.5 mmol/l often occurs due to the following conditions:

liver diseases;
inflammatory diseases of the pancreas;
hypothyroidism;
alcohol poisoning;
drug overdose;
stomach cancer;
adrenal cancer.

Uric acid

Uric acid is a breakdown product of nucleic acids (purine formations). Normally, in a healthy adult, uric acid does not accumulate in the body and is excreted by the kidneys in the urine. Blood indicators uric acid normally do not exceed 0.43 mmol/l.

Increased uric acid levels

The reasons for the increase in the level of uric acid in the blood plasma are:

renal failure;
lymphoma;
leukemia;
alcoholism;
grueling long-term diets;
overdose of diuretics and salicylates.

Reduced uric acid levels

A decrease in the level of uric acid in the blood plasma of less than 0.16 mmol/l is observed in the following conditions:

Iron-deficiency anemia;
treatment with Allopurinol;
hepatitis.

Urea

Urea is formed in the body as a breakdown product of proteins. An increase in urea levels is observed in kidney diseases.

A decrease in blood urea levels is typical for pregnant women, people who play sports or practice therapeutic fasting. Pathological decline level of urea in the blood is associated with celiac disease, heavy metal poisoning, and liver cirrhosis.

Creatinine

Creatinine is a protein breakdown product that does not accumulate in the body, but is excreted unchanged by the kidneys. This substance is a product of protein metabolism occurring in skeletal muscles ah and the brain. The level of this product in the blood plasma directly depends on the condition of the kidneys and muscles.

Increased creatinine: reasons

The causes of increased creatinine levels in blood plasma are the following conditions:

renal failure;
muscle injuries;
hyperfunction thyroid gland;
excessive physical activity.

In some cases, an increase in creatinine in the blood can be caused by taking medications.

ALT (AlAt, alanine aminotransferase) and AST (AST)

ALT is an enzyme that is synthesized inside liver cells and takes part in the functioning of the organ. With the development of any liver disease, its cells are destroyed, and part of the alanine aminotransferase enters the blood. Determining the level of ALT allows us to judge possible violations liver function and the presence of diseases of this organ.

AST (aspartate aminotransferase) is an enzyme that is found inside the cells of the heart muscle, liver, skeletal muscles, kidneys, nerve fibers and takes an active part in anaacid metabolism. An increase in ALT levels above AST levels is characteristic of liver diseases. In the case when AST levels exceed ALT values, the patient in most cases is diagnosed with pathologies such as:

myocardial infarction;
angina pectoris;
rheumatic heart disease;
toxic hepatitis;
acute pancreatitis;
liver cancer;
heart failure.

Cholesterol

Cholesterol is a constituent component of lipid metabolism, which takes an active part in the formation of cell membranes and the synthesis of hormones reproductive system and vitamin D. There are several types of cholesterol:

low-density cholesterol (LDL);
cholesterol high density(HDL);
total cholesterol;
lipoprotein cholesterol.

Depending on the level of increase in cholesterol levels, there are:

mild hypercholesterolemia – up to 6.5 mmol/l, increases the risk of developing atherosclerosis;
average degree– up to 8 mmol/l, corrected with a special low-lipid diet;
high degree – more than 8 mmol/l, requires medication.

Increased cholesterol: reasons

The main reasons for increased blood cholesterol levels are:

atherosclerosis;
hypothyroidism;
diabetes mellitus in the stage of decompensation;
chronic hepatitis;
obstructive jaundice.

Low cholesterol: reasons

A decrease in blood cholesterol levels below normal is a consequence of the following conditions:

cirrhosis of the liver;
rheumatoid arthritis;
prolonged fasting;
malignant tumors in the liver;
violation of metabolic processes;
hyperthyroidism;
COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease).

Bilirubin

Bilirubin is a red-yellow pigment that is formed during the breakdown of hemoglobin in the liver, spleen and bone marrow. Normally, the blood level of an adult is from 5 to 20 µmol/l.

High bilirubin levels

Reasons higher level bilirubin in the blood are:

liver cancer;
cholelithiasis;
acute cholecystitis;
cholangitis.

Decreased bilirubin levels

A decrease in the level of bilirubin in the blood below normal levels is observed in the following conditions:

acute hepatitis;
liver diseases caused by bacterial infection;
drug poisoning;
toxic hepatitis.

Amylase

Amylase is an enzyme that helps break down carbohydrates and facilitate digestion. Amylase is found in the pancreas and salivary glands, distinguish between diastase (alpha-amylase) and pancreatic amylase.

Increased amylase levels

An increase in amylase in a biochemical blood test is a consequence of the following conditions:

pancreatitis;
peritonitis;
diabetes;
stones in the pancreas;
cholecystitis;
renal and liver failure.

Decreased amylase levels

A reduced level of amylase in blood tests is typical for the following conditions:

myocardial infarction;
thyrotoxicosis;
toxicosis of pregnant women;
pancreatic necrosis.

Minerals: potassium and sodium in the blood

Potassium

Normally, the blood of a healthy adult contains from 3.3 to 5.5 mmol/L potassium. A decrease in the level of this microelement is observed in the following conditions:

disease of the adrenal cortex;
exhausting diets;
insufficient salt intake from food, long-term salt-free diets;
dehydration as a result of vomiting and diarrhea;
excess levels of adrenal hormones in the blood, including an overdose of hydrocortisone in the form of injections;
cystic fibrosis.

An increase in potassium in the blood is typical for:

acute renal failure;
kidney diseases;
adrenal insufficiency;
convulsions;
severe injuries.

An increase in potassium levels in the blood is called hyperkalemia, and a decrease is called hypokalemia.

Sodium

The main purpose of sodium in the blood is to maintain physiological pH levels and osmotic pressure in tissues and cells. The amount of sodium in the blood is controlled by the adrenal hormone aldosterone.

A decrease in sodium in the blood is observed under the following conditions:

diabetes;
chronic heart failure;
swelling;
nephrotic syndrome;
cirrhosis of the liver;
abuse of diuretics.

An increase in sodium in the blood is observed when:

abuse table salt;
diabetes insipidus;
profuse sweat;
uncontrollable vomiting and prolonged diarrhea;
diseases of the hypothalamus;
coma.

As a conclusion

A biochemical blood test is an integral part in diagnosing diseases of internal organs. Standard values for men and women may differ slightly depending on the conditions of blood sampling, compliance with the preparation rules and the laboratory.

It was and remains the most common and frequently prescribed diagnostic method. It is taken many times throughout life and for any diagnosis. This analysis allows you to evaluate the functioning of all systems and organs in the body.

It includes a qualitative and quantitative description of the formed elements, their relationship to the liquid part of the blood (plasma). Making a diagnosis based on a general blood test alone is difficult, but this procedure allows you to determine the direction for further examination.

Blood consists of formed elements and plasma. The quantity of these elements, their ratio, concentration and quality indicators form the basis of a blood test. With such a diagnosis, the quantity is assessed, as well as the level of and (erythrocyte sedimentation rate).

The standard is a general blood test with a formula, the decoding of which implies the presence, that is, the ratio of different types of leukocytes (neutrophils, monocytes, basophils,). These are standard indicators, but they may not be included in the summary analysis, so the necessary items are noted when assigning.

The positive aspects of such an examination are simplicity and accessibility, quick results (within 1-2 days), low price (if you have a referral, it is carried out free of charge), and high information content.

But it is worth considering that blood counts largely depend on various factors: nutrition, environment, gender, age and even race.

Prevention. As a preventative measure, you can donate blood once every six months or year. Even in cases where nothing worries you, diagnostics will not be superfluous. It helps to suspect diseases at the earliest stages, when symptoms have not yet appeared. This significantly increases the effectiveness of treatment.
Diagnosis of diseases. When diagnosing any diseases (heart, kidneys, liver and other organs), as well as any infections, it is recommended to donate blood for analysis.
Suspicion of blood diseases. The analysis allows you to determine whether there are disturbances in the composition of the blood, deviations in the quantity and quality of formed elements, which can lead to suspicion of a disease bone marrow.
Pregnancy. During pregnancy, a woman donates blood for examination constantly. The closer to childbirth, the more often the examination is carried out. On early stages, especially with toxicosis, a general blood test is also necessary. The number of platelets (tendency to thrombosis or bleeding) and hemoglobin level (risk of oxygen starvation of the fetus) are especially important.

Preparation and procedure

The blood collection procedure is familiar and understandable to everyone. The nurse takes venous (capillary) blood, numbers it, documents it, and then the material is delivered to the laboratory, where it is examined within 24 hours.

All that is required of the patient is to come to the laboratory at the appointed time with a coupon and a referral. Before giving a referral, the doctor will tell you necessary rules preparation. They should not be neglected.

The composition of the blood tends to change and react to everything that happens to the body. For the result to be reliable, you need to follow some rules. Many people believe that the only rule is to fast for 8-10 hours before visiting the laboratory.

But other factors may also influence the result of the analysis:

Food. Even if the patient comes to the laboratory with an empty stomach, what he ate the day before can affect the result. For example, an abundance of protein or fatty foods eaten during the day before the test can cause the blood serum to be cloudy and unsuitable for examination.
Drugs. Reception medicines has a direct impact on the composition and. About all medications you take (including oral contraceptives, vitamins and dietary supplements) should be reported to your doctor. He will advise which ones need to be canceled and for how long.
Physical exercise. It is not recommended to exercise before taking the test physical exercise even those who are used to it. Physical activity can cause hormonal changes and affect the results.
Emotional condition. Stress also affects the body. Strong emotional stress negatively affects the functioning of all systems and organs, and the result of the analysis may be poor.
Bad habits. Smoking and alcohol affect metabolism. It is generally advisable to give up alcohol 3 days before visiting the laboratory, and quit smoking at least on the day of blood sampling.
Times of Day. The analysis is prescribed in the morning not only because it is easier to observe hunger. The body has certain daily rhythms. During the day, blood counts may change depending on environmental factors. To standardize reference values, it is recommended to donate blood only in the morning, except in emergency cases.

Indicators and their norm

A complete blood test includes a large number of indicators. Each indicator has its own reference values, normal limits. An increase or decrease in indicators, going beyond the boundaries of this norm may be a sign of some pathology.

The main indicators of a general blood test include the following:

Even if you know the reference values, it is quite difficult to interpret the analysis result yourself. All indicators need to be taken into account together. In addition, a deviation from the norm of one or another indicator can be interpreted differently depending on gender, age, cycle time (in women) and other factors.

Very often, in case of any violations, a deviation from the norm is observed in several indicators at once. It is problematic to make an accurate diagnosis based on a blood test alone, so the doctor identifies certain disorders and refers them for further examination.

Using blood parameters, the following conditions and diseases can be identified:

. Anemia has many types and forms. Most often it is observed when hemoglobin levels decrease, when all organs and tissues experience oxygen starvation. Anemia is usually spoken of when the hemoglobin level falls below 90-100 g/l. The causes of anemia can be physiological (heavy exercise, dehydration) or pathological. Leukocytosis. The reasons for the increase in white blood cell levels may be different. Physiological causes include pregnancy and childbirth, large amounts of protein foods, heavy physical activity, and PMS. Among pathological reasons Inflammatory processes of microbial and non-microbial origin, leukemia, cancer, burns and prolonged bleeding can be distinguished.
Thrombocytosis. A high level of platelets is dangerous because it can lead to the formation of blood clots and blockage of blood vessels and arteries. The number of platelets in the blood increases sharply with anemia with iron deficiency, with some infections and heavy bleeding, oncology.

You can learn more about the leukocyte formula from the video:

Each of these conditions can be interpreted differently. For example, leukocytosis can be caused by the most various infections. You cannot prescribe treatment for yourself based on a blood test.

This is necessary to exclude physiological factors that influence this analysis.

Interpretation of a general blood test (clinical blood test).

I. Basic indicators of clinical blood analysis.

There are a number of indicators of a general blood test, assessing which you can make a first impression about the patient. Among them are:

1. RBC - Red Blood Cells

This indicator indicates the number of red blood cells contained in the blood. Units of measurement are 10*12/liter. Red blood cells are the formed elements of blood that contain hemoglobin. The main function of red blood cells is to carry oxygen. A normal red blood cell has a biconcave shape. Thanks to this shape, the surface area of the red blood cell increases and the binding of the red blood cell to oxygen is facilitated. The average life cycle of an erythrocyte is 120 days.

Norms for the number of RBC (normal red blood cells):
Men: 4.5-5.5*10 12 /l
Women: 4.0-5.0*10 12 /l

An increase in the number of red blood cells in the blood is called erythrocytosis. Erythrocytosis can be absolute and relative. Absolute erythrocytosis occurs when the number of red blood cells increases. Relative erythrocytosis occurs when the blood thickens (decreases its volume).

A low number of red blood cells is called erythropenia. Erythropenia occurs, for example, during bleeding.

2. Hb (HGB) – Hemoglobin (hemoglobin)

This indicator characterizes the saturation of blood with hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a pigment contained in red blood cells. The main function of hemoglobin is to transport oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2). Hemoglobin plays a vital role in human breathing. Normal hemoglobin levels differ between men and women; in addition, normal hemoglobin levels differ in at different ages. Men have slightly higher hemoglobin levels than women.

Units of measurement are gram/liter (g/l).

Hemoglobin norms (HGB norms):
Men:120-170 g/l
Women:110-155 g/l

A decrease in hemoglobin levels (anemia) may indicate bleeding, a lack of iron and vitamin B 12 in the body.

Increased hemoglobin levels are much less common. May be associated with blood thickening (dehydration), erythrocytosis, in athletes, and residents of high mountain areas.

3. WBC (Leu) – White blood cells

This indicator indicates the number of white blood cells (leukocytes) in the blood.

Units of measurement WBC - *10 9 /l

Normal indicators leukocyte levels fluctuate depending on the age of the person, and even on the region of his residence.

Average WBC (white blood cell level): 6-10*10 9 /l.

The main function of leukocytes is to participate in the body's defense mechanisms. An increase in the level of white blood cells is called leukocytosis. Leukocytosis is accompanied infectious diseases, leukemia, burns, malignant neoplasms and many other diseases.

A decrease in the level of white blood cells is called leukopenia.

All leukocytes can be divided into 5 groups ( leukocyte formula):

A. Neutrophils (normal 45-70%)

Promyelocytes
- Metamyelocytes
- Rod
- Segmented

Neutrophils are the most numerous fraction of leukocytes. Their main function is to fight microorganisms (infectious agents).

The number of neutrophils increases during acute inflammatory diseases. In this case, a so-called shift of the leukocyte formula to the left may occur. With this shift, metamyelocytes appear in the blood, and with a sufficiently pronounced inflammatory process, promyelocytes appear.

B. Lymphocytes (Normal 19-37%)

Lymphocytes respond to the body's immune response. Lymphocytes include T and B lymphocytes. The level of lymphocytes increases, for example, with a viral infection. The level of lymphocytes decreases in immunodeficiencies.

B. Monocytes (Normal 3-11%)

Monocytes are the largest cells among leukocytes. Monocytes are the precursors of macrophages. The main function of monocytes/macrophages is phagocytosis.

G. Eosinophils (Normal 1-5%)

D. Basophils (Normal 0-1%)

The main function of basophils is to participate in immediate hypersensitivity reactions.

4. PLT – Platelets

This indicator indicates the number of platelets in the blood.

PLT (platelet) measurement units - *10 9 /l

Normal platelet level (PLT normal) – 150-400*10 9 /l

The main function of platelets is participation in the blood coagulation system and in the processes of fibrinolysis. The number of platelets can increase, for example, with acute blood loss, after splenectomy, for myeloid leukemia. (Thrombositosis)

A decrease in platelet levels is called thrombocytopenia. Thrombocytopenia can be either congenital (Fanconi syndrome, Wiskot-Aldrich syndrome, etc.) or acquired (drug-induced, with splenomegaly, etc.).

5. HCT (Ht) – Hematocrit (Hematocrit)

This indicator characterizes the ratio of the total volume of all red blood cells to the volume of plasma.

It is measured in percentage (%).

The normal hematocrit (HCT) is 35-45%.

The hematocrit level increases with an increase in the number of red blood cells (erythrocytosis), with an increase in the volume of red blood cells.

Hematocrit (HCT) decreases with a decrease in the number of red blood cells, a decrease in their volume, or hemodilution (for example, with intensive infusion therapy with crystalloid solutions).

6. ESR – ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate)

This indicator indicates the erythrocyte sedimentation rate.

Units of measurement – mm/hour.

ESR rate (ESR): men 1-10 mm/hour
women 1-15 mm/hour

ESR is measured in a special test tube on which a scale is marked in millimeters. The ESR level is determined an hour after blood sampling by the height of the column consisting of red blood cells. Typically, an increase in ESR indicates some kind of inflammatory process occurring in the body.

7. Color Index (CPU)

This indicator indicates the degree of saturation of red blood cells with hemoglobin.

The CPU norm (Color index) is 0.9 - 1.1.

With CPU:
less than 0.9 - hypochromic red blood cells
0.9 - 1.1 - normochromic erythrocytes
more than 1.1 - hyperchromic red blood cells

II. Additional indicators of clinical blood test (complete blood count)

1. MCV - average erythrocyte volume.

The average volume of a red blood cell is measured in femtoliters (fl).
MCV norm 80-100 fl.

If the volume of red blood cells falls within the normal range, then these red blood cells are normocytic. When MCV is less than 80 fl - microcytic erythrocytes, MCV is more than 100 - macrocytic erythrocytes.

2. MCH – average level hemoglobin in one red blood cell.

Measured in picograms (pg).
The MCH norm is 27-34 pg.

This indicator is important for determining the type of anemia. If the indicator falls within the normal range, then the anemia is hypochromic. When MCH is less than 27 pg - hypochromic anemia, MCH is more than 34 - hyperchromic anemia.

3. MCHC - this indicator characterizes the ratio of the level of hemoglobin in a red blood cell to the volume of the red blood cell.

The units of MCHC are g/l (g/l).
MCHC norm – 300-350 g/l

4. MPV – mean platelet volume.

The average platelet volume is measured in femtoliters (fl).
MCV rate 7-10 fl.

5. PCT - thrombocrit.

This indicator characterizes the volume of all platelets in relation to the volume of whole blood.

Norm: 0.10-0.28.

6. PDW – this indicator characterizes platelet volume variability.

7. RDW - red blood cell distribution width (unit %)

8. RDW-SD - distribution width of erythrocytes by volume, standard deviation.

9. RDW-CV - distribution width of erythrocytes by volume, coefficient of variation.

10. RDV - anisocytosis of erythrocytes (normal 11.5-14.3%).

11. HGB/RBC – average level of hemoglobin in a red blood cell.

12.P-LCR - large platelet ratio.

13. LYM% (LY%) – relative number of lymphocytes.
Units of measurement LYM%: %.

14. LYM# (LY#) – absolute number of lymphocytes.

15. MXD% - relative number of monocytes, basophils and eosinophils.
Units of MXD%: %.

16. MXD# - absolute number of monocytes, basophils and eosinophils.

17. NEUT% (NE%) - relative number of neutrophils.
Units of measurement NEUT% (NE%): %.

18. NEUT# (NE#) - absolute number of neutrophils.

19. MON% (MO%) - relative number of monocytes
Units of measurement MON% (MO%): %.

20. MON# (MO#) - absolute number of monocytes

21. EO% - relative number of eosinophils.
Units of EO%: %.

22. EO# - absolute number of eosinophils.

21. BA% - relative amount of basophils.
Units of measurement BA%: %.

22. BA# - absolute number of basophils.

23. IMM% - relative number of immature granulocytes.
IMM% units: %.

24. IMM# - absolute number of immature granulocytes.

25. ATL% - relative number of atypical lymphocytes.
ATL% units: %.

26. ATL# - absolute number of atypical lymphocytes.

27. GR% - relative number of granulocytes.
Units of GR%: %.

28. GR# - absolute number of granulocytes.

A general clinical blood test (CBC) is the most important test of the body, which accurately reflects the state of human health.

A general blood test includes the following studies:

determination of hemoglobin level;
number of leukocytes in 1 liter;
number of red blood cells in 1 liter;
color index;
calculation of erythrocyte sedimentation rate or ESR;
study of the leukocyte formula, which consists of determining the number of monocytes, eosinophils, lymphocytes, neutrophils (segmented, band), basophils.

Blood clotting and bleeding rate are determined during OAC according to indications in individual cases.

Installed norms of general blood test in a healthy person are indicated in the table.

Leukocyte formula norms:

Segmented Neutrophils (Segm.) 2.0-5.5 (45-70%);
Band Neutrophils (Rod) 0.040-0.300 (1-6%);
Lymphocytes 1.2-3.0 (18-40%);
Monocytes 0.09-0.6 (2-9%);
Eosinophils 02-0.3 (0-5%);
Basophils 0-0.065 (0-1%)

The material for OAC is taken from a person’s finger by a laboratory assistant in the clinic in the morning and strictly on an empty stomach. You must inform your doctor about taking any medications before taking the test.

Decoding the results: table

Deviation of indicators in the CBC indicates the presence of diseases of the body and circulatory system. The table lists possible reasons pathological analysis.

Index	Exceeding the norm	Decrease in norm
Hemoglobin (HB) is a complex protein substance that is part of red blood cells, the main function of which is to transport oxygen to tissues, regulate the acid-base state, and remove CO2.	Exceeding the limit of 175 g/l is determined by erythrocytosis (pathological increase in red blood cells), erythremia (malignant blood lesion), dehydration, debilitating physical activity before taking the test, when smoking.	Various anemias. Reducing NV to 90 g/l - sign of iron deficiency anemia. Lower rates are detected with hypoplastic, pernicious and hemolytic anemia, and with massive blood loss.
Leukocytes are blood cells that are formed in the lymph nodes and bone marrow; their primary task is to protect the body from the introduction of third-party microorganisms.	A slight increase in the number of leukocytes can be determined after food consumption, during stress and increased physical activity, during later pregnancy. Absolute increase in white blood cells (leukocytosis) – clinical sign most infectious and inflammatory processes. Other causes of leukocytosis: abscesses, heart attacks, blood loss, diabetic coma, cancer in the last stages, diseases of the circulatory system.	Leukopenia or a decrease in the number of white blood cells develops against the background long-term use various medications, for damage and other pathologies of the bone marrow, spleen, for irreversible liver damage, pernicious anemia, endocrine disorders, for certain infections (malaria, measles, influenza, rubella). Leukopenia occurs against the background of long-term diseases in the body, which at the beginning of the pathological process were accompanied by leukocytosis.
Red blood cells are blood elements containing hemoglobin.	An increase in the number of red blood cells is called erythrocytosis. With indicators *7 – 910 12 l compensatory erythrocytosis occurs, which is detected in the CBC in pilots after flights and in residents of high mountains. Compensatory erythrocytosis occurs in diseases of the respiratory system: emphysema, pneumosclerosis, sclerosis pulmonary artery. And also for heart disease, polycystic kidney disease, hydronephrosis. Rising red blood cells up to 8 – 1210 12 l* indicates erythremia (malignant blood lesion).	A decrease in red blood cells is determined in pernicious, hypoplastic and hemolytic anemia. With iron deficiency anemia, red blood cells are often found in the blood in quantities not exceeding the norm. Also, a slight downward deviation of the indicator is detected during pregnancy.
Platelets are non-nucleated cells “responsible” for blood clotting.	An increase in platelets (thrombocytosis) is detected in liver cirrhosis, tuberculosis, osteomyelitis, amyloidosis, lymphoma, lymphogranulomatosis. And after heavy bleeding and surgical operations.	Thrombocytopenia is observed after drinking alcohol, when taking medications (antibiotics, analgesics, diuretics), during pregnancy, liver disease, heart failure, systemic lupus erythematosus. A sharp decrease in platelets up to 60*10 9 l – at acute leukemia, systemic lupus erythematosus.
Color index (CI) – determines the amount of hemoglobin in one red blood cell. It is of clinical significance only in the presence of anemia to determine its type.	An increase in indicators is called hyperchromia and is determined by B12 deficiency, hypoplastic and hemolytic anemia. Also for hypothyroidism, anemia, liver damage and after taking anticonvulsants and contraceptives.	Hypochromia ( CPU less than 0.8) is detected in iron deficiency anemia and pregnancy.
ESR is the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, which is determined by calculating the time at which uncoagulated blood separates into 2 layers. The ESR value is influenced by the number of red blood cells and the presence of inflammatory processes in the body	An increase in ESR indicates the presence of lesions inflammation or infection in organism. An increase in ESR is determined in the following conditions: abscess, sepsis, pneumonia, tuberculosis, cholecystitis, pancreatitis, kidney disease, the presence of malignant processes.	A decrease in ESR may be due to an increase in the number of red blood cells. Also observed in liver diseases (hepatitis, jaundice), after taking mercury drugs.

The leukocyte count in KLA is not usually examined. Indications for determining the quantitative content of types of leukocytes are leukocytosis or leukopenia. Moreover, the quantitative content of individual forms of leukocytes and their percentage are calculated.

Leukocytes	Increased	Reduced
Neutrophils	Purulent processes, abscesses, diseases of the pancreas and gall bladder, appendicitis, pneumonia	Botkin's disease, typhoid fever, malaria, influenza, chicken pox, polio, severe course inflammatory processes, B12 deficiency anemia.
Lymphocytes	Brucellosis, typhoid fever, thyroid diseases (thyrotoxicosis), bronchial asthma, dystrophy, infectious lymphocytosis	Acquired immunodeficiency, some forms of tuberculosis, lymphogranulomatosis
Monocytes	Viral infections, scarlet fever, rubella, mumps, lung cancer, adrenal tumors	Long-term use of glucocorticosteroids, stress, depressive syndrome
Eosinophils	Bronchial asthma, serum sickness, eczema, myeloid leukemia, Quincke's edema, taking antibiotics, aspirin	B12 deficiency anemia, shock, some blood diseases
Basophils	Hypothyroidism, chicken pox, myeloid leukemia, premenstrual syndrome among women	Norm

Clotting time– a value that reflects the coagulation process itself. Normal values are from 30 seconds to 2 minutes. If the blood clotting time is less than 30 seconds, this indicates an increased level of prothrombinase in the body and determines the need to prevent hypercoagulation to prevent the development of thrombosis. If this value exceeds the limit of 120 seconds, this, on the contrary, indicates a deficiency of plasma factors.

Duration of bleeding characterizes the condition of the blood vessels and platelet system. Normally, the bleeding process lasts 2–3 minutes. Reducing the time period has no clinical significance and indicates a mistake made by the laboratory assistant during the research process. An increase in time reflects disorders of the hemostasis system, including thrombocytopenia, and disorders of the vascular wall.

Complete blood count in adults

General blood test in adults is mandatory whenever you consult a doctor due to illness or deterioration in health. It allows you to evaluate general state body and make the correct diagnosis. Women during pregnancy take the OAC upon registration, at 12, 20, 30, 36 weeks of pregnancy.

For an accurate interpretation of the results of the CBC, the age of the person is important, since the norms of some blood parameters differ somewhat in accordance with this factor.

Indicators	Hemoglobin		Red blood cells
age	women	men	women	men
20-30	110-152	130-172	3,51012-5,01012	4,21012 -5,61012
30-40	112-150	126-172	3,51012 -5,01012	4,21012 -5,61012
40-50	112-152	128-172	3,61012 -5,11012	4,01012-5,61012
50-60	112-152	124-172	3,61012 -5,11012	3,91012 -5,61012
60-65	114-154	122-168	3,51012 -5,21012	3,91012 -5,31012
Over 65	110-156	122-168	3,41012 -5,21012	3,11012 -5,71012

Features of changes in blood parameters during pregnancy:

By increasing the total volume of blood, its viscosity decreases. As a result, pregnant women have a decrease in hemoglobin and a decrease in the number of platelets.
The leukocyte formula changes: the concentration of leukocytes increases to 10*10 9 /l, the numerical value of band neutrophils increases, and the content of lymphocytes decreases.
The ESR value during pregnancy can be increased to 45 mm/h.

Normal indicators in a child

If in adults the age range for OAC is determined by decades, then in children of the first year of life, OAC norms change every three months, and after a year they determine separate periods: 1 - 6, 7 - 12, 13 - 15 years.

Norms of blood parameters in children of the first year of life

Age	1 day	4 weeks	6 months	1 year
Hemoglobin	145 — 225	100 — 180	100 — 145	110 — 144
Red blood cells	4,110 12 -6,610 12	3,210 12 – 5,610 12	3,210 12 – 4,510 12	3,710 12 -5,210 12
Leukocytes	8,510 9 – 32,210 9	6,510 9 – 13,810 9	5,510 9 – 12,510 9	6,010 9 – 12,510 9
Platelets	18010 9 – 49010 9	18010 9 – 40010 9	18010 9 – 40010 9	18010 9 – 40010 9
ESR	2 — 4	4 — 8	4 — 10	4 — 12

in children older than one year

Age	1 — 6	7 — 12	13 — 15
Hemoglobin	110 — 142	112 — 146	112 — 160
Red blood cells	3,510 12 – 4,510 12	3,510 12 – 4,710 12	3,610 12 – 5,110 12
Leukocytes	5,010 9 – 11,410 9	4,510 9 – 11,410 9	4,310 9 – 9,510 9
Platelets	16010 9 – 39010 9	16010 9 – 38010 9	16010 9 – 36010 9
ESR	4 — 12	4 — 12	4 — 15

Established norms for blood parameters during general analysis in children older than one year

The first time blood is taken for analysis from a child within the walls of the maternity hospital, a few hours after birth, then the analysis is taken at 1 month during a planned visit to the pediatrician, at 3 and 6 months before preventive vaccinations and when the baby turns 1 year old. Further, blood must be donated every year during a routine medical examination and before preventive vaccinations.

Children donate blood for OBC unscheduled when their health deteriorates, various diseases. Due to their age, infants do not need special preparation before the analysis. The only condition is not to eat 2 hours before the test.