Normal blood sugar levels in women. What should be the optimal blood glucose level
The functioning of most organs and systems is affected by the level of glucose: from ensuring the functioning of the brain to the processes occurring inside the cells. This explains why maintaining a glycemic balance is essential for good health.
What does the amount of sugar in the blood
When a person consumes carbohydrates or sweets, during digestion they are converted into glucose, which is then used as energy. Blood sugar level - important factor, thanks to the appropriate analysis, it is possible to identify in a timely manner a set of various diseases or even prevent their development. Indications for passing the analysis are the following symptoms:
- apathy / lethargy / drowsiness;
- increased urge to void Bladder;
- numbness or soreness/tingling in the limbs;
- increased thirst;
- blurred vision;
- decreased erectile function in men.
These signs may indicate diabetes or a person's pre-diabetic condition. To avoid the development of this dangerous pathology, it is worth periodically measuring the glycemic level. To do this, use a special device - a glucometer, which is easy to use on your own. In this case, the procedure is carried out on an empty stomach in the morning, since the level of sugar in the blood after eating naturally increases. In addition, before the analysis, it is forbidden to take any medications and drink liquids for at least eight hours.
To establish a sugar indicator, doctors advise to analyze several times a day for 2-3 days in a row. This will allow you to track fluctuations in glucose levels. If they are insignificant, there is nothing to worry about, and a large difference in the results may indicate serious pathological processes. However, a deviation from the norm does not always indicate diabetes, but may indicate other disorders that only a qualified doctor can diagnose.
Natural blood sugar control
The pancreas maintains normal blood sugar levels. The body provides it through the production of two important hormones - glucagon and insulin. The first is an important protein: when the glycemic level is below normal, it instructs the liver and muscle cells to start the process of glycogenolysis, as a result of which the kidneys and liver begin to produce their own glucose. So, glucagon collects sugar from different sources inside human body to keep its value normal.
The pancreas produces insulin in response to carbohydrate intake from foods. This hormone is necessary for most cells of the human body - fat, muscle, liver. It is responsible for the following functions in the body:
- helps a particular cell type to create fat by transformation fatty acids, glycerin;
- informs hepatic and muscle cells about the need to accumulate converted sugar in the form of glucagon;
- starts the process of producing protein by liver and muscle cells through the processing of amino acids;
- stops the production of glucose by the liver and kidneys when carbohydrates enter the body.
So, insulin helps the process of assimilation of nutrients after a person has a meal, while reducing general level sugar, amino and fatty acids. Throughout the day, the body of a healthy person maintains a balance of glucagon and insulin. After eating food, the body receives amino acids, glucose and fatty acids, analyzes their quantity and activates the pancreatic cells responsible for the production of hormones. In this case, glucagon is not produced so that glucose is used to fuel the body with energy.
Along with the amount of sugar, the level of insulin rises, which transports it to muscle and liver cells for transformation into energy. This ensures that the norm of glucose, fatty acids and amino acids in the blood is maintained, preventing any deviations. If a person skips a meal, the glycemic level drops and the body starts independent creation glucose, using glucagon reserves, so that the indicators remain normal and negative consequences in the form of diseases are prevented.
Normal blood sugar
A condition in which the main source of energy is available to all tissues, but not excreted through the ureter, is considered the norm for blood glucose. The body of a healthy person strictly regulates this indicator. In cases of violation of metabolic processes, an increase in sugar occurs - hyperglycemia. If the indicator, on the contrary, is lowered, this is called hypoglycemia. Both deviations can lead to serious negative consequences.
In children
In adolescents and young children, the amount of sugar in the blood also plays a role. important role- as in adults, since it is an indispensable energy component that ensures the smooth functioning of tissues and organs. A significant excess, as well as a deficiency of this substance, depends on the pancreas, which is responsible for the formation of insulin and glucagon, which help maintain sugar balance.
If the body for any reason reduces the production of hormones, this can lead to the appearance of diabetes mellitus - a serious disease that leads to dysfunction of the organs and systems of the child. In children, the amount of sugar in the blood is different from that in adults. So, a good glycemic index for healthy child up to 16 years is 2.7-5.5 mmol, with age it changes. Below is a table showing the normal glucose levels in a child as he grows:
Among women
Women's health depends on many factors, including glycemic levels. For each age, certain norms are characteristic, a decrease or increase in which threatens to various pathologies. Experts recommend taking a blood test from time to time so as not to miss the primary symptoms of dangerous diseases associated with excess or insufficient sugar. Below is a table with normal indicators glucose:
In addition to the woman's age, it should also be borne in mind that the indicators may be slightly increased during pregnancy. In this period normal amount sugar is considered to be 3.3-6.6 mmol. A pregnant woman should regularly measure this indicator in order to diagnose the deviation in a timely manner. This is important because there is a high risk of developing gestational type diabetes, which can later develop into type 2 diabetes (the number of ketone bodies in the blood of a pregnant woman increases, and the level of amino acids decreases).
In men
The test is carried out on an empty stomach from 8 to 11 hours, and the material is taken from the finger (nameless). normal sugar in the blood of men it is 3.5-5.5 mmol. A short time after eating, these numbers may increase, so it is important to conduct an examination in the morning, while the person's stomach is still empty. In this case, before the analysis, you must refrain from eating for at least 8 hours. If a fence is made venous blood or plasma from capillaries, then others will be normal - from 6.1 to 7 mmol.
The normal blood sugar level of a person should be determined, given his age. Below is a table with acceptable test results for men of different age category, while deviations from these norms indicate the development of hyper- or hypoglycemia. In the first case, there is a serious burden on the kidneys, as a result of which a person often visits the toilet and gradually develops dehydration. With hypoglycemia, working capacity decreases, the tone decreases, the man quickly gets tired. The normative data is as follows:
What should be the blood sugar
A healthy adult has a glycemic level of 3.2 to 5.5 mmol (when tested on an empty stomach) - this indicates the normal functioning of the pancreas and other organs. If the test is carried out by taking material from a vein, and not a finger, then the indicators will be higher: in this case, the permissible maximum limit- 6.1 mmol. Consider what differences in indicators that are considered the norm, people have different ages:
- in children up to a month - from 2.8 to 4.4 mmol;
- up to 60 years - from 3.2 to 5.5 mmol;
- 60-90 years - from 4.6 to 6.4 mmol;
- over 90 years old - from 4.2 to 6.7 mmol.
In the presence of any type of diabetes, the glucose level in an adult or child will be elevated. It is important to follow all the doctor's instructions to maintain its amount at an acceptable level - adhere to a diet, take medication, engage in any kind of sport. Thanks to such measures, it is possible to maintain the glucose rate close to that characteristic of healthy people. So, normal level sugar in diabetics is 3.5-5.5 mmol.
Blood sugar norms for men and women of different ages, as well as for children: find out everything you need. Understand how to diagnose impaired glucose metabolism, monitor the effectiveness of your diabetes treatment. It describes in detail what indicators should be in pregnant women, how to diagnose and treat gestational diabetes. Find out how blood sugar levels differ:
- on an empty stomach and after eating;
- in patients with diabetes and healthy people;
- children of different ages - newborns and infants, younger schoolchildren and adolescents;
- old people;
- abroad and in the CIS countries.
The information is presented in the form of visual tables.
Blood sugar rate: detailed article If you see that your glucose level is elevated, you will immediately know how to lower it without fasting, taking expensive pills and injections. large doses insulin. Read the details in the article "". Learn about diet, herbs and more folk remedies, as well as pharmaceutical tablets. Reduce sugar and keep it stably normal - this can be achieved without even going to the hospital and without frequent use to the doctors.
Before measuring sugar at home, you need to check the glucometer for accuracy. Bring it with you to the lab, measure your sugar with it, and hand it in immediately afterwards. laboratory analysis. The discrepancy between the results of no more than 15-20% is normal. You should also measure sugar with a glucometer three times in a row in the blood from the fingers on one hand. A discrepancy between the results of no more than 20% is normal. If it turns out that your glucometer is lying, replace it with a good imported model.
For women and men at any age, blood sugar levels are the same. For children, they are 0.6 mmol / l lower than for adults and adolescents.
The blood glucose levels shown in the tables on this page are indicative only. The doctor will give more specific recommendations based on your individual characteristics. The page you are on will help you prepare for your doctor's visit. Or you can get started right away.
It often turns out that good sugar control in older people is impossible to achieve due to their lack of motivation to adhere to the regime. They use the lack of material resources as excuses, but in fact the problem is motivation. In this case, it is better for relatives to come to terms with the high glucose level in an elderly person, and let everything take its course.
A diabetic can fall into a coma if his sugar rises to 13 mmol / l and above. It is advisable to keep the readings below this threshold by taking pills and insulin injections. Older adults often deliberately dehydrate themselves in an attempt to reduce swelling. Insufficient fluid intake can also cause diabetic coma.
Read about pills containing metformin:
What does it mean if insulin is elevated in the blood, and sugar is normal?
This metabolic disorder is called insulin resistance (reduced insulin sensitivity) or metabolic syndrome. Typically, patients are obese and blood pressure. Also, the disease can be aggravated by smoking.
The pancreas, which produces insulin, is forced to work with an increased load. Over time, its resource will be depleted and insulin will be missed. Prediabetes (impaired glucose tolerance) will begin first, and then type 2 diabetes. Even later, type 2 diabetes can kind of turn into severe type 1 diabetes. At this stage, patients begin to inexplicably lose weight.
Many people with insulin resistance die of a heart attack or stroke before they develop diabetes. Most of the rest die at the stage of type 2 diabetes from the same heart attack, complications in the kidneys or legs. The disease rarely progresses to severe type 1 diabetes with complete depletion of the pancreas.
How to be treated - read in articles about diet food, links to which are given below. Until diabetes sets in, insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome are easy to control. Moreover, you do not need to starve or endure hard labor physical exercise. In the absence of treatment, patients have low chances of surviving until retirement, and even more so, living on it for a long time.
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Everything in the human body metabolic processes, the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats are closely interconnected, in violation of which there are various diseases including increased blood glucose. normal, healthy eating, healthy lifestyle life, the ability to cope with stress is the key good health person. What has been happening in recent decades?
According to experts, over the past hundred years, humanity has increased its consumption of not only sugar, but also other easily digestible carbohydrates in general, by 20 times. Moreover, for last years general unfavorable environmental conditions of human life, the lack of healthy, simple, non-chemical food have a significant impact on the health of the nation, leading to metabolic disorders not only in adults, but also in children.
This sooner or later leads to a violation of lipid metabolism, and also constantly loads the pancreas, on which the production of the hormone insulin depends. From childhood, people get used to such products that cannot be eaten at all - fast food, harmful carbonated drinks with chemical additives, all kinds of chips and confectionery, an abundance of fatty foods create conditions for the accumulation of fat mass and, as a result, even in children at 10-12 years old, diabetes, which was previously considered a disease of the elderly. Today, the curve of high blood sugar in the population is growing catastrophically, especially in Europe and the United States.
Normal blood glucose
It is known that the level of sugar in the blood is regulated by the hormone of the pancreas - insulin, if it is not enough or the tissues of the body do not adequately respond to insulin, then the level of glucose in the blood increases. The growth of this indicator is affected by smoking, stress, unhealthy diet. According to World Organization healthcare, approved standards for blood glucose in humans, on an empty stomach in capillary or whole venous blood, they must be within the following limits indicated in the table, in mmol / l:
With age, a person's tissue sensitivity to insulin decreases, as part of the receptors die and, as a rule, weight increases. As a result, insulin, even normally produced, is less absorbed by tissues with age, and blood sugar rises. It is also believed that when taking blood from a finger or from a vein, the result fluctuates slightly, so the rate of glucose in venous blood is slightly overestimated, by about 12%.
The average rate of venous blood is 3.5-6.1, and from the finger - capillary 3.5-5.5. To establish the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus - a one-time blood test for sugar is not enough, you should take the test several times and compare them with possible symptoms the patient and other examinations.
- In any case, if the blood glucose level from a finger is from 5.6 to 6.1 mmol / l (from a vein 6.1-7) - this is prediabetes or impaired glucose tolerance
- If from a vein - more than 7.0 mmol / l, from a finger more than 6.1 - therefore, this is diabetes mellitus.
- If the sugar level is below 3.5 - they talk about which can be both physiological and pathological.
A blood test for sugar is used both as a diagnosis of a disease and as an assessment of the effectiveness of ongoing therapy and compensation for diabetes mellitus. When the level of glucose in the blood on an empty stomach or even during the day is not more than 10 mmol / l - type 1 diabetes mellitus is considered compensated. For type 2 diabetes mellitus, the criteria for evaluating compensation are stricter - normal fasting blood glucose should not be more than 6 mmol / l, and no more than 8.25 mmol / l during the day.
To convert mmol/L to mg/dL = mmol/L * 18.02 = mg/dL.
There is and, this is pancreatogenic diabetes mellitus.
Signs of high blood sugar
Glucometer for measuring blood glucose levels
If the patient has the following symptoms, such as:
- Fatigue, weakness, headaches
- Weight loss with increased appetite
- , constant thirst
- Frequent and profuse urination, especially characteristic - nighttime urge to urinate
- The appearance of pustular lesions on the skin, hard-to-heal ulcers, boils, long-term non-healing wounds and scratches
- General decrease in immunity, frequent colds, decreased performance
- The appearance of itching in the groin, in the genital area
- Decreased vision, especially in people over 50 years of age.
These may be signs high sugar in blood. Even if a person has only some of the listed symptoms, a blood test for glucose should be taken. If the patient is at risk for diabetes mellitus - hereditary disposition, age, obesity, pancreatic disease, etc., then a single blood glucose test at normal value does not exclude the probable possibility of the disease, since often diabetes mellitus proceeds imperceptibly, asymptomatically, in waves.
When assessing the level of glucose in the blood, the norms of which are considered taking into account age, it is necessary to take into account that there are false positive results. In order to confirm or refute the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus in an asymptomatic patient, it is desirable to perform additional tests for glucose tolerance, for example, when performing a blood test with a sugar load.
A glucose tolerance test is done either to determine the underlying process of diabetes mellitus or to diagnose malabsorption syndrome and hypoglycemia. If a patient has impaired glucose tolerance, then in 50% of cases this leads to diabetes within 10 years, in 25% the condition remains unchanged, in 25% it disappears altogether.
Glucose intolerance test
Doctors do a test to determine glucose tolerance. This is enough effective method determination of hidden and obvious disorders of carbohydrate metabolism, various forms diabetes mellitus. And also it allows you to clarify the diagnosis in case of doubtful results of a regular blood test for sugar. It is especially necessary to carry out such diagnostics for the following categories of patients:
- In people without evidence of high blood sugar, but with episodic detection of sugar in the urine.
- For persons without clinical symptoms diabetes, but with signs of polyuria - an increase in the amount of urine per day, with a normal fasting blood glucose level.
- Increased sugar in the urine in women during pregnancy, in patients with thyrotoxicosis, with liver diseases.
- In people with signs of diabetes, but with normal blood glucose and no sugar in the urine.
- Persons with a genetic predisposition, but without signs of high blood sugar.
- Women and their children born with a large weight, more than 4 kg.
- As well as patients with retinopathy, neuropathy of unknown origin.
To conduct a glucose tolerance test, the subject is first taken on an empty stomach capillary blood for sugar, then the patient orally drinks 75 grams of glucose diluted in warm tea. For children, the dose is calculated based on the weight of 1.75 g / kg of the child's weight. The determination of glucose tolerance is carried out after 1 and 2 hours, many doctors consider the level of glycemia after 1 hour of glucose intake to be the most reliable result.
The assessment of glucose tolerance in healthy people and patients with diabetes mellitus is presented in the table, in mmol / l.
Then, to determine the state of carbohydrate metabolism, 2 coefficients should be calculated:
- Hyperglycemic the indicator is the ratio of the glucose level one hour after the sugar load to the fasting blood glucose. The norm should not be more than 1.7.
- hypoglycemic the indicator is the ratio of blood glucose two hours after a glucose load to a blood test for fasting sugar, the norm should be less than less than 1.3.
These coefficients should be calculated without fail, since there are cases when, in absolute terms, after a glucose tolerance test, no violations are detected in a patient, and the value of one of these coefficients is higher than normal. In this case, the result is assessed as doubtful, and the person is at risk for further development diabetes mellitus.
What is glycated hemoglobin?
Since 2010, the American Diabetes Association has officially recommended the use of a glycated hemoglobin test for reliable diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. This is hemoglobin, which is associated with blood glucose. It is measured in% of total hemoglobin, called the analysis - the level of hemoglobin HbA1C. The norm is the same for adults and children.
This blood test is considered the most reliable and convenient for the patient and doctors:
- donate blood at any time - not necessarily on an empty stomach
- more accurate and convenient way
- no need to consume glucose and wait 2 hours
- the result of this analysis is not affected by medication, the presence of a cold, viral infection, as well as stress in the patient (stress and the presence of infection in the body can affect a routine blood sugar test)
- helps to determine whether a diabetic patient has been able to clearly control blood sugar over the past 3 months.
The disadvantages of the HbA1C assay are:
- more expensive analysis
- with low hormone levels thyroid gland- the result can be overestimated
- in patients with low hemoglobin, with anemia - the result is distorted
- not all clinics have a similar test
- it is assumed, but not proven, that when taking high doses vitamin E or C, the indicator of this analysis is reduced
Norms of glycated hemoglobin
The normal functioning of your body depends on how stable your blood sugar level is. When we consume sugar or carbohydrates, the body converts them into glucose. Our body uses it as energy to provide various functions, starting from the work of neurons or nerve cells brain, ending with processes occurring at the cellular level.
What is sugar level
Blood sugar is the amount of glucose in your blood. The value of glucose (sugar - hereinafter) in the blood is most often measured in millimoles per liter or milligrams per deciliter. For a person, the norm of blood sugar ranges from 3.6 mmol / l (65 mg / dl) to 5.8 mmol / l (105 mg / dl). Of course, the exact value for each individual.
How the body controls blood sugar levels
It is very important that the sugar level is normal. It should not be allowed to be a little higher or a little lower, if it falls heavily and goes beyond the norm, the consequences can be very serious, such as:
- Confusion, loss of consciousness and subsequently - coma.
- If sugar is elevated, it may darken and blur before your eyes, you will feel very tired.
Principles of regulation
| Sugar level | Impact on the pancreas | Impact on the liver | Impact on glucose levels |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | This level of sugar signals the pancreas to produce insulin. | The liver converts any excess glucose into glucagon. | The sugar level drops. |
| Short | A low level signals the pancreas to stop producing insulin before it is needed again. At the same time, glucagon is released. | The liver stops processing excess glucose into glucagon due to its release from the pancreas. | The sugar level is rising. |
| Normal | When you eat, glucose enters the bloodstream and signals the pancreas to release insulin. This helps glucose enter the cells and give them the energy they need. | The liver is at rest, producing nothing, since the sugar level is normal. | The sugar level is normal, keeps at the same value. |
If the sugar level is between 3.6 and 5.8 mmol/l, or 65 and 105 mg/dl, then this is said to be a normal blood sugar level for a healthy person.
To maintain blood sugar levels, our pancreas produces two different hormones that keep it at the right level - insulin and glucagon (a polypeptide hormone).
Insulin
Insulin is a hormone produced by the cells of the pancreas that is released in response to glucose. Insulin is needed by most of the cells in our body, including: fat cells, muscle cells, and liver cells. This is a protein (protein), which consists of 51 types of amino acids and performs the following functions:
- Tells muscle and liver cells to store converted glucose as glucogen.
- Helps fat cells generate fat by converting glycerol and fatty acids.
- It instructs the kidneys and liver to stop producing their own glucose through a metabolic process (gluconeogenesis).
- Stimulates muscle and liver cells to produce protein from amino acids.
Summing up the above, we can conclude that insulin helps the body absorb nutrients after eating, lowering blood sugar, amino acids and fatty acids.
Glucagon
Glucagon is a protein produced by alpha cells. When it comes to sugar levels, it has a similar effect on cells, but the opposite is true of insulin. When sugar levels are low, clucogen instructs muscle and liver cells to activate glucose in the form of glycogen, through glycogenolysis. Stimulates the kidneys and liver to generate their own glucose through gluconeogenesis.
As a result, glucagon collects glucose from various sources within our body in order to maintain sufficient levels. If this does not happen, then the sugar level becomes very low.
How does the body understand when it is necessary to normalize sugar levels?
During the day, a normal balance between insulin and glycogen is maintained in the blood. Let's give an example of what processes occur in the body immediately after eating. After you eat your body gets amino acids, fatty acids and glucose from food. The body parses them and triggers the beta cells in your pancreas to release insulin into the blood. This process tells the pancreas not to release glycogen in order to encourage the body to use glucose as a food source. Insulin rises along with sugar levels and directs it to muscle cells, the liver for use as an energy source. This keeps the levels of glucose, amino acids and fatty acids in the blood from going out of the norm and helps to keep the sugar level at a stable level.
There are times when you skipped your breakfast, or during the night your body needs extra resources to keep your sugar levels in order until the next meal. When you haven't eaten, your body's cells still need glucose to function properly. When blood sugar drops due to lack of food, the alpha cells of the pancreas begin to produce glycogen in order for insulin to stop being produced and command the liver and kidneys to produce glucose from glycogen stores through metabolic processes. This helps keep sugar levels stable and avoid unpleasant consequences for good health.
Diabetes
Sometimes the body fails, disrupting the metabolic process. As a result, enough insulin ceases to be produced or the cells of our body begin to react incorrectly to it, as a result, the blood sugar level rises. This metabolic disorder is called diabetes mellitus.
What blood sugar level is considered normal
adults
The concentration of glucose on an empty stomach in a healthy person should be between 3.6 and 5.8 mmol/l (65 and 105 mg/dl).
Sutra on an empty stomach, the blood sugar rate in adult men and women should be between 3.8 and 6.0 mmol / l (68 and 108 mg / dl).
Two hours after eating or drinking containing a large number of carbohydrates, values should be between 6.7 and 7.8 mmol/L (120 to 140 mg/dL).
Children
Normal blood sugar levels for children 6 years of age and younger before meals are between 5 mmol/L (100 mg/dL) and 10 mmol/L (180 mg/dL). At bedtime, these values should be 6.1 mmol/L (110 mg/dL) to 11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL).
In children 6 to 12 years of age, sugar levels should be between 5 mmol/L (90 mg/dL) and 10 mmol/L (180 mg/dL), at bedtime 5.5 mmol/L (100 mg/dL) and 10 mmol/L l (180 mg/dl). For children aged 13 to 19, the numbers should be the same as for adults.
Blood Sugar Tables
The graph below shows a summary of blood sugar levels, however, it is not 100% accurate. Consult with your physician.
Summary of sugar (glucose) levels
Sugar reading values with a little description of what they are talking about
| Blood sugar | Index |
|---|---|
| Less than 70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L) on an empty stomach | Low sugar |
| 70 to 99 mg/dL (3.9 to 5.5 mmol/L) on an empty stomach | Is the normal sugar level for an adult |
| 100 to 125 mg/dL (5.6 to 6.9 mmol/L) on an empty stomach | Lower level (prediabetes) |
| 126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L) or more based on two or more tests | Diabetes |
| Within 70-125 mg/dL (3.9-6.9 mmol/L) | Normal value taken arbitrarily |
| Between 70-111 mg/dL (3.9-6.2 mmol/L) after meals | Normal sugar level |
| Less than 70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L) | Hypoglycemia (initial stage) |
| 50 mg/dl (2.8 mmol/l) | Hypoglycemia (on an empty stomach) |
| Less than 50 mg/dL (2.8 mmol/L) | insulin shock |
| 145-200 mg/dL (8-11 mmol/L) after meals | Significance predates diabetes |
| Greater than 200 mg/dL (11 mmol/L) after a meal | Diabetes |
Sugar values in relation to health risk
| Blood sugar | HbA1c | mg/dl | mmol/l |
|---|---|---|---|
| Short | less than 4 | Less than 65 | Less than 3.6 |
| Optimal-normal | 4.1 | 65 | 3.8 |
| 4.2 | 72 | 4 | |
| 4.3 | 76 | 4.2 | |
| 4.4 | 80 | 4.4 | |
| 4.5 | 83 | 4.6 | |
| 4.6 | 87 | 4.8 | |
| 4.7 | 90 | 5 | |
| 4.8 | 94 | 5.2 | |
| 4.9 | 97 | 5.4 | |
| Good border | 5 | 101 | 5.6 |
| 5.1 | 105 | 5.8 | |
| 5.2 | 108 | 6 | |
| 5.3 | 112 | 6.2 | |
| 5.4 | 115 | 6.4 | |
| 5.5 | 119 | 6.6 | |
| 5.6 | 122 | 6.8 | |
| 5.7 | 129 | 7 | |
| 5.8 | 130 | 7.2 | |
| 5.9 | 133 | 7.4 | |
| There is a health risk | 6 | 137 | 7.6 |
| 6.1 | 140 | 7.8 | |
| 6.2 | 144 | 8 | |
| 6.3 | 147 | 8.2 | |
| 6.4 | 151 | 8.4 | |
| 6.5 | 155 | 8.6 | |
| 6.6 | 158 | 8.8 | |
| 6.7 | 162 | 9 | |
| 6.8 | 165 | 9.2 | |
| 6.9 | 169 | 9.4 | |
| dangerously high | 7 | 172 | 9.6 |
| 7.1 | 176 | 9.8 | |
| 7.2 | 180 | 10 | |
| 7.3 | 183 | 10.2 | |
| 7.4 | 187 | 10.4 | |
| 7.5 | 190 | 10.6 | |
| 7.6 | 194 | 10.8 | |
| 7.7 | 198 | 11 | |
| 7.8 | 201 | 11.2 | |
| 7.9 | 205 | 11.4 | |
| Possible complications | 8 | 208 | 11.6 |
| 8.1 | 212 | 11.8 | |
| 8.2 | 215 | 12 | |
| 8.3 | 219 | 12.2 | |
| 8.4 | 223 | 12.4 | |
| 8.5 | 226 | 12.6 | |
| 8.6 | 230 | 12.8 | |
| 8.7 | 233 | 13 | |
| 8.8 | 237 | 13.2 | |
| 8.9 | 240 | 13.4 | |
| Deadly dangerous | 9 | 244 | 13.6 |
| 9+ | 261+ | 13.6+ |
Signs of an abnormal sugar level
When the norm of sugar in the blood goes beyond the limit-permissible value, the following symptoms appear:
Feeling thirsty
If you are constantly thirsty, you may have high blood sugar, which may be a sign of diabetes. When your body can't keep sugar levels normal, your kidneys work harder to filter out excess sugar. At this point, they consume additional moisture from the tissues, which leads to frequent calls to urination. The feeling of thirst is a signal to replenish the missing fluid reserves. If it is not enough, dehydration will set in.
Fatigue
Fatigue and fatigue can also be a sign of diabetes. When sugar doesn't enter the cells, but simply stays in the blood, they don't get enough energy. Therefore, you may feel slightly tired or overworked to the point that you want to take a nap.
Dizziness
Feeling confused or dizzy can be signs of high blood sugar. For normal operation your brain needs sugar, and its lack can be very dangerous, up to functional disorders if you do not pay attention to this problem. Even an ordinary glass of fruit juice can bring sugar back to normal. If dizziness bothers you frequently, see your doctor to correct your diet or treatment in general.
Legs and hands swell
diabetes and high pressure- two factors that can lead to kidney problems and disrupt the function of fluid filtration. Because of this, excess fluid can accumulate in the body, which leads to swelling of the hands and feet.
Numbness and tingling
Nerve damage can also be a symptom of chronic sugar control problems. As a result of this, your arms and legs go numb, you feel pain in the limbs when the ambient temperature changes.
you lose your sight
What visual impairment looks like.
High sugar and blood pressure combined can damage the sensitive organs in your eyes and lead to poor vision. Diabetic retinopathy occurs as a result of damage to blood vessels inside the eye, which is a common problem of vision loss with age. Fog before the eyes, dots, lines or flashes are a signal to see a doctor.
As well as other signs such as:
- stomach problems (diarrhea, constipation, incontinence);
- Rapid weight loss;
- skin infections;
- Non-healing wounds.
Important: The symptoms of type 1 diabetes appear abruptly, they are pronounced and prolonged in time. In type 2 diabetes, symptoms appear slowly, are difficult to recognize, and may not appear at all.
How to measure sugar level
A device for measuring glucose in the blood.
It is very easy to measure the level of sugar in the blood, for this there are special, individual devices - glucometers. Each such device comes with special test strips.
In order to carry out the measurement on the strip, it is necessary to apply a small amount of blood. Next, you need to place the strip in the device. Within 5-30 seconds, the device should generate and display the result of the analysis.
The best way to take a blood sample from a finger is to prick it with a special lancet that serves this purpose. When piercing a finger, it is necessary to pre-treat the puncture site with medical alcohol.
Instrument selection advice:
There are a wide variety of models different sizes and forms. In order to choose the right one, it is best to consult with your doctor and clarify what are the advantages of this model over the rest.
How to Lower Your Sugar
The sugar level is measured on an empty stomach. In a healthy person, the blood sugar rate is 3.6 - 5.8 mmol / l (65 - 105 mg / dl). By measuring its level, we can say that the result will be 3 values:
- Normal sugar levels (blood glucose on an empty stomach).
- Violation of glycemia - prediabetes (the value of glucose on an empty stomach is increased to maximum value 6.1 to 6.9 mmol/L (110 to 124 mg/dL).
- Diabetes ( high level sugar, reaching 7.0 mmol/L (126 mg/dL) or higher).
If your blood sugar level is at the highest possible level - in the pre-diabetes stage, then this does not mean at all that you will definitely have diabetes in the future.
This is a reason to start leading an active lifestyle and being treated before the disease begins to develop and takes over, and probably prevent it altogether.Dr. Greg Geretive, Head of Endocrinology, St. Peter's Hospital, Albany, New York.
In order for blood sugar to be normal, you need:
- Maintain optimal body weight;
- It is necessary to eat right, adhering to special diets(which include a lot of vegetables, fruits, fiber, few calories, fats, alcohol is excluded);
- Sleep well and take enough time to rest:
- go to bed and get up at the same time, falling asleep do not look at the TV screen, computer or your phone;
- do not drink coffee after dinner;
- Workouts for at least 30 minutes a day (including exercises, aerobics and other aerobic activities).
Can diabetes be completely cured?
AT this moment No known ways or medicines to cure diabetes. In type 1 diabetes, the body cannot produce insulin because the cells responsible for its production are completely destroyed. Science does not yet know how to restore or replace them. You will constantly need insulin to keep your sugar levels normal.
In type 2 diabetes, the body simply does not know how to properly use the produced insulin (this failure of the body is called insulin resistance).
However, with the help exercise and proper diet, sugar levels can be controlled and live a normal life.
Literature
Conklin V., Full instructions normal life with diabetes, 2009;
National Institute of Diabetes, Digestion and Kidney Disease: "Getting Rid of Diabetes Problems: Keeping Diabetes Under Control", "Hypoglycemia", "Kidney Diseases and Diabetes", "Nervous Disorders and Diabetes";
National Institute Nervous disorders and Udarov: "Billuten of Peripheral Neuropathy";
American Medical Association, American Association for Life with Diabetes, John Wiley & Sons, 2007;
National Kidney Association: "How Your Kidneys Work";
Numéurs Foundation: "Type 2 diabetes: what is it?";
Washington University women's health: "Understanding Diabetes";
Home P, Munt J, Turnet S. - "Management of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a conclusion based on NICE guidelines". BMJ 2008; 336:1306-8;
American Diabetes Association: "Checking Glucose Levels", "Neurotheramia".
With diabetes, it is necessary to control and regularly measure the level of sugar in the blood. The norm of the glucose indicator has a slight difference in age and is the same for both women and men.
Indicators average norm fasting glucose levels range from 3.2 to 5.5 mmol/liter. After eating, norms can reach 7.8 mmol / liter.
In order for the results to be accurate, the analysis is carried out in the morning, before meals. If the analysis of capillary blood shows a result of 5.5 to 6 mmol / liter, if there is a deviation from the norm, the doctor can diagnose diabetes.
If blood is taken from a vein, the measurement result will be much higher. The norm when measuring venous blood on an empty stomach is no more than 6.1 mmol / liter.
The analysis of venous and capillary blood may be incorrect and not up to standard if the patient did not follow the rules of preparation or was tested after eating. Factors such as stressful situations, the presence of a minor illness, and a serious injury can lead to data breaches.
Normal glucose levels
Insulin is the main hormone responsible for lowering sugar levels in the body.
It is produced by the beta cells of the pancreas.
The following substances can affect the indicators of increasing glucose norms:
- The adrenal glands produce norepinephrine and epinephrine;
- Other pancreatic cells synthesize glucagon;
- thyroid hormone;
- Parts of the brain can produce a "command" hormone;
- Corticosterones and cortisols;
- Any other hormone-like substance.
There is a daily rhythm according to which the most low level sugar is fixed at night, from 3 to 6 hours, when a person is in a state of sleep.
The permissible blood glucose level in women and men should not exceed 5.5 mmol / liter. Meanwhile, indicators of sugar norms may differ depending on age.
So, after 40, 50 and 60 years, due to the aging of the body, all kinds of disturbances in work can be observed. internal organs. If pregnancy occurs after the age of 30, there may also be slight deviations.
There is a special table in which the norms for adults and children are prescribed.
The most commonly used unit for measuring blood glucose is mmol/litre. Sometimes a different unit is used - mg / 100 ml. To find out what result is obtained in mmol / liter, you need to multiply the mg / 100 ml data by 0.0555.
Diabetes mellitus of any type provokes an increase in glucose in men and women. First of all, these data are affected by the food that the patient consumes.
In order for the blood sugar level to be normal, it is necessary to follow all the instructions of doctors, take hypoglycemic drugs, observe therapeutic diet and exercise regularly.
Sugar levels in children
- The norm of blood glucose in children up to a year is 2.8-4.4 mmol / liter.
- At the age of five years, the norms are 3.3-5.0 mmol / liter.
- In older children, sugar levels should be the same as in adults.
If the indicators in children exceed 6.1 mmol / liter, the doctor prescribes a glucose tolerance test or a blood test to determine the concentration of glycated hemoglobin.
How is a blood sugar test done?
To check the glucose content in the body, the analysis is carried out on an empty stomach. This study prescribed if the patient has symptoms such as frequent urination, itching skin feeling of thirst, which may indicate diabetes. For preventive purposes, the study should be carried out at the age of 30.
Blood is taken from a finger or vein. If available, for example, you can test at home without seeking the help of a doctor.
Such a device is convenient in that only one drop of blood is required for research in men and women. Including such a device is used for testing in children. Results can be obtained immediately. A few seconds after the measurement.
If the glucometer shows overestimated results, you should contact the clinic, where more accurate data can be obtained by measuring blood in the laboratory.
- A blood test for glucose is taken at the clinic. Before the study, you can not eat for 8-10 hours. After the plasma is taken, the patient takes 75 g of glucose dissolved in water, and after two hours is tested again.
- If after two hours the result shows between 7.8 and 11.1 mmol/liter, the doctor may diagnose impaired glucose tolerance. At rates above 11.1 mmol / liter, diabetes mellitus is detected. If the analysis showed a result of less than 4 mmol / liter, you should consult a doctor and undergo an additional examination.
- When detecting a violation of glucose tolerance, you should pay attention to your own health. If all efforts are made in time for treatment, the development of the disease can be avoided.
- In some cases, the figure in men, women and children can be 5.5-6 mmol / liter and indicate an intermediate condition, which is referred to as prediabetes. To prevent diabetes from developing, you need to follow all the rules of nutrition and give up bad habits.
- At obvious signs diseases tests are carried out in the morning once on an empty stomach. If a characteristic symptoms are absent, diabetes mellitus can be diagnosed on the basis of two studies conducted on different days.
On the eve of the study, you do not need to follow a diet for the results to be reliable. Meanwhile, sweets should not be consumed in large quantities. Including the presence of chronic diseases, the period of pregnancy in women and stress can affect the accuracy of the data.
You can not do tests in men and women who worked on the night shift the day before. The patient needs to get a good night's sleep.
The study should be carried out every six months for people aged 40, 50 and 60 years.
Including tests are regularly taken if the patient is at risk. They are fat people, patients with heredity of the disease, pregnant women.
Analysis frequency
If a healthy people should be tested to check the norms every six months, then patients diagnosed with the disease should be examined every day three to five times. The frequency of blood sugar testing depends on which type of diabetes is diagnosed.
People with type 1 diabetes should have a test every time before injecting insulin into the body. When feeling worse, stressful situation or a change in the rhythm of life, testing should be done much more often.
In the case when type 2 diabetes is diagnosed, tests are carried out in the morning, an hour after eating and before bedtime. For regular measurement, you must purchase a portable glucometer device.